Verb ()

(Have)
(Be)


Revadee runs very fast.

( runs Revadee
)
Supot will come to visit me next week.
()
The plane rose to a great height.
()
Somchai climbed the mountain.
()

1. (Action)

(is done)
My wife laughs.

The clock strikes.

Samran ran very fast.

Tom is punished.

2. (
verb to be)
He is a student.

Those dogs are dead.

There are twenty students in my class.

20
3. (Possession)
verb to have
My father has a car.

I have ten books on my desk.

10

She has many houses in Bangkok.

1. Transitive Verb
2. Intransitive Verb
3. Finite Verb ()
4. Non-Finite Verb
5. Auxiliary Verb

2

1. Principal Verb Main Verb ()

2. Auxiliary Verb ()
2

(Forms)
(Functions)

Principal Verbs () 3



Action Verb () State
of being or existence ( )
Possession ( )

(Tenses)
Sona is an English woman.

She has a Thai husband.

Sona writes a letter to her husband.

(Present tense)
Sona is writing a letter to her husband

(
is
Present Con.)
Sona has written a letter since 9 oclock.
9

(
has
Present Perfect)
Sona wrote a letter to her husband yesterday.
(wrote
2)
Sona will write a letter to her husband tomorrow.
( write
will future simple)

1 2 3

TWO KINDS OF MAIN VERBS

( 2 )
1. Transitive Verb ()
2. Intransitive Verb ()
TRANSITIVE VERB
Transitive Verb
Action Verbs
Transitive Verbs (Subject)

Saichon poured the milk.
(poured

 Saichon poured

the milk
poured
)
Peerapong likes mango.

Valaiporn gave me an English book.

I know Miss Joy very well.
The driver stopped the train.

The horse kicked the man.

My father sent me a long letter.

He told me a story.

liked, gave, know,

stopped, kicked, sent, told

Transitive Verbs ()

2

give () ask () offer ( )

promise () tell () choose ()
allow () instruct () permit ()
teach () prepare () cause ( )
She allows the speaker two hours.

He causes his family trouble.

Ladda teaches her sister English.

OBJECTS OF TRANSITIVE VERBS
()
Transitive Verbs 2
1. Direct Object ()
2. Indirect Object ()
1. Direct Object
(Transitive Verb)
(Indirect Object)
She sent me a letter.

(a letter sent
me)
Mr.Dale told me the story.
Miss Sona teaches me English.

My wife sent me a massage.

My mother will buy me a car.

My teacher can spare me a few minutes.

2. Indirect Object
(Transitive)
(Direct Object)

My mother will buy me a new house.

(me buy me
a new house

)

I will send her a doll.

She gave me an apple.

She sent me a letter.

Mr.Dale told me the story.
Miss Sona teaches me English.

My wife sent me a massage.

My teacher can spare me a few minutes.

: 1.



2. 2 2
(Direct Object) (Indirect Object)

3. (Direct Object)
(Indirect Object)
(Prepositions) to for

Dale told the story to me.

(story me to
)

Jerisuda wrote a long letter to me.

You should buy a new car for yourself.

I shall send a message to my girlfriend.

Will you make a cup of tea for me?

+ +

1. We shall send her a
book.
2. My university gave me a
scholarship.
3. Thasawan has given my
brother her address.
4. Sona wrote me a long
letter.
5. You should buy your
mother a new car.
6. Can you write me an
essay?

1. We shall send a book to
her.
2. My university gave a
scholarship to me.
3. Thasawan has given her
address to my brother.
4. Sona wrote a long letter
to me.
5. You should buy a new
car for your mother.
6. Can you write an essay
to me?

INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Intransitive Verb
intransitive

verb
intransitive verb


The baby sleeps.

(sleeps )
My teacher sleeps for ten hours a day.

10
( sleeps

)
Thawush ran a long distance.

There is a flaw in this diamond.

( verb to be

)
The old man sat slowly.

:
Transitive
verb Intransitive verb

Transitive verb
Intransitive verb

Transitive verb Intransitive verb

The driver stopped the car.
( transitive)

The car stopped suddenly.

( intransitive)
The horse kicked the man.

transitive)
This horse never kicks.

( intransitive)
Please boil some water.
(
transitive)
The water is boiling.
(
intransitive)
You must always speak the truth.
( transitive)
You spoke for more than an hour.

( intransitive)

LINKING VERBS
Linking Verb

Linking Verb Linking Verb
Linking Verb
Linking Verb

Linking Verb
Linking Verb
Linking Verb

NOUNS ()
ADJECTIVES ()
ADVERBS ()
PRONOUNS ()
KINDS OF LINKING VERBS
Linking Verb 3

1. Linking Verb Linking Verb

be become appear
seem

remain (, )

My teacher seems nice.

My room is comfortable.

We feel happy now.

Somchai became a teacher.

2. Linking Verb

look

taste

smell

sound

My friend looks handsome in his school uniform.

He looks smart.

Ladda looks beautiful.

Thai food tastes good.

The flowers smell sweet.

It sounds good.

3. Linking Verb
Linking Verb
go

come

get

fall

prove

Something went wrong.

My dream came true.

She fell silent.

My students proved dishonest.

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

3 3
3 2

1. Regular 2
3 -ed Regular
Verbs Regular Verbs

 1 2 3
clean
use

cleaned
used

cleaned

used

finish

finished

finished

help

helped

helped

work

worked

worked

talk

talked

talked

create

created

created

marry

married

married

follow

followed

include included
punish

punished

walk

walked

followed

included
punished
walked

2. Irregular
2 3 -ed
( go - went - gone)
( read - read - read) (
cut - cut - cut)

2 3 Irregular Verbs

IRREGULAR VERBS
1
Infinitive 2
Past Simple 3
Past Participle
abide
arise

abode, abided

abode, abided

arose

arisen

awoke

awaken, awoke

awake

backbite

be (is,am,are)

bear

beat

become

backbit

backbit

was, were

bore

born, borne

beat

beaten

became

bit

become

befall
befell

beget
begot

begin
began

bite

been

befallen
begotten
begun
bitten

bring

brought

build

built

built

wrote

written

write

brought

: Finite Verbs

(Number) (Person) Finite

Verbs
Finite Verbs


Finite Verbs

()
Tenses
Who comes here first?

My friend came first.

My wife is coming soon.

My teacher has come here early.

NON-FINITE VERBS
Non-Finite Verb

 Non-Finite Verb
Verb ing , to+ v1 , verb3

Finite Verb


Non-Finite Verb
My sister tries to sing. (to
sing tries)
We try to sing.

They will try to sing.

Tom and John have tried to sing.

sing (Tenses)
(Subjects) sing
Non-Finite Verb
try sing
(Tenses) (Subjects)
Finite Verb
NON-FINITE VERBS
Non-Finite Verb 3
1. The Infinitive To+ verb1 ( 1)
To+ have+verb3
( 3)
to study to write to learn

to break to swim to speak

( Present Infinitive)

to have studied to have written to have learned

to have broken to have swum to have spoken
( Perfect Infinitive)
2. The Participle verbing verb3
studying writing reading
learning breaking swimming
( Present Participle)
studied written spoken
learned broken read
( Past Participle)
3. The Gerund or Verbal Noun verbing

learning writing speaking

swimming studying reading
INFINITIVE
Infinitive
Infinitive


Infinitive 2 to-Infinitive (Infinitive to )
Bare Infinitive ( Infinitive to )
Infinitive to-Infinitive

 Infinitive
Bare Infinitive
TO-INFINITIVE
to-infinitive (Infinitive with to)
to+ v1 (to+ 1) 1
to

1.

To err is human.
To find fault with others is easy.

To reign is my ambition.

To learn English is difficult.

To err () To find fault, To reign To learn

English is
to+ verb1

2. (Object)
verb + to + verb1
I like to play football in the morning.

She doesnt like to learn English.

I wish to become a teacher.

to play, to learn to become

like doesnt like
to+ verb1

to
ing
()
I want to go to school.
I enjoy swimming very much.
3.
( Verb to be)
The mistake my sister made was to invite Mr.Prayoon.

My greatest pleasure is to sing.

My greatest pleasure is to help the poor.

My plan is to settle in Khonkaen province.

4. (Adjective)

It is time to go.

This is a good thing to remember.

5. (Adverb)
(Adjective) (Verb)

My English students are anxious to leave.

I am willing to teach these students.

6. (Object of Preposition)
The teacher is about to teach.
The speaker is about to begin. (
)
TO-ININITIVE
Tenses Active Passive
Present Simple to write to be written
Present Perfect to have written to have been written
Present Continuous to be writing
Present Perfect Con. to have been writing
BARE INFINITIVE

Bare Infinitive 1 ( 3 )
to-infinitive Bare Infinitive
to-infinitive to
to-infinitive Bare
Infinitive Bare Infinitive
1. Auxiliaries
will would can could
shall should may might
must need dare do did
I will come to visit you again tomorrow.

I will do what I like.

I can speak English well.

You must obey our rules.

My students dare not refuse.

Auxiliaries
to
Auxiliaries

2.

bid watch see

let make help
hear
Let him sit down.

I saw my sister do it.

My teacher made me wait.

Help me lift thee books.

I watched my girlfriend play tennis.

I heard Dale tell his father about me.

3. rather, better had better

I would rather go away now.

She had better go to school.

Better get some sleep while you can.

You had better consult a good doctor.

4. except, but, save than

One of my students does nothing all day except

complain.

My wife can do everything but cook.


I would die rather than accept defeat.

PARTICIPLE
Participle (Verb)
(Adjective) Participle
Verbal Adjective Participle
Ving V3
Hearing the noise, the girl woke up.

Hearing girl

Hearing hear
Hearing

PARTICIPLES
Participle 3
1. Present Participle
2. Past Participle
3. Perfect Participle
PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Present Participle
Verbing
(going on)
(incomplete)
Active Passive
Verbing reading, writing,
speaking, hearing Being + Verb3 being read, being
written, being spoken, being heard
I see a girl reading English book.

Seeing the tiger, the boy ran away.

The child, thinking all was safe, attempted to cross the
road.

PAST PARTICIPLE
Past Participle
Verb3
ed, d, t n Past Participle

(completed action)
Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope.

I saw a truck loaded with rice.

Driven by hunger, I stole a piece of bread.

PERFECT PARTICIPLE

Perfect Participle
Having + Verb3

(completed in the past)
Active Passive
Having + Verb3 Having written
Having elected Having + been + Verb3
Having been written , Having been elected
Having given the message, the man departed.

Having rested, I continued my reading.

USES OF PARTICIPLE
( PARTICIPLE)
Participle
1. Present Continuous, Past Continuous
Future Continuous Tenses ( Verbing)
I am writing a letter to my friend in London.
(Present
Continuous Tense)
I was writing a letter to my friend at this time yesterday.
(Past
Continuous Tense)
I shall be writing a letter to my friend at this time
tomorrow.
(Future
Continuous Tense)

2. Present Perfect, Past Perfect Future Perfect

Tenses ( Verb3)
I have studied in India for two years.
2 (Present
Perfect Tense)
I had seen Sona before she was married.

We shall have completed this job by Christmas.

3. (Adjectives)


3.1 Participle

Dont cry over spilt milk.

Sweep away the fallen leaves.

3.2 Participle (Predicate)

The story was exciting.


My girlfriend looks worried.

3.3 Participle

The women, quivering and trembling, ran away.

Dejected and disgusted, Dale left the room.


3.4 Participle
(Complements of the objects)
We think the study quite rewarding.

3.5 Participle Participle
Definite Aeticle (the)
The dead leave their blessing upon the living.
()
4. Participle (Adverb)

Mr.Bushill was dead drunk.

I am dead tired.

It is freezing cold.

5. Participle Absolute Phrases

Participle
God willing, we shall meet again soon.

The fog having lifted, the plane took off.

: Participle 2 Verbing
Verb3
ing

Verb3
Participle
1. Participle Present Participle
active Participle Verbing

()
This is a surprising development.

()
This development is surprising.
( )
(development )
2. Past Participle (Verb3)

Dale rented a furnished apartment.

(

Verb3)
The department that Dale rented was furnished.

GERUND
Gerund
ing (Verb1 + ing)
Gerund VerbNoun Gerund
Verbal Noun
Celebrating various festivals is a common feature of the

Buddhist culture.

Hunting tigers is a favorite sport in Thailand.

(Celebrating Hunting

is )
I like reading English newspaper.

(reading like

read ing 1
)
USES OF THE GERUND
( Gerund)
Gerund 1 ing


1. (
)
Walking is good exercise for health.

Reading books increases our knowledge.

Playing football is a good sport.

Reading is my favorite pastime.

Working hard makes me successful.

2. (Transitive Verbs)

Ladda dislikes working hard.

I enjoy playing tennis.

I enjoy taking a walk in the park after lunch.

I intend to stop smoking after January 1.
1
The clerk denied taking the money.

:
ing ing

admit anticipate appreciate

avoid cant help delay
deny discuss dislike
enjoy finish justify
keep mind miss
practice recommend risk
go ( activity verb )

3. (Prepositions) Gerund

I am tired of applying for jobs.
()
My wife is fond of seeing pictures.

By signing this contract you are agreeing to deliver

these goods to us by the end of the month or you risk
paying a penalty.


Mr.Bob is addicted to drinking.

He was punished for telling a lie.

: of, from, by,

for ing
1 2 3

I am thinking of visiting Khonkaen province. ()

I am thinking to visit Khonkaen province. ()

Taksin is confident of winning the next-week election.
()

Taksin is confident to win the next-week election. ()

Mr.Pirom, the lecturer, is fond of singing. ()


Mr.Pirom, the lecturer, is fond to sing. ()
4. (

) continuous
My aim in life is becoming a politician.

What I want to do in life is achieving something useful
for all.

Thailands primary need is building up a strong navy.

GERUND INFINITIVE
Gerund (Verbing)
Infinitive (to + Verb1)

Infinitive Gerund
To die is better than to surrender.

To attack is better than to wait indefinitely.

Can you teach me to write?

To advise is easier than to practice.

 Dying is better than

surrendering.
Attacking is better than waiting indefinitely.
Can you teach me writing?
Advising is easier than practicing.

Verbs Followed
by Gerund Verbs Followed
by Infinitives Verbs Followed
Object + to + Verb1 Verbs Followed
Simple Forms
Admit
anticipate
appreciate
avoid
cant help
delay
deny
discuss
dislike
enjoy
finish
go1
justify
keep
mind
miss

practice
recommend
risk
stop2
suggest Afford
agree
aim
arrange
ask
choose
decide
deserve
know (how)
learn (how)
seem
stop2
would like
vote Allow
ask
cause
choose
convince
get3
instruct
invite
permit
persuade
prepare
need
remind
require
tell
teach (how)
use
warn
would like have3
let

make3
would rather
(The Complete Guide To TOEIC by Bruce Rogers)
:

1. go (activity
verbs)
ing
go shopping go swimming
go dancing go skiing
go bowling
2. stop ing infinitive
(to + V1)

2.1 ing stop


I stopped smoking.

2.2 to + V1 stop



He stopped to light his pipe.
()
3. get, have make
causative verbs

3.1 get, have make

Get someone to do something = (get + +to + V1 +

)
Have someone do something = (have + + V1 +
)
Make someone do someone = (make + + V1 +
)
We
We
We
3.2

got Bob to help us.

had Bob help us.
made Bob help us.
get have

get something done = (get + + V3)

have something done = (have + + V3)
She got her car washed.
We had our car washed.
She got her table cleaned.
AUXILIARY VERBS
Auxiliary Verbs
Tenses Present
Simple Past Simple Tenses
Auxiliary Verbs (
Auxiliary Verbs Primary Auxiliary Verbs

 Tenses
Auxiliary Verbs Helping
Verbs () Auxiliary


Tenses
AUXILIARY VERBS
Auxiliary Verbs 2
1. Primary Auxiliary Verbs
2. Modal Auxiliary Verbs
PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS
Primary Auxiliary Verbs

(Questions) (Negatives)

(

) (
)
PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS
Primary Auxiliary Verbs 3

1. Verb to be : is, am, are, was, were
2. Verb to have : have, has, had
3. Verb to do : do, does, did


My students are reading English Newspapers.

I am writing an English book.

My teacher has done wrong.

Have you got the New-Year card yet/

Do you like my books?

He didnt come in time.

VERB TO BE
Verb to be
(Link Verb)
(Auxiliary)

Be : present tense ( ) is, am, are
is, am, are
Be : past tense () was, were
was, were
is : he, she, it, Dang, Ladda
am : I
are : we, they, you, Tom and
Dang

was : I he, she, it, Dang,

Ladda
were : we, they, you, Tom and
Dang
VERB TO BE
Verb to be


Verb to
be Linking
Verb

exist ( ) Verb
to be Be
3
1. Verb to be Linking Verb


Somsri is very beautiful.

(is

beautiful)
Zico is a good footballer.

(is footballer)
Mr. Toms house is there.


(is
there)
My car is in the garage.
(is Adverbial
Phrase in the garage)
Mr. Dale is to retire next year.

You are to write your name at the top of each sheet of
paper.

(is are infinitive to retire to
write)
2. Verb to be
God is. (exists)
I think, therefore I am.
3. Verb to be (Command)
(Request)
Be quiet.
Be a good student.
VERB TO BE
Verb to be
Tenses Verb to be

Voices
() 2 Voices Active Voice Passive Voice


1. Verb to be (is, am, are, was, were)
Active Voice (
) (Principal Verbs) Verb to be
1 ing (Verbing) Present
Continuous Past Continuous
Present Continuous Tense
S + is, am, are + Ving + Object
I am teaching English.

(am teach ing

teach
teaching
Some of my students are playing football.

Miss Sona is writing an English letter to Mr.Robert.

Jim and Joe are coming to my house.

My teacher is reading a novel.

Past Continuous
Subject + was, were + Ving + Object
I was watching T.V. in the afternoon.

She was standing at the gate at this time yesterday.

We were sitting in the classroom at 7 o clock.

7
2. Verb to be Passive Voice
() (Principal Verbs)
Verb to be 3 (Verb3)
is, am, are
was, were
The letter was written by my friend.

She was asked to submit the application.

My wife was requested to invite the guests.

I was blamed for the delay.

The windows were opened by my students.

The tiger was killed by a snake.

You are being considered for the job.

The dinner is being cooked.

3. Verb to be
(Questions) (Negative)
(Negative Questions) Verb to be

I am a teacher. = Am I a teacher?
You are my friend. = Are you my friend?
You are writing a letter. = Are you writing a letter?
I am not a journalist. = Am I not a journalist?
You are not my wife. = Are you not my wife?
I am a teacher. = I am not a teacher.
You are a singer. = You are not a singer.
VERB TO BE
1. PRESENT TENSE

I am (Im) I am (Im) not Am I? Arent I?
You are (Youre) You are not (arent) Are you?
Arent you?
He is (Hes) He is not (isnt) Is he? Isnt he?
She is (Shes) She is not (isnt) Is she? Isnt she?
It is (Its) It is not (isnt) Is it? Isnt it?
We are (Were) We are not (arent) Are we? Arent
we?
They are (Theyre) They are not (arent) Are they?
Arent they?
2. PAST TENSE

I was I was not (wasnt) Was I? Wasnt I?
You were You were not (werent) Were you?
Werent you?
He was He was not (wasnt) Was he? Wasnt he?
She was She was not (wasnt) Was she? Wasnt
she?
It was It was not (wasnt) Was it? Wasnt it?
We were We were not (werent) Were we? Werent
we?

They were They were not (werent) Were they?

Werent they?
VERB TO DO
Verb to do
(Principal Verb)
(Auxiliary Verb)
Do : Present Tense do, does
Do : Past Tense did
Do : I You they, I, you,
we
Does : he, she, it, a cat
Did :
they, I, you,
he, she, it, we
VERB TO DO
Verb to do

(Principal Verb)

Subject + do, does, did, object
You must do your work well.
(do
must)
Please, do as I tell you.

Cant you do it by your self?

 ( )
I did my homework last night.
(did 2
)
Ladda does her homework every day.

She did her homework last night.

Can you do this job?

: Verb to do
( Verb to be)

Do you your homework? ()
Do you do your homework? ()
Does she it by herself? ()
Does she do it by herself? ()
VERB TO DO
Verb to do
Tenses Verb to do
(Question) (Negative)
(Negative Question) Verb to do
1
1. Verb to do

You have a big house. Do you have a big house?

She knows where Mr.Dale lives. Does she know where

Mr.Dale lives?

He asked you the way to Bangkok. Did he ask you the
way to Bangkok?

Ladda likes coffee or tea. Does Ladda like coffee or tea?

Sunicha went to school yesterday. Did Sunicha go to

school yesterday?

You asked me to write to you. Did you ask me to write to
you?

2. Verb to do
(Negative Statement) (Negative
Question)
I didnt go to the university last week.

I dont need to talk with Mr. Dale.

She does not come to visit her mother.

My students dont like reading English newspaper.

They didnt pay the money.

Do you not like coffee?


Did they not help you?

3. Verb to do (Emphasize)

I do admit that I was wrong.

My father did say that he would pay for it.

I didnt write the letter to her. But you did write it.


4. Verb to do

Do you know Mr.Dale? Yes, I do.

Does he teach you English? Yes, he does.

VERB TO DO

I do I do not (dont) Do I? Dont I?
You do You do not (dont) Do you? Dont you?
He does He does not (doesnt) Does he? Doesnt
he?
She does She does not (doesnt) Does she?
Doesnt she?
It does It does not (doesnt) Does it? Doesnt it?
We do We do not (dont) Do we? Dont we?

They do They do not (dont) Do they? Dont

they?
: 1. did not (didnt) do not (dont)
does not (doesnt) Past Simple Tense
2. did
3. not

Didnt you come to school yesterday?
= Did you not come to school yesterday?
VERB TO HAVE
Verb to have
(Principal Verb)
(Auxiliary Verb) Verb to be Verb to
do

3
Have : Present Tense has, have
Have : Past Tense had
has : he, she, it, Dang, Ladda
have : we, I, you, Dang and
Ladda
had : Past Tense
VERB TO HAVE

Verb to have (Principal Verb)

1. (Possess)
I have many good books.

Panuwat has a beautiful girlfriend.

We have a very good English teacher.

2. (take)
We have lunch at noon.

My sister has her dinner at 7.30 P.M.

My students have coffee at eight.

3. (Experienced)
I had a heart attack.

Mr.Prayong has a broken heart.

4. (received)
I had a book from my friend in India.

She had a long letter from her friend in London.

 : Verb to have
3


VERB TO HAVE
Verb to have
Tenses Verb to have

(
Passive Voice)
3
1. Verb to have Perfect
Tenses
A: Present Perfect Tense

Subject + has,have + Verb3

I have eaten mango.

She has created a problem.

My boss has turned down my proposal.

B: Present Perfect Continuous

Tense
Subject + has,have + been + Verbing

My former girlfriend has been working for Bangkok Bank

for five years.
5
Mr.Sunan has been helping me till now.

Mr.Robert and Miss Sona have been staying with me

since 1999.
1999
C: Past Perfect Tense
Subject + had + Verb3
Mr.Supot has left when we reached his house.

I had done my work when my friends visited me.

I hadnt seen Nirmala by then.

D: Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject + had + been + Verbing

I had been writing this book when I met her.

She had been watching TV when I went there.

She had been sleeping for two hours, when I went there.

2. Verb to have
(Question)


She has waited for me.
We have studied here.
You have passed the exam. Has she waited for me?
Have we studied here?
Have you passed the exam?
3. Verb to have


I have not seen her.
You have not passed the exam.
We have not studied here.
She has not posted the letter. Have I not seen her?
Have you not passed the exam?
Have we not studied here?
Has she not posted the letter?
4. Verb to have Passive
Voice
I have been informed of informed of the matter.

The student has been insulted by his teacher.

I have been asked to vote for him.

He has been arrested by the police.

VERB TO HAVE

I have (Ive) I have not (havent) Have I? Havent

I?
You have (Youve) You have not( havent) Have
you? Havent you?
He has (Hes) He has not(hasnt) Has he? Hasnt
he?
She has (Shes) She has not (hasnt) Has she?
Hasnt she?
It has (Its) It has not(hasnt) Has it? Hasnt it?
We have (Weve) We have not(havent) Have we?
Havent we?
They have (Theyve) They have not (havent) Have
they? Havent they?
: had

d Id , Wed
hadnt I hadnt, We hadnt

MODAL AUXILIARIES
Modal Auxiliaries
Helping Verbs

Primary Auxiliaries Modal
Auxiliaries
Primary
Auxiliaries ( need dare) 13

will
shall
can
may
must

ought to
need
dare
would
should
could
might
used to

MODAL AUXILIARIES
Modal Auxiliaries
( dare need
) 3
1. Modal Auxiliaries 1
Modal Auxiliaries
( dare, need)
Modal Auxiliaries + V1 = will, shall + V1

She should learn swimming.

You may write the letter to your friend now.

My students must tell me the truth.

They will give me their workbooks tomorrow.

The bird can fly up to the sky.

Ladda can speak English well.

Can Dale speak English well?

No, he cannot speak English well.

: 1. (Statement)
(Question) (Negative Question)

Modal Auxiliaries
1
2. Modal Auxiliaries Passive Voice
(Future) will , shall + be + V3
She will be punished by her teacher tomorrow.

He must be punished by his mother.

Modal Auxiliaries

Primary Auxiliaries 1
Modal Auxiliaries
2. Modal Auxiliaries

2 3
Modal Auxiliaries
1 -s, -es, -ing
I
I
I
I
I

can teach. He can teach. She can teach.

must swim. He must swim. She must swim.
will write. He will write. She will write.
may come. He may come. She may come.
might win. He might win. She might win.

: Primary Auxiliaries

I am teaching English. She is teaching English.
We are swimming. He is swimming.
I have taught. He has taught.
They do not work. I do not work.
She does not work. He does not work.
3. Modal Auxiliaries infinitive (to +
will, shall ) participle (Verb3)

to must to can to would

to should to shall

to will, to need, to dare

He decided to will his property to his sons.

(to will to need, to dare
)
CAN
Can
1. can (Ability)
He can play tennis very well.

She can speak English well.

We can run a mile in ten minutes.

My friend can understand the poem.

My sister can type the letters.

We can teach English.

2. can (Capacity)
He can work hard.

She can deal with customers.

We can build a house.

She can drive a car.


3. can
(Permission) can
may may can
Can I speak to Mr.Dale?

Can I have a cup of coffee?

Can I go now?

Can I take one of those books?

You can take one of these books if you like.

4. can (polite request)
Can you lend me some books?

Can you give this book to my friend?

Can you write the letter for me?

5. can (Possibility)
She can come to meet me tomorrow.

You can write in English if you try.

CAN


I can I cannot (cant) Can I?
You can You cannot (cant) Can you?
We can We cannot (cant) Can we?
They can They cannot (cant) Can they?
He can He cannot (cant) Can he?
She can She cannot (cant) Can she
It can It cannot (cant) Can it?
COULD
Could
1. could Past Tense can

She could read when she was five years old.
5
Till last year I could read without glasses.

2. could (Possibility)
(Uncertainly)
(unreal condition)
I could do it, if I tried hard.
( )
If Mr.Prayong were here, I could ask him about it.

( )
3. could (polite
questions)
Could I smoke in the room?

Could you, please, take me to the dean of faculty of Arts

and Sciences?

Could I have your newspaper for a while?

4. could Past Tense can Indirect Speech

He said: I can climb up the hill.

He said that he could climb up the hill.

COULD

I could I could not (couldnt) Could I?
You could You could not (couldnt) Could you?
We could We could not (couldnt) Could we?
They could They could not (couldnt) Could they?
He could He could not (couldnt) Could he?
She could She could not (couldnt) Could she
It could It could not (couldnt) Could it?
MAY
May
1. may
(express permission)
May I come in, please?

Yes, you may.

( cannot may
not)
May I open the window?

May I park the car here?

2. may (Possibility)
My wife may come tomorrow.

Mr.Nilrat may pass the exam.

Mr.Taksin may be elected Prime Minister of Thailand.

He may agree or may not.

3. may (Wish)

May god bless you!

May you live long!

May you prosper in all that you do!

May her soul rest in peace!

4. may Subordinate Clauses

(Purpose)
Use fertilizer so that you may have a rich harvest.

Study hard that you may pass the test.

Learn that you may teach others.

MAY

I may I may not May I?
You may You may not May you?
We may We may not May we?
They may They may not May they?
He may He may not May he?
She may She may not May she
It may It may not May it?
MIGHT
Might May
1. might (Past) may Indirect
Speech
He said: I may have dinner with you tonight.
He said that he might have dinner with me tonight.

She said: I may have done so.
She said that she might have done so.

2. might (Possibility)

may

 may
I may win. I might win.
( may)
It may rain today. It might rain today.
( may)
He may attend the meeting. He might attend the
meeting.
(
may)
3. might

You might spend the money with a little care.

You might go there a little early.

MIGHT

I might I might not (mightnt) Might I?
You might You might not (mightnt) Might you?
We might We might not (mightnt) Might we?
They might They might not (mightnt) Might they?
He might He might not (mightnt) Might he?
She might She might not (mightnt) Might she
It might It might not (mightnt) Might it?
: might

 WILL
Will
1. will 2 (you) 3 (he, she, it,
they )

My teacher will teach tomorrow.

She will pay me back tomorrow.

Tomorrow will be a holiday.

The train will leave at 9.30 p.m.
9.30 .
2. will 1 (I, We)
(Determination) (Promise)
(Threat) (Willingness)
A: will
(Determination)
I will do it, whatever happens.

We will not let her go.

I will not agree with her.

B: will (Promise)
I will help you in this matter.

We will do whatever we can to help you.


C: will (Threat)
I will dismiss you from my class.

I will teach him.

D: will (Willingness)

All right, I will go with you.

We will tell you her address.

3. will
Will you write the letter for me?

Will you come to my office tomorrow?

WILL

I will I will not (wont) Will I?
You will You will not (wont) Will you?
We will We will not (wont) Will we?
They will They will not (wont) Will they?
He will He will not (wont) Will he?
She will She will not (wont) Will she
It will It will not (wont) Will it?
SHALL

Shall will
1. shall 1 (First Person)
shall

I shall leave for London tomorrow.

We shall discuss the matter with the Dean.

We shall visit our friend tomorrow.

2. shall 2 (Second Person) 3 (Third

Person) (Command) (Promise)
(Threat)
(Determination)
A: shall (Command)
You shall go to school now.

She shall not smoke in the room.

He shall sign the documents.

B: shall (Promise)
You shall be given a computer if you win the race.

He shall be encouraged, if he studies hard.

C: shall (Threat)
She shall regret this.


You shall be punished for your misbehavior.

D: shall
(Determination)
You shall explain the reason for your delay.

He shall do whatever I tell him.

3. shall 1 (Permission)
(Suggestion)
A: shall (Permission)
Shall I sit down?
= (Do you allow me to sit down?)

Shall I read the book to you?

= (Do you allow me to read the book to you?)

B: shall (Suggestion)
Shall I come tomorrow?
= (Do you expect me to come tomorrow?)

Shall we go to the movie tonight?

= (I want to know whether you appreciate my idea.)

: 1. shall 1 (I, We)

2
3 2 3

 will He will , She will

2. shall I We
ll We shall I shall
Well Ill We will I will
Well Ill will shall
shall will
will shall
Well have a party to meet Miss Sona. (We shall
will)
Well be going to London tomorrow. (We shall will)
I think Ill give him a book. (I shall will)
3. shall 2 3
(Command) (Promise) (Threat)

You shall go at once.

( )
You will have to go at once.
You are to go at once.
You must go at once.
WOULD
Would will
1. would will Indirect Speech

Miss Sona said : The university will be closed on

Monday.
Miss Sona said that the university would be closed on

Monday.

She said : I will not study here any more.
She said that she would not study here any more.

2. would (Willingness)
(Determination)
The teacher said he would visit his students.
(willingness)
She said she would try her best to help me.
(willingness)
Dale would have his own way.
(determination)
He would apply for this position.
(determination)
3. would


Miss Apinan would sit there and write her note book.

After lunch the students would sit in the classroom and
chat for a while.



She would return home and watch TV daily.

4. would would like
(Wish)
I would know what my duty is.

I would like to see it later.


I would like to read the book first.

5. would rather (Choice)
(Preference)
I would rather die than marry her.

She would rather go out than stay at home.

6. would (polite
questions)
Would you like a cup of tea?

Would you mind lending me your car for an hour?

Would you mind typing the letter for me?

7. would (Main Clause)

(Subordinate Clause)
(Impossible Condition)
If she studied hard, she would pass the test.

If I were a poet. I would express my feelings to you.

He would be punished if he wrote on the wall.

8. would wish (Intention)


I wish I would know her address.

We wish we would visit Bangkok.

WOULD

I would I would not (wouldnt) Would I?
You would You would not (wouldnt) Would you?
We would We would not (wouldnt) Would we?
They would They would not (wouldnt) Would
they?
He would He would not (wouldnt) Would he?
She would She would not (wouldnt) Would she
It would It would not (wouldnt) Would it?
SHOULD
Should shall
1. should shall Indirect Speech

She said: I shall go to India next month. (Direct)

She said that she should go to India next month.
(Indirect)

Mr.Bob said: I shall stay in your house for a week.

(Direct)
Mr.Bob said that he should stay in my house for a week.
(Indirect)


2. should
(Duty)
(Obligation)
You should help the poor.
(obligation)
You should respect others.
(obligation)
You should attend the classes regularly.
(duty)
We should pay tax to the government.
(duty)
3. should
shall

I shall be happy to meet Mr.Mike Tyson.

I should be happy to meet Mr.Mike Tyson.

4. should (possibility)
(Supposition)
(Conditional Clauses)
If she should come, I shall talk to her about it.

If she should come, ask her to wait.

5. should
(Unreal Condition)
If I were you, I should accept this post.

If I were you, I should resign the job.

6. should lest
(Purpose)
Come early lest we should be late.

Walk carefully lest you should fall.

7. should should like to

I should like to congratulate the winners in the
competition.

I should like to have an interview with the film star.

8. should (Possibility or
likelihood)
I should be able to beat him.

I should be able to finish this work in time.

MUST
Must
will shall
must
(present) (Future) must
Present Perfect
3

He must have gone home. (Past)

We must see the movie now. (Present)

We must pay damage. (Future)

MUST
1. must (Compulsion) (Duty)

You must apologize for your mistake.

You must look after your parents.

You must tell me the truth.

We must be loyal to our country.

2. must (Necessity)
You must take the medicine daily.

I must work hard for promotion.

3. must (Probability)
She must be mad to do this.

I think she must be Miss Sona.

4. must (Strong
Determination)

I must teach her the lesson.

We must read the report today.

()
MUST

I must I must not (mustnt) Must I?
You must You must not (mustnt) Must you?
We must We must not (mustnt) Must we?
They must They must not (mustnt) Must they?
He must He must not (mustnt) Must he?
She must She must not (mustnt) Must she
It must It must not (mustnt) Must it?
OUGHT
Ought to (ought to)
1. ought to (duty)
You ought to study English.
( )
She ought to be faithful to her husband.

2. ought to (Necessity)
You ought to do your duty honestly.

She ought to study hard for her family.

3. ought to (Fitness)
He ought to know typing for the post.

You ought to be fluent in English for the post.

4. ought to (Moral
Obligation)
You ought to help the poor.

You ought to polite to others.

5. ought to + have + V3
(Obligation)
We ought to have spent the money carefully.

I ought not to have wasted my time.

: ought to
I ought to She ought to They ought to
Ought I to? Ought she to...? Ought they to...?
I ought not to She ought not to... They ought
not to...
oughtnt
NEED

Need
(Principal Verb)
(Auxiliary)
1. need (Principal Verb)
(Require)
Ladda needs my help.

She needs money.

2. need (Auxiliary)
not
You need not worry about your money.

Dr.Prakit need not think about his future.

.
You need not pay extra for my service.

3. need hardly
I need hardly say that I like you very much.

I need hardly say that I am very happy.

4. need
only
She need only say what she wants and she will be
granted.

I need only tell you that I should like to marry you.

5. need not
Need I read any longer?


Need she comes again?

6. need do to +
infinitive
Do you need to say about it?

You dont need to pay for your house.

: need
I need She need They need
Need I? Need she...? Need they...?
I need not She need not... They need not...
neednt
DARE
Dare
(Principal Verb)
(Auxiliary)
1. dare
(Defy, Challenge) dare 3
dare-dared-dared
He dares me to do it.

I didnt dare to tell Joy about my love.

Tom dared to drink before his father.


2. dare
I dare not speak with her father.

She dare not ask me for money.

: dare
I dare She dare They dare
Dare I? Dare she...? Dare they...?
I dare not She dare not... They dare not...
darent
USED TO
Used to


I used to read English newspaper in the morning.

I used to play in the garden.

He used to write letter to his friend in London.

1. (Principal Verbs)

1.1 I sent him a letter.

1.2 Mr. Thawush applied for the medicine.

1.3 Thai students are lazy.

1.4 Mr. Sunan was arrested yesterday.
1.5 My son was watching TV.
1.6 One of my students has been in the room.
1.7 My friends were hungry.
1.8 I worked hard for promotion.
1.9 The windows are closed.
1.10 My wife has a good memory.
2.
Transitive Intransitive Verbs
1.1 My teacher saw me yesterday.
1.2 My students played football for one hour.
1.3 He stopped the train by pulling the chain.
1.4 Mr.Robert stayed in Royal River Hotel.
1.5 The birds fly in the sky.
1.6 The hungry lion roars.
1.7 The reports proved false.
1.8 The child had fallen sick.
1.9 The wind is cold.
1.10 They selected me president.
3.

1.1 She _________ (has, have) posted the letter.

1.2 I _______ (am, is, are) a teacher.
1.3 Her father _______ (have, has) returned home.
1.4 My students ________ (is, am, are) Thais.
1.5 They __________ (are, were, be) in Bangkok last year.
1.6 We ___________ (have, has) lived in Bangkok for ten
years.
1.7 My brother and my sister _________ (has, have) been
waiting for me since morning.
1.8 I ___________ (have, has) been teaching English for
ten years.
1.9 The teachers ____________ (is, are, were) in the room
an hour ago.

1.10 Dale doesnt ___________ (has, have) any friend in

Bangkok.
4. be, have, do

1.1 We shall go to Khonkaen after we ____________

finished our work here.
1.2 She ____________ watching TV when we entered the
room.
1.3 The boy _________ become unconscious before his
mother came.
1.4 ______________ you ever been to Puvieng district?
1.5 That is what she _____________ not seem to
understand.
1.6 Mr. Sunan _____________ been learning English for
five years.
1.7 How _________________ you propose to find the money
for it?
5.

1.1 I dont think I __________(shall, should, can) be able to

go.
1.2 She _______________ (shall, will, dare) not pay unless
she is compelled.
1.3 ______________ (Should, Shall, Would) I assist you?
1.4 You ____________ (ought, should, would) to pay your
debts.
1.5 I ________________ (would, used, ought) to be an
atheist but now I believe in God.
1.6 You ______________ (neednt, mustnt, wont) light a
match: the room is full of gas.
1.7 _________________ (Should, Would, Shall) you like
another cup of coffee?
1.8 He ______________ (used, is used, was used) to play
cricket before his marriage.
1.9 He _____________ (can, will, might) come, but I should

be surprised.
1.10 The Prime Minister ______________ (would, need, is
to) make a statement tomorrow.