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Adapted from

Suction Measurement Techniques Suction Value# Vacuum Desiccator Psychrometer Filter Paper Porous Block Thermal Block Suction Plate Tensiometer Pressure Plate Osmotic Tensiometer Total Total Total Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Principal Usage Lab. Field Field Lab. Field Field Lab. Field Lab. Field Direct/ Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect Direct Direct Direct Direct Range: kPa 103-106 300-7000 1000-30000 30-30000 30-3000 0-175 0-90 0-90 0-5000 0-1500 Equilibrium Time Months Months Weeks 1 week Weeks Days Hours Hours Hours Days

# As defined by Aitchison and Richards (1965). b a Soil Sample 1 Bar (Air Entry) Ceramic S = - uw High Air Pressure u a

O Ring Seal uw Pressure Transducer Flushing 15 Bar (Air Entry) Ceramic Water Reservoir S = ua - uw Air Trap Pump

Negative Pressure Water Reservoir Tensiometer-Suction Plate

Direct Measurement of Soil Suction: a) Tensiometer; b) Pressure Plate Apparatus Entran Ltd EPX series Electronic Pressure Transducer Stainless Steel Sheath 0 Scale of mm 5

15 Bar Ceramic

Electrical connection

The New Instrument

Water Reservoir Thread

O Ring Seal

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from:

Adapted from

Container

Two Filter Papers (noncontact)

} Total

Soil

Perforated Disk

Three Filter Papers (Contact)

Matric

Contact and noncontact filter paper methods for measuring matric and total suction, respectively. pF 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 50 100 150 0 200 Calibration line Saturated salt solutions Pressure membrane Pressure plate Height above water table data points

1000000 100000 Suction (kPa) 10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1

Water Content of Filter Paper, wf (%) A typical calibration curve showing measured filter paper water contents for applied suctions.

Figure by MIT OCW.

1000000 100000 10000 Suction (kPa) 1000 100 10 1.0 0.1 0 Log suction (kPa) = 2.412 - 0.0135 wf Log suction (kPa) = 5.327 - 0.0779 wf Log suction (kPa) = 5.056 - 0.0688 wf

10000 1000 100 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001 90

Log suction (kPa) = 1.882 - 0.0102 wf

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 Filter Paper Water Content, wf (%)

80

Whatman no. 42 (Fawcett and Collis-George, 1967) Schleicher and Schuell no. 589 (McQueen and Miller, 1968)

Calibration Curves for Two Types of Filter Paper

Figure by MIT OCW.

Suction (atmospheres)