Tng hp kin thc v VoIP

VoIP l 1 cng ngh cho php truyn m thanh thi gian thc qua bng thng Internet v cc kt ni IP. Trong tn hiu m thanh (voice signal) s c chuyn i thnh cc gi tp (data packets) thng qua mi trng mng Internet trong mi trng VoIP, sau li c chuyn thnh tn hiu m n thit b ngi nhn. I. VoIP VoIP vit tt bi Voice over Internet Protocol, hay cn c gi di cc tn khc nh: Internet telephony, IP Telephony, Broadband telephony, Broadband Phone v Voice over Broadband.

VoIP l 1 cng ngh cho php truyn m thanh thi gian thc qua bng thng Internet v cc kt ni IP. Trong tn hiu m thanh (voice signal) s c chuyn i thnh cc gi tp (data packets) thng qua mi trng mng Internet trong mi trng VoIP, sau li c chuyn thnh tn hiu m n thit b ngi nhn. VoIP s dng k thut s v yu cu kt ni bng thng tc cao nh DSL hoc cp. C rt nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau cung cp VoIP v nhiu dch v khc. ng dng chung nht ca VoIP cho s dng c nhn hoc gia nh l cc dch v in thoi da trn Internet c chuyn mch in thoi. Vi ng dng ny, bn vn cn c mt s in thoi, vn phi quay s thc hin cuc gi nh s dng thng thng II. Cc kiu kt ni s dng VoIP 1. Computer to Computer: Vi 1 knh truyn Internet c sn, L 1 dch v min ph c s dng rng ri khp ni trn th gii. Ch cn ngi gi (caller) v ngi nhn ( receiver) s dng chung 1 VoIP service (Skype,MSN,Yahoo Messenger,), 2 headphone + microphone, sound card . Cuc hi thoi l khng gii hn. 2. Computer to phone: L 1 dch v c ph. Bn phi tr tin c 1 account + software (VDC,Evoiz,Netnam,). Vi dch v ny 1 my PC c kt ni ti 1 my in thoi thng thng bt c u ( tu thuc phm vi cho php trong

danh sch cc quc gia m nh cung cp cho php). Ngi gi s b tnh ph trn lu lng cuc gi v khu tr vo ti khon hin c. u im : i vi cc cuc hi thoi quc t, ngi s dng s tn t ph hn 1 cuc hi thoi thng qua 2 my in thoi thng thng. Chi ph r, d lp t Nhc im: cht lng cuc gi ph thuc vo kt ni internet + service nh cung cp 3. Phone to Phone: L 1 dch v c ph. Bn khng cn 1 kt ni Internet m ch cn 1 VoIP adapter kt ni vi my in thoi. Lc ny my in thoi tr thnh 1 IP phone. Trn y l cc nh ngha v cch phn bit cc loi kt ni do mt s ti liu a ra. Theo ti ch l phn bit theo hnh thc bn ngoi. V bn cht 3 cch kt ni l nh nhau. kt ni vo mng VoIP chng ta cn u cui c kh nng giao tip vi mng IP & chy c cc giao thc truyn thoi trn mng IP (VoIP). u cui ny c th l 1 thit b nhng (IP Phone), hoc l phn mm (Softphone) ci trn my tnh. III. Cc thnh phn trong mng VoIP: Cc thnh phn ct li ca 1 mng VoIP bao gm: Gateway, VoIP Server, IP network, End User Equipments 1. Gateway: L thnh phn gip chuyn i tn hiu analog sang tn hiu s (v ngc li) a. VoIP gateway: l cc gateway c chc nng lm cu ni gia mng in thoi thng (PSTN) v mng VoIP. b. VoIP GSM Gateway: L cc gateway c chc nng lm cu ni cho cc mng IP, GSM v c mng analog. 2. VoIP server: L cc my ch trung tm c chc nng nh tuyn v bo mt cho cc cuc gi VoIP. a. Trong mng H.323 chng c gi l gatekeeper. b. Trong mng SIP cc server c gi l SIP server. 3. Thit b u cui (End user equipments): a. Softphone v my tnh c nhn (PC): Bao gm 1 headphone, 1 phn mm v 1 kt ni Internet. Cc phn mm min ph ph bin nh Skype, Ekiga, GnomeMeeting, Microsoft Netmeeting, SIPSet, .. b. in thoi truyn thng vi IP adapter: s dng dch v VoIP th my in thoi thng dng phi gn vi 1 IP adapter c th kt ni vi VoIP server. Adapter l 1 thit b c t nht 1 cng RJ11 ( gn vi in thoi) , RJ45 ( gn vi ng truyn Internet hay PSTN) v 1 cng cm ngun. c. IP phone: L cc in thoi dng ring cho mng VoIP. Cc IP phone khng cn VoIP Adapter bi chng c tch hp sn bn trong c th kt ni trc tipvi cc VoIP server IV. Phng thc hot ng:

VoIP chuyn i tn hiu ging ni thng qua mi trng mng (IP based network). Do vy, trc ht ging ni (voice) s phi c chuyn i thnh cc bits ( digital bits) v c ng gi thnh cc packet sau c truyn ti qua mng IP network v cui cng s c chuyn li thnh tn hiu m thanh n ngi nghe. Tin trnh hot ng ca VoIP thng qua 2 bc: 1. Call Setup: Trong qu trnh ny, ngi gi s phi xc nh v tr (thng qua a ch ca ngi nhn) v yu cu 1 kt ni lin lc vi ngi nhn.Khi a ch ngi nhn c xc nh l tn ti trn cc proxy server th cc proxy server gia 2 ngi s thit lp 1 cuc kt ni cho qu trnh trao i d liu voice 2. Voice data processing: Tn hiu ging ni (analog) s c chuyn i sang tn hiu s (digital) ri c nn li nhm tit kim ng truyn (bandwidth) sau s c m ha (tng bo mt). Cc voice samples sau s c chn vo cc gi d liu c vn chuyn trn mng. Giao thc dng cho cc gi voice ny l RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol).1 gi tin RTP c cc field u cha d liu cn thit cho vic bin dch li cc gi tin sang tn hiu voice thit b ngi nghe. Cc gi tin voice c truyn i bi giao thc UDP . thit b cui, tin trnh c thc hin ngc li V. Cc giao thc ca VoIP (VoIP protocols): VoIP cn 2 loi giao thc : Signaling protocol v Media Protocol. 1. Signaling Protocol Signaling Protocol iu khin vic ci t cuc gi. Cc loi signaling protocols bao gm: H.323, SIP, MGCP, Megaco/H.248 v cc loi giao thc c bn quyn ring nh UNISTIM, SCCP, Skype, CorNet-IP, 2. Media Protocols: Media Protocols iu khin vic truyn ti voice data qua mi trng mng IP. Cc loi Media Protocols nh: RTP (Real-Time Protocol), RTCP (RTP control Protocol), SRTP (Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol), v SRTCP (Secure RTCP) Cc nh cung cp c th s dng cc giao thc ring hay cc giao thc m da trn nn ca 1 trong 2 giao thc tiu chun quc t l H.323 v SIP. V d Nortel s dng giao thc UNISTIM (Unified Network Stimulus) Cisco s dng giao thc SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part) Nhng giao thc ring ny gy kh khn trong vic kt ni gia cc sn phm ca cc hng khc nhau. VI. B giao thc H.323: 1. Khi nim: H.323 l giao thc c pht trin bi ITU-T (International telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector). H.323 phin bn 1 ra i vo khong nm 1996 v 1998 phin bn th h 2 ra i. H.323 ban u c s dng cho mc ch truyn cc cuc hi thoi a phng tin trn cc mng LAN, nhng sau H.323 tin ti tr thnh 1 giao thc truyn ti VoIP trn th gii. Giao thc ny chuyn

i cc cuc hi thoi voice, video, hay cc tp tin v cc ng dng a phng tin cn tng tc vi PSTN. H.323 l giao thc chun, bao trm cc giao thc trc nh H.225,H.245, H.235, 2. Cc thnh phn hot ng trong giao thc H.323: c 4 thnh phn: a. Terminal: L 1 PC hay 1 IP phone ang s dng giao thc H.323 b. Gateway: L cu ni gia mng H.323 vi cc mng khc nh SIP, PSTN,Gateway ng vai tr chuyn i cc giao thc trong vic thit lp v chm dt cc cuc gi, chuyn i cc media format gia cc mng khc nhau. c. GateKeeper: ng vai tr l nhng im trung tm (focal points) trong m hnh mng H.323. Cc dch v nn s quyt nh vic cung cp a ch (addressing),phn pht bng thng (bandwidth), cung cp ti khon, thm nh quyn (authentication) cho cc terminal v gateway d. Mutipoint control unit (MCU): H tr vic hi thoi a im (conference)cho cc my terminal (3 my tr ln )trong mng H.323 3. Phng thc hot ng ca H.323 network: Khi 1 phin kt ni c thc hin, vic dch a ch (address translation) s c 1 gateway m nhn. Khi a ch IP ca my ch c xc nhn, 1 kt ni TCP s c thit lp t a ch ngun ti ngi nhn thng qua giao thc Q.931 (l 1 phn ca b giao thc H.323). bc ny, c 2 ni u tin hnh vic trau i cc tham s bao gm cc tham s m ho (encoding parameters) v cc thnh phn tham s lin quan khc. Cc cng kt ni v phn pht a ch cng c cu hnh. 4 knh RTCP v RTP c kt ni, mi knh c 1 hng duy nht. RTP l knh truyn d liu m thanh (voice data) t 1 thc th sang 1 thc th khc. Khi cc knh c kt ni th d liu m thanh s c pht thng qua cc knh truyn ny thng qua cc RTCP instructions. VII. Giao thc SIP: 1. Khi nim: SIP(Session Initiation Protocol) c pht trin bi IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) MMUSIC (Multiparty Multimedia Session Control) Working Group (theo RFC 3261). y l 1 giao thc kiu din k t (text-based protocol_ khi client gi yu cu n Server th Server s gi thng tin ngc v cho Client), n gin hn giao thc H.323. N ging vi HTTP, hay SMTP. Gi tin (messages) bao gm cc header v phn thn (message body). SIP l 1 giao thc ng dng (application protocol) v chy trn cc giao thc UDP, TCP v STCP. 2. Cc thnh phn trong SIP network: Cu trc mng ca SIP cng khc so vi giao thc H.232. Mt mng SIP bao gm cc End Points, Proxy, Redirect Server, Location Server v Registrar. Ngi s dng phi ng k vi Registrar v a ch ca h. Nhng thng tin ny s c lu tr vo 1 External Location Server. Cc gi tin SIP s c gi thng qua cc Proxy Server hay cc Redirect Server. Proxy Server da vo tiu to trn gi tin lin lc vi server cn lin lc ri gi cc pacckets cho my ngi nhn. Cc redirect server ng thi gi thng tin li cho ngi gi ban u. 3. Phng thc hot ng ca SIP network: SIP l m hnh mng s dng kiu kt ni 3 hng trn nn TCP. V d trn, ta thy 1 m hnh SIP gm 1 Proxy v 2 end points. SDP (Session Description Protocol) c s dng mang gi tin v thng tin c

nhn (v d nh tn ngi gi). Khi Bob gi 1 INVITE cho proxy server vi 1 thng tin SDP. Proxy Server s a yu cu ny n my ca Alice. Nu Alice ng , tn hiu OK s c gi thng qua nh dng SDP n Bob. Bob phn ng li bng 1 ACK _ tin bo nhn. Sau khi ACK c nhn, cuc gi s bt u vi giao thc RTP/RTCP. Khi cuc in m kt thc, Bob s gi tn hiu Bye v Alice s phn hi bng tn hiu OK. Khc vi H.232, SIP khng c c ch bo mt ring. SIP s dng c ch thm nh quyn ca HTTP (HTTP digest authentication), TLS, IPSec v S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) cho vic bo mt d liu. 4. MGCP v Megaco/H.248 a. MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol): c s dng lin lc gia cc thnh phn ring l ca 1 VoIP gateway tch ri. y l 1 protocol c b sung cho 2 giao thc SIP v H.323. Vi MGCP, MGC server c kh nng qun l cc cuc gi v cc cuc m thoi di s h tr ca cc dch v (services). MGCP l 1 giao thc master/slave vic cc rng buc cht ch gia MG (end point) v MGC (server). b. MEGACO/H.248: (Cn c gi l Gateway Control Protocol) C ngun gc t MGCP v c s dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip. S pht trin MEGACO/H.248 bao gm vic h tr a phng tin v cc dch v hi thoi nng cao a im (multipoint conferencing enhanced services) , cc c phplp trnh c nng cao nhm tng hiu qu cho cc tin trnh m thoi, h tr c vic m ho text v binary v thm vo vic m rng cc nh ngha cho cc packets. Megaco a ra nhng c cu bo mt (security mechanisms) trong cc c cu truyn ti c bn nh IPSec. H.248 i hi s thc thi y ca giao thc H.248 kt hp s b sung ca IPSec khi h iu hnh (OS) v mng truyn vn (transport network) c h tr IPSec. VIII. Tng kt : 1. nh ngha VoIP. VoIP vit tt bi Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP l 1 cng ngh cho php truyn m thanh thi gian thc qua bng thng Internet v cc kt ni IP VoIP c 3 dng s dng: Computer to computer, computer to phone v phone to phone. 2. Cc thnh phn ct li ca 1 mng VoIP bao gm a. Gateway: L thnh phn gip chuyn i tn hiu analog sang tn hiu s b. Voice Server: L cc my ch trung tm c chc nng nh tuyn v bo mt cho cc cuc gi VoIP c. End User Equipments: Bao gm PC, in thoi bn c IP adapter, IP phone,.. 3. Phng thc hot ng ca VoIP:

Tn hiu voice s c chuyn thnh tn hiu s, c nn li, ri m ho. Sau cc gi data ny n ngi nhn qua mi trng IP, c gii nn, ri chuyn thnh tn hiu m thanh n tai ngi nghe. a. VoIP cn 2 loi giao thc: - Signaling Protocol iu khin vic ci t cuc gi. Cc loi signaling protocols bao gm: H.323, SIP, MGCP, Megaco/H.248 v cc loi giao thc dng ring nh UNISTIM, SCCP, Skype, CorNet-IP, - Media Protocols: iu khin vic truyn ti voice data qua mi trng mng IP. RTP, RTCP, SRTP v SRTCP b. Cc b giao thc ph bin: C 2 b giao thc VoIP c dng rng ri trn th gii l: H.323 v SIP