CH TH SINH HC

TRNG I HC NNG LM HU
KHOA THY SN ----- ---

Tn ti:

Sinh vt ch th trong nh gi nhim kim loi nng

Hu, ngy 15 thng 4 nm 2011

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Danh sch nhm

1. Nguyn Dc 2. H Vn Khnh 3. Nguyn Th Vinh 4. L Quc t 5. Nguyn Khi in 6. Nguyn Ngc Bch 7. Nguyn Th Ngc H 8. Hong Th Phng Nhi 9. Dng Phng ng 10.Nguyn Vn Chng 11.Nguyn Vn Hip

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MC LC I. II. T VN NI DUNG - PHNG PHP

1. Ni dung nghin cu 1.1 Cc khi nim lin quan 1.2 Cc nhm kim loi nng 1.3 Nguyn nhn gy nhim kim loi nng 1.4 Bin php 1.5 Phng php nh gi nhim kim loi nng bng sinh vt tch t 1 1.6 Cc sinh vt thng c s dng nh gi nhim kim loi nng 1.7 Cc sinh vt thng c s dng nh gi nhim kim loi nng 2. Phng php nghin cu III. KT LUN V KIN NGH

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I.

T VN

Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca qu trnh cng nghip ha t nc, cht thi cng nghip cng ang ngy mt gia tng v s lng, a dngv chng loi gy nhim mi trng ni chung v mi trng nc ni ring. nhim kim loi nng do nc thi cng nghip ang l mt vn rt bc xc ca mi trng Vit Nam. Hin nay vic quan trc, nh gi cht lng nc thi ca cc nh my ch yu da trn vic xc nh cc thng s l ha v c tin hnh mt cch nh k do ch xc nh c cht lng nc ti tng thi im. V vy, vic nghincu, ng dng nhng tin b khoa hc trn lnh vc kim tra, pht hin nhim nc do kim loi nng l mt vn ht sc cn thit. nh gi tnh trng nhim mi trng c t ra cp bch trong lc mi trng nc trn tri t ang b nhim nng t cc hot ng do con nhi gy ra. Ngoi cc phng php nh gi tnh trng nhim mi trng ni chung, nhim kim loi nng ni ring da vo cc ch tiu vt l, ha hc cn c phng php sinh hc, mt trong nhng phng php ny l s dng sinh vt ch th nh gi tnh trng nhim mi trng nc. Trn th gii, vic s dng cc sinh vt ch th nh gi cht lng nc thi cng nghip t c nhiu thnh tu c ngha khoa hc v thc tin. Vit Nam, vic nghin cu s dng sinh vt ch th nh gi cht lng mi trng nc c cp nhng cha c thc hin mt cch ng b v mi dng mc nh tnh Sinh vt ch th lin quan mt thit n hin trng mi trng sng. Nm bt c c im tp qun, cc yu t sinh ha hc c lin quan gia cc sinh vt ch th v mi trng s gip chng ta nh gi c iu kin ca mi trng sng hin ti, d on c nhng thay i ca mi trng trong tng lai v do s c cc bin php bo v mi trng hu hiu hn v lm gim bt i phn no cc nhim hay nhng thay i bt li ca mi trng.

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Mc tiu ti: - Tm hiu cc sinh vt ch th trong nh gi nhim kim loi nng. - nh hng ca nhim kim loi nng n mi trng nc.

ngha: S dng sinh vt ch th nh gi cht lng mi trng nc c nhiu u im so vi phng php l, ha hc: - Sinh vt c th tr li cho cc nhim mang tnh gin on m nhiu khi phn tch ha hc khng pht hin ra. - C th xc nh nhanh cht lng mi trng, t tn km, n gin, khng dng ha cht nn khng gy thm nhim mi trng. T vic xc nh c cc sinh vt ch th nhim kim loi nng trong nc, da vo chng ta c th a ra nhng bin php x l, hn ch ngun gy nhim ny.

II.

NI DUNG - PHNG PHP 1. Ni dung nghin cu 1.1Cc khi nim lin quan 1. Ch th mi trng: ( Environmental Indicator) Ch th mi trng l mt hoc mt tp hp cc thng s mi trng( tc nhn ha, l, sinh vt) ch ra c trng no ca mi trng. Trong thc t, mt thnh phn mi trng( t, nc, khng kh, sinh vt) bao gm v s cc thng s ha, l, sinh hc. Vic xc nh, quan trc tt c cc thng s ny cng khng th nh gi c cht lng mi trng nu khng da vo mt thng s ch o c gi tr ch th. Da vo bn cht cc h sinh thi, ngi ta nhn ra rng s xut hin tng hoc gim v nng ( hay cng ) hoc s bin mt ca mt s thng s( hay tc nhn) cho php xc nh c c im ca thnh phn mi trng cn nghin cu. Cc tc nhn c gi l ch th mi trng. xc nh mc nhim ngun nc do cc yu t c hi( kim loi nng v cc ha cht c vi lng) nhiu khi ta khng xc nh c s c mt
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ca chng trong nc( v nng qu thp) nhng c th xc nh qua sinh vt ch th( vi khun, ng vt y, ) v kh nng tn lu lu di ca cc ha cht c trong loi sinh vt ny.

2. Ch th sinh thi mi trng( Environmental Elogical Indicator): Ch th sinh thi mi trng chuyn nghin cu v cc khoa hc ly sinh vt ( thc vt, ng vt v vi sinh vt) lm ch th cho tnh trng, mc trong lnh hay nhim, thch hp hay khng i vi sinh vt ca mi trng sinh thi. 3. Ch th sinh hc( Bioindicator): T c im sinh hc ca ngun nc t nhin, chng ta thy r l mt s loi thy sinh c th pht trin tt trong mi trng ny nhng li km hoc khng th pht trin trong mi trng khc. y l c s la chn ch th sinh hc quan trc cht lng nc v nh gi tc ng n mi trng nc. Vy ch th sinh hc( biological indicator) l khoa hc nghin cu mt loi hoc mt sinh vt dng nh mc cht lng hoc s bin i ca mi trng. 4. Ch th vi sinh( Indicator Microorganisms): nh gi mc nhim nc do cht thi sinh hot, ngoi cc thng s ha, l ta ch cn quan trc cc vi sinh ch th: E-coli, tng Coliform v cc vi sinh vt gy bnh( pathogen), trong E-coli l ch th thng dng nht v c trng cho mi trng b nhim phn v d xc nh trong iu kin thc a. 5. Sinh vt ch th( Bio-indicator): L nhng c th, qun th hay qun x c kh nng thch ng hoc rt nhy cm vi mi trng nht nh. Cc sinh vt ch th c th l 1 loi, 1 nhm loi, c th tng quan gia cc nhm loi hoc tng s loi trong qun x v ch s a dng. Chng c th ch th v sch, nhim bn ca thy vc( gn lin vi giu, ngho dinh dng) ch th v cht lng nc: nc cng, nc mm, nng mui, nhim phn, nhim c. 6. Loi ch th( Indicator Species) L loi sinh vt c s dng trong kho st, nh gi s tn ti ca mt s iu kin mi trng vt l.
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7. Cy ch th( Indicator Plant): L nhng cy dng nhn bit mc mi trng. Nhng cy ny c c tnh sinh hc thch nghi cao vi iu kin mi trng c bit hoc d b cht, b nh hng. Ngoi ra cn c ng vt ch th( Indicator Animals) 1.2 Cc nhm kim loi nng 1.2.1 Ch Ch c hp th t mi trng nc vo c th sinh vt di dng cc cation hoc anion l nhng phn t d dng xuyn qua lp mng t bo ca sinh vt. Trong nc bin, ch thng c khuynh hng kt ta di dng PbCl 2.V vy, hm lng ch ha tan trong nc bin l rt thp nn ch c th xm nhp vo c th sinh vt bin nhng khu vc gn ngun gy nhim hoc nhng sinh vt y, pH ca nc cng nh hng n qu trnh hp th ch ca cc sinh vt thy sinh. Khi pH gim th kh nng xm nhp ca ch vo c th cc loi c tng do qu trnh chuyn dch cn bng trong nc s xy ra theo hng to thnh anion t do. Bn y l ngun tip nhn ch rt ng k, do cc hp cht ch trong mi trng nc thng t tan v c xu hng lng ng xung y. Sinh vt y nh cc loi nhuyn th, thc vt y l nhng loi trc tip b nh hng bi ch c trong thnh phn ca bn lng. Trong iu kin bnh thng, Pb c th to phc vi bng cn hu c l lng trong mi trng nc. Nhng khi iu kin mi trng thay i Pb s c phng thch di dng Pb2+ hay dng metyl ch c hn nhiu ln trong dng phc bng cn. Kh nng hp th ch ca c ph thuc vo khu vc sng, chng loi, gii tnh, tui v chn ca kh nmg sinh sn. Ch tch t trong cc b phn khc nhau trong c th c vi hm lng khc nhau. S tn ti ca tetraalkyl ch trong nc c kh nng gy hi ln cho h sinh thi thy sinh. Bi v, ch dng hp cht ny xm nhp vo c th c d dng hn v c hn nhiu so vi ch dng Pb 2+. c tnh ca ch i vi cc sinh vt thy sinh ph thuc vo loi sinh vt v hm lng cng nh dng tn ti ca ch trong nc. Tetraalkyl ch hn nhiu so vi ch v c, trong Tetraalkyl ch l c nht. Trn thc t, tetraalkyl ch khng c nhng khi b quang phn ly to thnh triethyl ch th hp cht ny c kh nng gy c ch nghim trng i vi s sinh trng ca t bo. 1.2.2 Thy ngn: Khi thy ngn xm nhp vo nc, b cc vi sinh vt metyl ha v to thnh metyl thy ngn, hp cht ny tan trong cht bo v gy c mnh ti y.

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V th n l mt trong nhng dng hp cht thy ngn nguy him nht.Tt c cc dng thy ngn trong nc d bng con ng trc tip hay gin tip u bin thnh metyl thy ngn. Lng thy ngn gy cht i vi cc loi c l 20mg/kg. Hm lng thy ngn t nhin trong c l 0.1 n 0.2mg/kg. T chc WHO a ra ngh nng thy ngn gii hn cho php l 1mg/kg. 1.2.3 ng Lng nh rt cn cho ng v thc vt, Cu trong nc km hm s pht trin ca to ngay c nng thp. Thc vt mn cm vi Cu hn l ng vt. Nc c hm lng 1ug/l gy nhim i vi thc vt. Tong khi i vi c ti 3ug/l mi gy c. Trong nc Cu tn ti dng phc nh vi axit humic, phc ng t c vi thc vy v ng vt nc. 1.2.4 Km Km l mt trong nhng yu t ch yu cho s phn chia t bo v s pht trin ca ng vt ln thc vt bi v thnh phn ch yu ca metalloenzym v l ng tc nhn (coctor ) cho vic iu khin hot ng ca cc enzym ph thuc vo km. Hm lng km trong t bo c th chi phi cc qu trnh trao i cht c bit trao i carbonhydrate, m v protein cng nh tng hp hoc phn hy axit nucleic. Hm lng km trong ch dinh dng c tc ng c r rng ty thuc vo t l ng v km trong mu. Km l cht khng chuyn ha ca cadimi, do hp th mt lng ln km trong ng vt c th bo v chng li cc tc ng tim tng ca vic nhim c cadimi (Underwood, 1977 ) 1.2.5 Du Du c thnh phn ha hc rt phc tp, trong du thng ha tan nhiu cht c khc nhau nh lu hunh, nitow, kim loai. Du m c tnh c cao v tng i bn vng trong nc: - Du trong nc tn ti di dng t do v dng nh tng. - Du to lp mng trn mt nc ngn cn kh nng hp th oxy trong nc nh hng n kh nng h hp ca c v cc loi thy sinh vt khc. - Du lng xung y bn, tn lu lu ngy trong bn v gy hi cho cc loi sinh vt sng trong tng bn. Du rt d tan trong m nn d tch t sinh hc v gy hi cho cc loi thy sinh sng trong nc. Cc chuyn gia nh gi, nng du trong nc t 0.1mg/l c th gy cht cc loi sinh vt ph du; nh hng ln n con non v u trng ca cc sinh vt y; du bm vo c th hoc sinh vt hp th qua qu trnh lc nc lm gim gi tr s dng. Du gy nhim mi trng lm c cht hng lot do thiu oxy ha tan trong nc; du bm vo c lm gim gi tr s dng . nhim du cng lm bin i cn bng oxy, gy ra c tnh tim tng trong h sinh thi, cn tr kinh t vng ven bin.
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B ng 1 : Gi tr gii hn cc thng s cht lng nc.(A2) STT Kim nng loai n v QCVN08 QCVN08 (nc mt) (nc bin ven b) 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.005 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.03 1.0 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.002 1.0 0.1 QCVN08 (nc ngm) 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.05 1.0 3.0 0.5 0.001 5.0

1 Asen mg/l 2 Cadimi mg/l 3 Ch mg/l 4 Crom(III) mg/l 5 Crom(IV) mg/l 6 ng mg/l 7 Km mg/l 8 Mangan mg/l 9 Niken mg/l 10 Thu ngn mg/l 11 St mg/l Ghi ch: Du (-) l khng quy nh.

1.3 Nguyn nhn gy nhim kim loi nng Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim kim loi nng l qu trnh vo mi trng nc nc thi cng nghip v nc thi c hi khng x l hoc x l khng t yu cu. 1.4 Bin php H thng tch kim loi nng ra khi nc bng ong ca tc gi ng c Truyn, H Quc gia H Ni, va c Cc S hu tr tu cp bng sng ch. Vt liu xp ny s ht cc kim loi nng trong dung dch ging nh mt tm bt bin, ha hn c ch trong vic loi b cht nhim khi nc.
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Trong cc ao nui tm c nn th thm mt t loi hai mnh v chng c th lm sch mi trng nc bng cch lc cc kim loi nng. Phng php l ha (bay hi, kt ta ha hc, trao i ion, hp ph, mng, in ho), phng php sinh hc (s dng cc sinh vt k kh v hiu kh, s dng sinh vt thy sinh, s dng cc vt liu sinh hc). Trong trng hp nng kim loi trong nc thi cao, khi lng nc thi khng qu ln th phng php l ha t ra rt hiu qu. Phng php l ha c th khng hiu qu hoc qu t khi nng khi u ca kim loi trong nc thi ch vo khong 10-100 mg/l. Trong nhng iu kin nh vy th ngi ta tm kim cc phng php sinh hc. Phng php sinh hc c rt nhiu u im hn so vi phng php ha hc. 1.5 Phng php nh gi nhim kim loi nng bng sinh vt tch t Sinh vt tch t L nhng sinh vt ch th, khng ch c tnh cht ch th cho mi trng thch ng, m cn c th tch t mt s cht nhim no trong c th chng vi hm lng cao hn nhiu ln so vi mi trng ngoi. Nh bng phng php phn tch ho sinh hu c m c th chng, ngi ta c th pht hin, nh gi cc cht nhim ny d dng hn nhiu ln so vi phng phng php phn tch thy ha. iu kin la chn sinh vt tch t - Mi c th ca loi ch th c th th hin s tng quan n gin gia lng cht nhim tch t trong c th chng v nng trung bnh ca n trong mi trng hoc trong nhng cht nn lng ng hay trong thc n bt k v tr no v di bt k iu kin no. - C th tch t cht nhim m khng b cht. - C i sng tnh ti m bo rng cht nhim m n tch t c lin quan n khu vc nghin cu. - C s lng phong ph khu vc nghin cu v tt hn l phn b rng c th i chiu gia cc khu vc. - C i sng di c th ly mu nhiu ln khi cn. Sinh vt c i sng di cng tri qua qung thi gian di ca s nhim. chnh l minh chng cho nhng tc ng trong thi gian di v khng lin tc. - C kch thc ph hp c th cung cp nhng m ln cho vic phn tch. c tnh ny cng cn thit cho vic nghin cu s tch t trong nhng c quan c bit ca c th sinh vt. - D thu mu, c th sng lu trong iu kin th nghim.
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Trong thc t, kh c loi sinh vt no p ng c tt c cc tiu ch. Tuy nhin, nhng sinh vt c la chn cho nghin cu phi p ng c mt hoc mt vi tiu ch trn.

1.6 Cc sinh vt thng c s dng nh gi nhim kim loi nng - Thc vt c ln: C nhiu u im khi s dng i tng ny: d ly mu, d phn bit, s lng nhiu, phn b rng, c kh nng chng chu vi mc nhim cao. Cy rau mung c kh nng hp th kim loi nng ch yu l ch(Pb) nhng vng b nhim cng nng th hm lng ch cng cao. Cy Dng x, mt loi cy rt quen thuc vi chng ta. N c kh nng hp th asen rt tt, c th trong nc v c trong t. Hm lng asen trong cy duong x ovng b nhim nng cao ti mc m cc nh khoa hc Trung Quc cho rng c th t cy dng x thu ly hi asen. Cy Dng x c coi nh l my lc t nhin lc asen. c bit loi cy ny l loi cy di rt d sng, d trng. - ng vt hai mnh v: ng vt hai mnh v thng c s dng nh gi nhim kim loi nng v chng c nh loi r rng, d nhn dng, c kch thc va phi, s lng nhiu, d tch t cht nhim, c thi gian sng di v c i sng tnh ti (v d: hn, trai, ngu, vm...). Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi mt mnh v nh: c, s.. - C: C c th hp th kim loi nng v nhiu cht nhim khc. Tuy nhin, c l loi di ng nn khng d dng xc nh mi quan h gia hm lng cht nhim trong c th chng v ngun thi nhim.Nhng loi c n tht nh c ng, c marlin, c kim, ... c nng thu ngn cao hn so vi nhng ging c khc, do chng tch t kim loi ny trong m. Dng thu ngn ny vn c cho l methyl - loi d hp th vo c th con ngi nht C 5 loi c: c thu to, c mp, c kim, c pecca vng v c ng - c C quan Qun l dc v thc phm M (FDA) lit vo danh sch nhng loi c c lng thy ngn cao nht. C hp th thy ngn t nc di dng methyl thy ngn - mt hp cht thm ch cn c hn c cht gc. Methyl thy ngn nguy him i vi sc khe con ngi v n tch t trong c th, gy ra nguy him cho no v h thn kinh, c bit l h thn kinh ca tr nh v bo thai. Thy ngn cn c th nh hng n thn v gan. Nhng yu t nh hng n chnh xc ca sinh vt ch th.
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Tc hp th v bi tit. Khi c s thay i bt thng ca nng cc cht nhim trong mi trng, tc hp th v bi tit khc nhau s nh hng n nng cht nhim cn li trong c th sinh vt. V d, mt cht no c hp th rt nhanh nhng bi tit rt chm th lng cht cn li trong c th sinh vt s phn nh nng cao nht trong mi trng hn l nng trung bnh. y l mt c tnh rt quan trng cn c quan tm trong qu trnh nh gi nhim. i vi nhng cht c th bi tit nhanh, ch c th pht hin c nng cao trong c th sinh vt ngay sau khi cht c thi ra mi trng. Bc dinh dng L mt trong s cc nhn t quan trng nh hng n nng kim loi nng tch t trong c th sinh vt nht l nhng sinh vt hp th qua thc n. i vi sinh vt sn xut, v d nh to, chng hp th cc cht mt cch trc tip t mi trng xung quanh. Nhng bc dinh dng cao hn nh ng vt khng xng sng v c th chng va c th hp th cc cht mt cch trc tip t mi trng li va c th hp th gin tip thng qua chui thc n. c im sinh l ca sinh vt ch th Cc c im bao gm: qu trnh trao i cht, lng m d tr, kh nng bt mi, kh nng sinh sn... Nhng sinh vt c qu trnh trao i cht mnh hn (v d nh c) th c kh nng tch t nhanh hn ngay c trong iu kin ngun thc n b hn ch.Tui v kch thc ca sinh vt ch th.Tui v kch thc ca sinh vt c mi quan h cht ch vi nng cc cht tch t trong c th chng. y l yu t nh hng ln n kt qu nh gi c bit i vi c.S nh hng gia cc cht. Trong mi trng tn ti nhiu cht nhim th s nh hng n kh nng tch t ca sinh vt, c th lm tng hoc gim kh nng tch t. Nguyn nhn ca s nh hng ny l do mt trong cc yu t sau: - Nhng enzym kh c nh hng n s hp th v bi tit cc cht (thng l hn ch). - Kh nng thm ca mng c th b thay i do lm thay i mc hp th cc cht. - Cc cht nhim lm thay i c tnh bn trong ca sinh vt s nh hng n kh nng hp th v bi tit. - S kt hp gia cc cht to nn nhng hp cht phc tp hn. S bin i ca mi trng. Nhng bin i ny bao gm s thay i nhit ,
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cng, mn, c.. Nhit khng ch nh hng n tan ca rt nhiu cht m cn nh hng n kh nng tch t ca sinh vt. Nc cng lm gim tnh c ca mt s kim loi nng trong mi trng. mn v c l nhn t quan trng nh hng n mc hp th ca cc sinh vt, c bit l vng ca sng. 2. Phng php nghin cu 2.1Thi gian: t thng 6 nm 2011 n thng 9 nm 2011: 2.2 i tng nghin cu: Sinh vt ch th trong nh gi nhim kim loi nng 2.3 Phng php nghin cu: thu thp thng tin III. KT LUN V KIN NGH 1. Kt lun Vic nghin cu s dng cc sinh vt ni chung cng nh sinh vt tch t nh gi nhim kim loi nng trong nc thi cng nghip l vn c tnh thc tin cao nhm xy dng ch th sinh hc ring ph hp vi iu kin ca nc ta v hn ch nhng tc ng xu ca kim loi nng n mi trng v sc khe cng ng. vic nh gi nhim t c kt qu chnh xc v nhanh chng cn c nhiu nghin cu c tin hnh nhm xc nh mi quan h gia hm lng kim loi nng trong c th sinh vt v mi trng. 2. Kin ngh Quan trc, nh gi cht lng nc thi ca cc nh my pht hin nhim nc do kim loi nng. Nn s dng sinh vt ch th nh gi cht lng mi trng nc v n c nhiu u im so vi phng php l, ha hc. Qun l cht lng nc bo v ti nguyn ny cung cp cho con ngi v sinh vt, kim sot ngun nc thi.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. V VN MINH V CHU TUN, cng ngh x l kim loi nng Trng i hc S phm, i hc Nng. 2. TNG CC MI TRNG V V PHP CH, Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt, ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 2008/QBTNMT ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. 3. INH VN KHNG, GVHD NG TH HNG GIANG, Bi ging ch th sinh hc trong nh gi cht lng nc, nm 2011. 4. L HUY B, Mi trng nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh-2000. 5. TS HONG CM VN, Gio trnh vi sinh hc mi trng Nxb i Hc Quc Gia H Ni.

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