Chng 1: Cht bn dn

Bi ging mn K thut in t
CHNG 1: CHT BN DN
1.1. S lc v lch s pht trin ca nghnh in t
Vo nm 1947, ti phng th nghim ca Bell, John Bardeen v Walter Brattain
thnh cng trong vi c pht minh Transistor l ng cc BJT(Bipolar Junction
Transistor). y l mt bc ngot nh du s bt u ca thi i bn dn. Pht
minh ny v mt chui pht trin ca cng ngh vi in t tht s lm thay i
cuc sng loi ngi.
1948 Transistor u tin ra i. y l mt cuc Cch mng ca ngnh in t.
1950 Mch in t chuyn sang dng transistor
H my tnh dng linh kin bn dn dng ri rc ra i (th h II)
1960 Mch tch hp ra i (IC:Intergrated Circuit)
H my tnh dng IC ra i(th h III)
1970 Cc mch tch hp mt cao hn ra i (MSI, LSI, VLSI)
MSI: Medium Scale Intergrated Circuit
LSI: Large Scale Intergrated Circuit
VSI:Very Large Scale Intergrated Circuit
1980 n nay in t c ng dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc nh y t, iu
khin t ng, pht thanh, truyn hnh
1.2. Linh kin in t:
Ta xt hai loi linh kin c bn sau:
- Linh kin th ng:
C cc thng s khng i di tc dng dng in: in tr, t, cun cm
- Linh kin tch cc:
C cc thng s thay i di tc dng dng in: Diod, Transistor l ng cc
BJT( Bipolar Junction Transistor):
1.3. Cht bn dn:
1.3.1.Cht bn dn thun:
Hnh 1.1. Gin nng lng ca Si
Vng cm
Vng dn ca Si
Nng lng
Vng ho tr ca Si
Chng 1: Cht bn dn
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Hai cht bn dn tiu biu l: Silicon(Si) v Ge(Germanium).
Si l cht bn dn m ti nhit phng c rt t e vng dn trong mng tinh
th. V dng in t l vi s lng e nn dng in trong tinh th rt nh. nhit
phng, e vng ho tr nhy ln vng dn li l trng ti v tr cha n
mang in tch dng. Hin tng ny gi l s pht sinh in t-l trng.
Hnh 1.2. S di chuyn ca in t v l trng trong Si khi c ngun in
Nu t ngun in nh hnh v th e di chuyn v cc dng ca ngun. E
vng ho tr cng c th di chuyn v cc d ng ca ngun nu n c nng
lng t mc nng l ng ca n ln mc nng lng ca l trng. Khi e ny
nhp vo l trng th n li mt l trng pha sau. V th lm l trng di
chuyn v cc m ca ngun. Dng in trong cht bn dn l tng 2 thnh phn:
dng do e trong vng dn v dng do l trng trong vng ho tr. E di chuyn v
cc dng nhanh hn l trng di chuyn v cc m v kh nng e c nng
lng cn thit nhy l n vng dn ln hn kh nng e c nng l ng
nhy n v tr trng trong vng ha tr. V vy dng e ln hn dng l trng trong
Si. Tuy nhin dng ny vn nh nn Si l cch in.
1.3.2 Cht bn dn tp:
1.3.2.1. Cht bn dn tp loi N
Hnh 1.3. Gin nng lng ca cht bn dn tp loi N
Nng lng
Vng ho tr ca Si
Mc nng lng ca
tp cht donor
Vng dn ca Si
V
Vng dn ca Si
Vng ho tr ca Si
E
Si
Nng lng
Chng 1: Cht bn dn
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Cht bn dn tp loi N l cht bn dn c c khi pha thm mt cht
thuc nhm V trong bng h thng tun ho n Mendeleep vo cht bn dn thun.
Ta xt trng hp pha tp P vo cht bn dn thun Si. iu ny tng ng lm
xut hin mc nng lng ca tp cht donor st y vng dn. V th nhit
phng cc e ca nguyn t P nhy ln vng dn ca Si. V vy nguyn t tp cht
d b ion ho thnh ion dng. Ngoi ra c ch pht sinh cp ht dn in t l
trng xy ra ging nh c ch cht bn dn thun vi mc yu h n v mc
nng lng ca tp cht donor st yv ng dn.
Gi n
n
: mt in t trong vng dn, p
n
: mt l trng trong vng ho
tr, th n
n
>>p
n
.Vy dng in trong cht bn dn loi N ch yu do in t to n n
gi l ht dn a s, cn l trng gi l ht thiu s.
1.3.2.2. Cht bn dn tp loi P:
Cht bn dn tp loi P l cht bn dn c c khi pha thm mt cht
thuc nhm III trong bng h thng tun ho n Mendeleep vo cht bn dn thun.
Ta xt trng hp pha tp cc nguyn t As vo cht bn dn thun Si. iu ny
tng ng lm xut hin mc nng lng gi l mc tp cht acceptor st nh
vng ho tr. V vy nguyn t tp cht d b ion ho thnh ion m . Ngoi ra c
ch pht sinh cp ht dn in t l trng xy ra ging nh c ch cht bn dn
thun vi mc yu hn v mc tp cht loi P st nh vng ho tr.
Gi n
p
: mt in t trong vng dn.
Gi p
p
: mt l trng trong vng ho tr., th n
p
>>p
p
Vy dng in trong cht bn dn loi P ch yu do l trng to n n gi l
ht dn a s, cn in t gi l ht thiu s.
Hnh 1.4. Gin nng lng ca cht bn dn tp loi P
1.4.Tip xc p-n:
Vng ho tr ca Si
Mc tp cht acceptor
Nng lng
Vng dn ca Si
Chng 1: Cht bn dn
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Cho lp bn dn p, n tip xc nhau, ta c tip xc p -n.
1.4.1. Nguyn l lm vi c:
1.4.1.1. Khi tip xc p-n cha c phn cc:
Do c s chnh lch ln v nng (n
n
>>n
p
, p
p
>>p
n
) nn c hin tng
khuch tn cc ht dn a s qua ni tip xc, to nn dng khuch tn I
kt
hng
t min P sang min N.
Ti vng ln cn hai bn mt tip xc xut hin in tr ng ni E
tx
hng
t vng N sang vng P (do ion t p cht to ra). N cn tr chuyn ng ca dng
khuch tn v gy ra dng tri I
tr
ca cc ht thiu s c chiu t N sang P qua
mt tip xc lm I
tr
tng, I
kt
gim.
Qu trnh ny tip din cho n khi t n trng thi cn bng ng. Lc
I
kt
=I
tr.
, dng qua tip xc bng 0, hiu th tip xc l 0.1V i vi Ge v 0.4 V
i vi Si
1.4.1.2. Khi tip xc p-n c phn cc nghch :
Hnh 1.5. Tip xc p-n b phn cc nghch
in trng ni cng chiu vi in trng ngoi nn tng in trng ti
vng tip xc tng lm cho vng tip xc m rng ra, dng khuch tn gim v 0,
E
tx
K
+
A
_
-
E
ng
P N
V
+
+
+
-
-
-
in trng
Vng ngho
p n
Chng 1: Cht bn dn
Bi ging mn K thut in t
dng tri do E
tx
gy ra tng n mt gi tr gi l dng ngc bo ho I
S
. Dng
ny rt nh.
Vy khi phn cc nghch tip xc th khng c dng chy qua (xem dng
bo ho ngc bng khng).
1.4.1.3. Khi tip xc c phn cc thun :
Hnh 1.6. Tip xc p-n c phn cc nghch
in trng ni ngc chiu vi in trng ngoi nn tng in trng ti
vng tip xc gim lm cho vng tip xc b thu hp li, cc ht a s d dng di
chuyn qua vng tip xc ny, dng khuch tn c chiu t A n K tng mnh,
dng tri do E
tx
gy ra khng ng k.
Vy khi phn cc thun tip xc th c dng chy qua tip xc p-n, n quan
h vi in p gia hai u tip xc nh sau:

'
\
|
|
\
(
=

'
\
|
|
\
(
= 1 1
T
D
D
V
v
S
v
kT
q
S D
e I e I i
Trong :
v
D
: in p hai u tip xc.
I
S
: dng bo ho ngc.
k: hng s Boltman
k =1,38.10
-23
J/
0
K.
q : in tch ca ht dn, q=1,6.10
-19
C
V
T
: th nhit
nhit phng V
T
= 25,5mV.
K
_
A
+
-
E
ng
E
tx
P N
V
Chng 1: Cht bn dn
Bi ging mn K thut in t
1.4.1.4. Kt lun:
Tip xc p-n ch cho dng in chy qua theo mt chiu t p n n.
chnh l tnh cht chnh lu ca tip xc p-n.
1.5. c tuyn V- A
c tuyn V-A ca tip xcp-n m t mi quan h gia dng v in p
trn hai u tip xc.
Hnh 1.7. c tuyn V-A ca tip xc p-n.
V
BR
: in th nh thng l in p ngc ti a m tip xc p-n c th
chu ng khi phn cc ngc m khng b hng. Lc ny, tip xc p-n dn in
c theo c chiu nghch.
1.6. Hin tng nh thng:
Khi in p ngc ln, dng ln lm cc e va chm vo cc e c nh khc lm
tng s e nn dng in tng vt, ngha l tip xc p-n dn in c theo c chiu
nghch, ph v c tnh chnh l u ca n, gi l hin tng nh thng.
Nguyn nhn nh thng c th do in hoc do nhit, v vy c ba loi nh
thng c bn: nh thng v in, nh thng v nhit, v nh thng nhit -in.
Trong s nh thng v nhit do s tch lu nhit trong v ng ngho. Khi c
in p ngc ln, dng in ngc tng lm nng cht bn dn, khin nng
ht dn thiu s tng v lm dng in ngc tng. Qu trnh c nh th lm cho
nhit vng ngho v dng ngc tng nhanh, dn ti nh thng.
i
D
0.2
v
Si
I
D
Nghch
Thun
V
BR
R
0.7
v
v
D
Ge
Chng 2: Diod chnh lu v cc mch ng dng
Bi ging mn K thut in t
CHNG 2: DIOD CHNH LU
v cc mch ng dng
2.1. Cu to:
Diod gm 1 tip xc p-n v 2 in cc a ra t 2 min. in cc a ra t
min bn dn loi p, n ln lt gi l cc Anod( A), cc Katod(K).
K hiu:
c tuyn V-A ca Diod chnh lu v nguyn l lm vic ging nh ca
tip xc p-n.
2.2. Cc tham s c bn ca Diod chnh lu
in tr 1 chiu:
in tr mt chiu ti im phn cc l t s gia in p trn dng in
ca diod ti im phn cc.
R
DC
= U
AK
/ I
A
in tr ng (in tr vi phn):
in tr ng ti im kho st l t s gia bin thin ca in p trn
bin thin ca dng in ti im .
Khi Diod phn cc thun, c tuyn ca Diod c dng dc ng nn r
d
nh.
r
d
=v
d
/i
d
=v
D
/ i
D
=dV
D
/dI
D
=26mV/I
D
2.3. Mch chnh lu:
Mch chnh lu c nhim v bin i in p hoc dng in xoay chiu thnh
mt chiu cp cho ti.
2.3.1. Mch chnh lu 1 na chu k(1 bn k):
S mch v dng sng:
Q
v
V
t
t
v
T
A K
R
Hnh 2.1. Dng sng v s mch chnh lu mt na chu k.
Chng 2: Diod chnh lu v cc mch ng dng
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Tc dng linh kin:
Bin p T: bin i in p li v
v
xoay chiu thnh in p xoay chiu v
s
theo yu cu.
D: Diod chnh lu;
R
t
: in tr ti
Nguyn l lm vic:
bn k (+): D c phn cc thun, nn D dn, c dng qua ti.
bn k (-) : D c phn cc nghch, nn D tt, khng c dng qua ti.
Vy ng vi mt chu k ca in p xoay chiu, Diod ch dn trong 1/2 chu k.
in p trung bnh trn ti:

P
P tb
V
d V d v V

sin
2
1
) (
2
1
0 0
2.3.2. Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k :
S mch v dng sng:
Hnh 2.2. Dng sng va s mch chnh lu hai na chu k
Tc dng linh kin:
Bin p T 3 dy: to ra hai in p xoay chiu ngc pha nhau t in p li.
D
1
, D
2
: Diod chnh lu.; R
T
: in tr ti
Nguyn l lm vic:
Gi s v
1
cng pha vi v
V
, th v
2
ngc pha vi v
V
.
bn k (+) ca U
V
: D
1
c phn cc thun, D
2
c phn cc nghch, nn
D
1
dn, D
2
tt, suy ra c dng qua ti.
bn k (-) ca U
V
: D
1
c phn cc nghch, D
2
c phn cc thun nn D
1
tt, D
2
dn, suy ra c dng qua ti.
Vy ng vi mt chu k ca in p vo xoay chiu th Diod dn in vi c 2
na chu k.
in p trung bnh trn ti:

P
P tb
V
d V d v V
2
sin
2
21
) (
2
2
0 0


v
V
t
t
v
Rt
D2
R
DI
Chng 2: Diod chnh lu v cc mch ng dng
Bi ging mn K thut in t
2.3.3. Mch chnh lu cu:
S mch v dng sng:
Hnh 2.3. Dng sng v s mch chnh lu cu chu k
Tc dng linh kin:
Bin p T: bin i in p li xoay chiu v
V
thnh in p xoay chiu v
S
theo yu cu
D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
: cu Diod.
R
T
: in tr ti
Nguyn l lm vic:
bn k (+) ca v
V
, D
1
, D
3
c phn cc thun( D
2
, D
4
c phn cc
nghch), nn D
1
, D
3
dn, c dng I
1
t im A qua D
1
, R
T
, D
3
v im B.
bn k (-) ca U
V
, D
2
, D
4
c phn cc thun (D
1
, D
3
c phn cc
nghch), D
2
, D
4
dn c dng I
2
t B qua D
2
, R
T
, D
4
.
Ta chn: D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
ging nhau nn I
1
= I
2
=I
T
.
Mch chnh lu cu gm 2 nhnh, mi nhnh gm 2 Diod, mc ni tip nhau.
Mi Diod ch chu 1/2 in p ngc khi phn cc nghch, tng tui th Diod.
y chnh l u im ca mch chnh lu cu.
v
V
t
t
v
Rt
T
D
2
D
3
D
4 D
1
B
A
R
Chng 2: Diod chnh lu v cc mch ng dng
Bi ging mn K thut in t
in p trung bnh trn ti:

P
P tb
V
d V d v V
2
sin
2
21
) (
2
2
0 0


2.4. Mch lc in:
in p hay dng in sau chnh lu tuy c cc tnh khng i nhng dng
sng ca n vn cn thay i mt cch c chu k
Nhim v ca mach lc l cch lc cc sng c hi bc cao in p ra
bng phng
Cc loi mch lc:
Mch lc dng t C dng cho cc b chnh lu c dng ti b thng mc C
song song vi in tr ti.
Mch lc dng LC cho cc b chnh lu c dng ti ln, thay i nhiu. Khi L
c gi tr b, C np nhanh n gi tr nh V
p
. Khi tng L, dng np cho C tng
chm, ko di thi gian np vi bin thp hn. Khi tng L n 1 gi tr ti hn
th 1 trong 2 diod dn lin tc (mch chnh lu ton sng) nn dng ti c cp
lin tc C hu nh khng x hoc np v gi gi tr khng i l 2V
p
/pi.
Xt mch lc dng t C trong m ch chnh lu mt na chu k
bn k dng ca v
v
, D c phn cc thun, nn D dn, c dng qua R
v ng thi t C c np in. n lc v
v
t gi tr cc i th in p trn t C
cng t gi tr ln nht. Sau in p v
v
bt u gim, nn cc A ca D c in
p m hn cc K nn D b phn cc nghch, D tt. T C x in qua R. bn k
dng tip theo, qu trnh c tip din nh vy, ta c dng sng ra nh hnh 2.4.
Hnh 2.4. S mch v dng sng mch chnh lu mt na chu k
c dng mch lc bng t C
C
R
v
V
t
t
v
T
Chng 3: Transistor lng cc BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Chng 3: TRANSISTOR Lng cc BJT
(Bipolar Junction transistor)
L mt linh kin bn dn c ba cc c kh nng khuch i tn hiu hoc
hot ng nh mt kho ng m, rt thng dng trong nghnh in t. N s
dng c hai loi ht dn: in t v l tr ng, v vy c xp vo loi hai cc tnh.
3.1. Cu to-Nguyn l hot ng
Gm ba lp bn dn p-n-p hoc n-p-n to nn. V vy c hai loi BJT
Hnh 3. 1 . Cu to v k hiu ca BJT loi pnp
Hnh 3. 2 . Cu to v k hiu ca BJT loi npn
BJT c hai tip xc p-n: tip xc p-n gia min B v C gi l J
C
, tip xc p-
n gia min B v E gi l J
E.
Nguyn l hot ng
Hnh 3..3 . Cch phn cc BJT hot ng ch khuch i
P N P
Collector
Base
Emitter
N P N
Collector
Base
Emitter
C
E
B
C
E
B
N P N
C
B
E
V
BB
V
CC
I
E
I
B
I
C
I
CB0
Chng 3: Transistor lng cc BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Ban u khi c ngun V
CC
phn cc nghch tip xc J
C
th c dng ngc
I
CB0
chy t min C sang B. Dng ny ging nh dng I
tr
trong Diod, c gi tr nh.
Sau c ngun V
BB
phn cc thun tip xc J
E
lm cho in t t min E
d dng di chuyn sang min B to nn dng I
E
. Hu ht cc in t vt qua vng
B, bng qua J
C
(tip xc p-n gia min B v C gi l J
C
) n min C to nn
dng I
E
. Mt s in t b gi li trong min B v chy v cc B. L trng trong
min B chy v min E to nn dng I
B
.
Nu gi l h s truyn t dng in th ta c I
C
=I
E
+I
CB0
Ta c I
E
=I
B
+I
C
; I
C
=I
E
+I
CB0
=(I
C
+I
B
)+I
CB0
suy ra (1-)I
C
=I
B
+I
CB0
I
C
=(/(1-))I
B
+(1/(1-))I
CB0
=I
B
+(1+)I
CB0
trong c gi l h s
khuch i dng in.
Nguyn tc phn cc cho BJT hot ng ch khuch i:
J
E
phn cc thun v J
C
phn cc nghch, ngha l i vi BJT loi npn th phi
tho mn V
BE
>0 v V
CB
>0 , i vi BJT loi pnp th ngc li.
3.2. Cc cch mc mch ca BJT
BJT c ba cc, tu theo theo vic chn cc no lm cc chung cho mch
vo v mch ra m c ba s s au( ta ch xt s dng n gin ho)
3.2.1. Mch CE(Common Emitter)
Tn hiu cn khuch i c a vo gia cc B v E, tn hiu ra c ly
ra gia cc C v E, E l cc chung.
Hnh 3.4.Mch CE
3.2.2. Mch CB (Common Base)
Tn hiu cn khuch i c a vo gia cc B v E, tn hiu ra c ly
ra gia cc C v B, B l cc chung.
Hnh 3.5.Mch CB
Tn hiu ra
Tn hiu vo
Tn hiu vo
C
B
E
Tn hiu ra
Chng 3: Transistor lng cc BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
3.2.3.Mch CC(Common Collector)
Tn hiu cn khuch i c a vo gia cc B v C, tn hiu ra c ly
ra gia cc C v E, E l cc chung.
Hnh 3.6.Mch CB
3.3. c tuyn tnh v cc tham s tnh ca BJT
c tuyn tnh din t mi quan h gia dng in v in p mt chiu
trn BJT. C bn loi c tuyn l c tuyn vo, ra, truyn t dng in, hi tip
in p. Ta ch xt c tuyn ra ca mch CE.
Cc tham s gii hn ca BJT
Tu theo din tch mt tip xc , vt liu v cng ngh ch toMi BJT ch
cho php mt dng in ti a trn mi in cc l I
Emax
, I
Bmax
, I
Cmax
. Ngoi ra trn
cc tip xc J
E
, J
C
c cc in p cc i cho php V
Cbmax
, V
Bemax
, V
Cemax
khng
gy nh thng cc tip xc.
Tn s gii hn:
Mi BJT ch lm vic hiu qu n mt tn s nht nh v do tn s cao, cc
in dung cc tip xc p-n tng. Mt khc chuyn ng ca h t dn qua min B
I
B1
I
B3
I
B4
I
B2
Min nh thng
Min dn bo ho
I
C
V
CE
Hnh 3.7.H c tuyn tnh ng ra ca BJT mc kiu CE
I
C
=f(V
CE
)
I
B
=const
Tn hiu vo
Tn hiu ra
Chng 3: Transistor lng cc BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
khng th coi l tc thi m chim mt thi gian ng k so vi chu k tn hiu
nn , b gim theo tn s.
3.4.Cc cch phn cc cho BJT
V nguyn tc ta cn hai ngun phn cc thun J
E
v phn cc nghch J
C
3.4.1. Phn cc bng dng I
B
c nh:
3.4.1.1. Dng mt ngunV
CC
in tr R
B
ly in p t ngun V
CC
phn cc thun J
E
, in tr R
C
ly
in p t ngun V
CC
phn cc nghch J
C
, ngha l V
BE
>0, V
CB
>0.
C C CC CE
B C
B
BE CC
B
R I V V
I I
R
V V
I

Hnh 3.8. Mch khuch i dng BJT, phn cc bng dng I

B
c nh
Ta thy dng I
B
c gi tr khng i tu thuc vo V
CC
v R
B
nn mch c
tn l phn cc bng dng I
B
c nh.
Cc gi tr ca V
CE
v I
C
xc nh v tr im lm vic tnh Q trn c tuyn
ng ra ca BJT.
Ta cng c th xc nh im lm vic tnh Q theo phng php th.
T biu thc V
CE
=V
CC
-I
C
R
C
ta c I
C
=(-1/R
C
)V
CE
+(1/R
C
)V
CC
(1). Giao im
ca ng thng c phng trnh nh (1) vi ng biu din mi quan h gia I
C
v V
CE
ng vi dng I
B
=(V
BB
-V
BE
)/R
B
trn c tuyn ng ra mch EC xc nh v
tr ca im lm vic tnh Q.
R B
V C C
R c
.
R E
I
B
Ic
I
E
I
B1
I
B3
I
B4
I
B2
=(V
CC
-V
BE
)/R
B
I
C
V
CE
Hnh 3.9. Xc nh im lm vic tnh Q theo phng php th
V
CC
V
CC
/R
C
Q
V
CEQ
I
CQ
Chng 3: Transistor lng cc BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
3.4.1.2. Dng hai ngun
C C CC CE
B C
B B
BE BB
B
R I V V
I I
R
V V
I

Hnh 3.10. Mch phn cc bng dng I

B
c nh dng hai ngun
3.4.2. Phn cc bng hi tip t collector
Hi tip l s a tn hiu ng ra ca b khuch i tr ngc li u vo.
Nu tn hiu hi tip a v lm gim in p vo b khuch i th gi l hi
tip m.
in tr R
B
dn in p t cc C a ngc v cc B. Khi nhit tng
dng I
C
, I
E
tng lm V
C
gim, thng qua in tr R
B
lm in p phn cc cho cc
B l V
BE
gim, lm BJT dn yu li lm gim dng I
C
. in tr R
B
gi l in tr
hi tip m.
C C CC CE
B C
C B
BE CC
B
R I V V
I I
R R
V V
I

) 1 (
Hnh 3.12. Mch phn cc bng hi tip t collector
3.4.3. Phn cc bng dng Emitter
Mch dng hai in tr R
B1
, R
B2
to thnh cu phn p phn cc thun J
E
,
R
C
ly in p t ngun V
CC
phn cc cho J
C
. R
E
l in tr n nh nhit
p dng nh l Thevenin, ta c s mch tng ng
(a)
R B
V C C
.
R c
RB1
VC C
.
Rc
RE RB2
R B B
R c
V C C
.
V B B
Chng 3: Transistor lng cc BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
(b)
Hnh 3.13.
(a)Mch phn cc bng dng Emitter
(b) Mch tng ng theo nh l Thevenin
Trong
2 1
2 1
2
// ;
B B BB
B B
B CC
BB
R R R
R R
R V
V

E E C C CC CE B C
E BB
BE BB
B
R I R I V V I I
R R
V V
I


; ;
) 1 (

Ta bit khi nhit tng, ba tham s ca BJT s thay i , l V

BE
, , I
C
.
Trong ba kiu phn cc trn, kiu phn cc bng nh dng Emitter cho ta dng I
C
n nh nht v dng I
C
hu nh khng ph thuc vo v I
C
V
BB
/R
E
nu chn
V
BB
>>V
BE
Bi tp :
Cho s mch nh hnh 3.13a. Bit rng R
B1
=32k; R
B2
=6,8k; Rc=3k;
R
E
=1,5k; R; =100;Vcc=15V. Xc nh im lm vic tnh v biu din n trn
c tuyn ng ra.
Gii:
V R R I V R I R I V V
mA mA I I
mA
R
V V
I
V
R R
R V
V
k k k R R R
E C C CC e E C C CC CE
B C
E
BE BB
B
B B
B CC
BB
B B BB
6 , 9 5 , 4 * 012 , 0 15 ) (
2 , 1 012 , 0 . 100
012 , 0
5 , 1 * 101 6 , 5
7 , 0 6 , 2
) 1 ( R
6 , 2
8 , 6 32
8 , 6 * 15
6 . 5 8 . 6 // 32 //
BB
2 1
2
2 1

RBB
Rc
VCC
VBB
RE
Chng 3: Transistor lng cc BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Hnh 3.14. Xc nh im lm vic tnh Q theo phng php th
15V 9,6
I
B1
I
B3
I
B4
I
B2
=0,012mA
I
C
(mA)
V
CE
(V)
15/4,5
Q
1,2
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Mch khuch i l mch in t trong vi mt s bin i nh ca
i lng in u vo s gy ra s bin i ln ca i lng in ca u
ra. Cc phn t c bn ca mch in l BJT c th mc theo s B, E, C
Ni dung ca chng ny trnh by cc kiu mch khuch i tn hiu
nh c bn dng BJT nh mch EC, BC, CC v cc mch khuch i cng sut
(khuch i tn hiu ln). T ta tnh ton cc thng s ca mch nh h s
khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in, dng sng ti cc v tr trong
mch...
Mc ch ca chng ny gip sinh vin nm c nguyn l lm vic
ca cc mch khuch i, cc thng s c bn ng dng trong vic thit k
mch.
Cc ch tiu c bn ca mt mch khuch i:
Hnh 4.1. Mng bn cc i din cho mch khuch i.
Ngun tn hiu v
S
c a n ng vo ca linh kin in t, nh BJT...
Nh vai tr hot ng ca BJT, trn in tr ti R
t
s nhn c tn hiu
c khuch i ngha l tn hiu ny bin thi n cng quy lut vi tn hiu v
S
nhng c bin ln hn nhiu.
Tu theo dng ca tn hiu cn khuch i m chia thnh cc loi mch
khuch i c bn sau:
- Mch khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm (khuch i DC).
- Mch khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu bao g m mch khuch i tn s thp,
trung bnh v tn s cao.
Trong chng ny, ta xt cc mch khuch i tn s trung bnh.
n gin, gi thit rng ngun tn hiu v
S
cn khuch i c dng
hnh sin, tn hiu ra trn ti vn c dng hnh sin (mch khuch i l tng).
Trong iu kin , cc i lng xoay chiu trong mch nh in p vo, dng
in vo, in p ra trn ti, dng in ra trn ti l nhng i lng hnh sin.
Tn hiu nh l cc i lng u vo, u ra bin thin trong phm vi
hp. Mch khuch i tn hiu nh thng c t u tin ca mt thit b
khuch i khuch i tn hiu cn cha ln. Di y ta kho st cc mch
khuch i tn hiu nh theo phng php gii tch ngha l thay th cc mch
c th bng s tng ng xo ay chiu, sau tnh ton cc thng s c
trng ca mch: h s khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in , pha ca
in p vo v in p ra...
v
S
Mch
khuch
i
R
t
r
S
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
4.1. S tng ng ca BJT i vi tn hiu nh xoay chiu theo tham
s chun:
4.1.1. Mch CE (Common Emittter):
Hnh 4.2. S tng ng ca BJT i vi mch CE
Trong r
be
=r
b
+ (1+ |)r
e
(4.1a)
r
e
: in tr vi phn ca tip xc J
E
.
r
e
=26mV/ I
E
. (4.1b)
r
b
: in tr khi vng Baze.
r
c
: in tr vi phn ca tip gip J
C
.
|i
b
: ngun dng in c iu khin bi dng i
b
.
4.1.2. Mch BC ( Common Base ):
Hnh 4.3. S tng ng ca BJT i vi mch CB
Trong r
eb
= r
e
+ r
b
/(1+ |) (4.2)
r
e
: in tr vi phn ca tip xc J
E
.
r
e
=26mV/ I
E
.
r
b
: in tr khi vng Baze.
r
c
: in tr vi phn ca tip gip J
C
.
oi
e
: ngun dng in c iu khin bi dng i
e
C B
E
in p ra in p vo
rbe
|ib
rce
B
in p vo
in p ra
C
reb
oie
E
rcb
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
4.1.3. Mch CC: (Common Collector)
Hnh 4.4. S tng ng ca BJT i vi mch CC
Trong r
be
=r
b
+ (1+ |)r
e
r
e
: in tr vi phn ca tip xc J
E
.
r
e
=26mV/ I
E
.
r
b
: in tr khi vng Baze.
r
c
: in tr vi phn ca tip gip J
C
.
|i
b
: ngun dng in c iu khin bi dng i
b
4.1.4. Nguyn tc v s tng ng i vi tn hiu xoay chiu;
Cc t coi nh ni tt v cc t ny c dung khng rt nh (gn nh bng
khng tn s lm vic ca mch)
Ngun mt chiu Vcc coi nh ni tt v gi thit l ngun l tng c
ni tr bng 0.
4.2. Mch khuch i CE
4.2.1. S mch:
Hnh 4.5. S mch khuch i CE
4.2.2. Tc dng linh kin:
R
1
,R
2
: in tr phn cc;
R
C
: in tr ti cc C.
Vcc: ngun mt chiu;
v
S
: ngun xoay chiu.
C
B
E
rbe
|ib
rce
in p vo
in p ra
v
t
Re
C2
Vcc
Rc
CE
C1
Rt vS
R1
R2
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
r
S
: ni tr ngun xoay chiu;
C
E
: ni tt thnh phn xoay chiu cc E.
Re : in tr n nh nhit; R
t
: in tr ti.
C
1
: t lin lc ng vo, ngn thnh phn 1chiu v v
S
.
C
2
: t lin lc ng ra, ngn thnh phn 1 chiu v pha ti.
- Nguyn l hot ng:
in p vo v
S
a n u vo ca mch lm thay i trng thi hot ng
ca BTJ, cc dng in base i
b
, i
c
c th tng hay gim theo in p vo v
s
. in
p bin thin trn in tr R
C
to nn in p xoay chiu trn cc Collector.
in p ny qua t C
2
c a n in tr R
t
ca mch khuch i.
Hnh 4.6. Dng sng ca ngun tn hiu, ti cc C, v ti ng ra.
4.2.3. S tng ng:
Hnh 4.7. S tng ng ca mch CE.
4.2.4. Tnh ton tham s ca mch:
4.2.4.1. in tr vo ca mch:
v
S
t
t
v
C
v
Rt
t
B C
i
t
Rt
i
b
Rc
rce
R1//R2
rS
vS
rbe
|ib
i
V
i
c
E
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
, )
, )
e b
b
b e b b
b
e e b b
b
be
be
be V
r r
i
i r r i
i
i r r i
i
u
r
r R R R

+ + =
+ +
=
+
= =
=
1
1
// ) // (
2 1
(4.3)
Nu R
1
//R
2
>>r
be
th R
V
=r
be
4.2.4.2. H s khuch i dng in K
i
H s khuch i dng in K
i
l t s ca dng in ra v dng in
vo ca mch.
c
t
b
c
v
b
v
t
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
K . . = =
Ta c:
, )
b C
V b V V
t C C t t
i i
r i R i
R R i R i
=
=
= // . .
Vy
t
t C
V
V
i
R
R R
r
R
K
//
. . = (4.4)
H s khuch i dng in K
i
ph thuc vo | ca BJT, gi tr in tr
ca b phn p, in tr Rc, R
t
. Nu ta chn R
1
//R
2
>>r
V
, Rc>>R
t
th K
i
|.
Mch EC c h s khuch i dng in ln.
4.2.4.3. H s khuch i in p K
u
H s khuch i in p K
u
l t s ca in p trn ti v in p vo
ca mch.
, )
V s
t C
V
V
t s
t
i
V s V
t t
s
T
V
T
u
R r
R R
r
R
R r
R
K
R r i
R i
v
v
v
v
K
+
=
+
=
+
= = =
//
. .
(4.5)
Nu R
1
//R
2
>>r
V
, r
s
rt nh, | ln th h s khuch i in p K
u
ln.
- Du tr biu th in p ra vi in p vo ngc pha nhau.
Bi tp 1:
Cho s mch nh hnh v sau.
v
t
Re
C2
Vcc
Rc
CE
C1
Rt vS
R1
Hnh 4.8. Mch khuch i CE
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
R
1
=280 kO; Rc=1 kO; Re=0,5 kO; Rt=1 kO;
|=100; r
S
=0 ; V
CC
=15V. Tnh h s khuch i in p ca mch.
Trc ht tnh ch tnh ca mch
, ) V k mA V R R I V
R I R I V V
mA mA I I
mA
k
V
R
V V
I
e C C CC
e E C C CC CE
B C
e
BE cc
B
55 , 8 ) 5 , 1 )( 3 , 4 ( 15
3 , 4 043 , 0 . 100
043 . 0
) 51 280 (
) 7 . 0 15 (
) 1 ( R
1
= O = + =
=
= = =
=
O +

=
+ +

=

Hnh 4.9. S tng ng ca mch hnh 4.8

83
006 . 0
5 . 0 //
600 600 // 280 //
600 6
3 , 4
26
1
= = =
O ~ O O = =
O = O = =
~ =
e
t C
u
be V
be
C
T
E
T
e
r
R R
K
k r R R
r
mA
mV
I
V
I
V
r
Cu hi m rng:
Vi s mch nh hnh 4.8, nu khng c t CE th h s khuch i
in p ca mch nh th no? Nhn xt v gii thch ti sao.
Tr li:
Nu khng c t C
E
th trong s tng ng ca mch s c Re ni
gia cc E v im t. Nh vy in p xoay chiu v
S
s b ri mt phn trn
Re nn lm cho in p t ln tip xc J
E
ca BJT b gim. Nn in p ra trn
ti s b gim theo, v vy h s khuch i in p ca mch gi m. Ta ch cn
nhn xt v gii thch nh vy ch khng cn phi tnh li h s khuch i
in p v cu hi khng yu cu.
Bi tp 2
B C
i
t
Rt
i
b
Rc
rce
R1
rS
vS
rbe
|ib
i
V
i
c
E
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Tnh h s khuch i ca mch (hnh 4.8) trong trng hp khng c t
CE. T gii thch tc dng ca t CE v cch t nh chn t CE nh th no?
H thng li cc vn c bn va hc.
4.3. Mch khuch i CB
4.3.1. S mch:
Hnh 4.10 . S mch khuch i CB
4.3.2. Tc dng linh kin:
R
1
,R
2
,R
C
: in tr phn cc.
Vcc: ngun mt chiu.
v
s
: ngun xoay chiu.
r
s
: ni tr ngun xoay chiu;
Re : in tr n nh nhit.
C
1
: t lin lc ng vo, ngn thnh phn 1c v E
n
.
C
2
: t lin lc ng ra, cn thnh phn 1 chiu v pha ti.
C
b
: ni tt thnh phn xoay chiu;
R
t
: in tr ti.
4.3.3. S tng ng:
Hnh 4.11. S tng ng ca mch CE.
4.3.4.Tnh ton tham s ca mch:
4.3.4.1. in tr vo ca mch:
Ta c: R
v
= Re //r
eb
(4.6)
Rc
rS
VS
Rt
Re
C2
R2
C1
VCC
R1
Cb
i
e
Rt
reb
rS
Re
vS
oi e
Rc
rcb
i
V
i
C
i
t
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
trong
+
+ =
+
= =
1
b
e
e
e e b b
e
eb
eb
r
r
i
i r r i
i
v
r (4.7)
4.3.4.2. H s khuch i K
i
H s khuch i K
i
l t s ca dng in ra ti v dng in vo
ca mch
C
t
e
c
V
e
V
t
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
K . . = =
Ta c:
, )
e C
V e V V
t C C T T
i i
r i R i
R R i R i
=
=
= // . .
Vy
t
t C
V
V
i
R
R R
r
R
K
//
. . = (4.8)
- H s khuch i dng in K
i
ca mch BC <1.
III.4.3. H s khuch i in p K
u
H s khuch i in p K
u
l t s ca in p trn ti v in p vo
ca mch.
, )
V s
t C
V
V
t s
t
i
V s V
t t
s
t
V
t
u
R r
R R
r
R
R r
R
K
R r i
R i
v
v
v
v
K
+
=
+
=
+
= = =
//
.
(4.9)
- in p ra vi in p vo cng pha nhau.
- H s khuch i in p K
u
ca mch BC >>1.
K
u
cng ln khi R
n
cng nh.
Bi tp 3:
Cho s mch nh hnh 4.11. R
1
=68 kO; R
2
=22 kO; Rc=1 kO; Re=1
kO; Rt=1 kO; |=100; r
S
=100O; V
CC
=15V
Tnh h s khuch i in p ca mch.
4.4. Mch khuch i CC
4.4.1. S mch:
Hnh 4.12. S mch khuch i kiu CC
VCC
Re
C1
R2
vS
rS
Rt
R1
C2
Q
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
4.4.2. Tc dng linh kin:
R
1
,R
2
, : in tr phn cc.
V
CC
: ngun mt chiu.
v
s
: ngun xoay chiu.
r
S
: ni tr ngun xoay chiu.
Re : in tr n nh nhit.
C
1
: t lin lc ng vo, ngn thnh phn 1chiu v E
n
.
C
2
: t lin lc ng ra, cn thnh phn 1 chiu v pha ti.
Rt : in tr ti.
4.4.3. S tng ng:
Hnh 4.14. S tng ng ca mch khuch i CC
4.4.4.Tnh ton tham s ca mch:
4.4.4.1. in tr vo ca mch:
R
v
= (R
1
//R
2
) //r
v
(4.10)
, ), )
t e b
b
e t e b b
b
b
v
R r r
i
i R r r i
i
u
r
Re// 1
) Re// (
+ + + =
+ +
= =

(4.11)
Nu chn R
1
//R
2
>>r
V
th R
V
ln.
4.4.4.2. H s khuch i K
i
H s khuch i K
i
l t s ca dng in ra ti v dng in vo ca
mch
e
T
b
e
V
b
V
y
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
K . . = =
Ta c:
, )
b e
V b V V
t E e T T
i i
r i R i
R R i R i
) 1 (
// . .
+ =
=
=
Rt
i
e
|i
b
i
b
Re
rbe
rS
R1//R2
vS
Rt
rce
i
t
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Vy
t
t
V
V
i
R
R
r
R
K
Re//
). 1 .( + = (4.12)
H s khuch i dng in ln.
4.4.4.3. H s khuch i in p K
u
H s khuch i in p K
u
l t s ca in p ra ti v vo ca mch
, )
V s
t E
V
V
T s
t
i
V s V
t t
s
T
V
T
u
R r
R R
r
R
R r
R
K
R r i
R i
v
v
v
v
K
+
+ =
+
=
+
= = =
//
. ) 1 (
(4.13)
- in p ra vi in p vo cng pha nhau.
Bi tp 4
Cho s mch nh trn. R
1
=68kO; R
2
=22kO;Re=1kO; Rt=1kO;
|=100; Rn=100O; Vcc=15V. Tnh h s khuch i in p ca mch.
Bi tp 5: So snh 3 loi trn v rt ra u nhc im ca tng loi
mch v ng dng.
4.5. Mch khuch i cng sut:
Mch khuch i cng sut l mch khuch i tn hiu ln (tn hiu m
khong bin thin bin ln )
Ta xt mch khuch i m tn dng khuch i cng sut lm vic
di tn s thp, BW: 20 Hz 20 KHz. Tn hiu in ly t datric (phn t bin
i i lng phi in i lng in ) qua tng khuch i s b th
bin in p tn hiu ln ( vi V ) nhng cha cng sut ko ti. V
vy phi c mt tng cui lm nhim v nng cng sut tn hiu cp cho ti,
chnh l tng khuch i cng sut.
Cc ch lm vic c bn ca mch khuch i cng sut:
4.5.1. Ch A:
Dng in ra i
C
xut hin c hai na chu k ca tn hiu vo.
Hnh 4.15. Dng sng ca in p vo v dng ra i
C
4.5.2. Ch B:
Dng in ra i
C
xut hin mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo.
v
v
et
et
i
c
I
C
Q
et
u
v
i
C
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Hnh 4.16. Dng sng ca in p vo v dng ra i
C
Tn hiu ra b mo dng trm trng, khc phc ta dng hai BJT thay
phin nhau dn trong hai na chu k th s khi phc c dng gc ca tn
hiu. tuy nhin vn cn mo xuyn tm do c tuyn vo ca BJT sinh ra.
4.5.3. Ch AB:
Ta cp phn cc ban u cho BJT khc phc mo xuyn tm.
Cc mch khuch i cng sut c bn:
4.5.4. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A
4.5.4.1. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ti ghp trc tip:
H nh 4.17. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A
H nh 4.18. Dng sng ca in p v dng ra.
R
B
R
c
I
c
V
cc
V
CE
V
CEmax
V
CEmin
I
cmax
V
cc
I
cQ
I
c
(mA)
Q
V
CEp
I
Lp
i
c
et
v
CE
e
t
I
cmin
V
CE
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Khi tn hiu vo c dng sng sin, cng sut ra ca tn hiu c xc nh
theo biu thc :
Pr = V
CE
.I
C
=
V I
CEp Cp

2
=
V I
R
CEp
Cp
C
2
2

(4.14)
Cn c vo hnh v ta xc nh c bin Icp v V
CEP
Ta c : Icp=
2
min max C C
I I
V
CEP
=
V V
CE CE max min

2
Cng sut ra :
) )( (
8
1
2
) (
2
)
2
1
min max min max
min max
CEmin max
Cp Cp CE CE
Cp Cp
CE
r
I I V V
I I
V V
P
=

,
=
(4.15)
Vy cn c vo hnh v khi ta v ng ti trn h c tuyn ra ta hon
ton xc nh c cng sut ra .
Ta nhn c cng sut ra ln nht khi c iu kin sau:
2
V
V
CEp
min max
CC
CC CE CE
V
V V
=
~
Lc cng sut ra cc i :
P
rmax
=
1
8
V
V
R
1
8
V
R
V I
4
CC
CC
C
2
CC
C
CC CQ
= = (4.16)
Cng sut cung cp cho mch :
P
CC
=
, )
1
0
2
2
T
V
T
I I t dt V I
V
R
CC CQ Cp CC CQ
CC
C
}
+ = = sine (4.17)
Ta thy khi tn hiu vo hnh sin th tr trung bnh i s ca in p C - E v
dng collector khng i v vy cng sut cung cp mt chiu khng ph thuc
vo tn hiu vo v ra .
Hiu sut cc i ca mch in c xc nh :

max
=
P
P
V
R
V
R
r
CC
C
CC
C
max
0
0
0
2 2
0
0
100
8 2
100 = = 25%
Vy hiu sut ca mch khuch i ch A rt thp, do m n t c s
dng .
4.5.3.2. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ti ghp bin p:
S mch tng t nh hnh 4.17. Tuy nhin ti R
c
khng c ghp
trc tip vo cc C ca BJT m c ghp qua bin p. Nh hiu sut c
tng ln gp i l 50%.
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Trong tng khuch i ch A, im lm vic thay i xung quanh
im tnh. So vi tng khuch i tn hiu nh n ch khc l bin ca n
ln, tng khuch i ch A hay dng s CE .
Mch ny c u im l tn hiu ra trung thc, tuy nhin hiu sut thp
do bin dng in v in p xoay chiu cc i ch bng dng in v in
p tnh.
4.5. 5. Cc mch khuch i ch B
Mch in khuch i ch B phi d ng t nht l 2 transistor c cng
cc tnh hay khc cc tnh (P hoc N). Khi cn tng cng sut ra, mi tng
cng sut cui thng hay dng 2 transistor mi nhnh, mc kiu Darlingt n.
Nu tng cng sut dng 2 transistor cng cc tnh th tng kch phi l tng
o pha cp 2 tn hiu ngc pha ca vo.
4.5.6. Mch y ko bin p
u im ca mch ny l ch tnh s khng ti u th dng do ngun
cung cp nu khng c tn hao tr n transistor. Mt khc, v khng c dng mt
chiu chy qua bin p nn khng gy mo do bo ha t . Hiu sut ca mch
t ln nht, khong 78,5%.
Nhc im ca n l mo xuyn tm ln khi tn hiu vo nh, khi c 2
v khuch i khng c cn bng.
Nh mch hnh trn ch r, na chu k dng ca tn hiu u vo, T
1
phn cc nghch nn khng dn, T
2
phn cc thun nn dn. na chu k m
th qa trnh xy ra ngc li. Lc cha c tn hiu (Uv = 0) th T
1
, T
2
u tt,
s khng c dng ngun V
CC
chy qua bin p m ch c dng ngc I
CE
rt
nh chy qua.
Ti thi im chuyn tip gia qu tr nh dn, ngt ca T
1
v T
2
s gy nn
hin tng mo dng sng, gi l mo dng xuyn tm.
4.5.7. Mch khuch i cng sut ch AB y ko khng dng bin p:
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
4.5.7.1. Mch OTL(Output Transformer Less)
Ta xt s mch n gin sau (khng xt n mch phn cc)
H nh 4.19. Mch khuch i cng sut OTL
2 BJT trn l 2 BJT b ph c cc tham s i xng n hau.
ch tnh, t C c np in n gi tr Ec/2. bn k m
ca uth, BTT di dn, t C ng vai tr l ngun cung cp cho n v ti
loa, cn BJT trn tt. Gii thch tng t, bn k dng ca uth, BTT
trn dn, ngun Vcc v t C cung cp cho n v ti loa. Dng xoay
chiu ic ln lt chy qua ti trong tng bn k tng ng, to nn in
p xoay chiu trn ti.
4.5.7.2. Mch OCL (Output Capacitor Less)
Ta xt s mch n gin sau (khng xt n mch phn cc)
H nh 4.19. Mch khuch i cng sut OTL
2 BJT trn l 2 BJT b ph c cc tham s i xng nhau.
bn k dng ca v
th
, BTT trn dn, cn BJT trn tt. bn k m ca
in p vo, BTT di dn, BJT trn tt. Dng xoay chiu i
c
ln lt
chy qua ti trong tng bn k tng ng, to nn in p xoay chiu
trn ti.
+Ec
vth
+Vcc
vs
-Vcc
chng 5: khuch i thut ton OPAMP
(Operational Amplifier)
5.1. Khi nim:
Mch khuch i thut ton l mch c ch to di dng tch hp c h s
khuch i ln dng x l cc tn hiu tng t hoc xung. Mch thc hin cc php
tnh c bn: cng, tr, tch phn vi phn, ly logarit, hoc thc hin cc chc nng nh
to dao ng hnh sin, n p, n dng, so snh.
- K hiu
Hnh 5.1. K hiu ca OPAMP
OPAMP thng c cp ngun i xng, c 2 ng vo: v
i
-
: ng vo o, v
i
+
: ng
vo khng o. v c 1 ng ra v
o
Trng thi ng ra v
0
khng c mch hi tip v ng vo gi l trng thi vng h.
H s khuch i in p lc gi l h s khuch i vng h ca OPAMP, k hiu
A
0
. Lc v
0
= A
0
(v
i
+
- v
i
-
).
- Cc thng s k thut: in tr ng vo r
i
rt ln, in tr ng ra rt nh, h
s khuch i in p A
0
rt ln.
5.2 c tnh truyn t:
Ta c c tnh truyn t vng h v
o
=f(v
i
+
- v
i
-
)=f(v
d
)
Hnh 5. 2. c tnh truyn t vng h ca OPAMP
+
-
Vi
Vi
Vo
-V
S
v
0
V
CC
-V
CC
v
d
V
S
c tuyn c ba vng lm vic:
- Vng khuch i v
0
=A
0
v
d
- Vng bo ho dng v
0
=V
cc
- Vng bo ho m v
0
=-V
cc
V
S
l cc mc ngng ca in p vo, gii hn phm vi m quan h ng ra v
ng vo cn l tuyn tnh. Cc OPAMP thng c V
S
khong t vi chc V n
vi trm V
Trong thc t, ngi ta rt t s dng OPAMP trng thi vng h v A
0
rt ln
nhng tm in p vo b gii hn qu b( trong khong V
S
). Ch cn tri nhit,
hoc ngun khng n nh, hoc nhiu bin rt b cng to c v
d
vt ra
ngoi tm V
S
lm ng ra bo ho dng hoc bo ho m. Mch khuch i vng
h thng s dng trong ch xung. Trong ch khuch i tuyn tnh, ngi ta
phi dng hi tip m to s lm vic n nh ca b khuch i.
5.3. Mt s ng dng ca OPAMP:
Trong thc t, trng thi vng h ch thng c s dng trong ch
xung. ch khuch i tuyn tnh, ngi ta phi dng hi tip m to s lm
vic n nh cho b khuch i, ng thi m rng vng lm vic ca tn hiu vo.
Trng thi nh vy gi l trng thi vng kn.
Gi s OPAMP l l tng c r
i
= nn dng chy vo OPAMP l i
v
=0 v A
0
=
nn v
i
+
- v
i
-
=v
0
/A
0
=0 nn v
i
+
= v
i
-
.
5.3.1. Mch khuch i o:
Mch khuch i o c ng vo khng o ni t, tn hiu vo v
i
a vo ng
vo o thng qua in tr R
1
. in tr R
f
a in p ng ra v
0
tr li ng vo o.
Hnh 5.3. Mch khuch i o dng OPAMP
vi
v 0
Rf
R1
P
N
Ta c v
i
+
= 0 nn ngi ta gi im N l im t gi.
Ta c
1
0 0
1
0
R
V
V
V
R
V V
R
V V
f
i f
N N i
= : =

Du tr biu th in p ra ngc pha so vi in p vo.

Khi R
1
=R
f
th V
0
= - V
i
, ta c mch lp li in p o.
5.3.2. Mch khuch i khng o:
Mch khuch i khng o c tn hiu a vo trc tip vo ng vo khng
o, cn ng vo o c ni t thng qua R
1
Hnh 5.4. Mch khuch i khng o dng OPAMP
1
0 0
1
0
1
1 0 0
0
R
R
V
V
R
V V
R
V
R
V V
R
V
f
i f
i i
f
N N
+ = : =

: =

Khi R
1
= , R
f
= 0 th V
0
= V
i
, ta c mch lp in p khng o.
5.3.3. Mch cng o:
Mch cng o gm cc ngun tn hiu c a n ng thi ng v o o.
Xt mch gm c hai ngun in p v
1
, v
2
nh hnh v.
Hnh 5..5. Mch cng o dng OPAMP
V
0
Rf
R1
V
i
Rf
V
0
V
1
R1
V
2
R2
2
2
1
1
0
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
V
f f
i
=
Cng thc trn c th m rng n n ng vo tu .
5.3.4. Mch tr:
Mch tr gm cc ngun tn hiu c a n n g thi vo ng vo o v
ng vo khng o
Hnh 5..6. Mch tr dng OPAMP
p dng nguyn l xp chng ta c V
0
=V
01
+V
02
trong V
01
l in p ng ra
khi ch c ngun tn hiu vo l V
1
, V
2
=0. Lc mch tr thnh mch khuch i
khng o. V vy ta c
3 2
2 1
01
) 1 ( ) 1 (
R R
R V
R
R
V
R
R
V
f
P
f
+
+ = + =
Tng t , ta c V
02
l in p ng ra khi ch c ngun tn hiu vo l V
2
, V
1
=0.
Lc mch tr thnh mch khuch i o.
V vy ta c
2 02
V
R
R
V
f
=
Vy ta c V
0
=V
01
+V
02
=
2
3 2
2 1
) 1 ( V
R
R
R R
R V
R
R
f f

+
+
5.3.5. Mch cng khng o:
Mch cng khng o gm cc ngun tn hiu c a n ng thi ng vo
khng o.
Xt mch gm hai ngun in p v
1
, v
2
a n ng vo khng o nh hnh v.
V
1
V
0
R2
Rf
R
R3
V
2
Hnh 5. 7. Mch cng o dng OPAMP
p dng nguyn l xp chng ta c V
0
=V
01
+V
02
trong V
01
l in p ng ra
khi ch c ngun tn hiu vo l V
1
, V
2
=0. Lc mch tr thnh mch khuch i
khng o. V vy ta c
2 1
2 1
01
) 1 ( ) 1 (
R R
R V
R
R
V
R
R
V
f
P
f
+
+ = + =
Tng t , ta c V
02
l in p ng ra khi ch c ngun tn hiu vo l V
2
, V
1
= 0.
Lc mch tr thnh mch khuch i khng o. V vy ta c
1 2
1 2
01
) 1 ( ) 1 (
R R
R V
R
R
V
R
R
V
f
P
f
+
+ = + =
Vy ta c V
0
=V
01
+V
02
= +
+
+
1 2
2 1
) 1 (
R R
R V
R
R
f
1 2
1 2
2
) 1 (
R R
R V
R
R
f
+
+
Mch c th gm c n ngun tn hiu vo.
5.3.6. Mch vi phn:
Mch vi phn gm c ngun in p v
i
c t vo ng vo o thng qua t C
Hnh 5.8. Mch vi phn dng OPAMP
vi
v
0
Rf
C
P
N
V
2
V
0
Rf
R1
R2
V
1
R
Ta c
dt
dv
CR
V
V
R
v
dt
dv
C
i
f
i f
v
= : = +
0 0
0
5.3.7. Mch tch phn:
Mch vi phn gm c t C c t ngay trn ng hi ti p v.
Hnh 5.9. Mch tch phn dng OPAMP
dt v
RC
v
R
v
dt
dv
C
i
i
}
= : = +
1
0
0
0
vi
v
0
C
R
P
N
Chng 6: Mch n p mt chiu
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Chng 6: Mch n p mt chiu
Mch n p mt chiu c nhim v n nh in p mt chiu u ra ca
mch khi in p mt chiu u vo mch thay i trong mt phm vi cho php.
Mch n p mt chiu thng t sau b chnh lu v lc.
6.1. c tuyn V-A. Tnh cht n p ca diod Zener :
K hiu ca Diod Zener
Hnh 6.1. c tuyn V-A ca Diod Zener
Cc tham s c bn ca Diod Zener:
in p n nh V
Z
: l in p ngc o c trn hai u D
Z
khi D
Z
c
phn cc nghch vi dng chy qua D
Z
l I
Z
sao cho I
Zmin
<I
Z
<I
Zmax
.
Nu I
Z
<I
Zmin
th D
Z
khng c tnh n p, nu I
Zmax
<I
Z
th D
Z
s b hng.
Tnh cht n p ca diod Zener l khi in p tren D
Z
t n gi tr nh
thng V
Z
, dng qua D
Z
bin thin t I
Zmin
n I
Zmax
th in p trn D
Z
vn khng
i v bng V
Z
.
6.2. Cc loi mch n p:
Ngun n p DC c phn thnh hai loi l n p tuyn tnh v n p xung. n
p tuyn tnh c hiu sut thp, tm bin thin in p vo hp, n nh in p
ng ra khng cao, nhng mch thit k n gin.
I
Zmax
I
Zmin
I
D
Nghch
Thun
-V
Z
V

V
D
D2
DIODE ZENER
Chng 6: Mch n p mt chiu
Bi ging mn K thut in t
6.2.1. n p tuyn tnh :
Hnh 6.2.Mch n p song song dng Diod Zener
Tc dng linh kin:
D
Z
: Diod Zener lm nhim v n p.
R
i
: in tr dng iu chnh s thay i ca in p u vo
R
t
: in tr ti
Nguyn l lm vic:
Ta c I
i
=I
Z
+I
t
( nh lut Kirchhop I)
V
V
=V
Ri
+V
Z
( nh lut Kirchhop II)
Nu V
V
thay i th dng I
Z
cng thay i nhng nu thit k sao cho
I
Zmin
I
Z
I
Zmax
th V
Z
=const
Khi ti tiu th dng thp I
L
=I
Lmin
, dng I
i
ch yu chy qua D
Z
. Ngc li, khi
ti tiu th dng cc i I
L
=I
Lmax
, dng qua D
Z
s ti thiu.
Nh vy khi chn R
i
phi m bo hai iu kin sau:
Khi dng ti cc i I
L
=I
Lmax
, dng qua D
Z
l I
Z
>I
min
D
Z
vn n nh in
p V
Z
Khi dng ti cc tiu I
L
=I
Lmin
, dng qua D
Z
l I
Z
<I
max
D
Z
khng b ph
hng v vt qu cng sut tiu tn cho php.
Khi h ti, I
L
=0, I
L
=I
i
, ngha l lc D
Z
tiu th dng cc i. Do linh
kin n p D
Z
phi gnh hu nh ton b dng vo trong trng hp ny.
6.2.2. Mch n p thc hin theo nguy n l b:
Mch n p thc hin theo nguyn l b l mch n p c hi tip nh ly
in p mu ng ra a v so vi in p chun bng linh kin khuch i sai
bit.
S khi:
in p vo
cha n nh
V
i
Phn t
iu chnh
Kh. i
sai lch
Ly in
p mu
To in
p chun
in p ra
n nh V
o
Ly in
p mu V
S
V
i
I
i
V
o
I
t
R
i
D2 R
t
I
Z
Chng 6: Mch n p mt chiu
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Mch to in p chun:
C nhim v to ra mt mc in p khng i V
R
(Reference), n chnh l
c s cho vic n p, in p ng ra Vo s b iu khin bi in p chun.
Mch ly in p mu:
C nhim v ly mt phn in p ng ra, in p ny gi l V
S
(sample)
bng hay gn bng mc in p chun.
Mch khuch i sai lch:
C nhim v so snh mc in p mu V
S
vi mc in p chun V
R
. in
p ra sau mch khuch i sai lch dng thay i trng thi dn in ca
phn t iu chnh.
Phn t iu chnh:
Phn t iu chnh thng l linh kin in t cng sut.
Tu theo cch thit k phn t iu chnh m c cc loi mch n p sau:
Mch n p tuyn tnh ni tip: c phn t iu chnh mc ni tip vi ti
ngoi.
Mch n p tuyn tnh song song: mch ny c phn t iu chnh mc
song song vi ti ngoi.
Mch n p xung:
Trong mch ny, phn t iu chnh lm vic theo ch ng m.
Ta xt mch n p tuyn tnh c phn t iu chnh mc ni tip vi ti:
S mch:
Hnh 6.3.Mch n p tuyn tnh theo nguyn l b dng Diod Zener
Tc dng linh kin:
D
Z
: to in p chun.
R
2
, R
3
: ly in p t V
o
phn cc cho Q
1.
Q
2
: phn t iu khin dng so snh in p hi tip vi in p chun
v khuch i sai lch .
Q
1
: BJT cng sut dng iu chnh in p ra theo in p vo.
Vcc
D2
Vi
R
1
V
o
I
B1
R
t
I
B1
+I
Z
I
Z
R
2
Q
1
Q
2
R
3
I
C2
Chng 6: Mch n p mt chiu
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi ng mch, Q
1
dn nn Q
2
dn. Ta c
V
0
=V
i
-V
CE1
Gi s V
i
tng, V
0
tng tc thi, nn in p ly mu V
S
tng. in p V
S
cng
chnh l in p a vo cc nn B ca Q
2
nn Q
2
dn mnh, nn V
CE2
gim, Q
1
dn yu nn V
CE1
tng, nn V
0
gim theo.
Gii thch tng t khi U
V
gim.
Ta tnh c in p ra
6.3. Cc vi mch n p DC tuyn tnh:
Chng c s dng rt rng ri do cc u im nh tch hp ton b linh
kin trong mt kch thc b, c th s dng thm mt vi linh kin ngoi
Mt trong nhng vi mch n p DC tuyn tnh l h vi mch 7800(n p
dng) v 7900(n p m) c ba chn. Tu theo hnh dng v ngoi, cc vi
mch ny c th cung cp dng t 100mA n 1A v cho in p ra c nh
nhiu gi tr khc nhau tng ng vi m s theo bng di y:
M s in p ra(V) M s in p ra(V)
7805 5 7905 -5
7808 8 7908 -8
7809 9 7909 -9
7812 12 7912 -12
7815 15 7915 -15
7824 24 7924 -24
Hnh 6.4. Bng thng s ca vi mach n p DC
Dng mch in dng vi mch n p ba chn nh hnh di, trong C
i
c thm vo khi vi mch t xa ngun chnh lu v lc n nh in p
ng ra; C
0
khong vi nF lc nhiu cao tn. in p ng vo ti thiu phi
cao hn in p ng ra 3V vi mch vn hot ng tt
3 2
2 0
.
R R
R V
V
S

2
3 2
) (
R
R R
V V V
B E Z o

78XX
(79XX) V
i
V
0
C
i
C
0
Chng 8: Linh kin nhiu tip xc p -n
Bi ging mn K thut in t
chng 7: Linh kin nhiu tip xc p-n
8.1. SCR(Silicon controlled Rectifier)
8.1.1. Cu to
Gm bn lp bn dn p-n-p-n ghp lin tip nhau, to thnh ba tip xc p -n. Lp
bn dn P ngoi cng ng vai tr Anod, lp bn dn n ngoi cng ng vai tr l
Katod, lp bn dn P nm gia ng vai tr cc ca iu khin G.
Hnh 8.2.Cu trc tng ng ca SCR
(a)
G
A
K
P
N
P
N
A
K
G
(b)
Hnh 8.1. (a) Cu to ca SCR.
(b) K hiu ca SCR
N
P
P
N
P
N
K
A
G
T
1
T
2
I
B2
=I
C1
I
B1
=I
C2
G
K
A
Chng 8: Linh kin nhiu tip xc p -n
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Hnh 8.2 cho thy SCR tng ng vi hai BJT pnp v np n lin kt vi nhau
qua cc B v cc C. Mch ny gip thy s kch khi ca cc G trong SCR. Nu c mt
dng I
G
rt nh c a n chn B caT
1
th dng I
G
to dng I
C1
ln hn, m I
C1
=I
B2
nn dng I
C2
ln hn I
C1
. Dng I
C2
=I
B1
nn dng I
C1
li ln hn trc dn n I
C2
ln hn
trc Hin tng khuch i vng ny tip tc nn c hai BJT nhanh chng bo ho.
S jot ng trn cho thy dng ca I
G
khng cn ln v ch cn tn ti trong thi gian
ngn ri hai BJT t kho vo nhau dn v duy tr dng bo h o. ng thi khi cho
tt dng cc ca, thm ch cho dng cc ca chy ngc tr li th SCR vn dn, ngha
l SCR cho php m bng cc ca nhng khng cho php tt bng cc ca.
8.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng
Khi SCR b phn cc nghch th ging nh trng hp ca Diod ngha l c mt
dng r rt nh chy qua, tuy nhin khi in p nghch t n in p nh thng V
BR
th SCR tr nn dn in theo chiu nghch.
Ban u cha cp dng vo ca G, khi SCR c phn cc thun th c tnh
cng ging nh phn cc nghch nhng khi V
AK
t n gi tr in p quay v V
BO
th
lp tc V
AK
gim cho n khi V
AK
bng V
H
c 0.7 V tng ng vi dng in l I
H
. Lc
by gi SCR chuyn sang trng thi m hay dn. sau n hot ng nh Diod.
Khi cp dng vo ca G th in th quay v nh hn tc l SCR d chuyn sang
trng thi dn hn
Hnh 8.3. c tuyn V-A ca SCR
I
A
I
H
V
B
0
V
A
K
Chng 8: Linh kin nhiu tip xc p -n
Bi ging mn K thut in t
8.1.3.ng dng
SCR thng c dng chnh lu c iu khin
Hnh 8.4. S mch v dng sng ca mch ch nh lu
c iu khin mt na chu k dng SCR.
8.2. Triac(Triod AC Semiconductor Switch)
8.2.1.K hiu
Hnh 8. 5. K hiu ca Triac
R
G
i
G
v
R
v
s
t
t
t
MT
2
MT
1
G
Chng 8: Linh kin nhiu tip xc p -n
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Triac l linh kin dn in xoay chiu v c cu trc rng t nh hai con
SCR ghp ngc u nhau. Do khng cn phn bit chiu dng in nn ngi
ta khng s dng k hiu Anod v Katod na m t hay bng cc k hiu ln lt
l MT
2
, MT
1
.
Hnh 8.6. c tuyn V-A ca Triac
T c tuyn ca Triac, ngi ta phn ra bn kiu kch khi cng:
Mode I
+
: V
MT2
>V
MT1
, V
GMT1
>0
Mode I
-
: V
MT2
>V
MT1
, V
GMT1
<0
Mode III
+
: V
MT2
<V
MT1
, V
GMT1
>0
Mode III
-
: V
MT2
<V
MT1
, V
GMT1
<0
Trong mode I
+
,III
-
c s dng nhiu nht.
Triac c ng dng trong cc mch kim sot pha AC
8.3. Diac
C cu trc tng ng nh Triac nhng khng c cc ca iu khin G,
thng dng kch khi Triac
I
A
I
G
0
I
G
=0
-V
B0
I
H
V
B
0
V
A
K
Chng 8: Linh kin nhiu tip xc p -n
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Hnh 8.7. K hiu v c tuyn V-A ca Diac
Mch kim sot pha AC dng Triac c ng dng trong c b ngun AC cng sut
ln iu khin c nh: n p AC, iu khin nhit , iu khin tc ng c AC
Hnh 8.8. Mch kim sot pha AC
Mch R, C v Diac to thnh mch di pha kch Triac. Khi in p trn t C t
n gi tr in p quay v (hay V
BO
), Diac c kch dn, in p trn Diac gim
xung, to dng kch cng cho Triac.
MT
1
MT
2
I
-V
B0
I
H
V
B
0
V
Ti
v
AC
Chng 8: K thut xung
8.1. Khi nim:
Xung in l 1 dng in p hoc dng in m thi gian tn ti ca
n rt nh, c th so snh c vi qu trnh qu ca mch in m n
tc dng.
- Mt s dng xung thng gp:
Xung vung: ( xung ch nht)
Hnh 8.1. Tn hiu xung vung
Xung hnh thang
Hnh 8..2. Tn hiu xung hnh thang
Xung tam gic ( xung rng ca )
Hnh 8.3. Tn hiu xung tam gic
Xung hm m
Hnh 8.4. Tn hiu xung vung
v
t
t
v
v
t
v
t
- Cc tham s c bn ca xung
Xt 1 xung vung thc t
Hnh 8.5. Tn hiu xung vung thc t
Trong :
V
m
: bin xung ( gi tr cc i ca tn hiu xung )
0-t
1
: thi gian tr ca tn hiu xung, l khong thi gian cn thit
tn hiu tng t 0 0,1 V
m
t
1
- t
2
: thi gian ln hay cn gi l di sn trc ca xung, l
khong thi gian cn thit tn hiu tng t 0,1 V
m
0,9 V
m
t
2
- t
3
: thi gian tn ti nh xung.
t
3
- t
4
: thi gian gim hay cn gi l di sn sau ca xung.
t
5
= t
1
+t
2
+t
3
+t
4
: thi gian tn ti ca xung
i vi dy xung tun hon ta c thm cc thng s sau:
Hnh 8.6. Tn hiu xung vung tun hon
- Chu k xung T=t
x
+t
ng
- rng xung t
x
- t
ng
: thi gian ngh ca xung
- Tn s xung f=1/T
Trong k thut xung s, ngi ta thng d ng phng php s i vi
tn hiu xung khi bin xung V
m
> mc ngng V
H
th xung trng
t
4
t
3
t
1
v
0.9V
m
0.9V
m
0.1V
m
t
t
2
t
ng
v
t
T
t
x
thi mc 1 hay mc cao. Khi V
m
< mc ngng V
L
th xung trng thi
mc thp hay mc 0.
Khi V
l
<V
m
<V
H
xung trng thi cm.
8.2. Cc ch lm vic ca BJT
Tu theo in p phn cc, BJT c th lm vic trng thi ngng dn, khuch
i hay dn bo ho.
- Ch ngng dn: tip xuc J
E
v J
C
u phn cc ngc
- Ch khuch i: J
E
phn cc thun, J
C
phn cc ngc
- Ch bo ho: J
E
v J
E
u phn cc thun
ng ngt cc mch in t, ngi ta thng dng BJT.
Ta xt mc mch sau:
Hnh 8.7.Mch to tn hiu xung vung
Khi in p v
i
m hoc nh hn in p ngng, BJT s ri vo trng thi
ngng dn (hoc tt). Dng I
C
c gi tr rt b, I
C
=I
Cbo
Khi ng vo v
i
dng , BJT dn, tu theo gi tr ca dng ng vo I
B
, BJT
c th dn khuch i hoc bo ho.
Khi BJT dn bo ho, in p trn cc C v E rt nh V
CES
=0.2V, dng I
C
lc c gi tr l I
CS
=(V
CC
-V
CES
)/R
C
. Vy iu kin BJT hot ng ch
bo ho th dng I
B
>I
CS
/|
Nu v
i
< in p ngng th BJT tt, v
0
=V
CC
Nu (v
i
- V
BE
)/R
b
> I
CS
/|, BJT dn bo ho, ngc li BJT dn khuch i.
9.3. Cc mch to xung c bn.
8.3.1. Mach khng trang thai bn (astable)
Mach con c goi lamach dao ng a hai dung tao xung vung
8.3.1.1 S mach vadang song :
VCC
Rc
Rb
v
0
Rc2
Rc2
VCC
C2 C1
Q1
Rc1
Q2
Rb2
Rb1
Vo2 Vo1
Hnh 8.8. S mach vadang song cua mach khng trang thai bn
8.3.1.1 Nguyn lylam vic :
-
Trang thai khng bn ban u : 0 s t s t
1
Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao hoa V
01
=Vcc
V
02
=V
ces
=0.2
V
~ 0
Vb/Q
2
=V
bes
=0.8
V
~ 0
TuC
2
nap in tVcc R
c1
J
E
/Q
2
at n giatr Vcc. TuC
1
xava
nap in theo chiu ngc lai tVcc R
b1
BJ T Q
2
dn bao hoa. Qua trnh
nap in cua tuC
1
lam V
b1
tng Vc
1
tng cho n khi Vc
1
=Vb
1
> V
J
E
/Q
1
phn cc thun Q
1
dn i
c1
tng v
01
giam thng qua C
2
lam V
b2
t
t
t
t
v
02
v
b1
v
b2
v
01
t
1
t
2
T
2
T
1
giam J
E
/Q
2
phn cc yu hn Q
2
dn khuch ai i
c2
giam v
02
tng
thng qua C
1
Vb
1
cang tng Q
1
nhanh chong dn bao hoa V
01
~ 0 , do tnh
cht in ap trn tuC
2
khng t bin nn not toan bin ap m ln cc
B/Q
2
lam Q
2
nhanh chong tt mach chuyn sang trang thai khng bn thhai.
- Trang thai khng bn th2 :
Q
1
dn bao hoa , Q
2
tt V
01
=0 ,Vb
1
=V
bes
=0.8~ 0
V
02
=Vcc
TuC
1
xavanap in theo chiu ngc lai tVcc Rc
2
J
E
/Q
1
at
n giatrVcc - i
c02
.Rc
2
vi chiu cc tnh nhhnh ve. Trong khi otuC
2
cung
nap tVcc R
b2
Q
1
dn bao hoa vi chiu cc tnh nhhnh ve tin n
Vcc TuC
2
cang nap Vc
2
tng cho n khi Vc
2
=Vb
2
> V Q
2
n i
b2
tng i
c2
tng V
02
giam thng qua C
1
lam Vb
1
giam Q
1
dn khuch ai
i
c1
giam V
01
tng thng qua C
2
Vb
2
tng Q
2
dn bao hoa V
02
~ 0. do
tnh cht in ap trn tuC
1
khng t bin t toan bin ap m vao cc
B/Q
1
Q
1
nhanh chong tt mach chuyn vtrang thai khng bn ban u
ng vi Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao hoa. Quatrnh ctip tuc nhvy , trong mach lun
lun tng chuyn trang thai makhng cn xung kch khi t bn ngoai vao.
Do omach selun lun tao dai xung ra.
-
Chu kydao ng : T = T
1
+T
2
. Xac nh T
1
: Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao hoa
Vc
1
(t) =[ Vc
1
() - Vc
1
(0) ](1- exp (- t/t
1
)) +Vc
1
(0)
Vc
1
() =Vcc ; Vc
1
(0) = - Vcc
Khi t =T
1
Vc
1
(T
1
) =V ~ 0
T
1
= t
1
ln
V
2V
cc
cc
; t
1
= R
b1
. C
1
. Xac nh T
2
: Q
1
dn bao hoa , Q
2
tt
Tng tta co:
T
2
= t
2
ln2
T =T
1
+T
1
= (t
1
+t
2
). Ln 2
= 0,7 ( C
1
.R
b1
+C
2.
R
b2
)
Chon C
1
= C
2
=C T =0,7 C ( R
b1
+R
b2
)
T khng i nhng T
1
,T
2
thay i c dung bin trthay i.
Nu R
b1
=R
b2
= R
b
T =1,4 C R
b
.
8.3.2 Mach monostable dung BJ T :
8.3.2.1 S mach vadang song :
Hnh 8.9. S mach vadang song cua mach mt trang thai bn
8.3.2.2 Nguyn lylam vic :
* 0s t <t
0
: Trang thai bn : Q
1
tt ,Q
2
dn bao hoa
V
0
=V
ces
=0.2
v
~ 0 ; V
b
/Q
2
=V
bes
= 0.8
v
~ 0.
TuC
1
nap tVcc qua Rc
1
vatip xuc J
E
cua BJ T Q
2
ang dn bao hoa vi
chiu cc tnh nhhnh veat n giatr Vc
2
~Vcc
* trang thai khng bn :
t =t
0
: Mach c kch khi bi xung Vi cocc tnh dng cogiatruln
a vao cc nn cua BJ T Q
1
V
b
/Q
1
>V. J
E
phn cc thun Q
1
dn i
b1
tngi
C1
tng V
c
/Q
1
giamV
b
/Q
2
giam Q
2
tdn bao hoa chuyn sang
dn khuch ai dong i
c2
giam
V
c
/Q
2
=V
0
tng thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
tng Q
1
dn bao hoa
V
c
/Q
1
~ 0
v
, do tnh cht in ap trn tuC
2
khng t bin, luc nay toan bin
ap m t vao cc B/ Q
2
lam cho Q
2
nhanh chong tt. Mach chuyn sang trang
thai khng bn Q
1
dn bao hoa Q
2
tt. trang thai khng bn nay tuC
2
xavanap
in theo chiu ngc lai tVcc R
b2
Q
1
dn bao hoa tin n giatrV
c
=
Vcc Qua trnh nap in cho C
2
lam cho V
b
/Q
2
thay i, tuC
2
cang nap V
b
/Q
2
cang tng ln (bt m hn) vatng cho n khi V
c2
=V
b
/Q
2
> V. Tip xuc J
E
cuaQ
2
phn cc thn trlai Q
2
dn dong i
b2
tng i
c2
tng V
c
/Q
2
giam
t
T
0
t
Vcc
VO
VCC
-Vbb
Q2
R1
Q1
C1
Rb2
Rb1
RC1 RC2
V i
v
i
t
0
v
o
thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
giam Q
1
tdn bao hoa sang dn khuch ai
i
b1
gam i
c1
giam V
c
/Q
1
tng thng qua C
2
V
b
/Q
2
tng thuc y
BJ T Q
2
nhanh chong dn bao hoa V
c
/Q
2
~ 0 Q
1
tt. Mach chuyn sang giai
oan phuc hi, kt thuc trang thai khng bn.
8.3.2.3.Tnh dai xung ra T
0
:
Thi gian mach tn tai trang thai khng bn mach tao dai xung ra ,
sau omach tng trvtrang thai bn ban u.
T
0
phuthuc vao trslinh kin trong mach :
Vc
1
(t) = [ Vc
1
() - Vc
1
(0) ].(1- exp (-(t - t
0
)/t)) +Vc
1
(0).
Vc
1
(0) =- Vcc ; Vc
1
() =Vcc
Vc
1
(t) =(2.Vcc ).(1 - exp (-(t - t
0
)/ t)) -Vcc
Khi t =t
0
+T
0
Vc
1
(t
0
+T
0
) =V ~ 0.
Thay vao ta co:
T
0
=t. ln
Vcc
2.Vcc
=0.7t vi t =C
2.
R
b2
8.3.3. Mach hai trng thi bn dung BJ T(bistable) :
8.3.3.1 S mach vadang song :
Hnh 8.10. S mach vadang song cua mach hai trang thai bn
v
i1
v
i2
t
t
v
i1
v
i2
t
t
t
1
t
2
v
01
v
02
Q1
R2 R1
Rc1
Q2
Rb2 Rb1
1
Rc2
v
cc
v
02
v
01
8.3.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng
Ngi ta chon 2 thanh phn i xng nhau, nhng trong thc t, 2 BJ T co
cac thng skhac nhau. Khi ong in ap ngun, BJ T nay dn manh thBJ T kia
n yu hn. Nhng mach lahi tip dng khep kn nn lam cho BJ T dn manh
trthanh dn bao hoa, con BJ T kia sedn dn tt hn. ( Khi BJ T lam vic ch
ngng dn hay dn bao hoa tht chu anh hng cua nhiu so vi khi BJ T lam
vic chkhuch ai).
- 0<t <t
1
: Trang thai bn ban u : Q
1
tt, Q
2
dn bao hoa.
- t
1
s t <t
2
:
Tai t =t
1
: v
b
/Q
1
>in ap ngng, dn n tip xuc J
E
cua BJ T Q
1
c phn
cc thun, BJ T Q
1
dn i
b1
tng i
c1
tng v
c
/Q
1
giam, thng qua R
2
dn n
v
b
/Q
2
giam tip xuc J
E
/Q
2
phn cc yu hn Q
2
ra khoi chbao hoa vai
vao dn khuch ai : luc nay dong i
c2
giam v
c
/Q
2
tng ln thng qua R
1
lam
cho v
b
/Q
1
tng theo Q
1
nhanh chong dn bao hoa v
c
/Q
1
~ 0
v
Q
2
tt.
Nhvy mach chuyn sang trang thai bn thhai ng vi Q
1
dn bao hoa, Q
2
tt.
Mach selun lun trang thai bn nay nu khng coxung kch khi.
- t
2
s t <t
3
:
t =t
2
: Mach c kch khi bi xung cc tnh dng vi bin u
ln a vao cc nn Q
2
. Tai thi im nay, V
b
/Q
2
>V

Q
2
dn i
b2
tng i
c2
tng V
c
/Q
2
giam thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
giam Q
1
phn cc yu, tdn
bao hoa chuyn sang dn khch ai i
c1
giam V
c
/Q
1
tng thng qua R
2
lam
cho V
b
/Q
2
tng Q
2
dn bao hoa V
c
/Q
2
~ 0 Q
1
tt. Mach chuyn vtrang
thai bn ban u.
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
CHNG 9: K thut s
K thut s c da trn c s i s Boole do nh bc hc ngi Anh
George Boole pht minh vo nm 1854
i s Boole nghin cu mi lin h (cc php tnh c bn) gia cc bin
trng thi (bin logic) ch nhn mt trong hai gi tr ''0'' hoc''1'' v kt qu
nghin cu l mt hm trng thi (hm logic) cng ch nhn gi tr ''0'' hoc''1''.
9.1. Cc php ton c bn gia cc bin logic
Php ph nh : X
Php cng : X+Y
Php nhn(php hi): X.Y

x x ;
0
1
1
x x
x x
x x x
x x




;
.0
.1
.
. 0
x x
x x
x x x
x x

9.2. Cc nh lut:
nh lut hon v:
. .
x y y x
x y y x

nh lut kt hp

. . . . . .
x y z x y z x y z
x y z x y z x y z


nh lut phn phi:
. . . x y z x y x z
x+(y.z)=(x+y)(x+z)
9.3. nh l Demorgan
Nu F l mt hm logic c dng ... F x y z m n th n m z y x F . ... . .
Nu F l mt hm logic c dng . . ... . F x y z mn th n m z y x F ...
Bi tp:
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Chng minh cc ng thc sau:



/ . .
/ .
/ .
/ . .
/ . .
/ .
a x y x y x
b x x y x
c x x y x
d x x y x y
e x y x z x y z
f x y y x y






Gii:



/ . . .( ) .1
/ . (1 )
/ . . . .
/ . . . .
/ . . . . . .
/ . . .
a x y x y x y y x x
b x x y x y x
c x x y x x x y x x y x
d x x y x x x y x y
e x y x z x x y z x y x z x y z x y z
f x y y x y y y y






=x+y
9.4. Cc phng php biu din hm Boole
Dng chnh tc th nht l tng cc tch ca bin trong lit k cc t hp
bin m hm c gi tr bng 1, nu bin c gi tr bng 0 th vit di dng b
cn bin c gi tr bng 1 th vit di dng thc.
Dng chnh tc th hai l tch cc tng ca bin trong lit k cc t hp bin
m hm c gi tr bng 0, nu bin c gi tr bng 0 th vit di dng thc
cn bin c gi tr bng 1 th vit di dng b.
9.5. Cc cng logic c bn:
9.5. 1. Khi nim :
y l mt trong cc thnh phn c bn xy dng mch s. N c
thit k trn c s cc phn t linh kin bn dn nh Diode, BJT, FET hot
ng theo bn trng thi cho trc.
9.5. 2. Phn loi :
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
C ba cch phn loi cng logic: phn loi cng theo chc nng, phn loi
cng theo phng php ch to, phn loi cng theo ng ra.
Ta xt cc cng c phn loi theo chc nng:
9.5.3. Cng logic NOT

Hnh 9.1. K hiu cng NOT

Cng NOT cn c gi l cng o, cng gm mt u vo x v mt u ra F.
Cng NOT thc hin php tnh F
NOT
= x
Bng trng thi
x F
NOT
0 1
1 0
Gin in p minh ha
VCC
Rb
Hnh 9.2. Mch in t thc hin cng NOT
9.5.4. Cng OR(hoc)
t
F
NOT
t
x
x y
x
F
OR
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Ta xt mt cng OR gm hai u vo th
F
OR
=x
1
+x
2
Bng trng thi
x
1
x
2
F
OR
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Gin in p minh ha
D2
x2
R
x1
F
D1
x
1
t
F
OR
t
x
2
t
Hnh 9.3. K hiu cng OR hai ng vo
x
1
x
2
F
OR
Hnh 9.4. Mch in t thc hin cng OR
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
9.5.5. Cng logic AND (V):
Ta xt cng AND c hai u vo
Hnh 9.5. K hiu cng AND hai ng vo
F
AND
=x
1.
x
2
Bng trng thi
x
1
x
2
F
AND
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Gin in p minh ha
x
1
t
F
OR
t
x
2
t
x
2
x
1 F
AND
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Hnh 9. 6. Mch in t thc hin cng AND
9.5.6.Cng NOR
Ta xt cng NOR gm hai u vo th F
NOR 2 1
x x
Bng trng thi
x
1
x
2
F
NOR
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Gin in p minh ha
D2
x2
R2
Vcc
F
D1
x1
R1
x
1
x
2
F
NOR
Hnh 9.7. K hiu cng NOR hai ng vo
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Vcc
R2
R1
Q
x2
x1
F
Rc
Hnh 9.8. Mch in t thc hin cng NOR
9.5.7.Cng NAND
Ta xt cng NAND gm c hai ng vo th F
NAND
=
2 1
.x x
Hnh 9.9. K hiu cng NAND
Bng trng thi
x
1
t
F
NOR
t
x
2
t
X1
F
X2
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
x
1
x
2
F
NAND
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Gin in p minh ha
x1
D3
F
Vcc
Rc
D1
D2
Rc
Q
x2
D4
Rc
Hnh 9.10. Mch in t thc hin cng NAND
9.5.8. Cng XOR(exclusive- OR)
x
1
t
F
NAND
t
x
2
t
Chng 9: K thut s
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Cng gm hai u vo, mt u ra
Cng thc hin php tnh
F
XOR 2 1 1 2 2 1
. . x x x x x x
Hnh 9.11. K hiu cng XOR
9.5.9. Cng XNOR(exclusive-NOR)
Hnh 9.11. K hiu cng XNOR
Cng gm hai u vo, mt u ra
Cng thc hin php tnh
F
XNOR 2 1 1 2 2
1 . . x x x x x x
x
1
x
2
F
x
2
x
1
F