II.4.2.1.

Cc tnh cht ca cht mang xc tc: -Cht mang phi c b mt ring ln phn tn pha hot ng: -Cht mang khng b co ngt khi thc hin qu trnh phn ng, tc l c bn cao; -Cht mang phi c bn c hc cao, nht l i vi nhng qu trnh cn thc hin xc tc ch chuyn ng nh qu trnh reforming xc tc, hoc xc tc lm vic ch tng si nh trong qu trnh cracking xc tc; -Cht mang d dng khuch tn nhit, trnh c hin tng nung nng cc b khi tin hnh phn ng. Cht mang nh hng n phn cc ca xc tc. Cht mang c ng knh nguyn t b, in tch ion cng ln cng d lm bin dng nguyn t xc tc. Tri li nguyn t xc tc c ng knh ion cng ln v in tch ion b th d bin dng: Cht mang cng c th lm thay i hng phn ng. V d phn ng ca etanol trn xc tc Cu c hai hng phn ng. Nu Cu c mang trn than hot tnh th sn phm l etylen v nc, nhng nu khng mang trn cht mang th ta c sn phm l axetaldehit v hydro: CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OH CH3CHO + H2 C2H4 + H2O

Cht mang c th ng vai tr nh mt xc tc. V d xc tc Pt c mang trn cht -Al 2O3 (Pt/ -Al2O3) trong phn ng reforming xc tc. Trong h xc tc ny, Pt m nhim chc kim loi xc tc cho phn ng hydro ha, dehydro ha, cn -Al2O3 m nhim chc nng axit xc tc cho phn ng ng vng, to ra cacbocation. Cht c xc tc: Hin tng cht xc tc b u c trong qu trnh lm vic l rt ph bin. u c l s gim hoc mt dn hot tnh xc tc di tc dng ca nhng cht c xc tc. a.u c c th gy ra do s che ph b mt hot ng. Chng hn trong qu trnh cracking hidrocacbon bn cnh phn ng chnh xy ra s cc ha: trn b mt cht xc tc hnh thnh mt lp mng cao phn t, ch yu gm cacbon, che ph cc trung tm hoat ng,. S cc ha c th dn n s lm hp hoc bt kn cc ca i vo l xp ca cht xc tc, lm cn tr qu trnh khuch tn v thay i ng k hot tnh v chn lc ca cht xc tc tc xp. b.u c c th gy ra do s bin i cu trc b mt. V d di tc dng ca hi nc trn b mt alumosilicat xy ra s ti kt tinh v ti sinh cu trc gen lm gim b mt hot ng. c.i vi cht xc tc axit, u c c th gy ra do s hp th cc baz mnh trn cc axit tring tm. S u c c bit nhy cm i vi cht xc tc kim loi. Theo Maxsted cht c i vi kim loi c th chia thnh 3 nhm: -Hp cht cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm V v VI: N, P, As, O, S, Se, Fe. -Cc ion kim loi:

-Hp cht c lin kt kp, v d CO, hp cht xianua Tnh c ca nhm th nht lin quan n kh nng ca cp electron khng phn chia ca cc nguyn t phn nhm V v VI d lin kt vi b mt kim loi. Mt chng minh cho iu ny l khi cc cp electron b che khut th tnh c cng mt. Nhm th hai, gm cc ion kim loi nh thy ngn, ch, bitmut, thic, cadimi, ng, stl cht c i vi platinc im ca cc io kim loi ni trn l 5 obitan d ca chng u c mt elctron, tnh c c l lin quan n kh nng hnh thnh lin kt kim loi gia cc ion vi platin, paladi nh cc elctron d. Tnh c ca nhm th sba gy ra bi kh nng hp th mnh ca cc hp cht c lin kt kp trn trung tm xc tc. Khi tng lng cht c trn b mt nu hot tnh xc tc gim tuyn tnh th l mt du hiu v tnh ng nht ca trung tm xc tc. Nu b mt khng ng nht, ng biu din hot tnh ph thuc vo lng cht c lch khi quy lut tuyn tnh v dng ca n ph thuc vo hm phn b v nng lng ca cc trung tm xc tc. Mt quy lut thng gp l i vi nhng phn ng xy ra theo c ch ni tip nhiu giai on, do kt qu u c hoat tnh cht xc tc tuy gim nhng chn lc tnh theo hiu sut tng i ca sn phm trung gian li tang. Chng hn trong phn ng oxi ha etilen trn cht xc tc, s u c bc bng halogen cho php nng cao t l tng i ca etilen oxit trong sn phm. Phng php u c chn lc c p dng kh ph bin. Cht c (loi tr trng hp che ph c hc b mt) l mt trng hp ca cht bin tnh. Thng thng khi tang lng cht bin tnh trong cht xc tc, hot tnh xc tc lc u tang, sau gim. Nh vy ty theo hm lng m mt cht bin tnh c th c tc dng tng hot hay u c