Chng

MOT SO KHAI NIEM VA THONG SO C BAN KHI TNH TOAN THIET KE CONG TRNH X LY NC THAI

ieu kien quan trong khi tnh toan thiet ke cung nh trong qua trnh van hanh, quan ly he thong thoat nc noi chung va x ly nc thai noi rieng la s hieu biet mot so khai nhiem va thong so c ban ve nc thai (thanh phan va tnh chat cua nc thai, cong nghe x ly nc thai, nguon tiep nhan nc thai sau khi a x ly...). S hieu biet thau ao cac van e neu tren cung la mot yeu cau khong the thieu c oi vi can bo quan ly moi trng. Trc het chung ta cung tm hieu qua ve nhng khai niem va thong so c ban oi vi nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep.
1.1. NC THAI SINH HOAT VA NC THAI CONG NGHIEP

Nc thai c quan tam trong quyen sach nay gom 2 loai: nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep.

2 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

1.1.1. Nc thai sinh hoat

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Nc thai sinh hoat chay vao mang li thoat nc t cac ho gia nh, c quan, trng hoc, khu pho, t cac khu sinh hoat cua x nghiep cong nghiep, t cac benh vien... Thanh phan cua nc thai sinh hoat gom 2 loai: Nc thai nhiem ban do chat bai tiet cua con ngi t cac phong ve sinh; Nc thai nhiem ban do cac chat thai sinh hoat: can ba t nha bep, cac chat ra troi ke ca lam ve sinh san nha.

Nc thai sinh hoat luon co cha mot lng ln vi sinh vat, trong so o co ca cac vi trung gay benh. ac iem quan trong cua nc thai sinh hoat la thanh phan cua chung tng oi on nh (xem bang 1-1).
1.1.2. Nc thai cong nghiep

Nc thai cong nghiep c tao nen sau khi a s dung nc trong cac qua trnh cong nghe san xuat cua cac x nghiep cong nghiep. ac tnh o nhiem va nong o cua nc thai cong nghiep rat khac nhau phu thuoc vao loai hnh cong nghiep va che o cong nghe la chon. Loai nc thai nay co the b o nhiem do cac tap chat co nguon goc vo c hoac hu c. Trong thanh phan cua chung co the co cha cac dang vi sinh vat (ac biet la nc thai cua cac nha may giet mo, nha may sa, bia, dc pham), cac chat co ch cung nh cac chat oc hai. Trong x nghiep cong nghiep, nc thai cong nghiep gom: a. Nc thai cong nghiep qui c sach: la loai nc thai sau khi c s dung e lam nguoi san pham, lam mat thiet b, lam ve sinh nen nha; b. Loai nc thai cong nghiep nhiem ban ac trng cua cong nghiep o va can x ly cuc bo trc

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

khi xa vao mang li thoat nc chung hoac vao nguon nc tuy theo mc o x ly. Can lu y rang, viec xa nc thai cong nghiep vao mang li thoat nc thanh pho hay vao nguon nc co the la ieu hoa hoac khong ieu hoa (ve lu lng va nong o), co the lien tuc hoac gian oan. V vay trong viec la chon cong nghe x ly th nhng ac iem tren can c xem xet giai quyet. Thanh phan gay o nhiem chnh cua nc thai cong nghiep la cac chat vo c (nha may luyen kim, nha may san xuat vat lieu xay dng, nha may phan bon vo c...), cac chat hu c dang hoa tan (thong qua ch tieu NOS), cac chat hu c vi lng gay mui, v (phenol, bezen), cac chat hu c kho b phan huy sinh hoc hay ben vng sinh hoc (mot so dang thuoc tr sau, thuoc diet co), chat hoat tnh be mat ABS (Alkylbenzene Sunfonat), mot so cac chat hu c co the gay oc hai cho thuy sinh vat (benzen, chlorebezen, nitrophenol, toluen...), cac chat hu c co the phan huy sinh hoc tng t nh trong nc thai sinh hoat. Trong nc thai cong nghiep con co the co cha dau va cac chat noi, cac chat l lng, kim loai nang, cac chat dinh dng N, P vi ham lng cao. hnh ve 1-1 gii thieu s o tong quat cua he thong thoat nc (mang li thoat va tram x ly nc thai) va moi quan he cua chung vi nguon tiep nhan.

4 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

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H.1-1. He thong thoat nc khu dan c va khu cong nghiep vi nguon tiep nhan nc thai la song Sai Gon - ong Nai
A - Khu dan c; B - Khu cong nghiep; C - X nghiep cong nghiep vi x ly cuc bo nc thai; D - Benh vien vi x ly cuc bo nc thai.

1 Mang li thoat nc ma; 2 Mang li thoat nc sinh hoat; 3 Tram bm; 4 Tram x ly nc thai sinh hoat tap trung; 5 Xa nc thai sau x ly vao he thong song Sai Gon ong Nai; 6 Tram x ly nc thai cong nghiep tap trung; 7 Phng an xa vao song ong Nai; 8. Phng an xa vao mang li khu dan c. 1.2. THANH PHAN VA AC TNH CUA NC THAI

Cac chat cha trong nc thai bao gom: cac chat hu c, vo c va vi sinh vat. Cac chat hu c trong nc thai sinh hoat chiem khoang 50 60% tong cac chat gom cac chat hu c thc vat: can ba thc vat, rau, hoa, qua, giay... va cac chat hu c ong vat: chat thai bai tiet cua ngi va ong vat, xac ong vat... Cac chat hu c trong nc thai theo ac tnh hoa hoc gom chu yeu la protein (chiem 40 60%), hydrat cacbon (25 50%), cac chat beo, dau m (10%). Ure cung la chat hu c quan trong trong nc thai sinh hoat. Nong o cac chat hu c thng c xac nh thong qua ch tieu NOS (BOD) va NOH (COD). Ben canh cac chat tren, trong nc thai con co cha cac lien ket hu c tong hp: cac chat hoat tnh be mat ma ien hnh la chat tay tong hp (Alkyl benzen sunfonat - ABS) rat kho x ly bang phng phap sinh hoc nh a trnh bay phan trc va gay nen hien tng sui bot trong cac tram x ly nc thai va tren mat nc nguon - ni tiep nhan nc thai.

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

Cac chat vo c trong nc thai chiem 40 42% gom chu yeu: cat, at set, cac axit, baz vo c, dau khoang... Co mat trong nc thai nhieu dang vi sinh vat: vi khuan, virus, nam, rong tao, trng giun san... Trong so cac dang vi sinh vat o co the co ca cac vi trung gay benh, v du: l, thng han... co kha nang gay thanh dch benh. Ve thanh phan hoa hoc th cac loai vi sinh vat thuoc nhom cac chat hu c. Khi xet en cac qua trnh x ly nc thai, ben canh cac thanh phan vo c, hu c, vi sinh vat nh a neu tren th qua trnh x ly con phu thuoc rat nhieu vao trang thai hoa ly cua cac chat o va trang thai nay c xac nh bang o phan tan cua cac hat. Theo o, cac chat cha trong nc thai c chia thanh bon nhom phu thuoc vao kch thc hat cua chung nh sau: Nhom 1: gom cac tap chat phan tan tho, khong tan dang l lng, nhu tng, bot. Kch thc hat cua nhom 1 nam trong khoang 10-1 10-4 mm. Chung cung co the la cac chat vo c, hu c, vi sinh vat... va hp cung vi nc thai thanh he d the khong ben va trong ieu kien xac nh, chung co the lang xuong di dang can lang hoac noi len tren mat nc, hoac ton tai trang thai l lng trong khoang thi gian nao o. Cac chat cha trong nc thai nhom 1, chnh v the co the de dang tach ra khoi nc bang phng phap trong lc. Nhom 2: gom cac chat phan tan dang keo vi kch thc hat cua nhom nay nam trong khoang 10-4 10-6 mm. Chung gom hai loai keo: keo a nc va keo k nc. Keo a nc c ac trng bang kha nang lien ket gia cac hat phan tan vi nc. Chung thng la nhng chat hu c co trong lng phan t ln: hydrat cacbon (xenlulo, tinh bot), protit (anbumin, hemoglobin, keo ong vat...), xa

6 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

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bong, thuoc nhuom hu c, cac vi sinh vat... Keo k nc (at set, hydroxyt sat, nhom, silic) khong co kha nang lien ket nh keo a nc. Thanh phan cac chat keo cha trong nc thai sinh hoat chiem 35 40% lng cac chat l lng. Do kch thc nho be nen kha nang t lang cua cac hat keo la kho khan. V vay, e cac hat keo co the lang c, can pha v o ben cua chung va trong cong nghe x ly nc va nc thai thng ap dung qua trnh keo tu (hoa hoc hoac sinh hoc). Nhom 3: gom cac chat hoa tan co kch thc hat phan t 10-7 mm. Chung tao thanh he mot pha con goi la dung dch that. Cac chat trong nhom 3 rat khac nhau ve thanh phan. Mot so cac ch tieu ac trng cho tnh chat cua nc thai: o mau, mui, NOS, NOH..., c xac nh thong qua s co mat cac chat thuoc nhom nay va e x ly chung thng ng dung phng phap sinh hoc va phng phap hoa ly. Nhom 4: gom cac chat trong nc thai co kch thc hat nho hn hoac bang 10-8 mm (phan tan ion). Cac chat nay chu yeu la cac axit, baz va cac muoi cua chung. Mot so trong so o nh cac muoi amonia, photphat c hnh thanh trong qua trnh x ly sinh hoc. Mot cach tong quat rang, cac thanh phan muoi cua cac axit, baz cua nhom 4 khong b loai bo c (khong x ly c) khi x ly tram x ly nc thai tap trung. e x ly chung, can ap dung cac phng phap x ly hoa ly phc tap hn, ton kem hn nh: trao oi ion, hoac s dung he thong mang loc. Nh a neu tren, trong nc thai con co the co cha mot lng kha ln cac vi sinh vat khac nhau, co ca vi trung gay benh: thng han, kiet l, vi trung benh ng ruot (E.Coli), trng giun san... Mc o gay o nhiem sinh hoc phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: tnh trang ve sinh khu dan c, ang lu y la cac nguon thai t benh vien, cac nha may giet mo...

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

e loai bo cac vi trung co trong nc thai, thng tien hanh giai oan kh trung sau khi a qua cac bc x ly c ban: c hoc va sinh hoc (oi vi nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cua mot so nganh cong nghiep). Mot so chat o nhiem cha trong nc thai ang c quan tam na la: kim loai nang, thuoc tr sau, cac chat phong xa va mot so chat oc hai khac. Dang cac chat o nhiem ac biet nay co the gay tac hai to ln en con ngi, sinh vat va moi trng. Mc o tac hai phu thuoc vao loai chat o nhiem, nong o cua chung va kha nang x ly cac chat ac biet nay. Chat lng nc thai sinh hoat cha x ly thong qua mot so ch tieu o nhiem ac trng co the tham khao bang 1-1. (Theo Metcalf va Eddy).

8 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

Bang 1-1. Nong o cac chat o nhiem trong nc thai sinh hoat cha x ly Cac ch tieu Chat ran tong cong, mg/l Tong chat ran hoa tan, mg/l: Co nh (Fixed), mg/l Bay hi, mg/l Chat ran l lng, mg/l: Co nh, mg/l Bay hi, mg/l Chat ran lang c, mg/l NOS5 (BOD5), mg/l Tong cacbon hu c, mg/l NOH (COD), mg/l Tong nit (theo N), mg/l: Hu c Amonia t do Nitrit Nitrat Tong Photpho (theo P), mg/l: Hu c Vo c Clorua, mg/l Sunfat, mg/l o kiem (theo CaCO3), mg/l Dau m, mg/l Coliform No/100, mg/l Chat hu c bay hi, g/l Nhe 350 250 145 105 100 20 80 5 110 80 250 20 8 12 0 0 4 1 3 30 20 50 50 6 10 107 <100 Nong o Trung bnh 720 500 300 200 220 55 165 10 220 160 500 40 15 25 0 0 8 3 5 50 30 100 100 7 10 108 100 400 Nang 1200 850 525 325 350 75 275 20 400 210 1000 85 35 50 0 0 15 5 10 100 50 200 150 7 10 109 > 400

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Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

Ghi chu: So lieu trong bang 1-1 ch mang tnh chat tham khao, ch khong phai e s dung cho muc ch thiet ke tram x ly.

Khi thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly nc thai cho khu dan c va o th, nong o ban cua nc thai sinh hoat c xac nh theo lng chat ban tnh cho mot ngi trong ngay em va c lay theo bang 1-2.

10 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

Bang 1-2. Lng chat ban tnh cho mot ngi trong ngay em (Tieu chuan Xay dng TCXD-51-84) TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chat ban tnh toan Chat ran l lng (SS) NOS5 (BOD5) cua nc thai a lang NOS20 (BOD20) thai a lang Photphat P2O5 Clorua cua nc Lng chat g/ng.ng. 50 - 55 25 - 30 30 - 35 7 1,7 10 ban,

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Nit cua muoi amonia (N)

ac tnh cua bun t hoai trong nc thai sinh hoat mang li thoat nc hay be t hoai co the tham khao bang 1-3. Bang 1-3. ac tnh cua bun t hoai trong nc thai sinh hoat Cac ch tieu Nong o, mg/l Khoang dao Gia tr ac ong trng 5.000 - 100.000 40.000 4.000 - 100.000 1.200 - 14.000 2.000 - 30.000 5.000 - 80.000 100 - 1.000 100 - 800 50 - 800 100 - 1.000 15.000 2.000 6.000 30.000 700 400 250 300

Chat ran tong cong Chat ran l lng Chat ran l lng bay hi NOS5 (BOD5) NOH (COD) Nit tong cong (Kjedhal) N-NH3 Tong Photpho (P)

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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Cac ch tieu

Nong o, mg/l Khoang dao Gia tr ac ong trng

Kim loai nang (Fe, Zn, Al)

1.3.

CAC CH TIEU C BAN VE CHAT LNG NC THAI

ac tnh ly hoc quan trong nhat cua nc thai gom: chat ran tong cong, mui, nhiet o, o mau, o uc.
1.3.1. Chat ran tong cong

Chat ran tong cong cua nc thai la phan con lai sau khi say nhiet o 105 oC va c tnh bang mg/l. Chat ran tong cong gom 2 loai: loai khong kha nang loc qua giay loc (Whatman GF/C vi kch thc lo 1,2 m) c goi la chat l lng va loai th hai co kha nang loc c. Chat ran lang c la nhng chat ran co kha nang lang xuong ay bnh Imhoff trong thi gian 2h. Theo Metcals, thanh phan cua chat ran trong nc thai c mo ta mot cach tng oi hnh ve H.1-2. Tong cong (720 mg/l)

L lng (220 mg/l)

Loc c (500 mg/l)

12 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

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Lang c (160 mg/l)

Khong lang c (60 mg/l)

Keo (50 mg/l)

Hoa tan (450 mg/l)

H u c 160 mg/ Vo c 290 mg/ l

H u c 120 mg/

Vo c 40 mg/ l

H u c 45 mg/

Vo c 15 mg/ l

H u c 40 mg/

Vo c 10 mg/ l

H.1-2. Thanh phan chat ran trong nc thai cha x ly

1.3.2. Mui

Mui cua nc thai sinh hoat thng do cac chat kh bay hi co mui sinh ra trong qua trnh huy sinh hoc cac chat hu c cha trong nc thai. Mui trng thoi (H 2S) rat ac trng cua qua trnh phan huy k kh cac chat hu c. Nc thai cong nghiep co the co cac mui khac nhau gay ra khi hnh thanh nc thai cung nh x ly nc thai. Mui c coi la mot trong nhng ch tieu c ban c e cap ti trong thiet ke va van hanh tram x ly nc thai.
1.3.3. Nhiet o (oC)

Nhiet o cua nc thai thng cao hn nhiet o nc cap do b am len khi s dung cho nhu cau sinh hoat hay hoat ong san xuat cong nghiep, va nhiet o cua nc thai thng thap hn nhiet o cua khong kh. Nhiet o cua nc thai la mot ch tieu quan trong, no anh hng ang ke en cac qua trnh x ly sinh hoc, en i song cua thuy sinh vat, en s hoa tan cua oxy trong nc. Nhiet o con la mot trong nhng ch tieu cong nghe quan trong lien quan en qua trnh lang cac hat can, do nhiet o co anh hng en o

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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nht cua chat long va do o co lien quan en lc can cua qua trnh lang cac hat can trong nc thai.
1.3.4. o mau (Pt-Co)

Mau cua nc thai la do cac chat thai sinh hoat, cong nghiep, thuoc nhuom hoac do cac san pham c tao ra t cac qua trnh phan huy cac chat hu c. Trang thai ton ong cua nc thai c anh gia qua mau sac (va ca mui na). V du, nc thai ban au (mi) thng co mau hi xam nhat, nhng theo thi gian, do qua trnh k kh phat trien va mau cua nc thai cung thay oi t hi xam nhat en xam am hn va sau o thanh mau en.
1.3.5. o uc (NTU)

o uc cua nc thai la do cac chat l lng va cac chat dang keo cha trong nc thai tao nen. Gia o uc va ham lng chat l lng trong nc thai ban au (cha x ly) th cha co moi quan he ang ke nao, tuy nhien moi quan he nay the hien ro nc sau khi ra khoi be lang t 2 va c tnh bang cong thc: Chat l lng, SS (mg/l) = (2,3 2,4) o uc (NTU)
1.3.6. pH

pH la ch tieu ac trng cho tnh axit hoac tnh baz cua nc va c tnh bang nong o cua ion hydro (pH = lg[H+]). pH la ch tieu quan trong nhat trong qua trnh sinh hoa bi toc o cua qua trnh nay phu thuoc ang ke vao s thay oi cua pH. Trong nc thai sinh hoat, pH dao ong trong khoang 6,9 7,8. Cac cong trnh x ly sinh hoc hoat ong tot vi pH = 6,5 8,5. Nc thai cua mot so loai cong nghiep (hoa chat, cao su) can thc hien trung hoa.

14 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

1.3.7. Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc - NOH (COD)

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NOH (COD) la lng oxy cua so lng tong cong cac chat hu c co trong nc thai va c xac nh bang phng phap bicromat trong moi trng axit sunfuric co them chat suc tac - Sunfat bac.
1.3.8. Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa - NOS (BOD)

NOS (BOD) la ng lng oxy ve mc o o nhiem nc thai bi cac chat hu c co the oxy hoa sinh hoa. NOS xac nh lng oxy can thiet cho cac hoat ong cua vi sinh vat tham gia trong qua trnh loai bo cac chat hu c dang hoa tan, dang keo va 1 phan dang l lng. Trong nc thai sinh hoat, thong thng NOS = 68% NOH, con trong nc thai cong nghiep th quan he gia NOS va NOH rat khac nhau tuy theo tng loai hnh cong nghiep cu the.
1.3.9. Nit

Nit co trong nc thai dang cac lien ket hu c va vo c. Trong nc thai sinh hoat, phan ln cac lien ket hu c la cac chat co nguon goc protit, thc pham d tha. Con nit trong cac lien ket vo c gom cac dang kh NH4+, NH3 va dang oxy hoa: NO2- va NO3-. Tuy nhien trong nc thai cha x ly, v nguyen tac la khong co NO2- va NO3-.
1.3.10. Chat hoat tnh be mat (HTBM)

Cac chat hoat tnh be mat la nhng chat hu c gom 2 phan: k nc va a nc tao nen s hoa tan cua cac chat o trong dau va trong nc. Nguon tao ra cac chat hoat tnh be mat la do viec s dung cac chat tay ra trong sinh hoat va trong cong nghiep. S co mat cua cac chat hoat tnh be mat trong nc thai co anh hng en tat ca cac giai oan x ly. Cac chat nay lam xau i qua trnh lang cua cac hat l lng, tao nen nhieu bot trong cac cong trnh x ly, kiem ham cac qua trnh x ly sinh hoc.

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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1.3.11.

Oxy hoa tan

Oxy hoa tan (DO) la mot trong nhng ch tieu quan trong trong qua trnh x ly sinh hoc hieu kh. Lng oxy hoa tan trong nc thai ban au dan vao tram x ly thng bang khong hoac rat nho. Trong khi o, trong cac cong trnh x ly sinh hoc hieu kh th lng oxy hoa tan can khong nho hn 2 mg/l. Trong nc thai sau x ly, lng oxy hoa tan khong c nho hn 4 mg/l oi vi nguon nc dung e cap nc (loai A) va khong nho hn 6 mg/l oi vi nguon nc dung e nuoi ca.
1.3.12. Kim loai nang va cac chat oc hai

Kim loai nang trong nc thai co anh hng ang ke en cac qua trnh x ly, nhat la x ly sinh hoc. Cac kim loai nang oc hai gom: sat, niken, ong, ch, coban, crom, thuy ngan. Ngoai ra, co mot nguyen to oc hai khac khong phai kim loai nang: xianua, stibi (Sb), bo,... Kim loai nang co trong nc thai cong nghiep che tao may, ien t va mot so dang cong nghiep khac. Trong nc thai chung ton tai di dang ion va trong cac lien ket vi cac chat hu c va vo c. Moi ch tieu ve chat lng nc thai c gii thieu tren khong nhng co y ngha rieng ma trong nhng trng hp cu the chung con co lien quan vi nhieu ch tieu khac. Thong thng e anh gia thanh phan va tnh chat cua nc thai can xet nghiem ay u cac ch tieu. Nhng cung co the ch chon la mot so ch tieu quan trong nhat e xet nghiem phuc vu cho anh gia s bo mc o o nhiem cua nc thai. Hai ch tieu quan trong nhat o la: chat ran l lng va NOS: Nc thai o nhiem nhe khi SS va NOS < 100 mg/l; Nc thai o nhiem trung bnh khi SS va NOS = 100 500 mg/l; Nc thai o nhiem nang khi SS va NOS > 500 mg/l.

Lng chat hu c khong kha nang oxy hoa sinh hoa co the anh gia bang hieu so: NOH - NOS, con t so NOS/NOH ac trng cho kha nang oxy hoa sinh hoa cac

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chat hu c trong nc thai. oi vi nc thai sinh hoat NOS/NOH 0,68; con oi vi nc thai cong nghiep, t le nay dao ong kha rong nhng thng thap hn so vi nc thai sinh hoat. Khi tnh en nhu cau chat dinh dng (N, P) cho qua trnh x ly sinh hoc, t le NOS : N : P phai la 100 : 5 : 1.
1.4. BAO VE NGUON NC NHIEM DO NC THAI MAT KHOI S O

Nguon nc mat la song ho, kinh rach, suoi, bien... ni tiep nhan nc thai t khu dan c, o th, khu cong nghiep hay cac x nghiep cong nghiep. Mot so nguon nc trong so o la nguon nc ngot qu gia, song con cua at nc, neu e b o nhiem do nc thai, th chung ta phai tra gia rat ac va hau qua khong lng het. V vay nguon nc phai c bao ve khoi s o nhiem do nc thai. O nhiem nguon nc mat chu yeu la do tat ca cac dang nc thai cha x ly xa vao nguon nc lam thay oi cac tnh chat hoa ly va sinh hoc cua nguon nc. S co mat cac chat oc hai trong nc thai xa vao nguon nc se lam va v can bang sinh hoc t nhien cua nguon nc va km ham qua trnh t lam sach cua nguon nc. Kha nang t lam sach cua nguon nc phu thuoc vao cac ieu kien xao tron va pha loang cua nc thai vi nc nguon (co the tm hieu chi tiet hn chng 3). S co mat cua cac vi sinh vat trong o cac vi khuan gay benh e doa tnh an toan ve sinh nguon nc. Bien phap c coi la co hieu qua nhat e bao ve nguon nc mat la: Han che so lng nc thai xa vao nguon nc; Giam thieu nong o o nhiem trong nc thai theo qui nh bang cach ap dung cong nghe x ly phu hp u tieu chuan xa ra nguon nc. Ngoai ra viec nghien cu ap dung cong nghe s dung lai nc thai trong chu trnh kn co y ngha ac biet quan trong.

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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1.5.

IEU KIEN XA NC THAI VAO NGUON TIEP NHAN

Trong ieu kien Viet Nam, nguon tiep nhan nc thai sinh hoat hay nc thai cong nghiep gom chu yeu la cac nguon nc mat (song, ho, ao, suoi, bien ven b) va c phan chia thanh 2 loai: nguon loai A va nguon loai B. Ngoai ra nguon tiep nhan nc thai, nhat la nc thai cong nghiep, con co the la mang li thoat nc o th. Yeu cau chung ve thanh phan va tnh chat cua nc nguon nc mat (song, ho,...): Khi xa nc thai vao phai theo cac quy nh phu luc A Nguyen tac ve sinh khi xa nc thai vao song ho Tieu chuan Xay dng Mang li thoat nc ben ngoai va cong trnh TCXD-51-84 (Bang 1-4 va 1-5).

18 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

Bang 1-4. Yeu cau ve nong o cho phep cua cac thong so khi xa nc thai vao song, ho

trnh

(Requement of allowable concentration of pollutants in surface water into which wastewater is dischanged) Ch tieu cua nc thai Tnh chat song, ho loai I sau khi xa nc thai vao Trong pham vi Tnh chat song, ho loai II, sau khi xa nc thai vao 6,5 - 8,5

pH Mau, mui, v Ham lng chat l lng Ham lng chat hu c

Khong mau, mui v Cho phep tang ham lng chat l lng trong song, ho. 0,75 1,00 mg/l 1,50 2,000 mg/l Nc thai sau khi hoa tron vi nc song, ho khong c nang ham lng chat hu c len qua: 5 mg/l 7 mg/l Nc thai sau khi hoa tron vi nc song, ho khong lam giam lng oxy hoa tan di 4 mg/l (tnh theo lng oxy trung bnh trong ngay vao mua he). Nc thai khi hoa tron vi nc song, ho NOS5 trong nc song ho khong c vc qua: 4 mg/l 8 10 mg/l Cam xa nc thai vao song, ho neu nc thai cha qua x ly va kh trung triet e.

Lng tan

oxy

hoa

Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa NOS5

Vi trung gay benh (nc thai sinh hoat cua o th, nc thai cac benh vien, nha may da, nha may len, da, lo sat sinh ...) Tap chat noi tren mat nc.

Nc thai sau khi xa vao song, ho khong c cha dau mo, bot xa phong va cac chat noi khac bao tren mat nc tng mang dau ln hoac tng mang bot ln.

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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Chat oc hai

Cam thai vao song, ho cac loai nc thai con cha nhng chat oc kim loai hay hu c, ma sau khi hoa tron vi nc song, ho gay oc hai trc tiep hay gian tiep ti ngi, ong thc vat, thuy sinh trong nguon nc va hai ben b - Nong o gii han cho phep cua chat oc hai c qui nh bang 1.5.

Bang 1-5. Nong o gii han cho phep cua cac chat oc hai Ten cac chat Nong o gii han cho phep (mg/l) xa vao: Song, ho dung Song, ho cho sinh hoat dung e nuoi ca 0,10 0,10 0,05 0,05 3,00 0,01 5,00 0,01 0,10 0,01 0,50 0,50 0,10 0,01 0,01 0,005 0,01 0,05 30,00 50,00 0,001 0,001 0,05 0,1 0,3

1. Ch (Pb) 2. Thach tn (As) 3. ong (Cu) 4. Kem (Zn) 5. Ken (Ni) 6. Crom hoa tr 3 7. Crom hoa tr 6 8. Cadmi (Cd) 9. Xianua 10.Manhe (Mg) 11.Phenol 12.Dau mo va san pham dau mo
Ghi chu:

Nguon loai A: Song, ho dung lam nguon nc cho an uong sinh hoat cua nhan dan nhng phai qua x ly; Nguon loai B: Song, ho dung cho muc ch khac (dung ke tam giat bi loi, du lch, ngh ngi...).

Tieu chuan chat lng nc mat (Tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 5942 - 1915) c gii thieu bang 1-6. Tieu chuan chat lng nc bien ven b c gii thieu bang 1-7, quy nh gii han cac thong so va

20 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

trnh

nong o cho phep cua cac chat o nhiem trong nc bien ven b ong thi ap dung e anh gia chat lng cua chung. Tieu chuan xa nc thai cong nghiep (TCVN - 1995) c gii thieu bang 1-8, quy nh gia tr gii han cac thong so va nong o cac chat trong nc thai cua cac c s cong nghiep, ong thi s dung e kiem soat chat lng nc thai cong nghiep khi xa vao nguon nc.

Bang 1-6. Gia tr gii han cho phep cua cac thong so va nong o cac chat o nhiem trong nc mat
ST T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Thong so (Parameter and Substance) pH BOD5 (20oC) COD Oxy hoa tan Chat ran l lng Asen Bari Cadmi Ch Crom (VI) Crom (III) ong Kem Mangan Niken Sat Thuy ngan Thiec Amoniac (tnh theo N) Florua Nitrat (tnh theo N) Nitrit (tnh theo N) Xianua Phenola (tong so) n v o (Unit) mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Gia tr gii han (Limitation value) A B 6 8,5 <4 < 10 6 20 0,05 1 0,01 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,1 1 0,1 0,1 1 0,001 1 0,005 1 10 0,01 0,01 0,001 5,5 9 < 25 < 35 2 80 0,1 4 0,02 0,1 0,05 1 1 2 0,8 1 2 0,002 2 1 1,5 15 0,05 0,05 0,02

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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0,3 0,5 10000 0,15 0,0,01 0,1 1,0

25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Dau, m Chat tay ra Coliform Tong hoa chat bao ve thc vat (tr DDT) DDT Tong hoat o phong xa Tong hoat o phong xa

mg/l mg/l MPN/100 ml mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

khong 0,5 5000 0,15 0,01 0,1 1,0

22 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

Bang 1-7. Tieu chuan chat lng nc bien ven b (TCVN 5943 - 1995)
TT Thong so n v Gia tr gii han Bai Nuoi Cac tam thuy ni san khac 30 khong kho chu 6,5 6,5 8,5 6,5 8,5 8,5 5 4 4 < 10 < 20 50 <20 25 0,01 200 0,05 0,5 0,05 0,1 0,005 0,5 0,005 0,05 0,01 0,1 0,05 0,1 0,005 0,1 0,05 0,1 0,01 0,2 0,01 0,02 1,5 0,02 1,5 0,01 1,5 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,005 0,3 0,005 0,005 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,001 0,02 0,001 khong 0,002 khong 1 0,3 2 0,01 5 0,05 0,05 1000 1000 1000

trnh

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Nhiet o Mui pH Oxy hoa tan (DO) BOD5 (20oC) Chat ran l lng Asen Amoniac (tnh theo N) Cadmi Ch Crom (VI) Crom (III) Clo ong Florua Kem Mangan Sat Thuy ngan Sulfua Xianua Phenol tong so Vang dau m Nhu dau m Tong hoa chat bao ve thc vat Coliform

C -

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100 ml

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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Bang 1-8. Nc thai cong nghiep Gia tr gii han cac thong so va nong o chat o nhiem
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Thong so Nhiet o pH BOD5 (20oC) COD Chat ran l lng Asen Cadmi Ch mg/l Clo d Crom (VI) Crom (III) Dau m khoang Dau ong thc vat ong Kem Mangan Niken Photpho hu c Photpho tong so Sat Tetracloetylen Thiec Thuy ngan Tong nit Tricloetylen Amoniac (tnh theo N) Florua Phenola Sulfua Xianua Coliform Tong hoat o phong xa Tong hoat o phong xa n v C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100 ml Bg/l Bq/l
o

Gia tr gii han A B C 40 40 45 69 5,5 9 59 20 50 100 50 100 400 50 100 200 0,05 0,1 0,5 0,01 0,02 0,5 0,1 0,5 1 1 2 2 0,05 0,1 0,5 0,2 1 2 KPH 1 5 5 10 30 0,2 1 5 1 2 5 0,2 1 5 0,2 1 2 0,2 0,5 1 4 6 8 1 5 10 0,02 0,1 0,1 0,2 1 5 0,005 0,005 0,01 30 60 60 0,005 0,3 0,3 0,1 1 10 1 2 5 0,001 0,05 1 0,2 0,5 1 0,05 0,1 0,2 5000 1000 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,0 -

Ghi chu: KPH - Khong phat hien c

24 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

1.6.

trnh

CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI VA X LY CAN

e x ly nc thai thng ng dung cac phng phap x ly nh sau: c hoc (vat ly), hoa - ly va sinh hoc. Ngoai ra, neu viec xa nc thai vao nguon nc vi yeu cau x ly mc o cao th trong trng hp nay, tien hanh bc x ly bo sung sau khi a x ly sinh hoc. Trong qua trnh x ly nc thai cac cong trnh x ly khac nhau co tao ra mot lng ln cac loai can: rac song chan rac, cat be lang cat, can ti be lang t 1, bun hoat tnh d be lang t 2, can be tiep xuc... Cac loai nay can phai c x ly thch ang e khong gay anh hng xau en moi trng.
1.6.1. X ly nc thai bang phng phap c hoc

X ly c hoc la nham loai bo cac tap chat khong hoa tan cha trong nc thai va c thc hien cac cong trnh x ly: song chan rac, be lang cat, be lang, be loc cac loai. Song chan rac, li chan rac lam nghiem vu gi lai cac chat ban kch thc ln co nguon goc hu c. Be lang cat c thiet ke trong cong nghe x ly nc thai nham e loai bo cac tap chat vo c chu yeu la cat cha trong nc thai. Be lang lam nhiem vu gi lai cac tap chat lang va cac tap chat noi cha trong nc thai. e x ly nc thai cua 1 vai dang cong nghiep, s dung 1 so cong trnh ac biet nh: be vt m, be vt dau, be vt nha... va e loai bo cac tap chat nho khong hoa tan cha trong nc thai cong nghiep cung nh khi can x ly mc o cao (x ly bo sung) co the ng dung cac be loc, loc cat...

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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Giai oan x ly c hoc nc thai cong nghiep thong thng co be hoa e ieu hoa ve lu lng va nong o ban cua nc thai. Ve nguyen tac, x ly c hoc la giai oan x ly s bo trc khi x ly tiep theo.
1.6.2. X ly nc thai bang phng phap hoa - ly

Phng phap hoa - ly chu yeu c ng dung e x ly nc thai cong nghiep. Cac phng phap x ly hoa - ly gom: x ly bang hoa chat (keo tu bang phen nhom, phen sat, voi,...), tuyen noi v.v
1.6.3. X ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc

C s cua phng phap x ly sinh hoc nc thai la da vao kha nang oxy hoa cac lien ket hu c dang hoa tan va khong hoa tan cua vi sinh vat. Chung s dung cac lien ket o nh la nguon thc an cua chung. Cac cong trnh x ly sinh hoc trong ieu kien t nhien gom co: Ho sinh vat; He thong x ly bang thc vat nc noi (luc bnh, lau, say, rong-tao,...); at ngap nc.

Cac cong trnh x ly sinh hoc trong ieu kien nhan tao gom co: Be loc sinh hoc cac loai; Qua trnh bun hoat tnh (aroten); Trong sinh hoc quay (RBC); Ho sinh hoc thoi kh; Mng oxy hoa,...

26 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

1.6.4. X ly nc thai mc o cao (x ly bo sung)

trnh

X ly nc thai mc o cao c ng dung trong cac trng hp yeu cau giam thap nong o ban (theo chat l lng, NOS, NOH, Nit, Photpho va cac chat khac...) sau khi a x ly sinh hoc trc khi xa vao nguon nc. Can lu y rang, nc thai sau x ly mc o cao co the ng dung lai trong cac qua trnh cong nghe cua nha may va do o giam c lng nc thai xa vao nguon, giam nhu cau s dung nc cho san xuat. e loai bo mc o cao cac chat l lng, thng ng dung cac be loc cau truc khac nhau, tuyen noi dang bot; e loai bo cac tap chat kho oxy hoa co the s dung phng phap keo tu va hap phu; Kh nit va photpho trong nc thai c tien hanh trong nhng trng hp khi xa nc thai vao nguon nc co kha nang gay ra hien tng phu dng. S phu dng nc la mot van e ac biet quan trong oi vi nguon nc s dung cho an uong sinh hoat. Chung tao ieu kien thuan li cho cac loai tao oc luc-xanh gay nguy hiem cho con ngi va ong vat; e loai bo nit trong nc thai sau khi x ly sinh hoc di dang NO2-, NO3- va cac muoi amonia thng s dung cac phng phap hoa - ly (trao oi ion, hap phu bang than hoat tnh sau khi thc hien clorua hoa s bo, tham thau ngc...) hoac phng phap sinh hoc (qua trnh nitrat hoa va kh nitrat); e loai cac lien ket photpho ra khoi nc thai thng ap dung phng phap hoa hoc (dung voi, sunfat nhom, sunfat sat).

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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1.6.5.

Kh trung nc thai

Kh trung nc thai la giai oan cuoi cung cua cong nghe x ly nc thai nham loai bo vi trung va rirus gay benh cha trong nc thai trc khi xa nguon nc. e kh trung nc thai co the dung clo va cac hp chat cha Clo. Co the tien hanh kh trung bang ozon, tia hong ngoai, ion bac... nhng can phai can nhac ky ve mat kinh te.
1.6.6. X ly can cua nc thai

Nhiem vu cua x ly can (can c tao nen trong qua trnh x ly nc thai) la: Lam giam the tch va o am cua can; On nh can; Kh trung va s dung can.

Rac (gom cac tap chat khong hoa tan kch thc ln: can ba thc vat, giay, gie lau...) c gi lai song chan rac co the ch en bai rac (neu lng rac khong ln) hay nghien rac va sau o dan en be metan e tiep tuc x ly. Cat t cac be lang c dan en san phi cat e lam rao nc va ch i s dung vao muc ch khac. Can ti t be lang cat t I c dan en be metan e x ly. Mot phan bun hoat tnh (vi sinh vat l lng) t be lang t II c dan tr lai aeroten e tiep tuc tham gia qua trnh x ly (goi la bun hoat tnh tuan hoan), phan con lai (goi la bun hoat tnh d) c dan en be nen bun e lam giam o am va the tch, sau o c dan vao be metan e tiep tuc x ly. oi vi cac tram x ly s dung be biophin th be lang t II se lang cac mang vi sinh vat (vi sinh vat dnh bam) c dan trc tiep en be metan.

28 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

trnh

Can ra khoi be metan co o am 96 97%. e giam the tch can va lam rao nc co the ng dung cac cong trnh x ly trong ieu kien t nhien nh: san phi bun, ho cha bun, hoac trong ieu kien nhan tao: thiet b loc chan khong, thiet b loc ep, thiet b li tam can...). o am cua can sau x ly at 55 75%. e tiep tuc lam giam the tch can co the thc hien say bang nhiet vi nhieu dang khac nhau: Thiet b say dang trong, dang kh nen, bang tai,... Sau khi say, o am con 25 30% va can dang hat de dang van chuyen. oi vi cac tram x ly nc thai cong suat nho, viec x ly can co the tien hanh n gian hn: nen va sau o lam rao nc san phi can tren nen cat. Hieu suat x ly cua cac phng phap x ly nc thai co the tham khao bang 1-9.

Chng 1 - Mot so khai niem va thong so c ban

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Bang 1-9. Hieu suat x ly cua cac phng phap x ly nc thai khac nhau
Phng phap x ly X ly c hoc Muc ch Kh chat l lng Kh NOS5 Kh Nit X ly sinh hoc Ket tua hoa hoc Al(SO 4)3 hoac FeCl3 Kh NOS5 Kh Nit Kh photpho Kh kim loai nang Kh NOS5 Kh nit Loc nho giot Amoniac Nitrat hoa Hap thu bang than hoat tnh Trao oi ion Kh amoniac Amoniac b thanh nitrat Kh NOH (COD) Kh NOS5 Kh NOS5 Kh photpho Kh nit Kh kim loai nang Oxy hoa (Cl2) hoa hoc Oxy hoa cac chat oc hai: CN-, N2 oxy hoa Hieu suat x ly 0,75 - 0,90 0,20 - 0,35 0,10 - 0,25 0,70 - 0,95 0,10 - 0,25 0,65 - 0,95 0,40 - 0,80 0,50 - 0,65 0,10 - 0,60 0,70 - 0,95 0,80 - 0,95 0,40 - 0,95 0,40 - 0,70 0,20 - 0,40 0,80 - 0,95 0,80 - 0,95 0,90 - 0,95 0,50 - 0,98

Nguon : c quan bao ve moi trng Hoa ky (EPA) 1988.

30 X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong

trnh

1.1. NC THAI SINH HOAT VA NC THAI CONG NGHIEP...............1 1.1.1. Nc thai sinh hoat........................................................................2 1.1.2. Nc thai cong nghiep.................................................................2 1.2. THANH PHAN VA AC TNH CUA NC THAI..............................4 1.3. CAC CH TIEU C BAN VE CHAT LNG NC THAI..............11 1.3.1. Chat ran tong cong....................................................................11 1.3.2. Mui..................................................................................................12 1.3.3. Nhiet o (oC).................................................................................12 1.3.4. o mau (Pt-Co).............................................................................13 1.3.5. o uc (NTU).................................................................................13 1.3.6. pH......................................................................................................13 1.3.7. Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc - NOH (COD).............................................14 1.3.8. Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa - NOS (BOD)..............................................14 1.3.9. Nit....................................................................................................14 1.3.10. Chat hoat tnh be mat (HTBM).................................................14 1.3.11. Oxy hoa tan...................................................................................15 1.3.12. Kim loai nang va cac chat oc hai......................................15 1.4. BAO VE NGUON NC MAT KHOI S O NHIEM DO NC THAI...........................................................................................................16 1.5. IEU KIEN XA NC THAI VAO NGUON TIEP NHAN..............17 1.6. CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI VA X LY CAN.......24 1.6.1. X ly nc thai bang phng phap c hoc............................24 1.6.2. X ly nc thai bang phng phap hoa - ly.......................25 1.6.3. X ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc.........................25 1.6.4. X ly nc thai mc o cao (x ly bo sung).....................26 1.6.5. Kh trung nc thai...................................................................27 1.6.6. X ly can cua nc thai..........................................................27