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15

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23

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25

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29

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QJh JCf HJh G Fd fG UdG H dDJ dG JG IQdG ` O


k
IQb ,fGG dGh idGh G e UGJh
hCG ICdG e Gk AH SJh
AGS OLdG LGh d J EGh ,YVG jH RJ h gJ N
dG fEG G hCG jQGG bdH fG AGG IdG fYG
. MCGh hdG a G f

jdG IOG
JdG

JM bW
G
G

(a)

VQCG OG

GGh dG H JG OdG (7 T )

jG jdG IOG

AGg

jdGOGG
fGG

A ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` G

AGg

AYCG
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Ae
(GJ) Oe

jY a

VQCG Oe

fEG fEGh cdG (6 T )

Ae

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

49

48

dG

O2

CO2

IQGM
Q`` f

IefGGh JdGhdGbdGCG ghjJbY :fdGh

O2

O2

CO2

CO2

A`` G
VQC G OG

fEGh GGh dG H JG OdG (8 T )

( 8 dG ) c jQG Jee hCG TG JLM AGS fEd


k dH G g c k ja j b dG Ggh
fG jQdG bd e
fadG G QH k jOGQEG j bh ,fCGh QTCGh YGd dHh ,ObdG
IG iNCG FdG Y H Od fEG Y G L dG YGHEGh
. VQCG

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

51

50
( : )

JCfCGh ,k Jf VQCG e fCG dG g dG IQb Ea ,fEG M dch


IQOd j e Yh ,dH JeCGh hdG a fh ,G CGh AG e
. VQCG UY EG YLQ H iNCG Ie hdG a J CG Y
: J b



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( : )

. ( 10 ,9 T ) fCG

SG SdG -3
fhG QdG IgX Ke JgH dG M Y dG BGdG j
JgdG H SdG dP ,fEG L YOG hdG IgXh ,dG
( 10T h ,9 T ) SdG Vf
: ddG dG h

FW J G FdG e cj dG UdG CH dG Y J
. fh Jc J EGh ,Jc h SSCG
Z eY NH EGh ,UdG J AdG O Cj G FdG dh
. G e G jh ,G e G j dG dG IQH ,Y e
dG bdGh VQCGUdG H dDJ dG IQb Ea dG M eCG
* e d
( : )
k aLh e fc e H


hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

53

52

I`dG IgX
hdG

dG

hdG

h `` `dG
AGg

AGg

jY OGe
Ae

( : )

GJ

GJ

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hCG ICdG

d
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jQGM bW
AGg

Ae

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QdG IgX

O2

CO2

AGg

bW

Ae

Ae
Oe
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Oe VQCG




fEG L YOG hdG IgX (10 T )

dG fhG QdG IgX (9 T )

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

55

54

IQb C d k Jh ,dCH k YJ EG ZdG Y YdG dP c eh


G M dG G dG d d d j c dG JeEGh AMEG
: b M dG Y gGHEG d Y k SM dG ch ,Yh L
( : )

Ige Y hCG dG G q H SG Y fEG Y poj g dGh

dG jBG e e f dG f . dEG IQdG





*
( : )

: NBG gMCG Yj ee jHo dG Gg jh

. Y Qbh fEG Y poj l Ho h ,Y SGhh G IQb poj l Ho


dG e LhCG H MT a ,dEG IQdG j dG dG eCa
Y j dG dG eCGh . jQGG bd dG IgX J dG HdG
fgH H fEG de j fEa OEG QSG aSh fEG

fEd BGdG dG RYEG


e VY dG SG RYEG e iNCG GfCG Y dG Gg jh
G Y JQb M e fEd dG BGdG jh ,PdG H
. dG fGb i dG hCG

bJ H OEG G dL Mj SG dG CG ch
hj dG OEG G HEG EG j RYEG dG Ea Ffh
. gQfEG hCG dEG IQdG QSG
dG Y gGHEG L HJ VhCG BGdG dG e dG Gg
( : )
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hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

57

56

dG dG jW -CG
CG J CG hh ,IG gGd YVG dG Y jdG g J
IOGQE f d bY fEGh fGMh Jfh bO Fc e J IG
: g W ed J de GQd f g EGh ,IuHeh IQq e dEG
. dG UdG H dG adG eY -1
Y Ca UdG J edG idG H dG G eY -2
H J ch FW a J M dGh KdG jGJ Fc ce
. IG ie gh ,OLdG e YCG ie EG
jh bdG jJh dGdGh dG gh ,IG gGX c jdG g J
. Xh f EG
dG jOG e g ,dG H j dG QdG dG IgX dh
dP CG ZQ bdGh dG e ie HCG EG dG a UJ dG jQNGh
,FdG QGSCG EG r o j CG d h r o j FdG FShh JfeEG e dG

Aj CG dhe d fC dG Y ASG eh IQdG e Yj e Y


. QdG bW a G NG dG dG dP
aG e b EG Lj hCG gG QY dG c GPEGh
LddG GREGh IgdG acG Y fEa dG dG EG IQGh
. Y j dG OEG QSG QH J IQN j FdG
M c dG G jW Y jdG Oj FGdG OEG c d
: J db G be dG BGdG
( : )

QfEH J dG jOG dG e OEG Ea jG dG eCG


e Y dG gdG J CG h EGh ,ATCG gX Y Gk OYG dG OLh
: aOGe jW IjG dG jOG J VdG dP h ,YJ
. dG dG jW -CG
. YUG dG jW -

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

59

58

bdG J IG fd VN JGP JGSG iS d JdG


. IG GgCG d VhJh
. d aGQh e FN Y hj K G GHCG EG j jOG





( : )

YUG dG jW -
KEG dh Jh ,OEG OdG eRe a jdG g eCG
j M dG YdG Y fEG NH JGdG dG jf
IOG j CG SG b fEG CG K GPEG fCG jCGQ h ,G IOG e
b IG IgX CG Y gj b dP Ea ,IG U k Fc hCG ,G
. dG Y LQN IQb NJ Y J
OJ fc fCG j dG NG hdG N dhj hLG fGh

. IG Xd bdG J QGSCG gh
ATCG Me e Lj fEa jOG AdG YGe H eh
dG ge Gbh jdGh SCG GQOEG GdhM ch ,dG SGh
z cQe { e cQe Gfc AGS jOG SdG c M dP ch ,dGh
gH e GhKCJ e e hCG z dG dL { Hc S z Gh { f
z Oe L { eh ,cQG UCG EG k ge Gj dh OG dH
. z G FdG e { Hc z cL CG { hCG z Gh adG { Hc
Yh ,fdG QfE G JEG Y hj dG dhCG CG jdG eh
a L bJ dH a jOLdG jdG jd JG jdG KEG
n k M G FdG EG " : cL CG b c
dh ,J J
IOGQE f d dG dP dh ,g d j fEG . Hj Y g d
. !! ( G FdG e ) " I
ch IgdG bO Y dG Hh - jGH KGdG G G Gg Yj
jG ILCG jQGG bdG jJ Y CG - SJ Yh ef

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

61

60

,ijh dGjh j dG G Gh jdG IOG H a FdGh jQGG


SJh N bO e a k M h k jY JG cdG dP j CG h
. M Y HH EG j h j FZ LJh Xh
e QH dh ,d QfEGh QSG Gk e dGh OEG OdG jh
jfG Y j Se M ch ,BGdG dG j dG dP Yj
. HG Qf EG gGdG La GbN eh GNe d
AGSh ,IdG FG hCG dG dG AGS dG acH GPEGh
QdG ce hCG fdG jG NGO bdG J dG sjQp fr o `oo G ce
. G EG YJh G jDJ NCG dG jN bdG J J dG

*
: dG jBG RYEG dH oo r jn h




( : )
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. AdG Y o
p Jo dG G H SG LGh -1

GhQKCGh ,IHCGh GRdH fe YhCG Ga a IG RhH Y VQCG


a TCGh AHdG YGU a Gabh ,FdG cd e HGhR a
Y EG KG GQNG e gZ h dG g J h . dG
. k T IG FW e J jOY Fc ce
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U fGM h Jf IOe j CG h ,bG G q S j CG
dG EG IQdG e j h ,G sYe EG dG e j fC dP ,IG
. d FdGh bdG dHh G dG d gS
j CG fEd d IG bdG Hh ,a YOG IQdG H
,GG h dG h dGh dG edG bdG e gZh dG bdG
IQb a G OhCG dGh ,k Yf h k c dG bdG FdG Mh
. JG FXh jOCd eGSGh dG bdH OhdG
jZh XdG aGgCG d dG fGb J fCG IG FW eh
dG bW eh ,AGdG GRZ eh VQCG Oe eh AG e NCa jOLdG

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

hQo ``Jo dG Q``````dG o```o jr An ```


n an CGn

63

62

``U```dG
H OCG dG M Y QdG IgH J dG fBGdG jBG HdG EG
J N jBG e fCGh aBG e H J OJ jah Y EG
. a jQ dG CGh ,U dG BGdG CGh ,M G CG Y
dG Gg e M c d AGJ dG dG dG Y MCG dh
. QNGh d Hh FSG Y Gk Y
jBG N e j dG dG BGdG RYEG fOQhCG dG dG dh
. L hCG ZCG H Mj - IgXh k f - QdG
RYEGh WdG H j H GPEGh ,da Gk Qf QdG jBG fBG d
: Jh fS b ,dG cGQOEG Y J gdG



( : )

AfEG Y gH jG jG aS j dG dG LGh -2
: J b gQfh gQf e Lj dG IdG






( : )

fdG ``LGG
1- La Biplogie . Article"Cellule" . chapitre "photosynthese".
Les Idees, Les Oeuvres, Ies Hommes.
2- Les source d'energie. Albrert Hinklebein
Flammarion International Library.
3- Pour La Science . No Nov.1993 L'atmosphere,
La Plantes.
4- La Photosynthese, des Plantes.
La Recherche No 154 Avril 1984.
5- In Encyclopedie Alpha, Articles:
Photosynthese, Charbon, Houille, Petrole, Gas..
6- La Photosynthese
Encyclopedie des Sciences. Biologie. Vol. II.
7- La vie des Plantes
Encyciopedie Bordas. No 10.

HdG `LGG
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. GdG eM HCG ,dG Ge -4
. hH ` ` H W Y jJ ` ` dG QGO . S HG ,dG fdG -5
. hdG QGO ,dG ,IhY MCG ,YLG aBGh Y j -6
eG IhdG ,IhY MCG ,BGdG fEG b ,jCG EGh jCG e -7
.1986 eO ,dG OH dGh d ffEG d
. d e ,IhY MCG ,jdGh dG M eCJ -8
. GfdG jY H G Y ,MdG c -9
. fJ ,bU f ,BGdG Ie -10
. GdG ,YEGh adG IQGRh ,jdG Sj Ub ,BGdG dG -11

``j```G
5
8
12
16
20
26
28
34
42
54
63
64

G RYEG
SG edG dG RYEG
G IgdG dG RYEG
G dT dG RYEG
dG RYEG
jBG HGJ BGdG RYEG
QdG IgH SG M dG RYEG
fEd BGdG dG RYEG
UG

````LGG

8- L' homme Reinvente La photosynthese


Fabien Guhier .
Sciences et Avenir No 353. 1975.
9- Les huiles Vegetaies, un carburant d'avenir
Robert Stern. La Recherche. No 152. fev. 1984.
10- L' ideologie sovietique contemporaine
Gustave A. Weltar Payot.
11- Les Lois de La nature. Encyclopedie Bordas.

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