Chng 2 : T chc CPU

Mc tiu : Nm c chc nng ca CPU Hiu c cc thnh phn bn trong CPU. Nm c cch CPU giao tip vi thit b ngoi vi. Bit c cc c tnh ca CPU h Intel

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

2.1 Gii thiu h thng s 2.2 B x l trung tm CPU 2.3 H thng Bus 2.4 B thanh ghi 2.5 C ch nh v a ch 2.6 Cc c tnh thit k lin quan n hiu sut CPU h Intel 2.7 Cc c trng ca CPU h Intel 2.8 Cu hi n tp
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 2

2.1 H thng s
H m C s s k s 2 8 10 16 dng k s v k t biu din s

nh phn
bt phn thp phn thp lc phn

2
8 10 16

0 1

Ex : 1010b
Ex : 24o

01234567

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ex : 12d 0123456789ABCDEF Ex : 3F8h

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 3

H thng s
H thng s l g ?
Vo thI im , vic dng cc que m l 1 tng v i!! Cn vic dng cc k hiu thay cho cc que m cn v i hn!!!! Mt trong cc cch biu din 1 s hin nay l s dng h thng s m decimal. C nhiu cch biu din 1 gi tr s. Ngy xa, con ngidng cc que m sau hc v cc hnh trn mtt v trn giy. th d s 5 ln u c biu din bng | | | | | (bng 5 que). Sau ch s La M bt u dng cc k hiu khc nhau biu din nhiu s gn hn. Th d s 3 vn biu din bI 3 que | | | nhng s 5 th c thay bng V cn s 10 th thay bng X.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

H thng s
S dng que m l 1 ngha v I thi im ny.V vic dng cc k hiu thay cho cc que m cng v i hn!!!.

Mt trong nhng cch tt nht hin nay l dng h thng s thp phn (decimal system).

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

Decimal System

Con ngi ngy nay dng h 10 m.Trong h 10 c 10 digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Nhng k s ny c th biu din bt k 1 gi tr no, th d : 754

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

V tr ca tng k s rt quan trng, th d nu ta t "7" cui th: 547 n s l 1 gi tr khc :

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

Binary System

MT khng thng minh nh con ngI,n dng trng thi ca in t :

on and off, or 1 and 0. MT dng binary system, binary system c 2 digits: 0, 1 Nh vy c s (base) l 2.

Mi k s (digit) trong h binary number c gi l BIT, 4 bits nhm thnh 1 NIBBLE, 8 bits to thnh 1 BYTE, 2 bytes to thnh 1 WORD, 2 words to thnh 1 DOUBLE WORD (t dng):

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

Hexadecimal System
Hexadecimal System
Hexadecimal System dng 16 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

do c s (base) l 16.
Hexadecimal numbers are compact and easy to read. Ta d dng bin I cc s t binary system sang hexadecimal system and v ngc li, mi nibble (4 bits) c th bin thnh 1 hexadecimal digit : Ex : 1234h = 4660d

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

Cc php ton trong h nh phn

cng : 0+0=0 tr 0+1=1 1+ 0 = 1 1 + 1 = 0 nh 1 : 0- 0=0 0 - 1 = 1 mn 1 1 0 = 1 1- 1=0

Nhn : c th coi l php cng lin tip Chia : c th coi l php tr lin tip

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

10

Cc php ton trong h nh phn

Bng php tnh Logic cho cc s nh phn

A and B

A or B

A xor B

Not A

0
0 1

0
1 0

0
0 0

0
1 1

0
1 1

1
1 0

1
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

0
11

Chuyn h t 10 he 2
oi t he 10 he 2 : Ex : 12d = 1100b Cach oi : lay so can oi chia lien tiep cho 2, dng khi so b chia bang 0. Ket qua la cac so d lay theo chieu ngc lai. 12 : 2 = 6 0 6:2=3 0 3:2 =1 1 1 : 2 = 0 dng 1
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 12

Chuyn h t he 2 he 10
oi t he 2 he 10 : Ex : 1100b = ?d

Cach oi :

ai*2i vi i 0...n

a la ky so cua so can oi. 1*23+1*22+0*21+0*20 = 12d

a
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 13

Chuyn h t he 10 he 16
oi t he 10 he 16 : Ex : 253d = ?h

Cach oi : lay so can oi chia lien tiep cho 16, dng khi so b chia = 0. Ket qua
la chuoi so d lay theo chieu ngc lai.

253d = FDh

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

14

Chuyn h t he 2 he 16
oi t he 2 he 16 : Ex : 101011010b = ?h

Cach oi : nhom 4 ch so nh phan thanh tng nhom, roi chuyen oi tng

nhom sang so he thap luc phan.

000101011010d = 15Ah 1 5 A

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

15

2.2 B x l trung tm CPU

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

16

2.2 B x l trung tm CPU

CPU (Central Processing Unit) B x l trung tm

Chc nng : thc hin chng trnh lu trong b nh chnh bng cach ly lnh ra - kho sat thc hin ln lt cac lnh.
Moi CPU co 1 tap lenh rieng. Chng trnh c thc thi CPU nao se ch gom cac lenh trong tap lenh cua CPU o. CPU gm 1 s b phn tch bit : B iu khin ly lnh ra t b nh v xc nh kiu lnh.

B lun l v s hc (ALU) thc hin php ton nh cng, and.

Cc thanh ghi (Registers) : lu kt qu tm thi v cc thng tin iu khin.CPU giao tip vi cc b phn khc trong my tnh thng qua cc tuyn gi l Bus
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 17

CPU (cont)

Cac nha che tao CPU qui nh toc o thc hien cua tng chip phu hp vi nhp tim cua chip o (clock speed) toc o ong ho, nhp ong ho. n v o toc o cua chip CPU la Mhz cho biet chip ap bao nhieu nhp trong 1 s. Ex : CPU 500Mhz.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

18

c, phn tch lnh , ra lnh cho cc n v chc nng thc hin

S khi
CPU

Control Unit ALU

Registers

Main Memory
C 2 tc v : c /Ghi 2 loi d liu: 1) Data : s liu u vo, kt qu, d liu trung gian 2) Chng trnh

Php ton: s hc, lun l, so snh, dch, quay,x l bit

n v giao tip IO Card

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

IO Device

19

Chu ky lenh
Mot chu ky thc hien lenh may gom 3 giai oan chnh sau :
1. 2. 3.

Chu ky lenh c xay dng t nhng n v c ban la chu ky may.

Lay lenh : lenh cat o nh se c lay vao thanh ghi lenh. Giai ma va thc hien lenh : lenh trong thanh ghi lenh se c giai ma va thc hien theo mo ta cua lenh trong tap lenh. Xac nh a ch cua lenh tiep theo : trong khi lenh c thc hien, gia tr cua bo em chng trnh se t ong tang len ch en o nh cha lenh se c thc hien tiep theo.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

20

Chu ky may
Chu ky may la chu ky cua 1 hoat ong c ban cua may tnh nh : Chu ky oc bo nh Chu ky ghi bo nh Chu ky oc toan hang Chu ky ghi ket qua Clock : xung lam nhiem vu nh th cho mach tuan t.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

21

Thc hien lenh

CPU thc hien lenh tuan t theo chuoi cac bc :

Lay lenh ke t bo nh. thanh ghi lenh. Thay oi PC e ch en lenh ke tiep. Xac nh kieu lenh va lay ra. Xac nh kieu d lieu va yeu cau va xac nh v tr d lieu trong bo nh. Neu lenh can d lieu trong bo nh, nap no vao thanh ghi cua CPU
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 22

Thc hien lenh (cont)

Thc hien lenh.. Lu ket qua ni thch hp. .

Tr v bc 1 e thc hien lenh ke.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

23

S phn phi thi gian cho 2 qu trnh ly lnh v thi hnh lnh ca CPU thng v CPU ng ng

Ly lnh Thi hnh lnh Ly lnh Thi hnh lnh

LNH 1

LNH 2

LNH 3

LNH 1

LNH 2

LNH 3

CPU thng
LNH 1 LNH 2 LNH 3 Thi gian tit kim c LNH 1 LNH 2 LNH 3

CPU dng c cu ng ng (piple line)

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

24

He a bo x ly (MultiProccessor)
CPU CPU CPU
Shared memory

CPU

Bus
He MultiProccessor s dung 1 ng Bus

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

25

He a bo x ly (MultiProccessor)
Local Memory

CPU

CPU

CPU

CPU

Shared memory

Bus
He MultiProccessor s dung nhieu bo nh cuc bo
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 26

Bus
Bus l cc ng truyn. Thng tin s c chuyn qua li gia cc thnh phn linh kin thng qua mng li gi l cc Bus.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

27

2.3 H thng Bus

Cc thit b ngoi vi kt ni vi h thng nh cc khe cm m rng (expansion slot). Bus h thng (Bus system) s kt ni tt c cc thnh phn li vi nhau. C 3 loi bus :bus d liu (data bus), bus a ch (address bus) v bus iu khin (control bus).
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 28

Cc loi Bus
Address Bus : nhm ng truyn nhn din v tr truy xut trong thit b ch : thng tin c c t u hoc ghi vo u. Data Bus : nhm ng truyn ti data thc s gia cc thit b h thng do a ch trn address bus xc nh. rng ca data bus (s ng dy dn) xc nh data trong mi ln truyn l bao nhiu.
Control Bus : nhm ng truyn cho cc tn hiu iu khin nh : tc v l c hay ghi, tc v thc thi trn b nh hay trn thit b ngoi vi, nhn dng chu k bus v khi no th hon tt tc v Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

29

Minh ha h thng Bus

Address bus

CPU
Control

Memory
Data bus bus

IO devices
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 30

A Typical Output Port

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

31

An Input and an Output Device That Share

the Same Address (a Dual I/O Port)

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

32

Connection of the PCI and ISA Busses in a Typical PC

Industry
Standard Architecture

Peripheral

Component Interconnect

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

33

PCI local bus n. Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect local bus. A specification introduced by Intel Corporation that defines a local bus system that allows up to 10 PCI-compliant expansion cards to be installed in the computer. A PCI local bus system requires the presence of a PCI controller card, which must be installed in one of the PCI-compliant slots. Optionally, an expansion bus controller for the systems ISA, EISA, or Micro Channel Architecture slots can be installed as well, providing increased synchronization over all the systems bus-installed resources. The PCI controller can exchange data with the systems CPU either 32 bits or 64 bits at a time, depending on the implementation, and it allows intelligent, PCI-compliant adapters to perform tasks concurrently with the CPU using a technique called bus mastering. The PCI specification allows for multiplexing, a technique that permits more than one electrical signal to be present on the bus at one time.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

34

Bus PCI
PCI chun nI ghp cc thit b ngai vi vi b VXL tc cao ca Intel nh 486/Pentium
Tc ti a 33MHz

Data bus 32 bits v 64 bits

H tr cho 10 thit b ngoi vi Plug and Play

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

35

Plug and Play

1.C BIOS trn mainboard v Card b sung u khng phI l Plug and Play. 2. BIOS trn mainboard Plug and Play nhng Card b sung th khng phn mm ci t s gip sp xp a ch I/O, IRQ v cc knh DMA.

3. BIOS trn mainboard v Card b sung l Plug and Play cu hnh t ng thc hin mi cng vic.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

36

AGP Bus Interface

Accelerated

Graphic
Port

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

37

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

Acronym for Accelerated Graphics Port. A high-performance bus specification designed for fast, high-quality display of 3-D and video images. Developed by Intel Corporation, AGP uses a dedicated point-to-point connection between the graphics controller and main system memory. This connection enables AGP-capable display adapters and compatible chip sets to transfer video data directly between system memory and adapter memory, to display images more quickly and smoothly than they can be displayed when the information must be transferred over the systems primary (PCI) bus. AGP also allows for storing complex image elements such as texture maps in system memory and thus reduces the need for large amounts of memory on the adapter itself. AGP runs at 66 MHz twice as fast as the PCI busand can support data transfer speeds of up to 533 Mbps..
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 38

 rng Bus
rng bus chnh l s ng dy dn hp thnh bus. Vi address bus : trn mi ng dy ch c th c 1 trong 2 trng thi 0 hoc 1 nn bus c rng n th c th nhn bit c 2n a ch. Vi data bus : c thit k theo nguyn tc l bi ca 8 (8,16,32,64 bit) nh th mi ln truyn 1 byte/2 bytes/4 bytes ty theo my. B rng Data bus cng ln th data truyn cng nhanh.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 39

Bus PC/XT c khe cm 62 chn bao gm : Data bus D0-D7 Adrress Bus A0-A19 Cc tn hiu iu khin . Bus PC/AT : bus XT + 36 chn na lm vic vI data bus 16 bit, bus a ch 24 bit. 36 chn b sung c dng lm cc ng d liu D8-D15, cc ng a ch A21-A23, D0-D7 : l bus d liu 8 bit, 2 chiu ni gia b VXL vi b nh, I/O.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 40

Nhc im ca Bus ISA

Data bus b hn ch 16 bits khng th phI hp vI data bus 32 bits ca b VXL 386/486/Pentum. Address bus a ch 24 bits gii hn kh nng truy cp b nh cc i qua khe cm m rng 16MB khng th phi hp c vi bus a ch 32 bit ca 386/486/Pentium.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

41

Chu k Bus
Mi chu k bus l 1 tc v xy ra trn bus truyn ti data. Mi ln CPU cn lnh (hoc data) t b nh hoc I/O, chng phi thc thi 1 chu k bus c c thng tin hoc ghi thng tin ra b nh hoc ra I/O. Mi chu k bus gm 2 bc : bc 1 : gi a ch

bc 2 : truyn data t a ch c nh v.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

42

4 chu k bus c bn : c b nh (memory Read) ghi b nh (memory Write)

c I/O (I/O Read)

ghi I/O (I/O Write).

Cc tn hiu cn thit thc hin cc chu k bus c sinh ra bi CPU hoc DMA Controller hoc b lm ti b nh.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

43

Chu k Bus
Mi chu k Bus i hi ti thiu trn vn 2 xung ng h h thng.
y l mc tham chiu theo thi gian ng b ho tt c cc tc v bn trong my tnh. Xung u tin gi l Address time , a ch truy xut s c gi i cng vi tn hiu xc nh loi tc v s c thc thi (c/ghi/n mem/n I/O).

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

44

Chu k Bus
Cui xung th 2, CPU s kim tra ng tn hiu Ready. Nu thit b cn truy xut sn sng p ng tc v, thit b ny s kch 1 tn hiu ln ng Ready bo cho CPU bit v chu k bus hon tt. Khi 1 thit b khng sn sng, khng c tn hiu trn ng Ready, CPU phi ch, c th phi tiu tn thm 1 hay nhiu xung clock.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

45

Chu k Bus (cont)

Data2 Add1 Data1 Add2

Ready
Chu k bus Chu ky Bus khi khong co trang thai ch

Add1

Add2 Data1 Chu ky Bus khi co trang thai ch InactiveReady Chu k bus
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

Data2

46

Chu k Bus (cont)

Ch :
Trong 1 s h thng, cho php ta Setup mt s wait states trong phn Extend Setup ca Bios. Nu ta cho gi tr ny nh th c th ngoi vi khng theo kp CPU v h thng b treo. Cn nu cho gi tr ny ln th tc chung ca h thng b chm li. Wait states mc nh l 4 cho cc v mch 8 bit v l 1 cho cc v mch 16 bit. tc truyn ti ti a : tc truyn ti = tc bus (MHz) x s bytes trong 1 ln truyn /s chu k xung clock cho mi ln truyn
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 47

2.4 H thng thanh ghi

L cc phn t c kh nng lu tr thng tin vi dung lng 8, 16 , 32, 64 bit. c xy dng t cc FlipFlop nn c tc truy xut rt nhanh.
Phn loi thanh ghi :
Thanh ghi tng qut : ch yu dng lu tr d liu trong qu trnh thc thi CT, nhng mi thanh ghi cn c 1 s chc nng ring. Thanh ghi iu khin : cc bit ca n qui nh tc v ca cc n v chc nng ca MT. Thanh ghi trng thi : lu tr thng tin m t trng thi.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 48

AX Register
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

AH AL Thanh ghi AX (Accumulator register) : thanh ghi tch lu, di 16 bit nhng n cng c th chia lm 2 thanh ghi 8 bit AH v AL
AX ngoi chc nng lu tr d liu, n cn c CPU dng trong php ton s hc nh nhn, chia.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 49

AX Register
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

AH AL Thanh ghi AH l na cao ca thanh ghi AX Thanh ghi AL l na thp ca thanh ghi AX
Th d nu AX=1234h th AH=12H AL=34h
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 50

BX Register
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

BH

BL

Thanh ghi BX (Base register) : di 16 bit nhng n cng c th chia lm 2 thanh ghi 8 bit BH v BL BX lu gi a ch ca 1 th tc hay bin, n cng c dng thc hin cc php di chuyn s hc v d liu.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 51

DX Register
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

DX DH DL

Thanh ghi DX (Data register) : di 16 bit nhng n cng c th chia lm 2 thanh ghi 8 bit DH v DL Thanh ghi DX : c vai tr c bit trong php nhn v php chia ngoi chc nng lu tr d liu.
Ex : khi nhn DX s lu gi 16 bit cao ca tch.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 52

CX Register
CX
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

CX (Counter register) : thanh ghi ny dng lm b m trong cc vng lp. Cc lnh t ng lp li v sau mi ln lp gi tr ca CX t ng gim i 1. CL thng cha s ln dch, quay trong cc lnh dch, quay thanh ghi CX di 16 bit, n cng c th chia lm 2 thanh ghi 8 bit l CH v CL
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 53

CH

CL

Cc thanh ghi Segment

CPU c 4 thanh ghi segment di 16 bit, cc thanh ghi ny khng th chia lm 2 thanh ghi 8 bit nh 4 thanh ghi AX,BX,CX v DX. Cc thanh ghi on c s dng nh l a ch c s ca cc lnh trong chng trnh, stack v d liu. 4 thanh ghi on : CS (Code Segment), DS (Data Segment), SS (Stack Segment) v ES (Extra Segment). CS : cha a ch bt u ca code trong chng trnh. DS : cha a ch ca cc bin khai bo trong chng trnh. SS : cha a ch ca b nh Stack dng trong chng trnh ES : cha a ch c s b sung cho cc bin b nh.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 54

Thanh ghi 32 bit

oi vi mot so CPU i mi, co cac thanh ghi dai 32, 64 bit. Ta ghi them E ng trc ten cac thanh ghi 16 bit... EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX ....

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

55

2.5 Thanh ghi on v s hnh thnh a ch

8088 s dng 20 bit nh a ch b nh qun l trn 1Mb b nh. Nhng 8088 li khng c thanh ghi no 20 bit, tt c l 16 bit do 1 thanh ghi ch c th nh a ch ti a l 64 kB b nh.

Nh vy phi kt hp 2 thanh ghi mi a ch ho ton b b nh. 8088 s 1 trong cc thanh ghi dng chung v 1 trong cc thanh ghi on (CS,DS,SS,ES) to thnh 1 a ch 20 bit.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 56

S PHN ON B NH
CPU 8086 dng phng php phn an b nh qun l b nh 1MB ca n.

a ch 20 bit ca b nh 1MB khng th cha trong cc thanh ghi 16 bit ca CPU 8086 b nh 1MB c chia ra thnh cc on (segment) 64KB. a ch trong cc an 64KB ch c 16 bit nn CPU 8086 d dng x l bng cc thanh ghi ca n. PHN ON B NH : l cch dng cc thanh ghi 16 bit biu din cho a ch 20 bit.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

57

2.5 a ch vt l & a ch lun l

a ch 20 bits c gi l a ch vt l. a ch vt l dng nh th no ? Dng trong thit k cc mch gii m a ch cho b nh v xut nhp.

Cn trong lp trnh , a ch vt l khng th dng c m n c thay th bng a ch lun l (logic).

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

58

a ch lun l
a ch ca 1 nh c xc nh bi 2 phn: Segment : offset a ch on Ex : B001:1234 a ch trong on ( di)

Mi a ch thnh phn l 1 s 16 bit v c vit theo cch sau :

Segment : offset

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

59

S hnh thnh a ch
Hng Intel xut 1 phng php hnh thnh a ch.
Mi a ch nh c hnh thnh t 1 php tnh tng 1 a ch c s v 1 a ch offset.

a ch c s lu trong 1 thanh ghi segemnt, cn a ch offset nm trong 1 thanh ghi ch s hay thanh ghi con tr.
Php cng ny s to 1 a ch 20 bit gi l a ch vt l.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

60

Th d minh ho hnh thnh a ch

15
a ch Offset

15
a ch segment

0
0000

19

cng
a ch vt l 20 bit
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

61

S hnh thnh a ch tuyt i

a ch segment a ch Offset

Ga s ta c a ch

08F1 : 0100
a ch tng i

CPU t ng ly a ch segment x 10 (h 16) thnh 08F10 Sau n cng vi a ch Offset a ch tuyt i :

0100

09010
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 62

Cch tnh a ch vt l t a ch lun l

a ch vt l = (segment*16) + offset Segment 0 + offset a ch vt l

Ex : tnh a ch vt l tng ng a ch lun l B001:1234

a ch vt l = B0010h + 1234h = B1244h
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 63

S chng cht cc on
a ch segment hay cn gi l a ch nn ca on. N cho bit im bt u ca on trong b nh. a ch offset th hin khong cch k t u an ca nh cn tham kho.

Do offset di 16 bit nn chiu di ti a ca mi an l 64K.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

64

S chng cht cc on
Trong mi on, nh u tin c offset l 0000h v nh cui cng l FFFFh.

segment

B nh
offset

0000

nh c a ch segment: offset

64KB FFFF

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

65

Mi nh ch c a ch vt l nhng c th c nhiu a ch lun l. Ex : 1234:1234 u c chung a ch vt l 13574h 1334:0234 1304:0534

Ti sao ?

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

66

 hiu r ti sao ta hy xt mi quan h gia a ch vt l vi segment v offset 00000h 0000: 00010h 0001: 00020h 0002:
Phn chng chp ca 3 segment 0000,0001,0002

0FFFFh 1000Fh
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

1001Fh

67

Gii thch
0000:0000 00000h Gi nguyn phn segment, tng phn offset ln 1 thnh ra a ch lun l l 0000:0001 a ch vt l tng ng l 00001h Tng t vI a ch lun l l 0000:0002 ta c a ch vt l l 00002h

Khi offset tng 1 n v th a ch vt l tng 1 a ch hoc l tng 1 byte. Nh vy c th xem n v ca offset l byte

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

68

Lm li qu trnh trn nhng gi nguyn phn offset ch tng phn segment. 0001:0000 00010h 0002:0000 00020h Khi segment tng 1 n v th a ch vt l tng 10h a ch hoc l tng 16 bytes n v ca segemnt l paragraph

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

69

Ta thy segment 0000 nm u vng nh nhng segment 0001 bt u cch u vng nh ch c 16 bytes, segment 0002 bt u cch u vng nh 32 bytes.. Phn chng chp 3 segment 0000,0001,0002 trn hnh v l vng b nh m bt k nh no nm trong (a ch vt l t 00020h n 0FFFFh) u c th c a ch lun l tng ng trong c 3 segment.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

70

Ex : nh c a ch 0002Dh s c a ch logic trong segment 0000 l 0000:002D Trong segment 0001 l 0001:001D Trong segment 0002 l 0002:000D nu vng b nh no cng c nhiu segment chng chp ln nhau th cc nh trong cng c nhiu a ch lun l.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

71

Mt nh c bao nhiu a ch lun l

Mt nh c t nht 1 a ch lun l v nhiu nht l 65536/16 = 4096 a ch lun l

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

72

Cac thanh ghi oan CS, DS, SS, ES

3 trong 4 thanh ghi oan c dung trong cac muc ch ac biet sau CS : xac nh oan lenh ni cha chng trnh c thi hanh. DS : xac nh oan d lieu ni cha chng trnh c thi hanh. SS : xac nh oan stack vung lam viec tam thi dung e theo doi cac tham so va cac a ch ang c chng trnh hien hanh s dung. Con thanh ghi ES : tro en oan them, thng c dung e bo sung cho oan d lieu co vung nh >64k cho oan d lieu.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

73

Cac thanh ghi oan CS, DS, SS, ES

3 trong 4 thanh ghi oan c dung trong cac muc ch ac biet sau CS : xac nh oan lenh ni cha chng trnh c thi hanh. DS : xac nh oan d lieu ni cha chng trnh c thi hanh. SS : xac nh oan stack vung lam viec tam thi dung e theo doi cac tham so va cac a ch ang c chng trnh hien hanh s dung. Con thanh ghi ES : tro en oan them, thng c dung e bo sung cho oan d lieu co vung nh >64k cho oan d lieu.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

74

Thanh ghi trang thai (thanh ghi c)

Thanh ghi c la thanh ghi 16 bit nam ben trong EU (Excution Unit). Tuy nhien ch co 9 trong 16 bit c s dung.7 bit con lai khong dung.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15 14 13 12 11 10 9

O D I T S Z
O OverFlow flag T : Trap flag A : Auxiliary flag D : Direction flag S : Sign flag P : Parity flag
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

A
Z : Zero flag

I : Interrupt flag C : Carry flag

75

Thanh ghi trang thai (thanh ghi c)

Giai thch : C CF : ch th cong co nh, tr co mn.

C PF : On khi ket qua cua tac vu co so bit 1 la so chan.

Neu so bit 1 la so le th PF la Off. C AF : co nh trong phep cong hoac co mn trong phep tr vi 4 bit thap sang 4 bit cao. C ZF : On khi tac vu luan ly cho ket qua la 0. C SF : bit cao nhat cua ket qua se c copy sang SF. SF =1 ket qua la so am. SF = 0 khi ket qua la so dong.
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 76

Thanh ghi trang thai (thanh ghi c)

Giai thch :

C OF : OF=1 khi ket qua b tran so (vt qua kha nang lu tr ). Neu ket qua khong b tran th OF=0.
3 bit con lai la 3 bit ieu khien : C TF : bao CPU thi hanh tng bc. Cung cap cong cu debug chng trnh. C IF : IF=1 giup 8086 nhan biet co yeu cau ngat quang co che. C DF : xac nh hng theo chieu tang/giam trong x ly chuoi.

8086 cho phep User lap trnh bat tat cac c CF,DF,IF,TF

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

77

Thanh ghi ch so (Index)

5 thanh ghi offset dung e xac nh chch xac 1 byte hay 1 word trong 1 oan 64K.o la : IP : thanh ghi con tro lenh, cho biet v tr cua lenh hien hanh trong oan lenh. Con tro lenh IP con c goi la bo em chng trnh. Thng c dung ket hp vi CS e theo doi v tr chnh xac cua lenh se c thc hien ke tiep.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

78

Thanh ghi ch so (Index)

Cac thanh ghi con tro Stack : SP va BP, moi thanh ghi dai 16 bit. SP (Stack pointer) cho biet v tr hien hanh cua nh Stack. BP (Basic Pointer) dung e truy cap d lieu trong Stack. SI (source index) : tro en o nh trong oan d lieu c nh a ch bi thanh ghi DS. DI (destination) : chc nang tng t SI. Hai thanh ghi nay thng dung trong x ly chuoi.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

79

A CH LUN L V THANH GHI

tham kho n b nh trong chng trnh, VXL 8086 cho php s dng cc a ch lun l 1 cch trc tip hoc thng qua cc thanh ghi ca n. Thanh ghi on dng cha segment Thanh ghi tng qut dng cha a ch trong on offset tham kho n a ch lun l c segment trong thanh ghi DS, offset trong thanh ghi BX, ta vit DS:BX
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 80

Ex : nu lc tham kho DS = 2000h BX = 12A9h th a ch lun l DS:BX chnh l tham kho n nh 2000:12A9

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

81

Trong cch s dng a ch lun l thng qua cc thanh ghi c 1 s cp thanh ghi lun phi dng chung vi nhau 1 cch bt buc : CS:IP ly lnh (a ch lnh sp thi hnh) SS:SP a ch nh Stack SS:BP thng s trong Stack (dng trong chng trnh con) DS:SI a ch chui ngun ES:DI a ch chui ch

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

82

Chng trnh m VXL 8086 thi hnh thng c 3 an :

an chng trnh c a ch trong thanh ghi CS.

an d liu c a ch trong thanh ghi DS. an stack c a ch trong thanh ghi SS.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

83

Cac ac tnh cua CPU Intel

Hieu qua cua CPU thuoc ho Intel khi x ly va chuyen giao thong tin c xac nh bi cac yeu to sau : Tan so mach xung ong ho cua CPU. o rong cua Data bus o rong cua Address bus

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

84

Cac ac tnh cua CPU Intel

Tan so mach xung ong ho cua CPU.cang nhanh th toc o x ly cang nhanh. o rong cua Data bus cang rong th cang nhieu data c chuyen giao trong 1 lan giao dch. o rong cua Address bus cang rong th kha nang quan ly bo nh cang ln.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

85

Cac ac tnh cua CPU Intel

Loai CPU 8088 8086 80286

Data Bus (bit)

8 16 16

Address bus (bit)

20 20 24

Kha nang quan ly bo nh

1 MB 1MB 16Mb

80386
80486 Pentium

32
32 64

32
32 32
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

4 GB
4 GB 4GB
86

Tom tat CPU ho Intel

CPU 80286 : Data bus 16 bit nen moi lan chuyen giao 2 bytes quan ly 16MB bo nh. Ch co kha nang thc hien cac phep toan oi vi cac so nguyen, co the dung tap lenh 80286 e mo phong cac phep toan so hoc dau cham ong nhng ieu nay se lam giam hieu suat he thong.

Neu muon co kha nang thc hien cac phep toan dau cham ong phai gan CoProccessor 8087.

80286 lam viec theo 2 che o : che o thc va che o bao ve.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

87

Tom tat CPU ho Intel

CPU 80386 : Data bus 32 bit nen co the quan ly 4GB bo nh. Cac thanh ghi dai 32 bit tang o chnh xac cua cac phep toan. o rong Bus tang toc o thc thi.
CPU 80386 hoan toan tng thch vi cac CPU trc no.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

88

Tom tat CPU ho Intel

CPU 80486 : co bus 32 bit . 1 Coprocessor 387, bo phan ieu khien Cache, 1 Cache 8K, dung phoi hp tap lenh rut gon RISC va tap lenh phc tap CISC. CPU 80486 phan ln cac lenh ch dung 1 so t xung. S dung c che ng ong co kha nang x ly 5 lenh ong thi :
Lay lenh trc PreFetch

Giai ma lan 1 Decode 1

Giai ma lan 2 Decode 2 Thc thi lenh Execution

Ghi lai trang thai. WriteBack

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 89

RISC & CISC

Nguyen ly CISC : Complex Intruction Set Computer

Tap lenh kha ln >300 lenh Kha nang nh v phc tap Mot so lenh can phai vi lenh hoa
lenh phc tap nen time giai ma lenh nhieu khi ln hn time thc thi. Ch co hn 20% lenh thng dung ti
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 90

qua nhieu lenh nap lau lam cham he thong

RISC & CISC

Nguyen ly RISC : tap lenh thu gon Reduce Intruction Set Computer

tap lenh nho thi hanh ngay khong can giai ma. lenh lam viec theo c che ng ong (pipeline).

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

91

CPU Pentium

3 thanh phan gop sc tang toc o x ly cua Pentium :

n v tnh toan so nguyen supercallar Bo nh Cache cap 1 ben trong CPU. n v tnh toan so cham ong supercallar

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

92

S O KHOI PENTIUM
Vung em ch Re nhanh

Bo x ly dau cham ong Registers

U Pipeline cua ALU Hang nhat sm registers V Pipeline cua ALU
BIU Quan ly Bus
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 93

Cache lenh

8K

Cache Data 8K

Cau hoi on tap

Bus la g? Trong cac loai Bus, Bus nao la Bus 2 chieu. Cho 1 o nh co a ch vat ly la 1256H, cho biet a ch dang segment:offset vi cac oan 1256H va 1240H. O nh co a ch vat ly 80FD2H, trong oan nao th no co offset = BFD2H? Xac nh a ch vat ly cua o nh co a ch logic 0A51H:CD90H

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

94

Cau hoi on tap

The nao la bien gii oan? S khac nhau c ban gia bo vi x ly 8086 va 80286? Thuyet minh trnh t CPU thc hien cau lenh Mem(b) Not Mem(a) Chu ky lenh, chu ky may. Cho biet quan he gia chu ky clock, chu ky may va chu ky lenh. Quan he gia tap lenh va kien truc cua CPU

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

95

Cau hoi on tap

Giai thch tai sao khi tang tan so xung clock, giam chu ky wait state cua bo nh, them cache cho CPU lai lam cho he thong chay vi hieu suat cao hn. ? Trnh bay chien lc chnh lu tr thong tin trong Cache? Tnh toc o chuyen giao d lieu cua may tnh co CPU 486DX66MHz va may Pentium 100MHz. Phan biet RISC va CISC. Trnh bay c che ng ong trong thc thi cua CPU

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

96

Bus ISA-8 bits : a. chy tc ng h l 8 MHz truyn ti d liu ti a 8 MB/s.

b. chy tc ng h l 4.77 MHz truyn ti d liu ti a 6MB/s.

c. chy tc ng h l 4.77 MHz truyn ti d liu ti a 1MB/s. d. chy tc ng h l 4.77 MHz truyn ti d liu ti a 12MB/s.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

97

Bus ISA-16 bits : a. chy tc ng h l 812 MHz truyn ti d liu ti a 8 MB/s.

b. chy tc ng h l 32 MHz truyn ti d liu ti a 12MB/s.

c. chy tc ng h l 4.77 MHz truyn ti d liu ti a 12MB/s. d. chy tc ng h l 16MHz truyn ti d liu ti a 12MB/s.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

98

Bus PCI : a. truyn ti d liu ti a 528 MB/s. b. truyn ti d liu ti a 128MB/s. c. truyn ti d liu ti a 512MB/s. d. truyn ti d liu ti a 64MB/s.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

99

Dn u v Chipset hin c trn th trng l :

a.AMD b.ALI

c.Intel
d.Mac

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

100

H thng Bus l h thng xa l thng tin bn trong PC gip trao i:

a.thng tin gia cc my tnh b.d liu gia cc thit b ngai vi c. d liu gia b VXL v cc thit b khc d. tt c u ng

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

101

Mi hat ng ca my tnh t CPU n b nh RAM v nhng thit b I/O u phI thng qua s nI kt c gi chung l : a.Chun giao tip b.Bus c.BIOS d.CMOS

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

102

BI TP
Bi 1 : Cho bit gi tr chui XY c lu tr trong MT dI dng s hex v dng s bin? Bi 2 : Cho bit gi tr h 10 ca cc s nguyn c du sau : a.10000000b b.01111111b Bi 3 : Cho on code sau :

MOV AH,7F
MOV AX,1234 MOV BH,AL

INT 20H
Hy cho bit gi tr ca cc thanh ghi AX,BX ?
Chuong 2 : T chc CPU 103

MOV BL,AH

BI TP
Bi 4: Cho on code sau : MOV AL,81 ADD AL, 0FE INT 20H Gi s cc s u l s c du. Gii thch kt qu cha trong thanh ghi AL khi on code trn c thc thi. S dng gi tr h 10 gii thch.

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

104

BI TP
Bi 5: Gi s thanh ghi trong MT ca bn di 24 bits, cho bit gi tr ca s dng ln nht m thanh ghi ny c th cha 2 h 2 v h 16? Bi 6 : Bin I a ch sau thnh a ch tuyt i a. 0950:0100 b. 08F1:0200

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

105

MAINBOARD

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

106

MAINBOARD

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

107

MAINBOARD

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

108

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

109

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

110

MAINBOARD

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

111

Chuong 2 : T chc CPU

112