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Tt-t-a C-m
Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Tt-t-a C-m l tn phin m t ting Phn Siddhrtha Gautama ca v Pht lch s Thch-ca Mu-ni. Tt-t-a (sa. siddhrtha) c ngha l "ngi hon tt (siddha) ngha [cuc sng] (artha)". i lc ta cng tm thy cch dch Nht thit ngha thnh, Thnh tu chng sinh dch t dng di ca tn Phn ng l sarvrthasiddha. Nh vy Tt-t-a C-m l tn ca v Pht lch s, tng sng trn tri t, ngi sng lp Pht gio. Ngi cng cn c gi l Pht T Nh Lai.

Tt-t-a C-m

Mc lc
1 Cuc i 1.1 Bi cnh v gia th 1.2 Xut gia v thnh o 1.3 Ha v tch dit 2 Ch thch 3 Tham kho 4 Xem thm 5 Lin kt ngoi

Mt bc tng ca c Pht t Sarnath, th k th 4 Cng Nguyn Sinh nm 563 hay nm 623 trc Cng Nguyn n sinh ti Lumbini, hin nay thuc Nepal Mt nm 483 hay nm 543 trc Cng nguyn (80 tui) nhp Nit-Bn ti Kushinagar, hin

Cuc i
Bi cnh v gia th

nay thuc n Tt-t-a sinh khong nm 566 (hay 563) trc Cng nguyn trong mt gia nh hong tc thuc Dn tc Shakya dng Thch-ca (sa. kya) ti Ca-t-la-v (zh. Ni Ngi sng lp ra Pht gio , sa. Kapilavastu) thuc Nepal ngy nay. Cha ting v ca Tt-t-a l vua Tnh Phn (zh. , sa. uddhodana), m l hong hu Ma-da (sa., pi. Tin Pht Ca-Dip mydev), n sinh Tt-t-a trong khu vc nhim vn Lm-T-Ni (zh. , sa. lumbin), mt K nhim Pht Di Lc th trn thuc n . y l khu vc nm gia dy Hi-m-lp sn (sa. himlaya) v sng Hng (sa gag), chu nh hng kh hu gi ma: thng 5 c th nng ti 40 C, trong ma ng nhit xung ti 3 C.

V mt chnh tr vng ng bng sng Hng thi c 4 vng quc chnh l:

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1. Kiu-tt-la (zh. , sa. koala, pi. kosala), th l X-v (, sa. rvast, pi. svatth) nm v pha bc sng Hng. 2. Tiu quc Vas nm pha Ty nam Kiu-tt-la. 3. Tiu quc Avanti min nam ca Vas v Kiu-tt-la, tri di ti pha nam sng Hng. Sau ny, c Ma-ha-ca-chin-din l mt ngi dn nc ny l i t ca c Pht (sa. mahktyyana, pi. mahkaccna). 4. Vng quc Ma-kit- (sa., pi. magadha) nm v pha ty ca Avanti v nam ca sng Hng.

Nh tin tri Asita, tin on vn mnh thi t.

Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cc b tc nh pha ng ca Kiu-tt-la v pha bc ca Ma-kit-. X hi trong thi k ny phn ha v t tng rt phc tp v bao gm nhiu ng cp x hi, o B-la-mn ang hng thnh, nhng giai cp thp b khinh r v khng c lut php bo v. C nhiu truyn thuyt v thi t Tt-t-a. C thuyt cho rng mt m b m nm m thy mt v B Tt vi dng con voi trng nhp vo ngi mnh. Thi t sinh ra t hng bn mt ca m, sau i by bc, mt tay ch ln tri, tay kia ch xung t, ni: Aggo `ham asmi lokassa, Jeho `ham asmi lokassa, Seho `ham asmi lokassa, Ayam antim jti, Natthi dni punabbhavo. Ta l ngi cao qu nht th gian Ta l ngi gii nht th gian Ta l ngi kit xut nht th gian y l ln ti sinh cui cng By gi khng cn ti sinh!

(Theo Trng b kinh (pi. pghanikya), i phm (pi. mahvagga), kinh i thnh tu, (mahpadnasutta), kinh vn Hn tng dch on vn trn l "Thin thng a h duy ng c tn", ngha l "Trn tri di t ch c ta l ngi ng tn knh") v di mi bc chn ca thi t pht sinh mt o sen. Ngy nay, trong tranh tng cn thy tch ny. Ngay lc sinh ra, Tt-t-a c y ho tng (Tam thp nh ho tng). Cc nh tin tri cho rng Tt-t-a s tr thnh hoc mt i hay mt bc gic ng. 7 ngy sau khi sinh th m mt, Tt-t-a c ngi d l Ma-haba-x-ba- (zh. , sa. mahprajpat) chm sc. Nm ln 16 tui, Tt-t-a kt hn vi cng cha Da-du--la (zh. , sa. yaodhar). Vua cha Tnh Phn d nhin khng mun thi t i tu nn dy n th cng cha Da-du--la d cho con rt k lng, nht l khng Tt-t-a tip xc vi cnh kh. Tuy th, sau bn ln ra bn ca thnh v thy cnh ngi gi, ngi bnh, ngi cht v mt v tu s, thi t pht tm ri t bit hong cung, sng cnh khng nh. Tng truyn rng, bn cnh ng va k l nhng cnh tng do cc v thin nhn to ra nhm nhc nh Tt-t-a ln ng tu hc Pht qu. Thi t thy rng ba cnh u tng trng cho ci Kh trong th gian v hnh nh tu s chnh l cuc i ca Tt-t-a.

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Gic m thy voi trng nhp vo mnh ca Maya

Hong hu Maya trn xe nga gh qua Lumbini

Thi t ra i t hng bn phi, gn Lumbini

Phn Vng v on ty tng

Xut gia v thnh o

Nm 29 tui, sau khi cng cha Da-du--la h sinh mt b trai - c t tn l La-hu-la (zh. , sa. rhula), thi t Tt-t-a quyt nh la cung in, cng tu kh hnh vi nhiu nhm tng s khc nhau. Tt-t-a quyt tm tm cch dit kh v tm mi o s vi cc gio php khc nhau. Theo truyn thng n by gi ch c con ng kh hnh mi a n t o. Cc v o s kh hnh danh ting thi l A-la-la Ca-lam ( , sa. rda klma, pi. ra klma) v u--la La-ma t ( , sa. rudraka rmaputra, pi. uddaka rmaputta). Ni A-la-la Ca-lam, Tt-t-a hc t n cp Thin V s hu x (sa. kicanyyatana, pi. kicayatana), ni u--la La-ma t th hc t n cp Phi tng phi phi tng x (sa. naivasaj-nsayatana, pi. nevasansayatana).

Lahula

Nhng Tt-t-a cng khng tm thy ni cc v li gii cho thc mc ca mnh, nn quyt tm t mnh tm ng gii thot v c nm T-kheo (nm anh em Kiu Trn Nh, sa. Koaa) ng hnh. Sau nhiu nm tu kh hnh gn k ci cht, Tt-t-a nhn ra khng phi l php tu dn n gic ng, bt u n ung bnh thng, nm t-khu kia tht vng b i. Cch tu cc kh c Pht nhc li sau khi thnh o nh sau[1]: Ny Aggivessana, ri Ta t suy ngh nh sau: "Ta hy gim thiu ti a n ung, n t tng git mt, nh sp u xanh, sp u en hay sp u ht hay sp u nh." V ny Aggivessana, trong khi Ta gim thiu ti a s n ung, n tng git mt, nh sp u xanh, xp u en hay sp u ht hay xp u nh, thn ca Ta tr thnh ht sc gy yu. V Ta n qu t, tay chn Ta tr thnh nh nhng cng c hay nhng t cy leo kh ho; v Ta n qu t, bn trn ca Ta tr thnh nh mng chn con lc ; v Ta n qu t, xng sng ph by ca Ta ging nh mt chui banh; v Ta n qu t, cc xng sn gy mn ca Ta ging nh rui ct mt nh sn h nt; v Ta n qu t, nn con ngi long lanh ca Ta nm su thm trong l con mt, ging nh nh nc long lanh nm su thm trong mt ging nc thm su; v Ta n qu t, da u Ta tr thnh nhn nhiu kh cn nh tri b trng v ng b ct trc khi chn, b cn gi nng lm cho nhn nhu kh cn. Ny Aggivessana, nu Ta ngh:

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"Ta hy r da bng", th chnh xng sng b Ta nm ly. Nu Ta ngh: "Ta hy r xng sng", th chnh da bng b Ta nm ly. V Ta n qu t, nn ny Aggivessana, da bng ca Ta n bm cht xng sng. Ny Aggivessana, nu Ta ngh: "Ta i i tin, hay i tiu tin" th Ta ng qu, p mt xung t, v Ta n qu t. Ny Aggivessana, nu Ta mun xoa du thn Ta, ly tay xoa bp chn tay, th ny Aggivessana, trong khi Ta xoa bp chn tay, cc lng tc h mc rng khi thn Ta, v Ta n qu t. Li na, ny Aggivessana, c ngi thy vy ni nh sau: "Sa-mn Gotama c da en." Mt s ngi ni nh sau: "Sa-mn Gotama, da khng en, Sa-mn Gotama c da mu xm." Mt s ngi ni nh sau: "Sa-mn Gotama da khng en, da khng xm." Mt s ngi ni nh sau: "Sa-mn Gotama da khng en, da khng xm, Sa-mn Gotama c da mu vng sm." Cho n mc nh vy, ny Aggivessana, da ca Ta vn thanh tnh, trong sng b h hoi v Ta n qu t."

Khng t gii thot vi cch tu kh hnh, Tt-t-a t b php tu ny. Qu quyt rng mnh i n ch cng cc ca cng phu tu kh hnh v kh hnh khng dn n gic ng, Tt-t-a tm phng php khc, v nh li mt kinh nghim thi th u, lc ang ngi di gc cy mn[1]: Ny Aggivessana, ri Ta suy ngh nh sau: "Ta bit, trong khi ph thn Ta, thuc ging Sakka (Thch-ca) ang cy v Ta ang ngi di bng mt cy dim-ph- (pi. jambu), Ta li dc, li php bt thin chng v tr Thin th nht, mt trng thi h lc do li dc sinh, c tm, c t." Khi an tr nh vy, Ta ngh: "o l ny c th a n gic ng chng?" V ny Aggivessana, tip theo nim y, thc ny khi ln ni Ta: "y l o l a n gic ng." Ny Aggivessana, ri Ta suy ngh: "Ta c s chng lc th ny, mt lc th li dc, li php bt thin?" Ny Aggivessana, ri Ta suy ngh: "Ta khng s lc th ny, mt lc th li dc, li php bt thin." Sau Tt-t-a n ung bnh thng tr li, n Gic Thnh, ngi di gc mt cy B- B o Trng (Bodh Gaya) v nguyn s nhp nh khng ri ch ngi cho n lc tm ra nguyn nhn v c ch ca Kh. Sau 49 ngy thin nhmc d b Ma vng quy nhiu Tt-t-a t gic ng hon ton tui 35. T thi im , Tt-t-a bit mnh l Pht, l mt bc Gic ng, v bit rng mnh s khng cn ti sinh. Kinh nghim gic ng ca Pht c ghi li nh sau trong kinh sch theo chnh li ca ngi nh sau[2]: "... Sau khi hon li sinh lc (sau khi tu kh hnh v ch), ta ch tm gii thot khi nhng t tng tham i, bt thin v t c s thin, sau nh thin, tam thin v t thin (T thin), nhng nhng cm gic h lc ny khng li du vt g trong tm ta. Khi tm ta c an tnh, thanh lc, khng b dc vng cu u, nhy bn, chc chn, bt ng, ta hng n v nhng k c v nhn thc v cc kip trc. Ta nh li nhiu tin kip, mt, hai, ba, bn, nm, ..., trm ngn kip trc, nh nhng chu k ca th gii. 'Ni ta

Chnh di gc b ti Bodhgaya ny, l ni c Pht ngi thin thnh o.

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sng, tn ca ta nh th, gia nh ca ta l nh th, ngh nghip ca ta, giai cp x hi ca ta... Ta cht nh vy...'. S hiu bit (sa. vidy, pi. vijj) u tin ny ta t c trong canh u [3]... Sau ta ch tm n s sinh thnh v hoi dit ca chng sinh. Vi con mt ca ch thin, trong sng, siu vit mi gii hn nhn th, ta thy chng sinh hnh thnh v tiu hoi, ...chng sinh ti sinh theo nghip lc. Ta nhn ra rng 'Chng sinh to nghip bt thin qua ba i thn khu u chm m sau khi cht, ti sinh trong o x, a ngc. Cc chng sinh no to thin nghip bng thn khu c ti sinh trong thin o, sau khi cht c ln ci thin'... S hiu bit th hai ny ta t c trong canh hai [4]. Sau ta ch tm nhn thc v s tiu dit cc lu c Pht thuyt php cho 5 v hoc (, sa. srava, pi. sava) v nhn nhn nh tht: T-kheo u tin. 'y l kh, y l nguyn nhn ca kh, y l phng php tiu dit kh, y l con ng tiu dit kh', v khi ta nhn thc c iu ny, tm ta thot khi dc vng, ham mun tn ti, v minh. Ta t hiu chn l 'Ti sinh ta on, cuc sng tu tp ca ta hon tt, ta hon thnh nhng g phi lm. Cuc sng (kh au) ny ta vt qua'... S hiu bit th ba ny ta t c trong canh ba [5]...". Bc gic ng lc bit rng kinh nghim gic ng ca mnh khng th dng ngn t hay bt c mt cch no khc truyn t nn Pht tip tc yn lng ngi thin nh di gc cy B-. Cui cng, c s thnh cu nhiu ni, Pht mi quyt nh chuyn Php lun. Pht gi y mang danh hiu Thch-ca Mu-ni"Tr gi ca dng di Thch-ca". Sau Pht gp li nm v t-khu, cc v nhn ra rng Pht hon ton thay i. Qua ho quang to ra t thn Pht, cc v bit rng ngi ny t o, tm ra con ng thot kh, con ng m cc v khng th tm ra bng php tu kh hnh. Cc v xin c ging php v v lng thng chng sinh, Pht chm dt s im lng.

Ha v tch dit
c Pht bt u ging php bng cch trnh by con ng dn n kinh nghim gic ng v gii thot. Trn c s kinh nghim gic ng ca mnh, c Pht ging T diu , Duyn khi v quy lut Nhn qu (Nghip). Ti vn Lc uyn Sarnath gn Ba-la-ni (Benares hay Varanasi), c Pht bt u nhng bi ging u tin, gi l "Chuyn Php lun". Nm v T-kheo tr thnh nm t u tin ca c Pht v l ht nhn u tin ca Tng-gi. Sau Pht thuyt php t nm ny qua nm khc. c Pht hay lu tr ti Vng-x (zh. , sa. rjagha) v Ph-x-li (zh. , sa. vail), sng bng kht thc, i t ni ny qua ni khc. t ca Pht cng lc cng ng, trong c vua Tn-b-sa-la (zh. , sa. bimbisra) ca x Ma-kit-. V vua ny tng cho Tng on mt tu vin gn kinh Vng-x. Cc t quan trng ca Pht l A-nan-, X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin. Cng trong thi gian ny, on T-khu-ni (sa. bhiku) c thnh lp. Cuc i c Pht cng gp nhiu ngi xu mun m hi. Trong s , c -b-t-a l ngi

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em h, mun ginh quyn thng lnh Tng-gi, nn rp tm tm cch git hi c Pht nhiu ln nhng khng thnh. Tuy th -b-t-a thnh cng trong vic chia r Tng-gi Ph-x-li. c Pht i con ng trung o v ty thun chng sanh, ngc li -b-t-a ch trng mt cuc sng kh hnh cc oan. Sng n nm 80 tui, c Pht Thch-ca tch dit. Qua 45 nm ging dy, ngh rng cc t c th chp li mnh ni l chn l, ch khng phi ch l phng tin gic ng, c Pht tuyn b cha tng ni li no. Li dy cui cng ca c Pht l: "Tt c cc php hu vi u v thng, chu bin hoi, hy tinh tin tu hc ( t gii thot)!". Theo kinh i bt-nit-bn (pi. mahparinibbna-sutta), c Pht nhp dit ti Cu-thi-na (zh. , sa. kuinagara) vo nm 486 (hay 483 trc Cng nguyn). Trc sc kho ca Ngi tr nn rt yu sau khi dng ba cng dng ti nh th ch Thun- (zh. , pi. cunda), tuy nhin sau Ngi c nhn mnh cho tn gi A-nan- hiu l Tng chng khng nn khin trch ngi th rn c thin ti thng.

c Pht nhp Nit-bn trong rng Sla ti Cu Thi Na.

c Pht to iu kin cho cc ch T-kheo c hi cui cng cht vn hay hi p Ngi nu nh c nhng vn hay nhng im no cn cha sng t c th a n cc kin gii khc nhau v sau, tuy nhin cc v im lng, khng c nhng cu hi hay thc mc no. Trong cnh rng Sla ven pha nam thnh ph, m rt ti v tnh mch, c Pht nm nghing bn pha hu, u hng v pha Bc, mt hng v pha Ty v dn nhp Nit-bn thng qua cc mc thin nh, mt trng thi gii thot hon ton kh au ca cuc sng. Theo truyn thuyt Pali th c Pht dit ngy rm thng t, vn bn Phn ng cho rng ngy rm thng 11. Trong bui ho thiu thn xc ca c Pht c nhiu hin tng l xy ra. X-li ca Pht c chia lm 8 phn v c th trong cc thp khc nhau. Mc d cuc i c Pht c nhiu huyn thoi bao ph nhng cc nh kho c hc v nhn chng hc - vn hay c nhiu hoi nghi v thnh kin - cng u nht tr cng nhn c Pht l mt nhn vt lch s v ngi khai sng Pht gio.

Ch thch
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ^ a b MN 36, Thch Minh Chu dch Pali-Vit ^ MN 36, theo bn dch c ca H.W. Schumann, Chn Nguyn dch c-Vit ^ t 21 n 24 gi m ^ t 24 gi m n 3 gi sng ^ 3 n 6 gi sng

Tham kho
Fo Guang Ta-tz'u-tien . Fo Guang Ta-tz'u-tien pien-hsiu wei-yuan-hui . Taipei: Fo-kuang ch'u-pan-she, 1988. (Pht Quang i T in. Pht Quang i T in bin tu u vin hi. i Bc: Pht Quang xut bn x, 1988.) Das Lexikon der stlichen Weisheitslehren, Bern 1986. Schumann, H.W.:

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Buddhismus: Stifter, Schulen und Syteme, Olten 1976. Der historische Buddha: Leben und Lehren des Gotama, Kln, 1982. Hirakawa, Akira: A History of Indian Buddhism. From kyamuni to Early Mahyna. Translated and Edited by Paul Groner. University of Hawaii Press, 1990. Thch Minh Chu (dch): Trung b kinh 36 (MN 36) (http://www.quangduc.com/kinhdien /Trungbo/trungbo036.html)

Xem thm
Thch-ca Mu-ni Pht Pht gio Lch s Pht gio

Lin kt ngoi
Hnh nh cuc i c Pht (http://rungthienvienkhong.wordpress.com/hinh-anh-vienkhong/cuoc-doi-duc-phat/) c Pht v Pht PhpNarada Maha Thera (http://rungthienvienkhong.wordpress.com /2011/07/06/duc-phat-va-phat-phap/) Lch S c PhtH. W. Schumann (http://www.thuvienhoasen.org/u-dpls-01a.htm) thng tin v a danh KAPILAVASTU (http://www.jetairtours.com/kapilavastu.htm) Lch s c Pht Thch Ca Mu NiGia Tu (http://zencomp.com/greatwisdom/uni/uphathoc-coban/phcb1-1-3.htm) Lc S c Pht Thch Ca Mu NiHa thng Thch Thin Hoa (http://www.kimcang.com /phathoc/khoa1/phpt-01-3-luocsuphathichca.asp) TM HIU NGY SANH CA C PHT THCH CA (http://www.phapvan.ca/SinhHoat /02_lichsu/008_ngaysanh_phat.asp) Bng cc ch vit tt bo.: Bod skad %, ting Ty Tng | ja.: ting Nht | ko.: , ting Hn Quc | pi.: Pli, ting Pali | sa.: Sanskrit "#%, ting Phn | zh.: ch Hn

Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tt-t-a_C-m&oldid=11017516 Th loi: Ngi n Pht gio Nh trit hc c i Trit gia n Ngi Nepal Trit l Pht gio Lch s n Trang ny c sa i ln cui lc 01:26, ngy 16 thng 3 nm 2013. Vn bn c pht hnh theo Giy php Creative Commons Ghi cng/Chia s tng t; c th p dng iu khon b sung. Xem iu khon S dng bit thm chi tit. Wikipedia l thng hiu ng k ca Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., mt t chc phi li nhun.

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