Theres an App for That: Mobile Applications for Urban Planning Jennifer S. Evans-Cowley, PhD, AICP Cowley.11@osu.

edu Jennifer S. Evans-Cowley is a Professor and Head of City and Regional Planning in the Austin E. Knowlton School of Architecture at the Ohio State University, where she teaches courses in technology, public engagement, and theory. She worked in municipal government prior to moving into academia. Abstract: The number of worldwide mobile device users is increasing rapidly, as are the number of applications to serve these devices. Urban planners have the opportunity to use a wide array of mobile applications to increase productivity, share information, and engage with the public. This article explores a number of mobile applications that can add value to the work that urban planners undertake. It also considers the types of applications that could be developed to assist planners in their efforts to understand cities and engage with the public.

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1951069

Theres an App for That: Mobile Applications for Urban Planning Introduction The way that planners understand our cities has come from field observations, surveys of residents, and other traditional methods. Mobile device users ability to collaborate through contextaware mobile applications has changed the way that they can interact (Hakkila and Mantyjarvi, 2005). A recent study found that at the end of 2010, more than 63 million Americans owned a smartphone (comScore, 2011). The increasing pervasiveness of smart phones will allow planners to collect data and to engage with the public in new ways. Apple launched the iPhone in 2007. According to Apple, there were more than 300,000 new iPhone apps in 2011 alone (Viticci, 2011), and there have been more than 5 billion downloads of those 300,000 apps. Add to that the more than a billion app downloads on Android. A 2010 Nielsen survey found that the average iPhone owner has 40 apps installed, while Android users have 25 and Blackberry users have 14 (Duryee, 2010). One of the other apps thats being downloaded is Angry Birds, which has been downloaded more than 350 million times according to Mobile Entertainment, making it the most popular application out there (Dredge, 2011). Mobile Applications for Urban Planning As urban planners, why should we care about mobile phone applications? Apps can increase productivity and allow one to engage with ones your work outside of the office. For example, an app could give access to rezoning application information. It is also a way for planners to interact with others in their community. For example, a project management website subscription service called Basecamp allows users to access their projects from an iPhone app. By paying a monthly subscription fee, planners can manage multiple projects with lots of different people in different organizations involved. The benefit is that project team members can inexpensively have access via their mobile devices to everything going on in a project. There are many productivity applications that work in a similar way, with a one-time app fee and then an associated monthly service fee for additional services. Productivity of the planner is just one aspect of applications that can be used in planning. Apps can also be used to enhance the productivity and efficiency of commuters. In a study of the Translink Transit Authority in South East Queensland, Australia found that commuters experience can be improved through real-time passenger information that uses a mobile application (Foth and Schroeter, 2010). For example, a bus rider on Portlands Trimet developed an app that offers a bus tracker that displays arrival times and includes a nighttime visibility flasher that a user can hold up so bus drivers can see them at night. Now Trimet has a whole suite of mobile apps, including a wayfinding system for the visually impaired (Trimet, 2011). Similarly, the Central Ohio Transit Authoritys app BusTracker tells users the nearest bus stops to their current locations as well as upcoming arrival information (Central Ohio Transit Authority, 2011). On cold days it is great to be able to stay inside and time your and get in that extra five minutes of work.

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1951069

While transit apps are widespread, there are lots of other types of information that can be shared. Maybe you want to catch up on your favorite magazine on your smartphone while riding the bus. The State of Louisiana made this possible with Louisiana EQ. The State contracted with Aysling Digital Media Solution to develop an app version of its quarterly magazine in which readers can keep current with the latest in economic development (Louisiana Economic Development, 2011). Another example of information sharing is CFA FireReady, created by the Victoria Fire Authority in Australia in partnership with Collaboraforge (CFA, 2011). This application shows emergency warnings and locations of incidents of brushfires. It also provides brushfire advice. Most of the apps out there simply allow information sharing with the smartphone user. Yet, many planners are looking for more from e-government, they are looking to interact with companies, citizens and others (Conroy and Evans-Cowley, 2006). There are emerging examples of apps that allow for more interaction. You the Man is an app that was developed by the City of New York Transportation Department as a way to fight drunk driving among men ages 21 to 35. In focus groups, City staff found that drunk driving happens when friends fail to plan ahead, with the least drunk friend ending up driving at the end of the evening (Evans-Cowley, 2011). The City created an app with fun games to help determine a designated driver and a blood-alcohol calculator that gives amusing results if youve consumed, say, 20 drinks in an hour. Users can post on YoutheMans Twitter feed; for example, we partied, ate, drank and took a yellow cab home. Thats all Im telling! (YouTheManNYC, 2011). The best feature is the apps ability to map the user and the nearest public-transit locations. It also has a button to call the nearest car service. The app is linked to the Citys Taxi and Livery Service Departments database. Users love the app So glad this is finally here! Not just late drinking nights but late freezing nights. Been waiting for something like this!!! (YouTheManNYC, 2011). [Figure 1 about here] A number of cities have worked to create apps that allow users to interact in order to report code violations. In an experiment, researchers developed an application that allows residents to take pictures of code enforcement violations, attach a description, and submit the information as a request to their city (Foth et al., 2010). The study found that this type of application has high potential for broad implementation, and a number of cities are launching exactly these kinds of applications. Phoenix claims to be the first city to have launched a free app that allows users to interact with the city by sending photographs of graffiti and other blight violations to the citys neighborhood services department (City of Phoenix, n.d.). Other cities, such as Delaware, Ohio, have followed. MyDelaware is an app developed by App-Order.com that gives residents a way to notify the City about all kinds of code violations. Users simply take a picture, document the problem, and press submit. The app attaches a location to the report and sends it to the City. Users can request text updates about the results of the citys investigation, letting citizens know what happened to their complaints (personal communications, Shawn Leininger, City of Delaware, May 25, 2011). A number of cities have developed apps that connect residents with their 311 nonemergency systems, allowing them to request service for a broad array of problems. For example, with Bostons Citizens Connect mobile app, users can report potholes, graffiti,

and other service issues using Android phones or iPhones (City of Boston, 2011). Beyond photographic capture of code violations, there is significant potential around integrating video to allow citizens document the city (Krieger et al., 2010). [Figure 2 about here] These apps are part of a growing field of tools that help us better navigate the real world. At this early stage, the apps are primarily limited to information sharing. As this technology evolves and the number of available applications increases, planners can expect to see a growing number of tools to help engage with the public. One way that cities are encouraging this is with open data initiatives. As Londons mayor recently said, when referring to the Citys open data initiative, Sunlight is the best disinfectant (Halper, 2011). The goal of the initiative is to encourage creative use of the London Datastore to generate new applications that will benefit the citizens of London. Similarly, Seattle decided to increase public access to its datasets in a machine-readable format (City of Seattle, 2011). Why shouldnt the City of Seattle make the locations of its public toilets available? Surely some creative programmer could find a fun way to use that data to create an app, and thats exactly why apps such as Sit or Squat have emerged. Charmin sponsored this app, which is designed to connect people to public and private toilets (Sit or Squat, 2011). The app relies on users to upload data on the location of public toilets for cities all over, including Seattle. Beyond toilets, Seattle makes other planning data, such as neighborhood mapping, the location of public toilets, the state of land use, and demolition permits promptly available. For example, 911 call data are available within 24 hours of when they were placed (City of Seattle, 2011). The data have been made available to app developers through Socrata (www.socrata.com). To stimulate app development, Seattle, like a number of other cities, is organizing an Apps for Seattle competition to encourage contestants to use the data the city has posted (Opsahl, 2010). New York Citys goal is to make data more transparent, accessible, and accountable through its DataMine website (City of New York, 2011), to which departments provide a wide array of data. To encourage use of the data, the city hosts BigApps 2.0, a competition that awards a cash prize for the app using the data that receives the most public votes. The 2010 winner was WayFinder, an app that allows users to point their phone to see which subways and trains are in front of them. In February of 2011, more than 50 apps were submitted for consideration as part of the competition. The winner is required to make the app freely available for at least one year. The Citys BigApps 3.0 competition is now underway (NYC BigApps, 2011). Future Applications The planning-related apps that are currently available represent first steps in engaging the public with mobile technology to encourage them to use planning data and contribute to improving their communities. However, this is just the start. There is much more that can be developed to connect planners and the public to increase productivity and responsiveness to public concerns. For example, Task Ave is an app that creates geotagged to-do lists (Task Ave, 2011). Imagine if planning-related 311 complaints that people submit via an app could be automatically directed to an app like Task Ave that

would alert a planner when he or she is near a citizens complaint? Location-aware technologies can be utilized to collect place-based knowledge about the urban environment and aid in addressing placebased problems (Evans-Cowley, Hollander 2010) In transportation planning, what if we could get people to volunteer to let us track their daily route to help us in addressing connectivity issues? Researchers have been working to collect mobile device data for the purposes of traffic management and monitoring (Bar-Gera, 2007; Herrera et al., 2010; Issaacman et al., 2010; Rose, 2006). In a study of Amsterdam, data from mobile phones was used to understand mobility in traffic incidents (Steenbruggen et al., 2011). However, it is always a challenge to collect daily activities. The Blacktop app shows a map of a persons daily route (FourSquare, 2011). Using an app like this could help planners collect detailed travel pattern data that cant typically be gathered from travel surveys. In an experiment with mobile devices, an application was developed that allowed for tracking of travel activities (Williams, 2010). In another experiment, researchers were able to obtain information about transportation choices and then provide commuters with information about their travel behaviors (Froehlich et al., 2009). Participatory sensing, or allowing the public to use their mobile devices to collect and analyze data, is yet another area where planners can benefit from public data collection (Estrin, 2010). This can be achieved with the embedded sensors in such mobile devices as the accelerometer, digital compass, gyroscope, GPS, microphone, and camera (Lane et al., 2010). For example, there has been a recent debate in Columbus, Ohio about whether or not to allow a race track to come into the community. One major concern is the noise. Planners and the public alike could benefit from using an app like WideNoise, which measures how noisy an area is (Widetag, 2011). This data could be aggregated to help the public and decision-makers better understand the impact of noisy uses. In an experiment with the NoiseSpy application, environmental noise levels were monitored in real time. The result was a map of sound levels created while on a bicycle journey (Kanjo, 2010). In other cases, users are relying on government data to create engagement tools. As part of the response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, a mobile web app that collects geotagged data for many parties as part of the Oil Reporter website was created (Oil Reporter, 2010). Users can submit reports via Oil Reporter on oil conditions by sharing photos, typing text describing what they see, and rating how much oil they see, whether wildlife is present, and the impact to wetlands. The mapping data from NOAA allow maps that can be mashed up with user reports, which can be viewed live. Members of the public have been able to crowdsource the data and create mashups, generating important information that can be used to support decision making and disaster response. Taking the idea of crowdsourcing user information and turning it into valuable information, a number of apps have been developed. Intersect allows users to attach a story about a location on a map and to see stories that have been placed there by others (Intersect, 2011). Crowdbeacon (www.crowdbeacon.com) allows users to show where they are and then to ask for help, should they need it. Other users then provide answers to questions. For example, a user could ask how best to go by bus to another area of the city and then be answered by another user. While these apps arent planning specific, they do provide glimpses into the possible uses of location-based data. A planner could

potentially use these types of apps in developing neighborhood plans in which both residents and businesses are able to include stories about their neighborhood or problems and solutions. A study of an experimental mobile application in a neighborhood in Denmark found that GPS-based data combined with pictures and text allowed neighborhood residents to create personalized narratives of their community (Knudsen et al., 2011). Beyond simply information sharing, mobile applications can be used to engage in deliberation processes. For example, residents could be notified about a pending rezoning via their mobile device. Users could then find out more about the proposal and participate in a discussion forum on the topic (Bohoj, et al., 2011).

Conclusion While there isnt an app for everything yet, cities are finding creative ways to encourage programmers to develop applications using public data. Planners should be looking for opportunities to open their cities. Mobile applications provide a way for planners to build strong relationships with their citizens. As more cities engage in open data initiatives, there will be greater opportunities for mobile applications that can benefit the public and planners alike. Location-based information from mobile devices has garnered significant interest from a variety of disciplines, including planning, for its ability to show how people concentrate and move throughout cities (Reades et al., 2009). For example, in a study of an energy application, users receive feedback on energy consumption that allows them to make more conscious decisions about their energy use (Weiss et al., 2010). However, there are currently technological challenges to participatory sensing. Continuous sensing applications on mobile devices are a challenge because of the energy requirements of sensing applications, such as GPS tracking (Lu et al., 2010). Another challenge is that in dense urban areas it can be difficult to detect individual movements. Researchers are working to come up with new techniques to study social dynamics in dense urban environments (Vieira et al., 2010). Experiments with using telecommunications data, such as the Real Time Rome project, have allowed for the aggregation of mobile phone data to understand urban dynamics (Reades et al., 2007). Mobile phone data in New Jersey were analyzed to determine the citys partyshed, when late-night communications occur (Becker et al., 2011). In post-disaster situations, mobile phone tracking can be used to identify the location of displaced populations (Gething and Tatem, 2011; Bengtsson et al., 2011). This type of passive data collection allows researchers and planners to understand how people are moving and interacting in a city. The rapid evolution of mobile technology is quickly overcoming many of the barriers to using mobile devices for data collection and engagement with the public. While there is not an app for everything, if a planner can dream it up, then it may be possible. The applications discussed in this article are just the start. As planners continue to create plans, they can use mobile applications to collect data needed for the plans as well as engage the public in the planning process. References:

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Figure 1. You the Man NYC is an effort of the transportation department to reduce the incidence of drunk driving (http://www.youthemannyc.org)

Source: City of New York, New York Figure 2. MyDelaware is a code violation reporting application allowing members of the public to report problems such as graffiti.

Source: City of Delaware, Ohio