TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG THI NGUYN

KHOA CNG NGH IN T V TRUYN THNG

Bi ging:
IN T CNG NGHIP
(Ti liu lu hnh ni b)









Thi Nguyn, nm 2012


Hnh 1.8. c tnh Vn-Ampe ca
Thyristor
i A
Iv
IG3 IG2 IG1
Idt
Dng d
Ung, max
U
thmax
Chng 1
CC PHN T BN DN CNG SUT C BN

I.1 THYRISTOR
Thyristor l phn t bn dn cu to t bn lp bn dn p-n-p-n, to ra ba tip gip p-n:
J
1,
J
2,
J
3.
Thyristor c ba cc Anode (A), Cathode (K), cc iu khin (G Gate) nh
c biu din trn hnh 1.1.













I.1.1 c tnh Vn-Ampe ca Thyristor
c tnh Vn-Ampe ca mt Thyristor gm hai phn (hnh 1.2). Phn th nht nm
trong gc phn t th I l c tnh thun tng ng vi trng hp in p U
AK
> 0;
phn th hai nm trong gc phn t th III, gi l c tnh ngc, tng ng vi
trng hp: U
AK
< 0.
a) Trng hp dng in vo cc iu khin bng khng (I
G
= 0)
Khi dng vo cc iu khin ca Thyristor bng 0 hay khi h mch cc iu khin
Thyristor s cn tr dng in ng vi c hai trng hp phn cc in p gia
Anode-Cathode. Khi in p U
AK
< 0, theo cu to bn dn ca Thyristor, hai tip gip
J
1
, J
3
u phn cc ngc, lp J
2
phn cc thun, nh vy Thyristor s ging nh hai
diode mc ni tip b phn cc ngc. Qua Thyristor s ch c mt dng in rt nh
chy qua, gi l dng r. Khi U
AK
tng t n mt gi tr in p ln nht U
ng.max
s
xy ra hin tng Thyristor b nh thng, dng in c th tng ln rt ln. Ging
nh on c tnh ngc ca diode, lc ny nu c gim in p U
AK
xung di
mc U
ng.max
th dng in cng khng gim c v mc dng r. Thyristor b
hng.
Khi tng in p Anode-Cathode theo chiu thun, U
AK
> 0, lc u cng ch c
mt dng in rt nh chy qua, gi l dng r. in tr tng ng mch Anode-
Cathode vn c gi tr rt ln. Khi tip gip J
1
, J
3
phn cc thun, J
2
phn cc
Hnh 1.7. Thyristor
Cu trc bn dn; K hiu; Hnh nh thc t
n
p
n
-
p
G K
A
K
J
3
J
1
J
2
n
V
A
K
G
a)
b)


ngc. Cho n khi U
AK
tng t n gi tr in p thun ln nht, U
th.max
, s xy ra
hin tng in tr tng ng mch Anode-Cathode t ngt gim, dng in chy
qua Thyristor s ch b gii hn bi in tr mch ngoi. Nu khi dng qua
Thyristor ln hn mt mc dng ti thiu, gi l dng duy tr I
dt
, th khi Thyristor
s dn dng trn ng c tnh thun. on c tnh thun c c trng bi tnh
cht dn dng v ph thuc vo gi tr ca ph ti nhng in p ri trn Anode-
Cathode nh v hu nh khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca dng in.
b) Trng hp c dng in vo cc iu khin (I
G
> 0)
Nu c dng iu khin a vo gia cc iu khin (G) v Cathode, qu trnh chuyn
im lm vic trn ng c tnh thun s xy ra sm hn, c U
th
< U
th.max
. iu ny
c m t trn hnh 1.2 bng nhng ng nt t, ng vi gi tr dng iu khin
khc nhau I
G1
, I
G2
, I
G3
,... Ni chung, nu dng iu khin ln hn th im chuyn c
tnh lm vic s xy ra vi U
AK
nh hn.
Trong thc t i vi mi loi Thyristor s c ch to bi mt dng iu
khin nh mc I
k m
.
I.1.2 M - kho Thyristor
Thyristor ch cho php dng chy qua theo mt chiu, t Anode n Cathode, v
khng c chy theo chiu ngc li. iu kin Thyristor c th dn dng, ngoi
iu kin phi c in p U
AK
> 0 cn phi tha mn iu kin l in p iu khin
dng. Do Thyristor c coi l phn t bn dn c iu khin.
a) M Thyristor
Khi c phn cc thun, U
AK
> 0, Thyristor c th m bng hai cch. Th
nht, c th tng in p Anode-Cathode cho n khi t n gi tr in p thun ln
nht, U
th.max
, in tr tng ng trong mch Anode-Cathode s gim t ngt v
dng qua Thyristor s hon ton do mch ngoi xc nh. Phng php ny trn thc
t khng c p dng do nguyn nhn m khng mong mun.
Phng php th hai, phng php c p dng thc t, l a mt xung dng
in c gi tr nht nh vo gia cc iu khin v Cathode. Xung dng in iu
khin s chuyn trng thi ca Thyristor t tr khng cao sang tr khng thp mc
in p Anode-Cathode nh. Khi nu dng qua Anode-Cathode ln hn mt gi tr
nht nh, gi l dng duy tr (I
dt
) th Thyristor s tip tc trong trng thi m dn
dng m khng cn n s tn ti ca xung dng iu khin. iu ny ngha l c th
iu khin m cc Thyristor bng cc xung dng c rng xung nht nh, do
cng sut ca mch iu khin c th l rt nh, so vi cng sut ca mch lc m
Thyristor l mt phn t ng ct, khng ch dng in.
b) Kho Thyristor
Mt Thyristor ang dn dng s tr v trng thi kha (in tr tng ng mch
Anode-Cathode tng cao) nu dng in gim v khng. Tuy nhin Thyristor vn
trng thi kha, vi tr khng cao, khi in p Anode-Cathode li dng ( 0
AK
U > ),


cn phi c mt thi gian nht nh cc lp tip gip phc hi hon ton tnh cht
cn tr dng in ca Thyristor.
Khi Thyristor dn dng theo chiu thun, hai lp tip gip J
1
, J
3
phn cc thun,
cc in tch i qua hai lp ny d dng v lp y tip gip J
2
ang b phn cc
ngc. V vy m dng in c th chy qua ba lp tip gip J
1
, J
2
, J
3
. kha
Thyristor li cn gim dng Anode-Cathode v khng bng cch hoc l i chiu
dng in hoc p mt in p ngc ln gia Anode v Cathode ca Thyristor. Sau
khi dng v bng khng phi t mt in p ngc ln Anode-Cathode ( 0
AK
U < )
trong mt khong thi gian ti thiu, gi l thi gian kha (k hiu l:
r
t ), lc ny
Thyristor s kha. Trong thi gian phc hi c mt dng in ngc chy gia
Cathode v Anode. Thi gian phc hi l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng ca
Thyristor. Thi gian phc hi xc nh di tn s lm vic ca Thyristor. Thi gian
phc hi
r
t c gi tr c 5 10s i vi cc Thyristor tn s cao v c 50 200s i
vi cc Thyristor tn s thp.
I.1.3 Cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin Thyristor
Quan h gia in p trn cc iu khin v Cathode vi dng i vo cc iu khin
xc nh cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin Thyristor. Vi cng mt loi Thyristor
nh sn xut s cung cp mt h c tnh iu khin (v d nh hnh 1.3) trn c th
thy c cc c tnh gii hn v in p v dng in nh nht ng vi mt nhit
mi trng nht nh m tn hiu iu khin phi m bo chc chn m c
mt Thyristor. Dng iu khin i qua tip gip p-n gia cc iu khin v Cathode
cng lm pht nng tip gip ny. V vy tn hiu iu khin cng phi b hn ch v
cng sut. Cng sut gii hn ca tn hiu iu khin ph thuc vo rng ca xung
iu khin. Tn hiu iu khin l mt
xung c rng cng ngn th cng sut
cho php c th cng ln.
S tiu biu ca mt mch
khuch i xung iu khin Thyristor
c cho trn hnh 1.4. Kha Transistor T
c iu khin bi mt xung c rng
nht nh, ng ct in p pha s cp
bin p xung. Xung iu khin a n
cc iu khin ca Thyristor pha bn
cun th cp. Nh vy mch lc c
cch ly hon ton vi mch iu khin
bi bin p xung. in tr R hn ch dng qua Transistor v xc nh ni tr ca
ngun tn hiu iu khin. Diode D
1
ngn mch cun s cp bin p xung khi
Transistor T kha li chng qu p trn T. Diode D
2
ngn xung m vo cc iu
khin. Diode D
3
mc song song vi cc iu khin v c th song song vi t C c tc
dng gim qu p trn tip gip G-K khi Thyristor b phn cc ngc.
Hnh 1.3. Yu cu i vi xung
iu khin ca Thyristor
Gii hn dng nh nht
Gii hn cng sut xung
Vng m
chc chn
0,01ms
0,1ms
Gii hn in p nh nht
G 0
0
0
C
-10
0
C
U
GK


I.1.4 Cc thng s c bn ca
Thyristor
Cc thng s c bn l cc thng s
da vo ta c th la chn mt
Thyristor cho mt ng dng c th no
.
1/- Gi tr dng trung bnh cho php
chy qua Thyristor, I
v

y l gi tr dng trung bnh cho php
chy qua Thyristor vi iu kin nhit ca cu trc tinh th bn dn ca Thyristor
khng vt qu mt gi tr cho php. Trong thc t dng in cho php chy qua
Thyristor cn ph thuc vo cc iu kin lm mt v nhit mi trng. Thyristor
c th c gn ln cc b tn nhit tiu chun v lm mt t nhin. Ngoi ra,
Thyristor c th phi c lm mt cng bc nh qut gi hoc dng nc ti
nhit lng to ra nhanh hn. Vn lm mt van bn dn s c cp n phn
sau, ta c th la chn dng in theo cc phng n sau:
Lm mt t nhin: dng s
dng cho php n mt phn ba
dng I
v
.
Lm mt cng bc bng
qut gi: dng s dng bng hai
phn ba dng I
v
.
Lm mt cng bc bng
nc: c th s dng 100% dng
I
v
.
2/- in p ngc cho php ln
nht, U
ng.max

y l gi tr in p ngc ln
nht cho php t ln Thyristor.
Ti bt k thi im no in p gia Anode-Cathode
AK
U lun nh hn. m bo
mt d tr nht nh v in p, ngha l phi c chn t nht l bng 1,2 n 1,5
ln gi tr bin ln nht ca in p trn s .
3/- Thi gian phc hi tnh cht kha ca Thyristor, t
r
(s)
y l thi gian ti thiu phi t in p m ln gia Anode-Cathode ca Thyristor
sau khi dng Anode-Cathode v bng khng trc khi li c th c in p dng
m Thyristor vn kha. Thi gian phc hi t
r
l mt thng s rt quan trng ca
Thyristor, nht l trong cc b nghch lu c lp, trong phi lun m bo rng
thi gian dnh cho qu trnh kha phi bng 1,5 n 2 ln t
r
.
4/- Tc tng in p cho php,
dU
dt
(V/s)
Hnh 1.4. S tiu biu mch khuch i
xung iu khin tiristo
* *

BAX
G
K
D
2

u
kT
D
1

D
3

R
B

Tr
2

C W1 W2
+U
n

on
off
Hnh 1.4. S tiu biu mch khuch i
xung iu khin tiristo
* *

BAX
G
K
D
2

u
kT
D
1

D
3

R
B

Tr
2

C W1 W2
+U
n

on
off


Thyristor c s dng nh mt phn t c iu khin, tc Thyristro c phn cc
thun (U
AK
> 0) v c tn hiu iu khin th n mi cho php dng in chy qua.
Nhng khi Thyristor c phn cc thun cha c U
k
th phn ln in p ri trn
lp tip gip J
2
nh c ch ra trn hnh 1.5.
Lp tip gip J
2
b phn cc ngc
nn dy ca n n ra, to ra vng
khng gian ngho in tch, cn tr dng
in chy qua. Vng khng gian ny c
th coi nh mt t in c in dung
2
J
C .
Khi c in p bin thin vi tc ln,
dng in ca t in c gi tr ng k,
ng vai tr nh dng iu khin. Kt
qu l Thyristor c th m ra khi cha c
tn hiu iu khin vo cc iu khin G.
Tc tng in p l mt thng s phn bit gia Thyristor tn s thp vi
cc Thyristor tn s cao. Thyristor tn s thp, dU/dt vo khong 50 n 200 v/s;
vi cc Thyristor tn s cao dU/dt c th t 500 n 2000 V/s.
5/- Tc tng dng cho php,
dI
dt
(A.s)
Khi Thyristor bt u m, khng phi mi im trn tit din tinh th bn dn ca n
u dn dng ng u. Dng in s chy qua bt u mt s im, gn vi cc
iu khin nht, sau s lan to dn sang cc im khc trn ton b tit din. Nu
tc tng dng qu ln c th dn n mt dng in cc im dn ban u qu
ln, s pht nhit cc b qu mnh lit c th dn n hng cc b, t dn n
hng ton b tit din tinh th bn dn.
Tc tng dng cng phn bit Thyristor tn s thp, c dI/dt c 50 100
A/s, vi cc Thyristor tn s cao vi dI/dt c 500 2000 A/s. Trong cc ng dng
phi lun m bo tc tng dng di mc cho php. iu ny t c nh mc
ni tip cc van bn dn vi cc cun khng.
I.2 TRIAC









n
p
n
-
p
G K
A
K
C
J2
J3
J
1
J2
i=C
J2
(du/dt)
n
Hnh 1.5. Hiu ng dU/dt tc dng nh
dng iu khin
Hnh 1.6. Triac: a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu;
c) S tng ng vi hai Thyristor song song
ngc
G
n
n n
p
n
p
T
2
T
1 c)
T
2
G
T
1
b) a)


Triac l phn t bn dn c cu trc bn dn gm nm lp, to nn cu trc p-n-p-n
nh Thyristor theo c hai chiu gia cc cc T
1
v T
2
nh c th hin trn hnh
1.16a. Triac c k hiu trn s nh trn hnh 1.6b, c th dn dng theo c hai
chiu T
1
v T
2
. V nguyn tc, Triac hon ton c th coi l tng ng vi hai
Thyristor u song song ngc nh trn hnh 1.6c.
c tnh vn-ampe ca Triac bao gm hai on c tnh gc phn t th I v
th III, mi on u ging nh c tnh thun ca mt Thyristor nh c biu din
trn hnh 1.7a.
Triac c th iu khin m dn
dng bng c xung dng dng (dng i
vo cc iu khin) hoc bng xung
dng m (dng i ra khi cc iu
khin). Tuy nhin xung dng iu khin
m c nhy km hn. Nguyn l thc
hin iu khin bng xung dng iu
khin m c biu din trn hnh 1.7b.
Triac c bit hu ch trong cc
ng dng iu chnh in p xoay chiu
hoc cc cng-tc-t tnh di cng sut va v nh.

I.3 THYRISTOR KHA C CC IU KHIN, GTO
(Gate Turn - Off Thyristor)
Cc GTO, nh tn gi ca n, ngha l kha li c bng cc iu khin, c
kh nng ng ct cc dng in rt ln, chu c in p cao ging nh Thyristor, l
mt van iu khin hon ton, c th ch ng c thi im kha di tc ng ca tn
hiu iu khin. Vic ng dng cc GTO
pht huy u im c bn ca cc phn t bn
dn, l kh nng ng ct dng in ln
nhng li c iu khin bi cc tn hiu
in cng sut nh.
Cu trc bn dn ca GTO phc tp
hn so vi Thyristor nh c ch ra trn
hnh 1.8. K hiu ca GTO cng ch ra tnh
cht iu khin hon ton ca n. l dng
in i vo cc iu khin m GTO, cn
dng i ra khi cc iu khin dng di
chuyn cc in tch ra khi cu trc bn dn ca n, kha GTO li.
Trong cu trc bn dn ca GTO lp p, Anode c b sung cc lp n+. Du
+ bn cnh ch ra rng mt cc in tch tng ng, cc l hoc in t, c
lm giu thm vi mc ch lm gim in tr khi dn ca cc vng ny. Cc iu
n
+
n
+
n
+
n
p
p
+
n
+
p
+
n
+
p
+
n
+
p
+
G (Gate)
K (Cathode)
A (Anode)
V
A
K
G
J
1
J
2
J
3
a)
b)
Hnh 1.8. GTO:
a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu
Hnh 1.7. Triac: a) c tnh vn-ampe
b) iu khin triac bng dng iu khin m
u
I
v
i(A)
(a)
I
dt
U
th,max
U
v,th
0
T
2
G
T
1
b)
-
+
R


khin vn c ni vo lp p th ba nhng c chia nh ra v phn b u so vi lp
n
+
ca Cathode.
Khi cha c dng iu khin, nu Anode c in p dng hn so vi Cathode
th ton b in p s ri trn tip gip J
2
gia, ging nh trong cu trc ca
Thyristor. Tuy nhin nu Cathode c in p dng hn so vi Anode th tip gip p
+
-
n st Anode s b nh thng ngay in p rt thp, ngha l GTO khng th chu
c in p ngc.
GTO c iu khin m bng cch cho dng vo cc iu khin, ging nh
Thyristor thng. Tuy nhin do cu trc bn dn khc nhau nn dng duy tr GTO
cao hn Thyristor thng. Do , dng iu khin phi c bin ln hn v duy tr
trong thi gian di hn dng qua GTO kp vt xa gi tr dng duy tr. Ging nh
Thyristor thng, sau khi GTO dn th dng iu khin khng cn tc dng. Nh
vy, c th m GTO bng cc xung ngn, vi cng sut khng ng k.
kho GTO, mt xung dng phi c ly ra t cc iu khin. Khi van ang
dn dng, tip gip J2 cha mt s lng ln cc in tch sinh ra do tc dng ca
hiu ng bn ph "v bo" to nn vng dn in, cho php cc in t di chuyn
t Cathode, vng n
+
n Anode, vng p
+
, to nn dng Anode. Bng cch ly i mt
s lng ln cc in tch qua cc iu khin, vng dn in s b co hp v b p v
pha vng n
+
ca Anode v vng n
+
ca Cathode. Kt qu l dng Anode s b gim
cho n khi bng 0. Dng iu khin c duy tr mt thi gian ngn GTO phc
hi tnh cht kha.
Yu cu v xung iu khin v
nguyn tc thc hin c th hin
trn hnh 1.9. Hnh 1.9a th hin xung
dng kho GTO phi c bin rt
ln, vo khong 20 25% bin
dng Anode-Cathode. Mt yu cu
quan trng na l xung dng iu
khin phi c dc sn xung rt
ln, sau khong 0,5 1s. iu ny
gii thch ti sao nguyn l thc hin
to xung dng kho l ni mch cc
iu khin vo mt ngun dng. V nguyn tc, ngun dng c ni tr bng khng v
c th cung cp mt dng in v cng ln.
S n gin trn hnh 1.10
m t vic thc hin nguyn l iu
khin trn. Mch in dng hai kho
Transistor T
1
, T
2
. Khi tn hiu iu
khin l 15V, T
1
m, dng chy t
ngun 15V qua in tr hn ch R
1
np
in cho t C
l
to nn dng chy vo
Hnh 1.10. Mch iu khin GTO
15V
0V
T
1
T
2
R
1
+15V
D
Z
12V
C
1
G
A
K
V
V
A
G
K
M
Kha
I
Gmax
I
G
t
a) b)
Hnh 1.9. Nguyn l iu khin GTO:
a) Yu cu dng xung iu khin;
b) Nguyn l thc hin


cc iu khin ca GTO. Khi t C
1
np y n in p ca diode n p D
z
(12V),
dng iu khin kt thc. Khi tn hiu iu khin a vo cc gc T
1
, T
2
. T
2
s m do
c in p trn t C
1
, t C
1
b ngn mch qua cc iu khin v Cathode, Transistor T
2

to nn dng i ra khi cc iu khin, kho GTO li. Diode D
z
ngn khng cho t C,
np ngc li.
y vai tr ca ngun p chnh l t C
l
, do t C
l
Phi chn l loi c cht
lng rt cao. Transistor T
2
phi chn l loi chu c xung dng c bin ln chy
qua.
I.4 TRANSISTOR CNG SUT, BJT (Bipolar J unction Transistor)
Transistor l phn t bn dn c cu
trc bn dn gm 3 lp bn dn p-n-p
(bng thun) hoc n-p-n (bng ngc),
to nn hai tip gip p-n. Cu trc ny
thng c gi l Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT), v dng in chy
trong cu trc ny bao gm c hai loi
in tch m v dng (Bipolar ngha l
hai cc tnh). Transistor c ba cc:
Base (B), Collector (C) v Emitter (E).
BJT cng sut thng l loi bng ngc. Cu trc tiu biu v k hiu trn s ca
mt BJT cng sut c biu din trn hnh 1.11, trong lp bn dn n xc nh in
p nh thng ca tip gip B-C v do ca C-E.
Trong ch tuyn tnh, hay cn gi l ch khuch i, Transistor l phn t
khuch i dng in vi dng Collector I
c
bng | ln dng Base (dng iu khin),
trong | l h s khuch i dng in.
I
c
= |.I
B

Tuy nhin, trong in t cng sut Transistor ch c s dng nh mt phn t
kho. Khi m dng iu khin phi tha mn iu kin:
C
B
I
I
|
> hay
C
B bh
I
I k
|
=
Trong k
bh
= 1,2 1,5 gi l h s bo ho. Khi Transistor s trong ch
bo ha vi in p gia Collector v Emitter rt nh, c 1 1,5V, gi l in p
bo ha,
. CE bh
U .
Khi kho, dng iu khin I
B
bng khng, lc dng Collector gn bng
khng, in p
CE
U s ln n gi tr in p ngun cung cp cho mch ti ni tip vi
Transistor.
Tn hao cng sut trn Transistor bng tch ca dng in Collector vi in p
ri trn Collector-Emitter, s c gi tr rt nh trong ch kho.
Trong cu trc bn dn ca BJT, ch kho, c hai tip gip B-E v B-C
u b phn cc ngc. in p t gia Collector-Emitter s ri ch yu trn vng tr
n n n p
n
-
n
E (Emitter) (Base)
C
a)
b)
C
E
B
B
Hnh 1.11. BJT:
a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu


khng cao ca tip gip p n

. dy v mt in tch ca lp n

xc nh kh
nng chu in p ca cu trc BJT. Transistor trong ch tuyn tnh nu tip gip
B-E phn cc thun v tip gip B-C phn cc ngc. Trong ch tuyn tnh, s
in tch dng a vo t cc Base s kch thch cc in t t tip gip B-C thm
nhp vo vng Base, ti y chng c trung ha ht. Kt qu l tc trung ha
quyt nh dng Collector t l vi dng Base,
c B
I I | = . Transistor trong ch bo
ha nu c hai tip gip B-E v B-C u c phn cc thun. Cc in t s thm
nhp vo y vng Base, vng p, t c hai tip gip B-E v B-C, v nu cc in tch
dng c a vo t cc Base c s lng d tha th cc in tch s khng b
trung ha ht, kt qu l vng Base s tr nn vng c in tr nh, dng in c th
chy qua. Cng do tc trung ha in tch khng kp nn Transistor khng cn kh
nng khng ch dng in c na v gi tr dng in s hon ton do mch ngoi
quyt nh. l ch m bo ha. C ch to ra dng in y l s thm nhp
ca cc in tch khc du vo vng Base p, cc in t, v vy BJT cn gi l cu trc
vi cc ht mang in phi c bn, phn bit vi cu trc MOSFET, l cu trc vi cc
ht mang in c bn.
I.4.1 c tnh ng ct ca Transistor



















Ch ng ct ca Transistor ph thuc ch yu vo cc t k sinh gia cc tip gip
B-E v B-C,
BE
C v
BC
C . Ta phn tch qu trnh ng ct ca mt Transistor qua s
kho trn hnh 1.12a, trong Transistor ng ct mt ti thun tr R
t
di in p
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
U
B1
U
B2
u
B
U
BE
(t)
U
B2
0,7V
u
CE
(t)
I
B1
(t)
I
B2
(t)
+U
n
i
B
(t)
i
C
(t) I
C,bh
U
n
-I
C,bh
.R
t
t
t
t
t
t
(b)
C
BC
C
BE
R
t
+U
n
i
C
(t)
C
B
E
u
B
(t)
UB1
UB2
i
B
(t)
R
B
(a)
Hnh 1.12. Qu trnh ng-ct
mt BJT
a/- S
b/- Dng sng dng, p


n
U + iu khin bi tn hiu in p t
2
B
U n
1
B
U + v ngc li. Dng sng dng
in, in p cho trn hnh 1.12b.
a. Qu trnh m
Theo th hnh 1.12, trong khong thi gian (1), BJT ang trong ch kho vi
in p ngc
2
B
U t ln tip gip B-E. Qu trnh m BJT bt u khi tn hiu iu
khin nhy t
2
B
U ln mc
1
B
U . Trong khong (2), t u vo, gi tr tng ng
bng
in BE BC
C C C = + , np in t in p
2
B
U n
1
B
U . Khi
BE
U cn nh hn khng,
cha c hin tng g xy ra i vi
C
I v
CE
U . T
in
C ch np n gi tr ngng m
*
U ca tip gip B-E, c 0,6 0,7V, bng in p ri trn diode theo chiu thun, th
qu trnh np kt thc. Dng in v in p trn BJT ch bt u thay i khi
BE
U gi
tr khng u giai on (3). Khong thi gian (2) gi l thi gian tr khi m,
( ) d on
t
ca BJT.
Trong khong (3), cc in t xut pht t Emitter thm nhp vo vng Base,
vt qua tip gip B-C lm xut hin dng Collector. Cc in t thot ra khi
Collector cng lm tng thm cc in t n t Emitter. Qu trnh tng dng
C
I ,
E
I
tip tc xy ra cho n khi trong Base tch ly lng in tch d tha
B
Q A m
tc t trung ha ca chng m bo mt dng Base khng i:

1
1
*
B
B
B
U U
I
R

=
Ti im cng dng in ti Base trn s hnh I.12a, ta c:

1
. . B C BE C BC B
I i i i = + +

trong :
. C BE
i l dng np ca t C
BE
,
. C BC
i l dng np ca t C
BC
,
B
i l dng u vo ca Transistor,
C B
i i | =

Dng Collector tng dn theo quy lut hm m, n gi tr cui cng l
1
C B
I ( ) = .I | . Tuy nhin ch n cui giai on (3) th dng
C
I t n gi tr bo
ha,
C.bh
I , BJT ra khi ch tuyn tnh v iu kin
C B
i i | = khng cn tc dng na.
Trong ch bo ha c hai tip gip B-E v B-C u c phn cc thun. V kho
lm vic vi ti tr trn Collector nn in p trn Collector - Emitter
CE
V cng gim
theo cng tc vi s tng ca dng
C
I . Khong thi gian (3) ph thuc vo ln
ca dng
1
B
I , dng ny cng ln th thi gian ny cng ngn.
Trong khong (4), phn cui ca in p
CE
U tip tc gim n gi tr in p
bo ha cui cng xc nh bi biu thc:
. 1
.
CE n C bh
U U I R =


Thi gian (4) ph thuc qu trnh suy gim in tr ca vng n

v ph thuc
cu to ca BJT; Trong giai on ( 5): BJT hon ton lm vic trong ch bo ha.
b. Qu trnh kho BJT
Trong thi gian BJT trong ch bo ha, in tch tch t khng ch trong lp Base
m c trong lp Collector.
Khi in p iu khin thay i t
1
B
U xung
2
B
U u giai on (6), in tch
tch ly trong cc lp bn dn khng th thay i tc thi. Dng
B
I lc ny s c gi
tr:
2
2
*
B
B
B
U U
I
R

=
Lc u cc in tch c di chuyn ra ngoi bng dng khng i
2
B
I Giai
on di chuyn kt thc cui giai on (6) khi mt in tch trong tip gip Base-
Collector gim v bng khng v sau tip gip nay bt u b phn cc ngc.
Khong thi gian (6) gi l thi gian tr khi kho,
( ) d off
t .
Trong khong (7), dng Collector
C
I bt u gim v bng khng, in p
CE
U
s tng dn ti gi tr
n
U + . Trong khong ny BJT lm vic trong ch tuyn tnh,
trong dng I
C
t l vi dng Base. T
BC
C bt u np ti gi tr in p ngc,
bng
n
U . Lu rng trong giai on ny, ti vng Base trn s hnh 1.12a, ta c:
2
. B C BC B
I I i =
Trong :
. C BC
I l dng np ca t
BC
C ;
B
i l dng u vo ca Transistor. T
c th thy quy lut .
C B
I i | = vn c thc hin. Tip gip B-E vn c phn cc
thun, tip gip B-C b phn cc ngc. n cui khong (7) Transistor mi kho li
hon ton.
Trong khong (8), t Base-Emitter tip tc np ti in p ngc
2
B
U

Transistor ch kho hon ton trong khong (9).
c. Dng ti u ca dng iu khin kho Transistor
Transistor c th kho li bng cch cho in p t gia Base-Emitter bng khng,
tuy nhin c th thy rng khi thi gian kho s b ko di ng k. Khi dng
2
0
B
I = , ton b in tch tch ly trong cu trc bn dn ca Transistor s suy gim
dn dn ti khi Transitor c thi gian kha.
C th rt ngn thi gian m, kho
Transistor bng cch cng bc qu trnh di
chuyn in tch nh dng dng in iu khin
nh biu din trn hnh 1.13. thi im m,
dng
1
B
I c gi tr ln hn nhiu so vi gi tr
cn thit bo ha BJT trong ch dn,
( )
.
bh C B on
I k I = . Nh vy thi gian tr khi m
( ) B on
I

Hnh 1.13. Dng dng in iu
khin l tng cho mt kha BJT

i
B
(t)
I
B1
K
bh
.I
C
t


v thi gian m
( ) r on
t

(khong (3) trn th hnh 1.12b) s c rt ngn.
Dng kho
2
B
I cng cn c bin ln rt ngn thi gian tr khi kho
( ) d off
t v thi gian kho
( ) r off
t (khong (7) trn th hnh 1.12b).
Tuy nhin, dng
B
I cng lm nng cc tip gip trong BJT, v vy gi tr bin
ca chng cng phi c hn ch ph hp theo cc gi tr gii hn cho trong cc
c tnh k thut ca nh sn xut.
I.4.2 c tnh tnh ca BJT v cch mc s Darlington
c tnh tnh ca mt BJT cho trn hnh
l.14a v b. c tnh trn hnh 1.14a biu
din mi quan h gia dng Collector v
dng Base ( ) ,
C B
I I , ti cc in p U
CE
khc
nhau vi vng lm vic tuyn tnh, v vng
bo ho. Vi mt dng lm vic I
C
no ,
c c in p ri trn BJT nh th dng
I
B
phi tng i ln. nghing ca
ng c tnh iu khin | = AI
C
/AI
B
th
hin h s khuch i dng in. C th thy
rng h s khuch i dng in ca BJT
cng sut tng i thp, thng thng | s
10, iu ny ngha l BJT yu cu dng iu
khin tng i ln. H s khuch i dng
in gim mnh khi dng lm vic ln hn.
C th gim c dng iu khin nh cch
mc Darlington.
c tnh ra, th hin trn hnh 1.14b,
l mi quan h gia dng Collector v in
p Collector, U
CE
vi I
B
l c ba gi tr in
p nh thng U
CE0
, U
CB0
, U
SUS
. Cc gi tr in p ny c cho trong cc c tnh k
thut ca nh sn xut. U
CB0
l in p nh thng tip gip Base-Collector khi h
mch Emitter. U
CB0
l in p nh thng Collector - Emitter khi dng iu khin
bng khng. C th thy U
CE0
c gi tr ln hn in p
nh thng Collector-Emitter khi dng iu khin ln
hn khng, U
SUS
. V vy tng kh nng chu in p
ca phn t khi kho phi m bo rng dng iu
khin I
B
bng khng. Ni chung in p lm vic phi
nh hn U
SUS
.
Cch mc s Darlington
Ni chung cc BJT c h s khuch i dng in
tng i thp, dn n dng iu khin yu cu qu
5
UCE=200V
5
10 UCE=20V
U
CE
=5V
UCE=0,5V
UCE=0,2V
IB(A)
Vng bo ha
B
C
I
I
A
A
= |
10
IC(A)
0
Vng tuyn tnh
C
I A
B
I A
I
C
Chiu tng IB
I
B
=0
H Emitter
U
CE
U
CEO
U
CBO
U
SUS
Hnh 1.14. c tnh tnh ca BJT
a) c tnh iu khin; b) c tnh ra
Hnh 1.15. Tranzito mc
Darlington

C
E
B
1
B
2
Q
2
Q1
D1


ln. S mc Darlington l cch ni hai Transistor Q
1
, Q
2
vi h s khuch i dng
tng ng |
l
, |
2
nh c biu din trn hnh 1.15, c h s khuch i dng chung
bng: | = |
l
.|
2
. tng h s khuch i dng hn na c th mc Darlington t
ba Transistor. Ngi ta sn xut cc Transistor Darlington trong cng mt v, trong
tch hp diode D
1
dng cng bc qu trnh kho Q
2
.
Tuy nhin cch ni Darlington lm cho in p ri trn Collector-Emitter ca
Transistor hp thnh ln hn so vi trng hp ch dng mt Transistor, ngha l tn
tht trn phn t khi dn dng cng ln hn. iu ny c th c chng t qua s
hnh 1.15 v in p gia Collector-Emitter ca mch Darlington bng:
U
CE
= U
CE.Q1
+ U
BE.Q2

trong U
BE.Q2
c gi tr khng i khi Transistor dn dng.
I.5 TRANSISTOR TRNG, MOSFET
(Metal-Oxlde-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor)
I .5.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET
Khc vi cu trc BJT, MOSFET c
cu trc bn dn cho php iu khin
bng in p vi dng in iu khin
cc nh. Hnh 1.16 a v b th hin cu
trc bn dn v k hiu ca mt
MOSFET knh dn kiu n. Trong
(G - Gate) l cc iu khin c cch
ly hon ton vi cu trc bn dn cn
li bi lp in mi cc mng nhng
c cch in cc ln ioxil-silic
(SiO
2
). Hai cc cn li l cc gc (S -
Source) v cc mng (D - Drain). Cc
mng l cc n cc ht mang in. Nu knh
dn l n th cc ht mang in s l cc in t
(electron), do cc tnh in p ca cc mng
s l dng so vi cc gc. Trn k hiu phn
t, phn chm gch gia D v S ch ra rng
trong iu kin bnh thng khng c mt knh
dn thc s ni gia D v S. Cu trc bn dn
ca MOSFET knh dn kiu p cng tng t
nhng cc lp bn dn s c kiu dn in
ngc li. Tuy nhin a s cc MOSFET cng
sut l loi c knh dn kiu n.
Trn Hnh 1.17 m t s to thnh knh dn
trong cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET. Trong ch
lm vic bnh thng u
DS
> 0. Gi s in
p gia cc iu khin v cc gc bng khng,
p
n
n n n
p
n
-
Cc gc
(S Source)
Cc iu khin
(G Gate)
n
Cc mng
(D Drain)
S
D
G
a) b)
Hnh 1.16. MOSFET (knh dn n)
a/- Cu trc bn dn; b/-K hiu
Hnh 1.17. S to thnh knh dn
trong cu trc MOSTET
p
n
n n n
p
Vng ngho in tch
n
-
n
p
n n n
p
n
-
n
Knh dn
p
n
n n n
p
n
-
n
Diode trong
a)
n
b)
c)


u
DS
= 0, khi knh dn s hon ton khng xut hin. Gia cc gc v cc mng s
l tip gip p-n
-
phn cc ngc. in p u
DS
s hon ton ri trn vng ngho in
tch ca tip gip ny (hnh 1.17a).
Nu in p iu khin m, U
GS
< 0, th vng b mt gip cc iu khin s tch
t cc l (p), do dng in gia cc gc v cc mng s khng th xut hin. Khi
in p iu khin l dng, U
GS
> 0 v ln b mt tip gip cc iu khin s tch
t cc in t, v mt knh dn thc s hnh thnh (hnh 1.17b). Nh vy trong cu
trc bn dn ca MOSFET, cc phn t mang in l cc in t, ging nh ca lp n
to nn cc mng, nn MOSFET c gi l phn t vi cc ht mang in c bn,
khc vi cc cu trc ca BJT, IGBT, Thyristor l cc phn t vi cc ht mang in
phi c bn. Dng in gia cc gc v cc mng by gi s ph thuc vo in p
U
DS
.
T cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET (hnh 1.17c), c th thy rng gia cc mng
v cc gc tn ti mt tip gip p-n
-
tng ng vi mt diode ngc ni gia D v
S. Trong cc s b bin i, trao i nng lng gia ti v ngun thng cn
c cc diode ngc mc song song vi cc van bn dn. Nh vy u im ca
MOSFET l c sn mt diode ni ti nh vy.
Trn Hnh 1.18 th hin c tnh tnh ca mt kho MOSFET. Khi in p iu
khin U
GS
nh hn mt ngng no , c 3V, MOSFET trng thi kho vi in
tr rt ln gia cc mng D v cc gc S. Khi U
GS
c 5 - 7V, MOSFET s trong ch
dn. Thng thng iu khin MOSFET bng in p iu khin c 15V lm
gim in p ri trn D v S. Khi U
DS

s gn nh t l vi dng I
D
.
c tnh tnh ca MOSFET c th
c tuyn tnh ho ch bao gm hai
on th hin hai ch kho v dn
dng nh c th hin trn cng hnh
1.18. Theo c tnh ny dng qua
MOSFET ch xut hin khi in p iu
khin vt qua mt gi tr ngng
U
GS(th)
. Khi nghing ca ng
c tnh khi dn dng c trng bi
dn:

A
=
A
D
m
GS
I
G
U

Trong : U
GS(th)
, g
m
l nhng thng s ca MOSFET. Ngi ta c th dng gi
tr nghch o ca g
m
l in tr thun R
DS(ON)
c trng cho qu trnh dn ca
MOSFET.
I.5.2. c tnh ng ct ca MOSFET
I
D
(A)
U
GS
U
DS
=200V
5V 10V
5A
10A
U
DS
=10V
U
DS
=2V
Dn dng
U
DS
=1V
U
DS
=0,5V
0
Hnh 1.18. c tnh tnh ca
MOSFET


Do l mt phn t vi cc ht mang in c bn, MOSFET c th ng ct vi tn s
rt cao. Tuy nhin c th t c thi gian ng ct rt ngn th vn iu khin
l rt quan trng. C ch nh hng n thi gian ng ct ca MOSFET l cc t
in k sinh gia cc cc.
Cc mng
Cc iu khin
BJT k
sinh
C
ds
C
gd
C
gs
p p
n
+
n
+
n
-
it
trong
Vng ngho
in tch
n
+
G (Gate) B (Base)
D (Drain)
S
C
GS
C
DS
C
GD
R
Gint
R
DS(on)
D




Trn Hnh 1.19a th hin cc thnh phn t in k sinh to ra gia cc phn
trong cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET. T in gia cc iu khin v cc gc C
GS

Phi c np n in p U
GS(th)
trc khi dng cc mng c th xut hin. T
gia cc iu khin v cc mng C
GD
c nh hng mnh n gii hn tc ng
ct ca MOSFET. Hnh 1.19b ch ra s tng ng ca mt MOSFET v cc t
k sinh tng ng.
Cc t ny thc ra c gi tr thay i ty theo mc in p, v d C
GD
thay i
theo in p U
DS
gia gi tr thp C
GDI
v gi tr cao C
GDh
nh c ch ra trn hnh
1.20.
a. Qu trnh m
Gi s ta xt qu trnh m MOSFET,
lm vic vi ti tr cm, c diode khng. y
Hnh 1.19. M hnh mt kha MOSFET
a/- Cc thnh phn t k sinh gia cc lp bn dn trong cu trc MOSFET;
b/- Mch in tng ng
Hnh 1.20. S ph thuc ca
t in C
GD
vo in p U
DS
U
DS
=U
GS
C
GDI
C
GD
U
DS
U
DD
C
GD
C
GS
C
DS
D
D
S
Driver
I
G
R
dr
R
Gint
G
I
GS
I
GD
R
Gext
Hnh 1.21a. S qu trnh
m mt MOSFET


l ch lm vic tiu biu ca cc kha bn dn. S v th dng dng in,
in p ca qu trnh m MOSFET c th hin trn hnh 1.21a v hnh 1.21b. Ti
cm trong s th hin bng ngun dng ni song song ngc vi diode di in
p mt chiu U
DD
. MOSFET c iu khin bi u ra ca vi mch DRIVER di
ngun nui U
CC
ni tip quang in tr R
Gext
. Cc iu khin c in tr ni R
Gint
. Khi
c xung dng u vo ca DRIVE, u ra ca n s c xung vi bin U
P
a
n tr R
Gext
.
Nh vy U
GS
s tng vi hng s thi gian xc nh bi:
T
1
= (R
dr
+ R
Gext
+ R
Gint
).(C
GS
+ C
GDI
)
Trong t C
GD
ang mc thp, C
GD1
do in p U
DS
ang mc cao.
Theo th, trong khong thi gian t 0 n t
1
, t (C
GS
+ C
DSI
) c np theo
quy lut hm m ti gi tr ngng U
GS(th)
. Trong khong ny c in p U
DS
ln dng
I
D
u cha thay i. t
d(on)
= t
1
gi l thi gian tr khi m. Bt u t thi im t
1
khi
U
GS
vt qua gi tr ngng, dng cc mng I
D
bt u tng, tuy nhin in p U
DS

vn gi nguyn gi tr in p ngun U
DD
.
Trong khong t
1
n t
2
, dng I
D
tng tuyn tnh rt nhanh, t n gi tr dng
ti. T t
2
tr i, khi U
GS
t n mc, gi l mc Miller, in p U
DS
bt u gim
rt nhanh. Trong khong t t
2
n t
4
, in p U
GS
b gm mc Miller, do dng I
G

cng c gi tr khng i. Khong ny gi l khong Miller. Trong khong thi gian
ny,
dng
iu
khin
l dng
phng
cho t C
GD

gim
nhanh
in
p gia
cc mng
v cc
gc U
DS
.







Hnh 1.21b. Qu trnh m
mt MOSFET
( th dng in, in p)

U
P
U
dr
U
GS
U
th
Mc Miller
U
DS
i
G
(t)
u
DS
(t)
I
G
I
D
i
D
(t)
t
1
t
2
t
3 0
U
DS(on)
t
t
t
t
t
t
4
)
2
1 .( ) (
T
t
e
P
U t
GS
U

=
A
1
A
2
U
P
U
dr
U
GS
U
th Mc Miller
)
1
1 .( ) (
T
t
e
P
U t
GS
U

=
U
DS
i
G
(t)
u
DS
(t)
I
G
I
D
i
D
(t)
t
1
t
2
t
3
0
U
DS(o
n)
t
t
t
t
t
Hnh 1.22. Qu trnh m mt
MOSFET di nh hng ca
qu trnh phc hi diode
( th dng in, in p)

















Sau thi im t
4
, U
GS
li tng tip tc vi hng s thi gian:
T
2
= (R
dr
+ R
Gext
+ R
Gin
) (C
GS
+ C
GDh
)
V lc ny t C
GD
tng n gi tr cao C
GDh
(hnh 1.20). U
GS
s tng n gi
tr cui cng, xc nh gi tr thp nht ca in p gia cc gc v cc mng, U
DS
=
I
DS
.R
DS(on)
.
Trn th hnh 1.21, A
1
c trng cho in tch np cho t (C
GS
+ C
GD
) trong
khong t
1
n t
2
, A
2
c trng cho in tch np cho t C
GD
trong khong t
2
n t
4
.
Nu coi diode khng D khng phi l l tng th qu trnh phc hi ca diode
s nh hng n dng sng ca s nh ch ra trong hnh 1.22, theo dng I
D
c
nh nh cao thi im t
2
tng ng vi dng ngc ca qu trnh phc hi diode D.
b. Qu trnh kho MOSFET
Dng sng ca qu trnh kho th hin trn hnh 1.23. Khi u ra ca vi mch iu
khin Driver xung n mc khng U
GS
bt u gim theo hm m vi hng s thi
gian T
2
= (R
dr
+ R
Gext
+ R
Gint
).(C
GS
+ C
GDh
) t 0 n t
1
. Tuy nhin sau thi im t
3
th
hng s thi gian li l:
T
1
= (R
dr
+ R
Gext
+ R
Gint
).(C
GS
+ C
GDI
).


















T 0 n t
1
l thi gian tr khi kho t
d(off)
, dng iu khin phng in cho t
C
GS
v t C
GD
. Sau thi im t, in p U
SD
bt u tng t I
D
.R
DS(on)
n gi tr cui
cng ti t
3
, trong khi dng I
D
vn gi nguyn mc c. Khong thi gian t t
2
n t
3

tng ng vi mc Miller, dng iu khin v in p trn cc iu khin gi nguyn
gi tr khng i. Sau thi im t
3
dng I
D
bt u gim v n khng thi im t
4
.
T t
4
MOSFET b kho hn.
c. Cc thng s th hin kh nng ng ct ca MOSFET
Nh vy thi gian tr khi m, khi kho ph thuc gi tr cc t k sinh C
GS
.C
GD
.C
DS
,
tuy nhin cc thng s k thut ca MOSFET thng c cho di dng cc tr s t
C
ISS
, C
RSS
, C
OSS
di nhng iu kin nht nh nh in p U
DS
, U
GS
. C th tnh ra
cc t k sinh nh sau:
C
GD
= C
RSS
C
GS
= C
ISS
- C
RSS

C
DS
= C
OSS
- C
RSS

C th tnh cc gi tr trung bnh cho cc t C
GD
v C
DS
vi in p lm vic
tng ng theo cng thc gn ng sau y:
C
GD
= 2(C
RSS
.
lm vic
).(U
DS.lm vic
/U
DS.off
)
1/2
C
OSS
= 2(C
OSS
.
lm vic
).(U
DS.lm vic
/U
DS.off
)
1/2

xc nh cng sut ca mch iu khin MOSFET, cc ti kiu k thut
thng cho thng s in tch np cho cc iu khin Q
G
(n v: Culng (C)) di
Hnh 1.23. Qu trnh
kha MOSFET
a/- S
b/- Dng sng
+UDD
CGD
CGS
CDS
D
D
S
Driver
IG
Rdr
RGint
G
IGS
IGD
UCC
RGext



in p khi kho gia cc mng v cc gc. U
DS(off)
nht nh. Khi cng sut mch
iu khin c tnh bng:
P
iu khin
= U
CC
.Q
g
.f
gw

trong : f
gw
l tn s ng ct ca MOSFET.
Tn hao cng sut do qu trnh ng ct trn MOSFET c tnh bng:
( )
w w off
1
2
g DS D on
P U I f t t = +
trong t
on
, t
off
l thi gian m v kho ca MOSFET, tng ng l cc khong thi
gian t t
1
n t
4
trn th dng sng cc qu trnh m - kho.
I.6. TRANSISTOR C CC IU KHIN CCH LY, IGBT
(I nsulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)
I.6.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
IGBT l phn t kt hp kh nng ng ct nhanh ca MOSFET v kh nng chu ti
ln ca Transistor thng. V mt iu khin, IGBT gn nh ging hon ton
MOSFET, ngha l c iu khin bng in p, do cng sut iu khin yu cu
cc nh. Hnh 1.24 gii thiu cu trc bn n ca mt IGBT.









V cu trc bn dn, IGBT rt ging vi MOSFET, im khc nhau l c thm
lp p ni vi Collector to nn cu trc bn dn p-n-p gia Emitter (tng t cc gc)
vi Collector (tng t vi cc mng), khng phi l n-n nh MOSFET (hnh
1.24b). C th coi IGBT tng ng vi mt Transistor p-n-p vi dng Base c
iu khin bi mt MOSFET (hnh 1.24b v c).
Di tc dng ca in p iu khin U
GE
> 0, knh dn vi cc ht mang in
l cc in t c hnh thnh, ging nh cu trc MOSFET. Cc in t di chuyn
v pha Collector vt qua lp tip gip n
-
-p nh cu trc gia Base v Collector
Transistor thng to nn dng Collector.
I.6.2. c tnh ng ct ca IGBT
Hnh 1.24. IGBT
a) Cu trc bn dn; b) Cu trc tng ng vi mt tranzito
n-p-n v mt MOSFET; c) S tng ng; d) K hiu

C
E
E
G
i
1 i
2
G
C
E
G (Gate)
n n n n
p p
n
+
p
C - (Collector)
n n n n p
p
n
+
p
i
2
c) d)
a)
b)
E (Emitter)


Do c cu trc p-n
-
-p m in p thun gia C v E trong ch dn dng IGBT
thp hn so vi MOSFET. Tuy nhin cng do cu trc ny m thi gian ng ct
ca IGBT chm hn so vi MOSFET. c bit l khi
kha li. Trn hnh 1.24b v c th hin cu trc
tng ng ca IGBT vi mt MOSFET v mt p-
n-p Transistor. K hiu dng qua IGBT gm hai
thnh phn: i
1
l dng qua MOSFET, i
2
l dng qua
Transistor. Phn MOSFET trong IGBT c th kha
li nhanh chng nu x ht c in tch gia G v
E, do dng i
l
s bng khng. Tuy nhin thnh
phn dng i
2
s khng th suy gim nhanh c do
lng in tich tch ly trong lp n
-
(tng ng
vi Base ca cu trc p-n-p) ch c th mt i do qu trnh t trung ha in tch. iu
ny dn n xut hin vng dng in b ko di khi kha mt IGBT. Ta s kho st
qu trnh m v kha mt IGBT theo s th nghim cho trn hnh 1.25. Trn s
IGBT ng ct mt ti cm c diode khng D
o

mc song song. IGBT c iu khin bi ngun
tn hiu vi bin U
G
ni vi cc iu khin G
qua in tr R
C
. Trn s C
gc
, C
gc
th hin cc t
k sinh gia cc iu khin v Collector, Emitter.
a. Qu trnh m IGBT
Qu trnh m IGBT din ra rt ging vi qu trnh
ny MOSFET khi in p iu khin du vo
tng t khng n gi tr U
G
. Trong thi gian tr
khi m t
d(on)
tn hiu iu khin np in cho t
C
GC
lm in p gia cc iu khin v Emitter
tng theo quy lut hm m, t khng n gi tr
ngng U
GE(th)
(khong 3 n 5V), ch bt u t
MOSFET trong cu trc ca IGBT mi bt u
m ra. Dng in gia Collector - Emitter tng
theo quy lut tuyn tnh t khng n dng ti I
o

trong thi gian t
r
. Trong thi gian t
r
in p gia cc iu khin v Emitter tng n
gi tr U
GEto
xc nh gi tr dng I
0
qua Collector. Do diode D
0
, cn ang dn dng ti
I
0
, nn in p U
CE
vn b gm ln mc in p ngun mt chiu U
dc
. Tip theo qu
trnh m din ra theo hai giai on, t
fv1
v t
fv2
. Trong sut hai giai on ny in p
gia cc iu khin gi nguyn mc U
GEIo
(mc Miller), duy tr dng I
0
, do dng
iu khin hon ton l dng phng ca t C
gc
. IGBT vn lm vic trong ch tuyn
tnh. Trong giai on u din ra qu trnh kha v phc hi ca diode D
0
, dng phc
hi ca diode D
0
to nn xung dng trn mc dng I
0
ca IGBT. in p U
CE
bt u
gim. IGBT chuyn im lm vic qua vng ch tuyn tnh sang vng bo ha.
Giai on hai tip din qu trnh gim in tr trong vng thun tr ca Collector,
t(s)
t(s)
t(s)
U
CE
Ic
U
dc
U
CE.on
t
d(on)
t
r
t
fv1
t
fv2
t(s)
t
on
G
U
0
. GEI
U
( ) . GE th
U
GE
U
0
I
Hnh 1.26. Qu trnh m IGBT
Diode
D0
phc
hi
Tn hao
khi m
Hnh 1.25. S th nghim
mt kha IGBT

U
dc
+
-
U
G
+
-
R
G
C
gc
C
ge
D
D
0
I
0


dn n in tr gia Collector - Emitter v
n gi tr R
on
khi kha bo ha hon ton.
U
CE.on
= I
0
.R
on
.
Sau thi gian m t
on
, khi t C
gc

Phng in xong, in p gia cc iu
khin v Emitter tip tc tng theo quy lut
hm m, vi hng s thi gian bng C
gc
R
G

n gi tr cui cng U
G
.
Tn hao nng lng khi m c tnh
gn ng bng:

0
2
=
dc
on on
U .I
Q t
Nu tnh thm nh hng ca qu
trnh phc hi ca diode D
0
th tn hao nng
lng s ln hn do xung dng trn dng
Collector.
b. Qu trnh kha
Dng in p, dng in ca qu trnh kho
th hin trn hnh 1.27. Qu trnh kha bt u khi din p iu khin gim t U
G

xung -U
G
. Trong thi gian tr khi kha t
d(off)
ch c t u vo C
ge
phng in qua
dng iu khin u vo vi hng s thi gian bng C
ge
R
G
, ti mc in p Miller. Bt
du t mc Miller in p gia cc iu khin v Emitter b gi khng i do in p
U
cc
bt u tng ln v do t C
gc
bt u c np in. Dng iu khin by gi s
hon ton l dng np cho t C
gc
nn in p U
GE
c gi khng i. in p U
cc

tng t gi tr bo ha U
cc.on
ti gi tr in p ngun U
dc
sau khong thi gian t
rV
. T
cui khong t
rV
diode D
0
bt u m ra cho dng ti I
0
ngn mch qua, do dng
Collector bt u gim. Qu trnh gim din ra theo hai giai on, t
fi1
v t
fi2
. Trong giai
on u, thnh phn dng i
1
ca MOSFET trong cu trc bn dn IGBT suy gim
nhanh chng v khng. in p U
GC
ra khi mc Miller v gim v mc in p iu
khin u vo -U
G
vi hng s thi gian:
R
G
(C
gc
+ C
gc
)
cui khong t
fi1
, U
gc
t mc ngng kha ca MOSFET. U
GE(th)
tng ng
vi vic MOSFET b kha hon ton. Trong giai on hai, thnh phn dng i
2
ca
Transistor p-n-p bt u suy gim. Qu trnh gim dng ny c th ko rt di v cc
in tch trong lp n
-
b mt i do qu trnh t trung ha in tch ti ch. l vn
ui dng in ni n phn trn.
Tn hao nng lng trong qu trnh kha c th tnh gn ng bng:
Q
off
=
0
2
dc
U .I
t
off

t(s)
t(s)
t(s)
U
GE
U
G
U
CE
-U
G
U
GE(th)
U
GE.Io
Ic
U
dc
I
0
U
CE.on
i
1
i
2
t
rv
t
fi1
t
fi2
t
off
t
d(off)
t(s)
Tn hao
khi kha
Hnh 1.27. Qu trnh kho IGBT


Lp n
-
trong cu trc bn dn ca IGBT gip gim in p ri khi dn, v khi
s lng cc in tch thiu s (cc l) tch t trong lp ny lm gim in tr ng
k. Tuy nhin cc in tch tch t ny li khng c cch g di chuyn ra ngoi mt
cch ch ng c, lm tng thi gian kha ca phn t. y cng ngh ch to bt
buc phi tho hip. So vi MOSFET, IGBT c thi gian m tng ng nhng thi
gian kha di hn, c 1 n 5 s.













Thi gian kha ca IGBT c th rt ngn nu thm vo mt lp m n
+
nh
trong cu trc Punch Through IGBT nh minh ha trn hnh 1.28. Cu trc ny c mt
Thyristor k sinh lo t ba tip gip bn dn p-n, J
1
. J
2
, J
3
. Trong cu trc ny mt
cc in tch dng, cc l, suy gim mnh theo hng t cc lp p
+
n n
-
n n
+
,
iu ny gip qu trnh t trung ha cc in tch dng trong lp n
-
xy ra nhanh hn.
Cng ngh ny to ra cc IGBT cc nhanh vi thi gian kha nh hn 2 s.
I.6.3. Vng lm vic an ton, SOA (Safe Operating Area)
Vng lm vic an ton ca cc phn t bn dn cng sut, SOA, c th hin di
dng th quan h gia gi tr in p v dng in ln nht m phn t c th hoi
ng c trong mi ch , khi dn, khi kha cng nh trong qu trnh ng ct SOA
ca IGBT c dng nh c biu din trn hnh 1.29.
Hnh 1.29 th hin SOA ca IGBT trong hai trng hp. Hnh 1.29a l SOA
khi in p t ln cc iu khin v Emitter l dng, hnh 1.29b l SOA khi in p
ny l m. SOA khi in p iu khin dng c dng hnh ch nht vi hn ch gc
pha trn, bn phi, tng ng vi ch dng in v in p ln. iu ny ngha l
khi chu k ng ct cng ngn, ng vi tn s lm vic cng cao, th kh nng dng
ct cng sut cng phi c suy gim. SOA khi t in p iu khin m ln cc
iu khin v Emitter li b gii hn vng cng sut ln do tc tng in p trn
Collector - Emitter khi IGBT kha li. l v khi tc tng in p qu ln s dn
n xut hin dng in ln a vo vng p ca cc iu khin, tc dng ging nh
dng iu khin lm IGBT m tr li nh tc dng i vi cu trc ca Thyristor. Tuy
SiO2
Cc iu khin
p
j
1
n
+
n
+
j
2
j
3
n
+
n
-
p
+
Cc gc
Vng thn
Vng Base
Lp m
Lp pht sinh in tch
Cc mng
Hnh 1.28. Cu trc bn dn ca mt IGBT cc nhanh
(Punch Through IGBT)


nhin kh nng chu ng tc tng p IGBT ln hn nhiu so vi cc phn t
bn dn cng sut khc.









Gi tr ln nht ca dng Collector I
CM
c chn sao cho trnh c hin
tng cht gi dng, khng kha li c, ging nh Thyristor. Hn na, in p
iu khin ln nht U
GE
cng phi c chn c th gii hn c dng in I
CE

trong gii hn ln nht cho php ny trong iu kin s c ngn mch, bng cch
chuyn bt buc t ch bo ha sang ch tuyn tnh. Khi dng I
CE
c gii
hn khng i, khng ph thuc vo in p U
CE
lc . Tip theo IGBT phi c
kha li trong iu kin , cng nhanh cng tt trnh pht nhit qu mnh lit.
Trnh c hin tng cht gi dng bng cch lin tc theo di dng Collector l
iu cn phi lm khi thit k iu khin IGBT.
I.6.4. Yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin IGBT
IGBT l phn t iu khin bng in p, ging
nh MOSFET, nn yu cu in p iu khin lin
tc trn cc iu khin v Emitter xc nh ch
kha, m. Mch iu khin cho IGBT c yu
cu ti thiu nh c biu din qua s trn
hnh 1.30. Tn hiu m c bin U
CE,
tn hiu
kha c bin -U
CE
cung cp cho mch G-E qua
in tr R
G
. Mch G-E c bo v bi diode n p mc khong 18 V. Do c t
k sinh ln gia G v E nn k thut iu khin nh iu khin MOSFET c th
c p dng, tuy nhin in p kha phi ln hn. Ni chung tn hiu iu khin
thng c chn l +15 v -5V l ph hp. Mc in p m khi kha gp phn gim
tn tht cng sut trn mch iu khin nh c minh ha trn hnh 1.31a.
in tr R
G
cng nh hng n tn hao cng sut iu khin nh c minh
ha trn th hnh 1.31b. in tr R
G
nh, gim thi gian xc lp tn hiu iu khin,
gim nh hng ca dU
CE
/dt, gim tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh iu khin,
nhng li lm mch iu khin nhy cm hn vi in cm k sinh trong mch iu
khin.


Hnh 1.29. Vng lm vic an ton ca IGBT:
a) Khi in p iu khin dng; b) Khi in p iu khin m
I
CM
I
C
Thi gian ng ct
V
CE
10
-5
s
10
-4
s
DC
I
CM
I
C
Gii hn do tc
tng in p
V
CE
dt
dV
CE
1000 s
2000 s
3000 s
Hnh 1.30. Yu cu i vi
tn hiu iu khin
Q
2
Q
1
R
G
18V
IGBT
+U
GE
-U
GE
U
G












Dng iu khin u vo phi cung cp c dng in c bin bng:
I
G.max
=
CE
G
U
R
A

Trong : AU
GE
= U
GE(on)
+
GE(off)
U
Tn hao cng sut trung bnh c th tnh bng biu thc: P = U
GE
.Q
G
.f
sw
Trong : Q
G
(mili Culng, mC) l in tch np cho t u vo, gi tr thng c
cho trong ti liu k thut ca nh sn xut; f
sw
l tn s ng ct ca IGBT.
1.6.5. Vn bo v IGBT
IGBT thng c s dng trong cc mch nghch lu hoc cc b bin i xung p
mt chiu, trong p dng cc quy lut bin iu khc nhau v thng yu cu van
ng ct vi tn s cao, t 2 n hng chc kHz. tn s ng ct cao nh vy.
Nhng s c xy ra c th ph hy phn t nhanh chng. S c thng xy ra nht l
qu dng do ngn mch t pha ti hoc t cc phn t c li do ch to hoc do lp
rp. V vy vn bo v cho phn t l nhim v cc k quan trng t ra.
i vi IGBT ta c th ngt dng in bng cch a in p iu khin v gi
tr m. Tuy nhin qu ti dng in c th a IGBT ra khi ch bo ha dn n
cng sut pht
nhit tng ln
t ngt, ph
hy phn t sau
vi chu k ng
ct. Mt khc
khi kha IGBT
li trong mt
thi gian rt
ngn khi dng
in ln dn n
tc tng dng
dI/dt qu ln gy
Hnh 1.32. Cc chc nng trong mch tch hp iu khin IGBT
(IRZI37 ca International Rectifier )
Desat Fault
Chuyn mch mm
High side Gate
HOP
LOP
SSD
US
R


qu p trn Collector - Emitter, lp tc nh thng lp tip gip ny. R rng l, trong
s c qu dng, khng th tip tc iu khin IGBT bng nhng xung ngn theo quy
lut bin iu nh c v cng khng th ch n gin l ngt xung iu khin dp
tt dng din c. Vn ngt dng t ngt khng ch xy ra trong ch s c m
cn xy ra khi tt ngun hoc khi dng hot ng, ngha l trong ch vn hnh bnh
thng.
C th ngn chn hu qu ca vic tt dng t ngt bng cch s dng cc
mch dp RC (snubber circuit), mc song song vi phn t. Tuy nhin cc mch dp
lm tng kch thc v lm gim tin cy ca thit b. Gii php tch cc hn c
a ra y l lm chm li qu trnh kha ca IGBT, hay cn gi l kha mm (soft
turn-off), khi pht hin c s c dng in tng qu mc cho php. Trong trng hp
ny in p trn cc iu khin v Emitter c gim i t t v n in p m khi
kha. IGBT s chuyn v trng thi kha qua ch tuyn tnh, do dng din b
hn ch v gim dn v khng, trnh c qu p trn phn t. Thi gian kha ca
IGBT c th c ko di 5 n 10 ln thi gian kha thng thng.
C th pht hin qu dng bng cch dng cc phn t o dng in tuyn tnh
nh xen x Hall hoc cc mch o dng in trn shunt dng. Tuy nhin i vi IGBT
c th pht hin qu dng s dng tn hiu in p trn Collector - Emitter. Khi c tn
hiu m nu U
CE
ln hn mc bo ha thng thng U
CE.bh
< 5V chng t IGBT ra
khi ch bo ha do dng in qu ln. Mt s vi mch optocoupler c ch to
sn cho mc ch phi hp gia tn hiu iu khin v pht hin cha bo ha IGBT,
hn na li cch ly gia mch lc v mch iu khin. Ngy nay chc nng pht xung
v bo v IGBT c tch hp trong cc IC chuyn dng, to thun li ln cho cc
nh thit k. V d v mt mch tch hp nh vy, IRZI37 ca International Rectifier
c cho trn hnh 1.32.
Trn hnh 1.32 c th thy cc iu khin ca
IGBT c cung cp ba tn hiu iu khin qua ba
in tr, tn hiu m qua HOP, tn hiu kha qua
LOP, tn hiu kha mm qua SSD. Hiu chnh cc
in tr ny c th hiu chnh c cc thi gian
iu khin tng ng. Tn hiu DESAT c ly qua
phn p gia Collector.v Emitter qua diode ni vi
Collector, a qua mch lc phi hp vi tn hiu
iu khin kha, m, qua mch NAND a ra tn
hiu cha bo ha (Desal Fault). Qua mch x l
logic (khng th hin y ) tn hiu kha mm
c th c a n MOSFETiu khin mch kha
mm (soft shutdown) vi in tr a n cc iu khin c 500O, ln hn 10 ln
so vi mch kha, m.
Hnh 1.33. Kho mm bng
IR2137


Tc dng ca mch kha mm c minh ha
qua th thc t trn hnh 1.33. ng trn cng l
hnh dng tn hiu iu khin, ng cong gia l
in p U
CE
, ng cong di cng l dng dng
in. C th nhn ra khng c qu p trn ng
cong in p nhng IGBT lm vic trong ch
tuyn tnh. trong sut thi gian T khi dng in gim
dn v khng.
Qu in p xy ra khi van b kha li tc
thi nh c minh ha trn hnh 1.34. Trn hnh
1.34 ng cong bn trn l dng in, bn di l
in p. Khi van m ra th b qu ti nn in p li tng ln. Sau van b kha li
tc thi dn n xung qu in p, trong trng hp ny l khong 100V, trn ng
cong in p.
I.7. TN HAO CNG SUT TRN CC PHN T
BN DN CNG SUT
Ngoi tn tht do mch iu khin sinh ra cp n nhng phn t c th ni
trn. Ta s phn tch cc thnh phn tn tht trong cc ch lm vic ca van sau
y.
Bng 1.1. Thng s cc i ca cc phn t bn dn cng sut do
Misubishi cng b
Chng loi van bn dn cng sut Kh nng ng ct cc i
iot cng sut 2,8 kV; 3,5 kA
iot ng ct nhanh 6,0 kV; 3,0 kA
Thyristor thng 12,0 kV; 1,5 kA
Thyristor tn s cao 1,2 kV; 1,5 kA
Thyristor iu khin bng diode quang 8,0 kV; 3,6 kA
GTO 6,0 kV; 6,0 kA
GCT Thyristor 4,5 kV; 4,0 kA
IGBT in p cap (HVIGBT) 3,3 kV; 1,2 kA
Module cng sut ln (HVIPM) 3,3 kV; 1,2 kA
I.7.1 Tn tht trong ch tnh ang dn dng hoc ang kha
Khi phn t ang trong ch dn dng hoc ang kha tn hao cng sut bng tch
ca dng in qua phn t vi in p ri trn n. Khi phn t ang kha, in p trn
n c th ln nhng dng r qua van s c gi tr rt nh, v vy tn hao cng sut c
th b qua. Tn hao cng sut trong ch tnh ch yu sinh ra khi van dn dng. Vi
a s cc phn t bn n, in p ri trn van khi dn thng khng i, t ph
IC
UCE
I
C
: 40A/; U
CE
: 100V/; t: 2s/;


Hnh 1.34. Qu p sinh ra
do kha tc thi




thuc vo gi tr dng in chy qua. Nh vy c th d dng xc nh c tn hao
cng sut trong trng thi van dn.
I.7.2 Tn tht trong qu trnh ng ct
Trong qu trnh dng ct, cng sut tn hao tc thi c th c gi tr ln v dng in
v in p trn van u c th c gi tr ln ng thi. Ni chung, thi gian dng ct
ch chim mt phn nh trong c chu k hot ng ca phn t nn tn hao cng sut
trong ch ng ct ch chim mt phn nh trong cng sut tn hao trung bnh. Tuy
nhin khi phn t phi lm vic vi tn s ng ct cao th tn hao do ng ct li
chim mt phn chnh trong cng sut pht nhit.
Xc nh cng sut tn hao trong ch ng ct l nhim v khng n gin,
v phi phn bit cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ng ct do nh hng n
tn hao cng sut. v d ta s xt cc thnh phn tn hao cng sut cho s b
bin i xung p mt chiu dng MOSFET nh trn hnh 1.41.
I.7.2.1 Tn hao do thi gian m v kha
Gi s trong s diode l phn t l tng,
cn MOSFET m, kha vi thi gian hu hn.
Vi ti tr cm, dng in i
v
(t) v in p u
V
(t)
khng th thay i tc thi. Dng dng v p
trong qu trnh kha th hin trn hnh 1.36.
Trong thi gian chuyn mch rt ngn
dng ti cha kp thay i v c gi tr i
t
= I
t
,
trong khong thi gian t
0
< t < t
2
. Ti t
0
, c tn
hiu kha MOSFET V, din p trn V tng
tuyn tnh t khng n gi tr in p ngun mt chiu E trong khong t t
0
n t
1
.
Trong khong ny diode D
0
cha m nn dng qua V vn bng I
t
. Bt u t t
1
diode
D
0
m ra, do dng qua V gim tuyn tnh v 0 thi im t
2
, ti dng qua diode
D
0
tng ln n bng dng ti.
Tn hao cng sut tc thi trn V bng p
v
(t) = i
v
(t)/u
v
(t) c dng tam gic trong
khong t
0
< t < t
2
. Tn hao nng lng trn V chnh l din tch ca tam gic ny:
W
off
=
1
2
EI
t
(t
2
- t
1
) =
1
2
EI
t
t
off

Trong : t
off
l thi gian kha ca MOSFET.


Trong qu trnh m, th dng in,
in p trn cc phn t c dng ging nh
hnh 1.36. Dng qua V phi tng t 0 n I
t
,
dng qua diode gim t I
t
v 0. Ch khi dng
qua diode v n 0 th in p trn V mi
E
R
G
t
+
-
+
-
V
G
0
L
D
0
V
i
V
R
t
i
t
i
D0
Hnh 1.35. B bin i xung p
mt chiu, dng MOSFET.
Hnh 1.36. Dng sng qu trnh
van kha trong s hnh 1.35
t
t
t
u
V
(t)
I
t
i
V
(t)
E
0
-E
W
t
0
t
1
t
2
I
t
u
V
(t) i
V
(t)
W
( )
0
D
U t
( )
0
D
I t ( )
0
D
U t ( )
0
D
I t
0
0


bt u gim t E v n 0. Nng lng tn hao khi m bng:
W
on
=
1
2
EI
t
t
on

Trong : t
on
l thi gian m ca van.
Tng tn hao cng sut trong qu trnh ng ct bng W
off
+ W
on
. Nu chu k
hot ng ca van l T ng vi tn s ng ct ca van l: ] = 1./T
th cng sut tn hao s bng:
P
s
=
1
T
(W
off
+ W
on
) = f(W
off
+ W
on
)
Nh vy tn hao cng sut t l vi tn s ng ct.
I .7.2.2 Tn hao do qu trnh phc hi
phn trn ta gi s rng diode l phn t l tng m ch xt n tn hao cng sut
do thi gian kha, m ca MOSFET gy ra.
Vi gi thit thi gian ng ct ca
MOSFET rt ngn so vi thi gian kha li
ca diode th tn tht cng sut s ch yu
do qu trnh phc hi ca diode sinh ra.
Vn vi s trn hnh 1.35, ta xt qu
trnh MOSFET kha li. Dng sng ca
qu trnh ny biu din trn hnh 1.37.
Khi diode kha s c mt dng in
ngc i ra ngoi. Bin dng in
ngc c th ln gp vi ln gi tr dng
in diode dn trc . Trn th, ti
thi im t
0
MOSFET bt u m ra lm
diode D
0
bt u kha li. Dng in ngc
ca diode to nn xung dng trn gi tr I
t

qua van V. Trong khong t
0
n t
1
diode
vn cn phn cc thun nn in p trn van V vn bng E. Ti t
1
dng.qua diode bng
0, diode bt u b phn cc ngc. T t
l
n t
2
dng in ngc ca diode np cho t
tng ng ca tip gip p-n phn cc ngc. in p trn van V gim dn v 0 ti
t
2
, ti diode kha li hon ton.
Khong thi gian t t
l
n t
2
gi l thi gian phc hi ca diode, t
r
.Nhng diode
c khong thi gian t
2
- t
l
nh hn nhiu ln khong t
1
- t
o
gi l diode dp, hay diode
ct nhanh. Nu thi gian ct dng ca diode rt ngn th thi gian ng ct ca cc
phn t cng s rt nhanh. Tuy nhin nu tc gim dng qu nhanh s dn n qu
in p trn cc in cm k sinh, v do , cho cc phn t trong mch. Qu in p
c th c suy gim bng cc mch RC song song vi phn t (snubber circuit),
nhng cc mch ny li tng thm cc tn tht trn s . Ni chung phi c mt s
t
uV(t)
It
0
0
0
-E
W
t
0
t
1
t
2
u
V
(t) i
V
(t)
W
iV(t)
E
t
t
( )
0
D
U t ( )
0
D
I t
( )
0
D
I t
( )
0
D
U t
Hnh 1.37. Tn hao cng sut
do diode phc hi


tha hip gia mong mun gim tn tht trong qu trnh ng ct v an ton cho
cc phn t trn s .
Tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh m van V c tnh bng:

( ) ( )
2
0
=
}
t
v v
t
W u t i t dt
Nu dng diode ct nhanh th (t
2
- t
l
) << (t
1
- t
0
), t tch phn ny c th c
tnh n gin hn. Coi in p trn van V bng E trong phn ln thi gian phc hi t
r

= t
2
- t
0
), dng qua van i
V
(t) = I
t
- I
D0
(t), do :

2
0
t
V t
t
W E (I =
}
i
V
(t)dt = E.I
t
t
r
+ E.Q
r

trong Q
r
l in tch phc hi ca diode, gi tr ny c th tm thy trong c tnh
k thut ca diode.
Tn tht nng lng do thi gian phc hi ca diode ph thuc thi gian phc
hi t
r
ca diode v in p mt chiu ca b bin i. Nng lng ny c th chim
mt phn ln trong tn tht do qu trnh ng ct. Tn hao ny c th gim ng k
nu s dng cc diode ct nhanh, tuy nhin khi phi p dng cc bin php trnh
qu p cho cc phn t trong s .
I .7.2.3. Tn hao do cc phn t phn khng
Cc phn t phn khng nh t in, in cm cng gy nn tn tht cng sut. T
in tng ng song song vi cc phn t s phng in khi cc phn t ny m ra
v tiu tn ton b nng lng tch ly trc . Cc t c np khng mt nng
lng khi phn t kha li. Cc in cm ni tip vi phn t s c np nng lng
khi phn t m ra v tiu tn nng lng khi phn t kha li.
Nng lng lch ly trong t in v in cm tng ng l:

2
1
2
C i i
i
W C U =

;
2
1
2
=

L i i
i
W L I
V d i vi MOSFET, ta c t in tng ng gia cc mng v cc gc l
C
DS
, cn diode song song c t l C
D
. Tn hao cng sut khi MOSFET m ra s l:
W
c
=
1
2
; (C
DS
+ C
D
) E
2

Nu bit cc thng s lin quan n t in tng
ng ca phn t, ta c th xc nh c cc thnh
phn tn hao cng sut trn.
in cm ni tip vi cc phn t c th l in
cm dy ni, in cm thm vo gim tc tng
dng. Cc in cm ny gy nn qu in p khi phn t
kha li. Chng cng l nguyn nhn gy nn tn hao
cng sut, nht l trong nhng ng dng c dng in rt
ln.
Hnh 1.38. S m t tn
hao cng sut trn in cm
khi diode m v kha
+
-
e(t)
C
i
D
(t)
i
L
(t)
L
D


v d, ta xt s trn hnh 1.38, trong e(t) l ngun xung p ch nht l
tng. Dng dng in, in p trn cc phn t cho trn hnh 1.39. Ngun p e(t) lc
u c gi tr dng lm Diode phn cc thun diode m cho dng qua cun cm tng
tuyn tnh vi dc E
1
/L. Ti thi im t = t
i
in p e(t) tr nn m, dng i
t
(t) bt
u gim vi dc -E
2
/L. n t = t
2
, dng qua diode bng 0 nhng trong tip gip
p-n vn cn tch ly mt din tch Q
r
. Diode vn cn phn cc thun n thi im t =
t do dng qua cun cm vn tip tc gim vi dc -E
2
/L. Bt u t thi im t
3
,
in tch tch ly trong diode ht diode bt
u phn cc ngc. Dng ngc s np cho t
C ti in p ngun -E
2
. T t
3
dng qua cun
cm phi chy qua t C, to nn mch dao ng
ni tip, do dng c dng hnh sin tt dn:
Qu trnh phc hi ca diode gy nn
tn hao trn s .
Trong khong t
2
< t < t
3
in tch phc hi
bng: Q
r
=
3
2
t
L
t
i (t)dt
}

in tch ny lin quan trc tip n
nng lng tch ly trong cun cm L:
W
L
=
3
2
t
L L
t
u (t)i (t)dt
}

Trong khong ny in p trn cun cm
bng -E
2
, vy ta c:
W
L
=
3
2
t
L L
t
u (t)i (t)dt
}
=
3
2
2
t
L
t
( E ) i (t)dt
}
=
= E
2
Q
r

Nh vy nng lng trn cun cm L t l vi tch ca in p trn cun cm
vi in tch phc hi ca diode. Khi t > t
3
, nng lng ch trao i trong mch dao
ng to bi cun cm v t. v s tt dn do tiu tn trn in tr dy qun v tn hao
trn t.
I.8 LM MT CC LINH KIN BN DN CNG SUT
Tn hao cng sut, bng tch ca dng in chy qua phn t vi in p ri trn phn
t, ta ra di dng nhit trong qu trnh lm vic. Nhit lng ta ra t l vi gi tr
trung bnh ca tn hao cng sut. Trong qu trnh lm vic, ca bn dn phi lun
di mt gi tr cho php (khong 120
o
C n 150
o
C theo c tnh k thut ca phn
t), v vy nhit lng sinh ra cn phi c dn ra ngoi, ngha l i hi phi c qu
trnh lm mt cc phn t bn dn.
I.8.1. M hnh truyn nhit
Hnh 1.39.Dng dng in, in p
ca s 1.38
-E
2
t
0
i
L
(t)
0
0
-E
2
t
t
t
1
t
2
t
3
u
D
(t)
E
1
e(t)


Nhit truyn t ni c nhit cao sang ni c nhit thp. Nhit lng trao i, P
T

t l vi chnh lch nhit theo h s, gi l tr khng truyn nhit R
T
. Theo :
( )
2

=
i
T
T
T T
P
R
, trong n v tng ng l: P
T
[w]; T [
o
C]; R
T
[
o
C/w].
S cn bng nhit xy ra khi nhit lng pht sinh bng nhit lng ta ra mi
trng, ngha l:
u u = +
T
P dt Ad B dt
Trong : P
T
- cng sut pht nhit (tn hao cng sut) trn phn t [W];
A - nhit lng ring, bng nhit lng lm cho nhit phn t thay i
B - cng sut ta ra nhit mi trng tng thm
o
C [J];
u - chnh lch nhit gia phn t v mi trng [
0
C]
Vit li phng trnh vi phn trn di dng:
u
u = +
T
d
P A B
dt

Gi s ti thi im t = 0, chnh lch
nhit l u = 0, nghim ca phng trnh
trn s l:
1
T
t
max
e
t
| |
u = u
|
\ .

Trong :
ax
/ u =
m T
P B: l chnh lch nhit
ln nht t c, v / t =
T
A B l hng s thi gian nhit.
ng cong thay i nhit c th hin trn hnh ng vi hai cng sut
pht nhit khc nhau P
T1
> P
T2
.
Dng ng cong nhit nh trn hnh
1.55 ch ng cho mi trng ng nht, v d
mt bn ng hay nhm. Tuy nhin phn t bn
dn c gn ln b phn tn nhit l mt mi
trng khng ng nht. V th tch nh nn kh
nng tch nhit km, nhit trn phn t s tng
rt nhanh. Nhit lng t phn t truyn ra cnh
tn nhit, ri t cnh tn nhit truyn ra mi
trng. S c s chnh lch nhit gia phn t,
cnh tn nhit, mi trng. Tng ng gia cc
b phn tip gip nhau s c tr khng truyn nhit khc nhau. M hnh ca h thng
truyn nhit nh vy c cho trn hnh. Trong cng th hin ng nhit gim
t phn t T
j
ti v phn t T
y
, ti cnh tn nhit T
h
v ti mi trng T
a
.
Dng nhit truyn t cu trc bn dn ra n v phn t, t v ti cnh tn
nhit, t cnh tn nhit ra n mi trng. Gia cc mi trng tip gip nhau tr
Hnh 1.40. ng cong pht nhit
t
max 2
u
max1
u
1
T
P
2
T
P
T
t
Tj
T
v
T
h
T
a
Rth(j-v) Rth(v-h) Rth(h-a)
Hnh 1.41. M hnh truyn nhit


khng nhit l: R
tb(j-v)
, R
th(vhj)
,

R
th(h-a)
. Do tr khng nhit s bng tng tr khng
nhit gia cc vng tit gip nhau:
R
th
= R
th(jv)
+ R
th(v-h)
+ R
th(h-a)
Nh vy nhit gi tng ca cu trc bn dn s l:
T
j
= T
a
+ P
T
R
tb

Biu thc ny thng c s dng
xc nh R
th
cn thit khi bit nhit cho
php gii hn T
j
ca phn t nhit lm vic
ca mi trng T
a
v cng sut pht nhit P
T
.
I.8.2. Tnh ton tn nhit
Gia cng sut ln nht c th c to ra
ngoi mi trng v nhit v phn t ph
thuc nhau theo biu thc:
P
max
=
25
v,max
th( j v)
T
R

= const
trong gi thit nhit mi trng l
25
o
C.
Mi quan h ny c biu din trn th hnh 1.57 theo khi nhit cu
trc bn dn bng nhit cc i cho php T
j.max
th cng sut ta ra s bng 0, ng
ngha vi vic phn t b ph hy. Cc s liu ny, k c th hnh 1.57, cho mi
phn t bn dn, c cho trong c tnh k thut ca nh sn xut. m bo nhit
mi trng mt nhit thch hp ta phi gn phn t bn dn ln mt cnh tn
nhit.
Khi :

=
v,max a
max
th( j a)
T T
P
R

Theo m hnh truyn nhit trn hnh 1.56, ta c:
T
j
- nhit ca cu trc bn dn. cho'bi nh sn xut,
T
v
- nhit v phn t.
T
h
- nhit cnh tn nhit.
T
a
- nhit mi trng,
P
th
- tn hao pht nhit trong phn t, c tnh ton bi ngi s dng,
R
th(j-v)
- tr khng nhit gia cu trc bn dn v v, cho bi nh sn xut,
R
th(v-h)
- tr khng nhit gia v v cnh tn nhit, ph thuc hnh ang.
kch thc v phn t, cho bi nh sn xut.
R
th(h-a)
- tr khng nhit gia cnh tn nhit v mi trng, cho bi nh
sn xut cnh tn nhit.
Vi cc k hiu trn y, nu tnh ton c tn hao pht nhit trn
phn t P
th.max
, c th xc nh tr khng truyn nhit yu cu ca cnh tn nhit:
Hnh 1.57: th nhit v cng
sut tn nhit ln nht cho php
Pmax
50%
50 100 150 200 Tjmax
0
C
25
P


( )
( )

= +
j.max a
th( j v) th( v h) th h a
th.max
T T
R a R R
P

Gi tr R
th(h-a)
cho php chn c loi tn nhit theo yu cu da vo c tnh
ca mt s loi tn nhit do cc nh sn xut cung cp.
V d: Thyristor BTW 67-1200, v loi CB-332.
Tr khng nhit t cu trc bn dn ra v R
th(j-v)
= 0.93
o
C/w,
Tr khng nhit t v ra tn nhit T
th(v-h)
= 0.1
o
C/w.
T
j.max
= 110
o
C.
I
v
= 25 A. U
ng.max
= 1200 V.
Gi s tn hao cng sut trong qu trnh lm vic tnh ton c l 50W,
nhit mi trng l 40
o
C. Tr khng nhit ca tn nhit yu cu l:
( )
( )
0
0 37

= + =
j.max a
th( j v) th( v h) th h a
th.max
T T
R R R , C
P

T gi tr ny c th chn c loi tn nhit theo yu cu.


CHNG 2
CHNH LU IU KHIN
(B bin i xoay chiu - mt chiu)

II.1 TNG QUAN V CHNH LU C IU KHIN
Trong k thut in rt nhiu trng hp yu cu phi bin i mt ngun in p
xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu v iu chnh c gi tr ca in p mt chiu
u ra. thc hin vic ny ngi ta c nhiu cch khc nhau, v d nh dng t hp
ng c - my pht, dng b bin i mt phn ng, dng chnh lu, v.v Nhng ph
bin nht v c hiu sut cao nht l s dng cc s chnh lu bng cc dng c bn
dn. Cc s chnh lu (cc b bin i xoay chiu-mt chiu) l cc b bin i
ng dng tnh cht dn dng mt chiu ca cc dng c in t hoc bn dn bin
i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu mt cch trc tip. Hin nay cc dng
c in t hu nh khng cn c s dng trong cc s chnh lu v kch thc
ln, hiu sut thp. Dng c s dng ch yu trong cc s chnh lu hin nay l cc
thyristor v cc diode bn dn. Cc s chnh lu c nhiu dng khc nhau v c
ng dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, v d nh dng iu chnh tc ng c
mt chiu; cung cp in p mt chiu cho thit b m in, in phn; cung cp in
p mt chiu cho cc thit b iu khin, cc n pht trung tn v cao tn, v.v... Cc
s chnh lu c s dng t cng sut rt nh n cng sut rt ln.
II.1.1 S ni dy
C hai loi s ni dy cc b chnh lu l: S ni dy hnh tia v s ni dy
hnh cu.
II.1.1.1. S ni dy hnh tia
Hnh 2.1 l cc s chnh lu hnh tia tng qut. Hnh 2.1a l s chnh lu hnh
tia m pha cc van ni Cathode chung, cn hnh 2.1b l s chnh lu hnh tia m pha
cc van ni anode chung. Trong cc s ny:
u
1
,u
2
,...,u
m
: l h thng in p xoay chiu (thng l hnh sin) m pha.
T
1
,T
2
,...,T
m
: l m van chnh lu c iu khin (thyristor), trong cc s chnh
lu khng iu khin th cc van l diode.
L
d,
R
d,
, E
d
: l in tr, in cm, sc in ng (s..) ph ti mt chiu.
u
d,
i
d
: l in p v dng in chnh lu tc thi trn ph ti mt chiu, chiu
qui c ca i
d
ly trng vi chiu thc ca dng qua ti, cn chiu qui c ca
u
d
ly trng vi chiu qui c ca dng ti i
d
.
im O l trung tnh ngun xoay chiu.


E
d

L
d

R
d

i
d

T
m
T
2
T
1

u
m
u
2
u
1

u
d

~ ~ ~

O
A

E
d

L
d

Hnh 2.1b: S chnh lu hnh tia
m pha cc van ni anode chung
Hnh 2.1a: S chnh lu hnh tia
m pha cc van ni katt chung
R
d

T
m

T
2
T
1

u
m
u
2
u
1

i
d

u
d

~ ~ ~
O
K
Hnh 2.1b: S chnh lu
hnhcu 1 pha
Hnh 2.2a: S chnh lu hnh
cu m pha (m > 3)
K
O
T
4

T
2

T
2m-1

T
2m

T
3

T
1

u
m
u
2
u
1

u
d

A
~ ~ ~

E
d

L
d
R
d

i
d

u
T
4

T
2

T
3

T
1

u
d

~

E
d
L
d

R
d
i
d

c im chung ca cc s chnh lu hnh tia l:
S van chnh lu bng s pha ngun xoay chiu.
Cc van c mt in cc cng tn ni chung, in cc cn li ni vi ngun
xoay chiu. Nu in cc ni chung l Cathode th s c gi l s
Cathode chung, cn nu in cc ni chung l anode ta c s anode chung.
im ni chung ca cc van l mt trong hai in cc ca in p chnh lu.
H thng in p ngun xoay chiu m pha phi c im trung tnh, trung tnh
ngun l in cc cn li ca in p chnh lu.
II.1.1.2. S ni dy hnh cu
Trn hnh 2.2 l cc s chnh lu mc theo s cu. Hnh 2.2a l s dng tng
qut vi s pha m > 3, hnh 2.2b l s chnh lu cu mt pha.
Cc phn t trn cc s :
u
1
,u
2
,... u
m:
l h thng in p xoay chiu (thng l hnh sin) m pha, u l in
p xoay chiu mt pha.



E
d

Hnh 2.3a
L
d

R
d

D
m
D
2
D
1

u
m
u
2
u
1

i
d

u
d

~ ~ ~
O
K
T
1
,T
2
,...,T
2m
: l cc van chnh lu c iu khin (thyristor).
R
d
, L
d,
E
d
: l in tr, in cm, s... ph ti (E
d
cn c gi l s... ngc
hay sc phn in ng).
u
d
,i
d
: l in p v dng ti tc thi,qui c chiu ging nh s hnh tia.
Cc c im chung ca s chnh lu hnh cu m pha:
S van chnh lu trong s bng 2 ln s pha, trong c m van c Cathode
ni chung c gi l nhm van Cathode chung v trn s ta k hiu bi ch
s l, m van cn li c anode ni chung nn c gi l nhm van anode chung
v trn s ta k hiu bng ch s chn.
Mi pha ngun xoay chiu ni vi 2 van, mt nhm Cathode chung v mt
nhm anode chung.
im ni chung ca cc van nhm Cathode chung (K), nhm van anode chung
(A) l 2 in cc ca in p ra.
II.1.1.3. Nguyn l lm vic
a/- Nguyn l lm vic ca s chnh lu hnh tia
Trng hp s chnh lu l khng iu khin (hnh 2.3a)
n gin cho vic nghin cu nguyn l lm vic ca s chnh lu, trc tin ta
xt vi s khng iu khin v nghin cu loi s cc van ni Cathode chung
(hnh 2.3a).
Trong s ny ta thay cc thyristor
s hnh 2.1a bng cc diode t D
1
n
D
m
.
Qua nghin cu ngi ta nhn thy
rng: ch dng qua ti l lin tc v b
qua qu trnh chuyn mch th mt thi
im bt k khi b chnh lu ang lm vic
trong s lun c mt van dn dng, l
van ni vi pha c in p dng nht. Mt
khc nh bit vi h thng in p xoay
chiu m pha th trong thi gian mt chu k
ngun mi pha s ln lt dng nht trong khong thi gian bng 1/m chu k, do vy
m mi van trong s s dn dng mt khong bng 1/m chu k trong thi gian mt
chu k ngun. Ta gi thit rng st in p trn diode hoc thyristor m (dn dng)
bng khng. Nh vy thi im m in p trn van bng khng v c xu hng
chuyn sang dng l thi im van (diode) bt u m, thi im m diode trong s
chnh lu bt u m c gi l thi im m t nhin i vi van trong s
chnh lu.
Thi im m t nhin i vi van trong s chnh lu cc van ni Cathode
chung chm sau thi im in p ca pha ni van bng khng v bt u chuyn sang
dng mt gc in bng
0
, vi
0
c xc nh nh sau:

0
= t/2-t/m


Hnh 2.3b

E
d

L
d

R
d

T
m

T
2
T
1

u
m
u
2
u
1

i
d

u
d

~ ~ ~
O
K
Mi diode trong s bt u m ti thi im m t nhin v s kho ti thi
im m t nhin ca van tip theo. in p chnh lu s lp li m ln ging nhau
trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu.
Trng hp s chnh lu hnh tia m pha cc van ni anode chung, khi s
lm vic ch dng lin tc v b qua chuyn mch th ti mt thi im bt k
trong s c mt van mc vi pha c in p m nht dn dng. Thi im m t
nhin i cc van trong s ny chm sau thi im in p ca pha mc vi van
bng khng v bt u chuyn sang m mt gc in cng bng
0
.
Trng hp chnh lu c iu khin (hnh
2.3b)
Trong trng hp ny cc van chnh lu l cc
thyristor (T
1
,T
2
,...,T
m
). Nh bit, mt
thyristor c th chuyn t trng thi kho sang
trng m th cn phi c hai iu kin:
in p gia anode v Cathode phi
dng (thun).
C tn hiu iu khin t vo in cc
iu khin v Cathode ca van (ni tt l c tn hiu iu khin).
Do c im va nu m trong s ny ta c th iu khin c thi im
m ca cc van trong mt gii hn nht nh. C th l, trong khong thi gian van c
iu kin m th nht l c in p thun (t thi im m t nhin i vi van cho
n sau thi im ny mt na chu k), ta cn m van thi im no th ta truyn tn
hiu iu khin n van thi im v iu ny c thc hin vi tt c cc van
trong s . Nh vy nu ta truyn tn hiu iu khin n van chm sau thi im m
t nhin mt gc in bng o th tt c cc van trong s s m chm so vi thi
im m t nhin mt gc in l o v ng cong in p chnh lu trn ph ti
mt chiu s khc so vi s chnh lu khng iu khin (cc van m ti thi im
m t nhin i vi van), do vy gi tr trung bnh (thnh phn mt chiu) ca in p
chnh lu s thay i. Mt khc khi thay i gi tr ca o th dng v gi tr trung bnh
ca in p chnh lu cng thay i theo. Vy ta c th thay i c thnh phn mt
chiu ca in p trn ti nh thay i thi im m van, tc l thay i gi tr gc o.
Trong s chnh lu th gi tr gc m chm ca van o c gi l gc iu khin
ca s chnh lu. T cc iu kin m ca van nu trn ta thy rng: mun van
m c khi c tn hiu iu khin th thi im truyn tn hiu iu khin n van
phi nm trong khong in p trn van l thun,c ngha rng: 180
0
> o > 0
0
. Trng
hp s lm vic vi o = 0
0
tng ng vi trng hp s chnh lu khng iu
khin.
S lm vic ca s chnh lu hnh tia m pha cc van ni anode chung cng
hon ton tng t, ch khc l thi im m t nhin ca cc van trong s ny xc
nh khc vi s cc van ni Cathode chung.
b/- Nguyn l lm vic s cu


Trng hp s khng iu khin:
T kt cu ca s chnhlu hnh cu ta c nhn xt:
c dng qua ph ti th trong s phi c t nht 2 van cng dn dng, mt
van nhm Cathode chung cn van kia nhm anode chung. Vy, vi gi thit l s
lm vic ch dng lin tc v b qua qu trnh chuyn mch th khi b chnh
lu cu m pha lm vic, mt thi im bt k trong s lun c 2 van dn dng:
mt van nhm Cathode chung ni vi pha ang c in p dng nht v mt van
nhm anode chung ni vi pha ang c in p m nht. Thi im m t nhin i
cc van nhm Cathode chung xc nh ging nh cc van trong s chnh lu hnh
tia cng s pha cc van ni Cathode chung, cn thi im m t nhin i vi cc van
nhm anode chung th xc nh nh i vi cc van trong s chnh lu hnh tia
cng s pha cc van ni anode chung. Vi c im lm vic ca s chnh lu hnh
cu ngi ta nhn thy rng: Trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu mi van cng dn
dng mt khong thi gian bng 1/m chu k nh s hnh tia, s chuyn mch
dng t van ny sang van khc ch din ra vi cc van trong cng mt nhm v c
lp vi nhm van kia; trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu in p chnh lu lp li q
ln ging nhau, vi q = 2m khi m l v q = m khi m chn.
Trng hp s chnh lu c iu khin
(hnh2.4)
Vi s chnh lu cu, iu khin in
p chnh lu trn ph ti mt chiu ngi ta cng
thc vic iu khin cho cc van trong s m
chm hn thi im m t nhin mt gc in
bng o nh s dng tn hiu iu khin ging nh
s hnh tia. Gii hn thay i ln nht ca
gc iu khin o l t 0
0
n 180
0
.

II.1.2 Dng v p ca b chnh lu v ti
II.1.2.1 Dng in chnh lu trn ph ti mt
chiu
T mc trn ta thy rng dng ng cong in p
chnh lu lp i lp li q ln trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu, do vy ch xc
lp th dng qua ti cng s lp i lp li q ln (vi q = m khi s chnh lu l hnh tia
hoc s cu c s pha m l chn, q = 2m khi s chnh lu l hnh cu vi s pha
m l l). Qua y chng ta thy rng bit dng v p trn ti ch xc lp ta ch
cn bit dng v p trn ti trong mt khong thi gian
bng mt ln lp li (bng 1/m chu k hay qui ra gc
in bng 2t/q). xc nh dng v p trn ti ta da vo
s thay th b chnh lu trong mt khong lm vic ca
1 van nh hnh2.5.
Trong s thay th ny ta c:
R
d

E
d

L
d

~

T
u
d

u
i
d

Hnh 2.5
K
O
T
4

T
2

T
2m-1

T
2m

T
3

T
1

u
m
u
2
u
1

u
d

A
~ ~ ~

E
d
L
d

R
d

Hnh 2.4
i
d



u: l tng i s in p ngun xoay chiu tc ng trong mch vng ni vi
cc van ang dn dng trong s giai on xt,trong s hnh tia mt
thi im ch c mt van lm vic nn u s l in pha, vi s cu mt thi
im c 2 van mc vi hai pha khc nhau cng lm vic nn u s l in p dy.
Nu ta chn mc thi gian xt t = 0 (et = 0) l thi im bt u m mt van
trong s th: u = U
m
.sin (et+) (2-1a)
Trong U
m
l bin in pha ngun xoay chiu nu s chnh lu l hnh
tia hoc l bin in p dy nu s chnh lu l chnh lu l hnh cu (V),
e l tn s gc ca ngun in xoay chiu (rad), t l thi gian xt (s), l gc
pha u v c xc nh: = t/2-t/q + o (2-1b)
Cn T c trng cc van ang dn dng, s tia l 1 van cn s cu c 2
van dn dng ni tip nhau. y T ch c ngha l dng trong s ch c
php i theo mt chiu l chiu thc ca dng qua T, cn st in p trn T
c b qua.
E
d,
L
d,
R
d
: l cc phn t ph ti.
u
d
, i
d
: l in p v dng in trn ti.
Vit phng trnh cn bng in p trong s hnh 2.5 ta c

d m d d d
E t U
dt
di
L i R + = + ) sin( . e
(2-2)
gii phng trnh ny ta t:
c=E
d
/U
m;
i
*
=i
d
/I
m
=i
d
.R
d
/U
m
; t=L
d
/R
d
(2-3)
Th (1-3) vo (1-2) ta c:
i
*
+t.di
*
/dt=sin (et+) - c (2-4)
y l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh i vi dng ti dng tng i.Gii
phng trnh ny vi iu kin u l: i
*
(et = 0) = i
*
0
ta c:

sin[ -arctg( )] sin[ -arctg( )]
* * /
i { i - } { - }
0
2 2
1 ( ) 1 ( )
t
t
e
et e et
t
c c
et et
+

= +
+ +
(2-5)
Biu thc (2-5) l biu thc tng qut dng xc nh dng in tng i
qua ph ti mt chiu (i
*
), t y khi s dng (2-3) s tm c i
d
. Biu thc ny xc
nh trong khong t et = 0 n et = 2t/q.
Tu thuc vo c tnh ph ti, dng s , gi tr gc iu khin m xy ra mt
s ch lm vic khc nhau:
Nu trong ton b thi gian lm vic m i
d
> 0 ta c ch dng in ti lin
tc.
Nu trong mt chu k lm vic m dng ti c q khong bng khng v q
khong khc khng ta c ch dng in ti gin on.
Ch trung gian (gii hn) gia 2 ch nu trn c gi l ch dng
in bin lin tc.


Ch : Khi dng (2-5) nu tnh c i
*
c gi tr m trong mt khong no thi
gian xt th trong khong ta ly i
*
=0,v dng in trong mch ch c php i theo
mt chiu nn khng m.
a/- Ch dng ti gin on
iu ny s xy ra vi ti l in tr thun khi o ln trong s 1 hoc 2 pha v ngay
c s 3 pha, hoc khi ti c L
d
hu hn m E
d
ln hoc o ln,... Khi , ti thi
im ta bt u m mt van th dng qua ti ang bng khng, tc l i
*
0
=0. Vy biu
thc dng ti dng tng i lc ny l:
sin[ -arctg( )] sin[ -arctg( )]
* /
i { - } { - }
2 2
1 ( ) 1 ( )
t
t
e
et e et
t
c c
et et
+

=
+ +
(2-6)
Khi nghin cu b chnh lu ch dng in gin on ngi ta gi khong
thi gian tn ti mt xung dng ti qui ra gc in l gc dn ca van v k hiu l
.
b/- Dng in ti khi ph ti R
d
- E
d
(khi L
d
= 0)
Khi L
d
= 0, ta c: t = 0, nn e
-t/t
= 0.
Vy dng tng i trn ti: i
*
= sin (et +) - c (2-7)
c/- Dng in ti ch dng bin lin tc
Khi s lm vic ch ny th ng cong dng in c q im bng khng
trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu. Nhng im dng ti bng khng l nhng im
bt u m mt van trong s , vy trong trng hp ny i
*
0
= 0 v ta cng c th
dng biu thc (2-6) xc nh dng ti, tuy nhin trong trng hp ny th gc dn
ca van = 2t/q. Khi thay et = 2t/q vo (2-6) v cho i
*
= 0 ta tm c gi tr gii
hn ca s.. s c th chuyn t ch dng gin on sang lin tc v ngc
li, ta c:
2 /
sin[2 / ( )] sin[ ( )]
2 /
2
(1 ). 1 ( )
q
q arctg arctg e
gh
q
e
t et
t et et
c
t et
et

+
=

+
(2-8)

d/- Dng ti ch dng lin tc
Khi s chnh lu lm vic ch xc lp m dng ti lin tc th do tnh cht
lp i lp li mang tnh chu k vi chu k lp li bng 1/q ln chu k ngun xoay
chiu nn dng ti khi et = 2t/q cng bng dng ti ti et = 0, tc l bng i
*
0
.
Thay et = 2t/q vo (2-5) ta tm c i
*
0
:
2 /
sin[2 / ( )] sin[ ( )]
*
0
2 /
2
(1 ). 1 ( )
q
q arctg arctg e
i
q
e
t et
t et et
c
t et
et

+
=

+
(2-9)
Th (2-9) vo (2-5) v bin i ta c:
/
{sin[2 / ( )] sin[ ( )]} sin[ ( )]
*
2 /
2 2
(1 ). 1 ( ) 1 ( )
t
q arctg arctg e t arctg
i
q
e
t
t et et e et
c
t et
et et

+ +
= +

+ +
(2-10)
y l biu thc dng ti dng tng i ch dng lin tc.


Trng hp khi L
d
=
Trong trng hp ny ta tm dng in tng i bng cch ly gii hn i
*
khi cho L
d

tin n (v cng), gi tr i
*
lc ny c k hiu l I
*
:

sin(2 / / 2) sin( / 2) 2sin( / ).cos( / / 2)
* *
lim
2 / 2 /
q q q
I i
q q
t t t t t t
c c
et
t t
+ +
= = =

*
.sin .cos
q
I
q
t
o c
t
| |
|
\ .
= (2-11)
T biu thc (2-11) ta thy rng: dng qua ti khi L
d
= khng ph thuc vo
thi gian. Nu ch rng dng qua ph ti b chnh lu gm hai thnh phn: mt
thnh phn khng i khng ph thuc thi gian l thnh phn mt chiu hay gi tr
trung bnh v mt thnh phn bin i theo thi gian l thnh phn xoay chiu th dng
ti trong trng hp ny ng bng gi tr trung bnh dng chnh lu, ta k hiu l I
d
.
I
d
= (U
m
. (q/t).sin t/q .coso - E
d
)/R
d
(2-12)
II.1.2.2 in p chnh lu trn ph ti mt chiu
C hai khi nim v in p chnh lu l:
in p chnh lu tc thi (k hiu l u
d
) trong khong thi gian xt nu ta
c:
o ch dng ti gin on:
u
d
= u khi i
d
> 0 (tc l khi i
*
> 0): t et=0 n et =
u
d
= E
d
trong khong dng ti bng khng t et= n et =2t/q
o ch dng ti lin tc: u
d
= u trong ton khong xt.
in p chnh lu trung bnh, y chnh l thnh phn mt chiu ca in p
chnh lu, n c tnh theo biu thc:

}
=
q
t d t
d
u q
d
U
/ 2
0
) ( ). ( ) 2 / (
t
e e t
(2-13)
Trng hp dng ti gin on:
)] ( . ) ( ) sin( )[ 2 / (
/ 2
0
t d E t d t U q U
q
d m d
e e e t
t

} }
+ + =
(2-14)
Trng hp dng ti lin tc:
o o
t
t
e e t
t
cos . cos . sin . . ) ( ) sin( ) 2 / (
0
/ 2
0
d m
q
m d
U
q
U
q
t d t U q U =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
}

(2-15)
II.1.3. Cc ch lm vic ca b chnh lu
Ch nghch lu ca chnh lu c iu khin
Khi nghin cu s lm vic ca s chnh lu c iu khin ngi ta nhn thy trong
mt s iu kin nht nh b chnh lu thc hin qu trnh bin i nng lng ngc
vi ch chnh lu bnh thng, lc b chnh lu thc hin bin i in nng
mt chiu bn pha ph ti thnh in nng xoay chiu v chuyn tr cho ngun cung


cp xoay chiu. Ch lm vic ny ca s chnh lu c gi l ch nghch
lu ca chnh lu c iu khin.
Nu gi cng sut tiu th trn ph ti b chnh lu l P
d
, b qua tn tht ph ta
c:
P
d
= U
d
. I
d

Trong , U
d
, I
d
: l gi tr trung bnh ca in p v dng in chnh lu.
Khi s lm vic ch chnh lu ta c P
d
> 0, ph ti tiu th cng sut
tc dng do ngun xoay chiu chuyn sang. Trong trng hp b bin i lm vic
ch nghch lu th nh nu: ph ti pht ra cng sut tc dng v ngun xoay
chiu lc ny thu cng sut tc dng, do vy P
d
< 0. Mt khc, ta bit rng dng qua
ph ti b chnh lu ch i theo mt chiu nn nu c dng qua ti th I
d
khng th m
(tc I
d
lun lun > 0). Vy mun c P
d
< 0 th U
d
<0, tc l in p u ra b chnh lu
phi i du. Nu gi thit s chnh lu lm vic ch dng lin tc ta c:
o cos .
0
d d
U U =
T biu thc ny ta thy rng:
Nu 0 <o < t/2 th U
d
>0, s lm vic ch chnh lu.
Nu t/2<o < t th U
d
<0, s lm vic ch nghch lu.
Vy iu kin th nht c ch nghch lu l: t/2<o < t .
Mt khc ta c I
d
= (U
d
- E
d
)/ R
d
. Mun c ch nghch lu th ti phi pht ra
cng sut tc dng tc l P
d
phi m, v iu ny c ngha l I
d
>0. T biu thc trn
ta suy ra (U
d
- E
d
) > 0, m U
d
< 0 nn E
d
< 0 v |E
d
| > |U
d
| (*), tc l ta phi o cc
tnh ca E
d
so vi qui c v phi m bo biu thc (*).
Vy iu kin th hai c ch nghch lu l: phi o chiu s... ph ti
E
d
v m bo quan h |E
d
| > |U
d
|.
Khi s chnh lu lm vic ch nghch lu ngi a ra mt i lng
mi l gc iu khin nghch lu hay gi tt l gc nghch lu v k hiu l |. Gc |
c tnh bng khong thi gian t thi im m van n thi im chm sau thi
im m t nhin i vi van mt gc bng 180
0
qui ra gc in, vy | =t - o
Ch : T c im lm vic cng nh bn cht ca cc thyristor ngi ta thy
rng, mt thyristor ang dn dng chuyn sang trng thi kho mt cch chc chn
th sau khi dng qua van gim v bng khng ta phi duy tr mt in p m hoc bng
khng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th van mi m bo phc hi c tnh
cht iu khin, c ngha rng sau khong thi gian cn thit nh nu ta c th t
in p thun trong gii hn cho php ln van th van cng vn kho nu cha c tn
hiu iu khin. Khong thi gian cn thit nu trn c gi l thi gian phc hi
tnh cht iu khin ca van v ta k hiu l t
k
. Khi s lm vic ch nghch lu
nu ta cho o = t th khi dng qua mt van va bng khng (vi gi thit ang b qua
chuyn mch s xt phn sau), in p trn van cng bng khng v bt u
chuyn sang dng (thun) tc l van khng c thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin
v s m li ngay. S t m li ca van va kho kt hp vi vic trong s ang c
mt van cng nhm dn dng s gy nn ngn mch v ph hu ch nghch lu,


Hnh 2.6
u
1
i
T1
T
1

u
2

i
T2

u
d

~
~
T
2

i
d

R
d
L
d
E
d


D
0

ngi ta gi hin tng ny l hin tng lt nghch lu. Mun cho s lm vic
bnh thng ch nghch lu th phi to ra khong thi gian cn thit van phc
hi tnh cht iu khin bng cch gim gi tr gc iu khin cc i v ngi ta thc
hin:
t/2<o < o
max
hay |
min
< | < t/2, trong |
min
= et
k
(2-16)
II.1.4 Chnh lu iu khin lm vic vi diode khng (D
0
)
T nguyn l lm vic ca s chnh lu, ngi ta
thy rng khi a in cm vo mch ti san phng
dng ti th cc gc iu khin ln in p chnh lu
tc thi c nhng khong m. iu ni ln rng
trong cc khong thi gian th ti pht ra cng sut
tc dng v thc t l in cm mch ti gii phng ra
mt nng lng m n tch lu c trong giai
on in p chnh lu tc thi dng. Mt phn nng
lng tch lu trong L
d
lc ny c chuyn vo cung
cp cho R
d
v E
d
, cn mt phn chuyn tr cho ngun
xoay chiu. V L
d
l hu hn nn nng lng n tch
lu c cng l hu hn, do vy khi dng ti nh hoc gc iu khin qu ln, th
dng in qua ti s khng lin tc. khc phc mt phn ngi ta tm cch sao cho
khng chuyn nng lng tch lu trong L
d
v ngun m ch dng duy tr dng qua
ti, lc kh nng lin tc ca dng ti s tt hn. Ngi ta thc hin bng cch mc
song song vi ti mt diode sao cho khi u
d
> 0 th diode ny b t in p ngc.
Diode ny c gi l diode khng, k hiu l D
0
. V d s chnh lu hnh tia 2
pha c diode khng nh hnh 2.6.
Nguyn l hot ng ca s chnh lu c van khng c th tm tt nh sau:
Khi in p chnh lu tc thi dng th diode khng b t in p ngc. Khi in
p chnh lu tc thi c xu hng chuyn sang m th diode khng s m, diode
khng m th st p trn n gim v bng khng. in p trn D
0
l u
Do
=0, nn u
d
=0,
do vy in p trn van c iu khin ang dn dng giai on trc s chuyn sang
m v in p ca pha ngun xoay chiu ni vi van bt u i du v van s kho
li. Trong thi gian D
0
lm vic th u
d
=0 v i
d
= i
Do
. n thi im ta a tn hiu iu
khin m van c iu khin tip theo trong s th u
d
>0 v u
Do
=-u
d
<0, D
0
li kho.
Trong cc giai on tip theo s lm
vic ca s din ra tng t, trong
mt chu k ngun xoay chiu D
0
lm
vic q ln.
th in p chnh lu tc thi,
dng cc van ca s hnh 2.6 khi
s lm vic vi o = 0, gi thit L
d
= cho trn hnh 2.7.
Mt s nhn xt: t/2 3t/2
3t/2 t/2
0
0
et
t
i
T2

i
T1

I
d

I
d

o
o
2t
et
t
i
Do

o
o
2t
et
3t/2 t/2
t
u
d
(nt
m)
u
2

u
1

u
0
o
o
2t
i
T

Hnh 2.7


u
n
i
Tn

Ls
n

T
n

u
n+1

i
Tn+1

Ls
n+1
T
n+1

i
d

R
d

u
d

L
d

Hnh 2.8
E
d


~

~

Do c im l dng qua D
0
gy nn bi s... t cm trong in cm ph ti
L
d
,v vy s c ch hp l khi L
d
=0, L
d
cng ln cng tt.
Trong s chnh lu c D
0
th u
d
> 0 (khng m), nn U
d
>0 v s khng
lm vic c ch nghch lu.
II.1.5 Qu trnh chuyn mch (chuyn i) trong s chnh lu
II.1.5.1 Khi nim
Bnh thng xt nguyn l hot ng ca cc s chnh lu ta thng gi thit b
qua in tr v in cm ngun cung cp xoay chiu v ca dy dn cng nh cc
phn t khc mc ni tip trong mch ngun n gin cho vic nghin cu. Trong
trng hp ny khi ta m mt van n lt lm vic th van ang dn dng giai on
trc v cng nhm s kho li tc thi. Trong thc t th mch ngun lun lun
tn ti mt gi tr in tr v mt gi tr in cm nht nh, iu ny s lm cho s
thay i van lm vic trong s khc i, c bit l in cm mch ngun. Do c
im ca in cm l dng qua n khng c php thay i t ngt nn khi ta
truyn tn hiu iu khin n m mt van n lt lm vic th van cng nhm vi n
ang dn dng giai on trc dng cha gim ngay v khng m s gim dn trong
mt khong thi gian no v trong thi gian dng qua van va m cng s tng
dn t 0 n gi tr dng qua ti. Nh vy, ta thy rng khi chuyn s dn dng t van
ny sang van khc cng nhm s xut hin mt khong thi gian c hai van cng
nhm ca s cng dn dng, khong thi gian ny c gi l thi gian chuyn
mch v qu trnh din ra trong s chnh lu trong thi gian ny c gi l qu
trnh chuyn mch. Trong thi gian chuyn mch s lm vic trng thi ngn
mch hai pha ngun xoay chiu bi st in p trn hai van cng nhm dn dng xem
l bng khng. Qu trnh chuyn mch nh nu khng xy ra i vi ch dng
gin on v khi ta m mt van trong s th tt c cc van lm vic giai on
trc u ang kho. Qu trnh chuyn mch ch din ra khi s lm ch dng
lin tc v vic nghin cu qu trnh ny tng i phc tp. n gin cho vic
nghin cu ta tm thi a ra mt s gi thit nh sau:
1- in p xoay chiu cung cp cho b chnh lu l hon ton hnh sin.
2- Tm thi b qua in tr trong mch ngun (R
s
= 0), ch xt n in cm ca
mch ngun (L
s
= 0).
3- Gi thit in cm mch ti l v cng ln (L
d
= nn i
d
=I
d
=const)
4- B qua st in p trn van v xem rng van m ngay khi c tn hiu iu
khin.
5- Ch kho st qu trnh chuyn mch din ra gia 2 van v nghin cu vi
trng hp s l hnh tia, sau suy rng
kt qu cho c s hnh cu.
II.1.5.2 Dng dng qua cc van trong giai on
chuynmch
xc nh biu thc dng cc van trong giai on
chuyn mch vi s chnh lu hnh tia m pha cc


van ni Cathode chung ta s dng s thay th b chnh lu trong thi gian din ra
qu trnh chuyn mch gia 2 van T
n
v T
n+1
, (n<m), nh hnh 2.8:
Trong :
u
n,
u
n+1
l in pha th n v n+1 trong h thng in p xoay chiu hnh sin m
pha (n<m).
T
n
, T
n+1
l 2 van mc 2 pha u
n
, u
n+1

Ls
n
, Ls
n+1
l in cm tng trong 2 pha ngun xoay chiu th n v n+1, ta c:
Ls
n
= Ls
n+1
= Ls.
E
d,
R
d
, L
d
l cc phn t ph ti mt chiu.
i
Tn
, i
Tn+1
, i
d
l dng in cc van l dng ti.
u
d
l in p chnh lu tc thi.
Ta chn mc thi gian xt et = 0 l thi im truyn tn hiu iu khin m
T
n+1
, trc van T
n
ang dn dng. Vit phng trnh cn bng in p trong mch
vng qua 2 van ang din ra chuyn mch v hai pha ngun ni vi 2 van ny vi ch
rng in p trn 2 van ny trong khong chuyn mch bng khng (v cc van ang
dn dng), ta c:
- Ls.di
Tn
/dt+ Ls.di
Tn+1
/dt =u
n+1
-u
n
(2-17)
Mt khc ta li c:
i
Tn
+ i
Tn+1
= I
d
(2-18)
T (1-17) v (1-18) ta rt ra:
i
Tn+1
= I
d
- i
Tn,
di
Tn+1
/dt = - di
Tn
/dt, u
n+1
- u
n
=U
m
.sin (et+o) vi U
m
l bin in p
dy ca 2 pha ngun lin tip nhau. Thay cc biu thc ny vo (2-17) ta c:
2.Ls.di
Tn+1
/dt = U
m
.sin (et+o) (2-19)
Gii phng trnh vi phn ny ta c:
i
Tn+1
= - I
m
.cos (et+o) +C
Hng s tch phn C c xc nh da iu kin u l khi et=0 th i
Tn+1
=0 v
c gi tr nh sau:
C = I
m
.coso = (U
m
/2e Ls). coso
Vi: I
m
l gi tr hng c xc nh bng: I
m
= U
m
/2e Ls (2-20)
Vy ta c:
i
Tn+1
= I
m
.[coso - cos (et+o)] (2-21a)
i
Tn
= I
d
- I
m
.[coso - cos (et+o)] (2-21b)
II.1.5.3 Gc chuyn mch
Khong thi gian chuyn mch qui ra gc in c gi l gc chuyn mch v
thng c k hiu l . xc nh gc chuyn mch ta da vo iu kin: khi kt
thc chuyn mch th i
Tn
=0 v i
Tn+1
=I
d
.Thng thng ngi ta tnh ton gi tr gc
chuyn mch khi o=0 trc (khi o=0 th =
0
) ri tnh ton thng qua
0
v o .
Cho o=0 v thay et=
0
vo (2-21a) hoc (2-21b) ta c:
1 - cos
0
= (I
d
.2. e Ls)/U
m
(2-22)

0
= arccos[1- (2.e.Ls.I
d
)/U
m
] (2-22a)
Thay et= vo (1-21b) v cho i
Tn
= 0 ta rt ra:
coso - cos (o +) = (I
d
.2. e Ls)/U
m
(2-23)
Chia v vi v hai ng thc (2-22), (2-23) cho nhau ta c:
(1- cos
0
)/ [coso - cos (o +)] =1 (2-24)
sau khi bin i, cui cng ta rt ra:
=arccos (coso + cos
0
- 1) - o (2-25)
Nhn xt: Gc chuyn mch ph thuc vo gi tr dng ti I
d
, in p ngun cung
cp, in cm trong mch ngun L
s
, gc iu khin o.
II.1.5.4 in p chnh lu khi c xt n qu trnh chuyn mch
a/- in p chnh lu tc thi
Trong khong thi gian khng din ra chuyn mch: Trong cc giai on ny
in p chnh lu tc thi bng in p ca pha ngun xoay chiu ni vi van
ang dn dng, v d: ln cn trc et=0 th T
n
dn dng nn u
d
=u
n
cn t et=
n et=2t/q th T
n+1
dn dng nn u
d
=u
n+1
.
Trong giai on din ra chuyn mch: Khi c s chuyn mch dng t van ny
sang van khc th dng qua cc van v cc pha ngun xoay chiu c s bin i
nn in p chnh lu tc thi trn ti cng s thay i. xc nh in p trn
ti trong giai on ny ta vit phng trnh cn bng in p nh sau:
Ls.di
Tn+1
/dt + u
d
= u
n+1
(2-26a)
Ls.di
Tn
/dt + u
d
= u
n
(2-26b)
Cng hai phng trnh ny v vi v, bin i v ch rng:
di
Tn+1
/dt=- di
Tn
/dt
ta c: u
d
= (u
n+1
+ u
n
)/2 (2-27)
b/- in p chnh lu trung bnh
Do c chuyn mch m in p chnh lu tc thi trong khong chuyn mch b gim
i. Lng gim i ca u
d
trong khong chuyn mch bng st in p trn in cm
mch ngun u
Ls
. V vy m gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu cng b gim i
mt lng bng gi tr trung bnh ca st in p trn Ls, ta k hiu l AU
x
. Gi tr
AU
x
c xc nh bng:

)] cos( .[cos ). 4 / ( ) ( ) sin( ) 4 / (
0
o o t e o e t

+ = + = A
}
m m x
U q t d t U q U
(2-28)
Da vo (2-23) ta rt ra: AU
x
= (q/2t).e.Ls.I
d
. (2-29)
V cui cng ta c biu thc in p chnh lu trung bnh khi c tnh n qu
trnh chuyn mch l:
U
d
= U
d0
.coso - (q/2t).e.Ls.I
d
(2-30)
Ch :
Khi c tnh n in tr Rs trong mch ngun xoay chiu m vn gi thit L
d
=
th cc tnh ton cho thy rng dng ng cong dng in cc van cng gn


Hnh 2.9. S chnh lu hnh tia 2
pha
u
d
(nt
m)
u
u
1
u
2

i
T1
i
T2

0
et
t
o

2
t
i
0
et
t
o

2
t
u
c
u
b

u
u
a

T
2

T
3

T
1

T
2

T
1

T
3

et

0
o
Hnh 2.10. S chnh lu hnh tia 3
pha
ging nh khi b qua in tr ngun v cc biu thc tnh ton trn vn c th
s dng c vi mc chnh xc cho php, ch cn quan tm thm st p trn
Rs.
Khi c tnh n in tr Rs trong mch ngun xoay chiu m gi tr L
d
hu hn
th nu L
d
c gi tr ln cho dng ti p mch nh th dng dng cc van
cng thay i rt t v ta vn c th s dng cc quan h trn nhng trong biu
thc tnh in p chnh lu trung bnh phi tnh n st in p mt chiu trn
Rs. Vy, biu thc in p chnh lu trung bnh khi c Rs l:
U
d
= U
d0
.coso - (q/2t).e.Ls.I
d
- R
s
.I
d
(2-31)
Cc biu thc (1-30), (1-31) tuy tnh ton vi s hnh tia nhng vn p dng
c cho c cc s hnh cu tr trng hp s cu mt pha. Vi s
chnh lu cu mt pha ta s dng biu thc sau:
U
d
= U
d0
.coso - (2/t).e.Ls.I
d
- Rs.I
d
(2-32)
Khi c tnh n chuyn mch th di dn dng ca van ko di thm mt gc
bng nn trnh lt nghch lu khi s lm vic ch ny gc
nghch lu cn phi tho mn:
|
min
< | < t/2 (2-33a)
Trong : |
min
= et
k
+ (2-
33b)

II.1.5.5 Mt s v d:
a/- S chnh hnh tia 2 pha

b/- S chnh hnh tia 3 pha (Hnh 2.10)
Trong trng hp ny ta gi thit ti thi im bt u xt ta m T
2
khi trc T
1

ang dn dng th t et=0 n et= s din ra qu trnh chuyn mch dng t T
1
sang
T
2
v in p chnh lu tc thi trong khong ny l u
d
= (u
1
+ u
2
)/2 =0, dng ng
cong dng cc van v in p trn ti nh hnh 2.9. y ta gi thit ti et=0 th ta
truyn tn hiu iu khin n m T
2
mc pha b (pha th 2) v trc T
1
ang dn
dng nn giai on t et=0 n et= din ra s chuyn mch dng t T
1
sang T
2
, do


Hnh 2.11: th dng in li in xoay
chiu
i
1

i
1

I
d
/k
ba

0
2t/3
2t
t/3
t
I
d
/k
ba

0
et
2t
et
et
t/2
t
i
1

I
d
/k
ba

0
2t
o/2
t
a
b
c
vy in p chnh lu lc ny s bng: u
d
= (u
1
+ u
2
)/2 = (u
a
+ u
b
)/2. th in p
chnh lu tc thi nh hnh 2.10.

II.1.6 nh hng ca chnh lu n li in
Do s lm vic ca s chnh lu m dng qua ngun in xoay chiu c dng khc
hnh sin.Phn tch ng cong dng in ngun ra chui Furi ta c mt thnh phn
hnh sin tn s bng tn s in p ngun c gi l sng hi bc nht dng in
ngun (li) v mt tng v hn cc thnh phn hnh sin khc c tn s ln hn tn s
in p ngun mt s nguyn ln c gi l cc sng hi bc cao dng in ngun.
T cc c trng ca mch in khng hnh sin nghin trong l thuyt mch in v
do in p ngun l hnh sin nn ch c thnh phn dng in hnh sin tn s bng tn
s in p ngun (sng hi bc nht) l tham gia vo qu trnh truyn cng sut tc
dng t ngun ti ti, cn cc sng hi bc cao khng tham gia vo qu trnh ny m
n ch gy nn cc tn tht ph khi truyn ti. Mt khc, do s hot ng ca chnh lu
iu khin m gy nn s lch pha gia dng in v in p ngun lm gim h s
cng sut ca li in xoay chiu khi cung cp cho s chnh lu.
II.1.6.1 Xut hin sng hi bc cao trong dng in li
Ta gi thit rng L
d
= , b qua qu trnh chuyn mch th th dng in ca ngun
xoay chiu trong mt s trng
hp nh hnh 2.11. Trong
hnh 2.11a l ca s tia 2 pha
hoc cu mt pha khng c
diode khng, hnh 2.11b l
trng hp chnh lu tia 2 pha
hoc cu mt pha khi c diode
khng, cn hnh 2.11c l i vi
s chnh lu cu 3 pha khi
my bin p ni Y/Y.
Phn tch cc ng cong
trn ra chui Furi ta c:
ng cong hnh 2.11a:
i
1
= (4I
d
/tk
ba
).[sinet+ (1/2).sin3et+ (1/5).sin5et+...+ (1/n).sinnet+... (2-34)
ng cong dng in ch cha cc sng hi bc l, bin ca sng hi bc n
bng: I
nm
= (1/n). (4I
d
/tk
ba
); trong n l s nguyn dng v l, k
ba
l h s bin p
ca my bin p cung cp cho s .
ng cong hnh 2.11b: n gin cho vic phn tch ta chuyn dch trc
tung i 1 khong bng t/2 (ng nt t trn hnh), ta c:
i
1
= (4I
d
/tk
ba
).[sin (t/2) (1-o/t).coset+ (1/3).sin (3t/2) (1-o/t).cos3et+...
+ (1/n).sin (t/2).. (1-o/t).cosnet+...] (2-35)
Bin sng hi bc n l: I
nm
= (1/n). (4I
d
/tk
ba
). sin (nt/2) (1-o/t).
ng cong hnh 2.11c khi dch trc tung sang phi 90
0
s l:


1
[(2 3 ) / ].[(cos (1/ 5). cos 5 (1/ 7). cos 7 (1/ 11). cos11
... (1/ ). cos ...)]
d ba
i I k t t t t
n n t
t e e e e
e
= + +
+ +
(2-36)
Bin sng hi bc n: (1/ ).(2 3 ) /( )
nm d ba
I n I k t =
Nhn xt:
T vic phn tch mt s ng cong in mch ngun nu, ta thy rng
dng in ngun c mt thnh phn hnh sin tn s bng tn s in p ngun l sng
hi bc nht v v s cc sng bc cao vi ch s bc n c xc nh:
n = kq1;k=1,2,3,... (2-37)
Gi tr tng i ca sng hi bc n (so vi sng hi bc nht):
I
nm*
= (I
1m
/I
nm
)=1/n

II.1.6.2 Gim h s cng sut cos
H s cng sut cos trong trng hp chung c xc nh bng:
cos =P/S (2-39)
Trong : P,S l cng sut tc dng v cng sut ton phn m b chnh lu
yu cu t li in xoay chiu:
P=m.U
1
.I
11
.cos
1
; S=m.U
1
.I
1

Vi m l s pha, U
1
l gi tr hiu dng in p 1 pha, I
1
l gi tr hiu dng
dng in pha, I
11
l gi tr hiu dng sng hi bc nht dng in pha, I
1n
l gi tr
hiu dng sng hi bc n dng in pha ngun xoay chiu.

2
1
2
11 1 n
I I I + =

Vy: cos . ) ( / ) cos . ( / cos
2
1
2
11 1 11
= + = =
n
I I I S P (2-40)
y l h s hnh dng dng din ngun v =I
11
/I
1
, cn
1
l gc lch pha
gia sng hi bc nht dng in ngun v in p ngun.
V d: Trng hp s cu 1 pha hoc hnh tia 2 pha, gi thit Ld = :
Nu b qua chuyn mch:
1
cos ). / 2 . 2 ( cos t =
Khi khng c diode khng th
1
= o
Khi c diode khng th:
1
= o/2
Nu c xt n chuyn mch:
1
cos ). / 2 2 ( cos t

k =
Vi
1
~o+/2 hoc cos
1
=[coso-cos (+o)]/2 v gi tr:
] ) 3 / 2 ( 1 ) 2 / /[( ) 2 / (sin t

~ k


T ta thy rng khi gc iu khin o tng s lm tng
1
v dn n h s
cng sut ca s chnh lu b gim .Khi khng c diode D
0
th cos=0 khi o=90
0
.
II.2 Phn tch kho st cc s chnh lu iu khin
II.2.1 Cc s chnh lu hnh tia
II.2.1.1 S chnh lu hnh tia 1 pha khng c D
0

Trn hnh 2.12a trnh by chnh lu mt pha na chu k ti thun tr. in p ngun
u= U
m
sin(et), tiristo T vn trng thi kho. Ti thi im et=o, a xung iu khin
i
G
vo cc iu khin, lc ny U
AK
>0, xung mi c tc dng m tiristo, a tiristo
sang trng thi dn. Tiristo tip tc dn trong khong o<et<t, dng in i
d
c dng
tng t in p u
d
. Trong khong t<et<2t, in p U
AK
<0 tiristo b kho. Hnh
2.12b trnh by dng sng in p, dng in ca chnh lu khi ti thun tr. Gc o
gi l gc m, i khi cn gi l gc tr.
Tr in p trung bnh trn ti:



2 2
1 1 cos
2 sin . 0, 45
2 2
d
U U t d t U
t
o
o
e e
t
+
= =
}
Hnh 2.12a,b: S chnh lu mt pha na chu k, in p v
dng ti trng hp ti thun tr
u
1

a)
i
T

i
d
T
R
d

u
d

u
2~

B
A
i
2

u
T

* *
i
1



b)
u
d
(nt m)
o o
u
t et
v
2

v
1

0
2
t
t
2
t
u
k
T

e
t v
2

v
1

0
o o
I
d
t et
v
2

v
1

0
2
t
et


Hnh 2.14
E
d

i
T
i
d
T
R
d

i
D
o

u
d

u
2~

B
A
i
2

u
T

* *
i
1

u
1

L
d

u
D
o
D
0



Trong thc t ti thng c tnh cht in cm, ti R- L, khi nng lng
c tch lu trong t trng cun dy s duy tr dng in ti ngay c khi in p
U
AK
<0, ta c s hnh 2.13

in p trung bnh trn ti:


II.2.1.2 S chnh lu hnh tia 1 pha c diode D
0

a/- S nguyn l
S chnh lu hnh tia 1 pha l s chnh lu n gin nht, s ny thng
c s dng dng c diode khng v
ng dng trong mt s trng hp nh:
Trong h thng truyn ng in
dng khp ly hp in t, cung cp in
p mt chiu iu chnh c cho mt s
thit b n gin khc, v.v... S b chnh
lu hnh 2.14 bao gm y cc phn t
cn thit ca mt s chnh lu:

Trong :
BA: l my bin p dng cung
cp cho s chnh lu, BA c mt s nhim v nh sau:
- Bin i in p xoay chiu li in u
1
thnh in p xoay chiu u
2
bn th
cp c gi tr ph hp vi yu cu ca s chnh lu.
2 2
1 cos cos
2 sin . 0, 45
2 2
d
U U t d t U
t
o
o
e e
t
+
+
= =
}
a)
i
T
i
d
T
R
d

u
d

u
2~

B
A
i
2

u
T

* *
i
1

u
1

L
d


Hnh 2.13a,b: S chnh lu mt pha na chu k,
in p v dng ti trng hp ti R- L
U
d

o
U
d

U
dk

et
et
t
2t
I
d
et
0
e
L

b)


Hnh 2.15: th p v dng mt s
phn t ca s
u
d
(nt
m)
i
T

o o
u
t
et
v
2

v
1

0
2t
I
d

t
et v
2
v
1

0
2t
I
d

i
Do

t
et v
2
v
1

0
2t
u
T

u
T
(nt m) u
2

o o
t
et
v
2

v
1

0
2t
t 2t
u
k
T
et
v
2
v
1

0
- m bo s cch ly v in gia mch ng lc ca s chnh lu vi
ngun in xoay chiu trong mt s trng hp cn thit m bo an
ton cho ngi vn hnh v sa cha.
- Gi tr in cm tn ca BA tham gia lm gim tc tng ca dng qua
van khi m van lm hn ch c gi tr di
T
/dt bo v van, v vy khi
s dng my bin p cung cp cho s chnh lu th khng cn phi
a thm in cm vo mch ngun m ch cn la chn my bin p c gi
tr in p ngn mch phn trm ln (u
N
% = 710 %).
T l van chnh lu c iu khin (thyristor) dng bin in p xoay
chiu u
2
thnh in p mt chiu trn ti u
d
.
R
d
, L
d
, E
d
l cc phn t ph ti mt chiu.
D
0
l diode khng.
u
1
, i
1
: in p v dng in
cun s cp my bin p
BA (in p ngun xoay
chiu)
u
2
, i
2
: in p v dng in
cun th cp my bin p
BA.
u
T
, i
T
: in p v dng in
ca thyristor T.
u
Do
, i
Do
: in p v dng
in ca diode khng Do.
u
d
, i
d
: in p v dng in
chnh lu trn ti.
b/- Nguyn l lm vic ca s
Ta gi thit rng L
d
= , s
lm vic ch xc lp, cho s lm
vic vi mt gc iu khin bng o v
th in p u
2
nh hnh v 2.15a,
th tn hiu iu khin T cho trn hnh
2.15b.
Tm tt ta c s lm vic ca s
:
- et=0v
1
v et=tv
2
=2t+o,...
trong s c D
o
dn dng: u
d
=0;
i
T
=0; i
Do
=i
d
=I
d
; u
T
=u
2
; u
Do
=0;
- et=v
1
t v v
2
3t,...trong s c T lm vic: u
d
=u
2
;
i
T
=i
d
=I
d
; i
Do
=0; u
T
=0; u
Do
=-u
2
.


th in p chnh lu tc thi, tn hiu iu khin thyristor T, dng in qua
T v diode khng D
0
trng hp va nu nh hnh 2.15.
c/- Mt s biu thc tnh ton
in p chnh lu trung bnh: U
d
=U
do
. (1+coso)/2;
do
2
U U2
t
=
Dng trung bnh qua thyristor: I
Ttb
= I
d
(t-o)/2t
Dng hiu dng qua thyristor:
T d
I ( ) / 2.I =
Dng trung bnh qua D
o
: I
Dotb
= I
d
(t+o)/2t
Dng hiu dng qua D
o
:
d
I ( ) / 2.I
Do
= +
in p thun ln nht trn thyristor:
Tthmax 2
U 2.U =

in p ngc ln nht trn thyristor:

T max 2
U 2.U
ng
=

in p ngc ln nht trn D

0
:
max 2
U 2. U
Dong
=

d/- Tnh chn cc van
la chn cc van trong s chnh lu ta da vo cc gi tr cho php v dng v
p ca van cho trong ti liu tra cu van v cc gi tr tng ng khi van lm vic
trong mt s c th. Sau khi tnh chn van nh nu ta phi kim tra li van theo
cc iu kin v tc bin thin cho php ca in p v dng in trn van.
Cc van c chn cn tho mn cc iu kin nh sau:
- iu kin v dng in:
o Thyristor: [I
Ttb
] > Ki
T
.I
Ttbmax
hoc [I
T
] > Ki
T
.I
Tmax
(2-41)
o Diode D
0
: [I
Dtb
] > Ki
D
.I
Dotbmax
hoc [I
D
] > Ki
D
.I
Domax
(2-42)
Trong : [I
Ttb
], [I
T
] l gi tr trung bnh v hiu dng cho php ca dng in
i vi thyristor; I
Ttbmax
, I
Tmax
l gi tr trung bnh v hiu dng ln nht ca dng in
i qua thyristor trong s khi dng ti l nh mc; [I
Dtb
], [I
D
] l gi tr trung bnh v
hiu dng cho php ca dng in i vi diode; I
Dotbmax
, I
Domax
l gi tr trung bnh v
hiu dng ln nht ca dng in chy qua diode khng khi dng ti l nh mc; Ki
T,
Ki
D
l h s d v dng ca thyristor v diode, thng ly Ki
T
=1,54 v Ki
D
=1,52,5.
- iu kin v in p:
o Thyristor: [U
Tthmax
]> Ku
T
.U
Tttmax
v [U
Tngmax
]> Ku
T
.U
Tngmax
(2-43)
o Diode D
0
: [U
Dngmax
] > Ku
D
.U
Dongmax
(2-44)
Trong : [U
Tthmax
], [U
Tngmax
] l gi tr cho php ca in p thun ln nht v
in p ngc ln nht i vi thyristor; U
Tthmax
, U
Tngmax
l gi tr ln nht ca in p
thun v ngc trn thyristor trong s c th; [U
Dngmax
] l gi tr cho php ca in
p ngc ln nht i vi diode; U
Dongmax
l gi tr ln nht ca in p ngc trn
diode khng trong s c th; Ku
T,
Ku
D
l h s d v in p ca thyristor v
diode, thng ly Ku
T
= Ku
D
=1,52,5.
Cc iu kin kim tra li van chn:
-
iu kin tc tng ca in p trn van: [du/dt] > du/dt
max
(2-45)

-
iu kin tc tng ca dng in qua van: [di/dt] > di/dt
max
(2-46)



Hnh 2.17 th p v dng mt s phn
t ca s
e
t
u
T
1

2u
2
1

u
T1
nt
m
u
21
-E
d

u
21

0
e
t
E
d

u
22

u
d
(nt
m)
u
21

u
0
o o
o
2
t
v
3
=

v
2
=

v
1
'
v
1
=

v
3
=

v
2
=

v
1
=

t
e
t
i
T1

0
2
t
t
e
t
i
T
2

0
et
i
d

0
v
2
'
=

Trong : [du/dt], [di/dt] l cc gi tr cho php v tc tng ca in p v
dng in i vi van v tra trong s tay tra cu van; du/dt
max
, di/dt
max
l cc gi tr ln
nht v tc tng ca in p v dng in i vi van trong s c th.
Khi khng t iu kin no trong hai iu kin kim tra van th ta phi tnh
ton cc mch bo v t c iu kin m thng khng phi chn li van.
Phn tnh chn van ny c th p dng cho
mi s chnh lu.
II.2.1.3 S chnh lu hnh tia hai pha
a/- S chnh lu hnh tia hai pha khng
c D
0

- S nguyn l (Hnh 2.16)
Trong : BA l my bin p cung cp cho
s chnh lu, ngoi cc nhim v nh
nu s trc th trong s ny BA
cn c chc nng l to ra h thng in p
xoay chiu hai pha khng c trong li in cng nghip. BA c mt cun s cp
c t in p ngun xoay chiu mt pha u
1
, hai cun th cp l w
21
, w
22
c s vng
bng nhau v u nh hnh v. Nh vy trn w
21,
w
22
ta c cc in p l u
21
, u
22
tho
mn quan h: u
21
= u
22
, y l h thng in p xoay chiu hai pha cn thit.
Cc thyristor T
1
, T
2
lm nhim v bin in
p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu.
E
d
, L
d
, R
d
cc phn t ph ti.
- Nguyn l lm vic:
Trng hp ph ti R
d
-E
d
:
Vi trng hp ny ph thuc vo gi tr E
d
, o
m xy ra mt s trng hp khc nhau.
y ta xt mt trng c th vi gi
tr o, U
2m
sao cho U
2m
.sino >E
d
.
Ti et=v
1
=o ta truyn xung iu khin n m
T
1
, gi thit rng trc (et=0 n et<v
1
) th
trong s cha c van no lm vic nn i
d
=0
v u
d
=E
d
. Vy ti v
1
th u
T1
=u
21
-E
d
>0, c 2
iu kin T
1
m T
1
s m, st in p trn
T
1
gim v bng khng nn ta c in p chnh
lu tc thi u
d
=u
21
. Lc ny trong s xut
hin dng in i t u pha th nht (im 1)
qua T
1
, qua ph ti v quay v pha th nht th
cp my bin p BA. Van T
2
lc ny b t
in p ngc v kho li, ta c:
i
T1
=i
d
=(u
d
-E
d
)/R
d
= (u
21
-E
d
)/R
d
;
*
w
21

*
BA
w
1

* w
22

i
21
i
T
1

T
1

1
O
i
T2

2
i
1

T
2

i
22

u
d

E
d

L
d
R
d
i
d



u
1

u
21

u
22

Hnh 2.16 S chnh lu hnh tia 2
pha khng c D
0


i
T2
= 0; u
T1
= 0; u
T2
= 2u
22
;
n thi im et=v
1
' th u
21
= E
d
lc dng qua T
1
v ph ti bng khng v c xu
hng mun i chiu,nhng do tnh dn dng mt chiu ca cc van m T
1
s kho
li cn T
2
th cha c iu kin m nn dng ti s bng khng trong giai on tip.
Trong giai on ny c 2 van T
1
v T
2
u kho:
u
d
= E
d
; i
T1
=0; i
T2
= 0;
u
T1
= u
21
- E
d
; u
T2
= u
22
- E
d;

Ti et=v
2
=t +o, van T
2
c tn hiu iu khin v u
T2
= u
22
-E
d
>0, hai iu
kin cho T
2
m. VanT
2
m th st p trn n gim v khng nn u
d
= u
22
, van T
1
th b
t in p ngc v ang kho. Trong giai on ny ta c:
i
T1
= 0; i
T2
=i
d
= (u
d
-E
d
)/R
d
= (u
22
-E
d
)/R
d
;
u
T1
= 2u
21;
u
T2
= 0;
Ti et=v
2
' th u
22
= E
d
lc dng qua T
2
v ph ti bng khng v c xu
hng mun i chiu, nhng do tnh dn dng mt chiu ca cc van m T
2
s kho
li cn T
1
th cha c iu kin m nn dng ti s bng trong giai on tip. Trong
giai on ny c 2 van T
1
v T
2
cng u kho (tng t nh giai on et=v
1
'
et=v
2
):
u
d
= E
d
; i
T1
=0; i
T2
= 0;
u
T1
= u
21
- E
d
; u
T2
= u
22
- E
d
;


Ti et=v
3
th T
1
li c tn hiu iu khin v u
T1
>0 nn T
1
li m, s lp li
trng thi lm vic nh t et=v
1
. Giai on t et= 0 et = v
1
cng ging nh giai
on et=2tet=v
3
(do tnh cht lp i lp li trong s chnh lu).
th in p chnh lu, dng cc van, dng in chnh lu, in p trn T
1
biu din
trn cc hnh 2.17a 2.17e.
in p chnh lu trung bnh ca trng hp ny l:
(2/ 2 )[ sin( ) ( ) . ( )]
0
U U t d t E d t
m
d d
t u t o
t e e e
t u
+
= +
} }

( ) ( )
{ }
1
. cos cos .
d m d
U U E o t o o u
t
| |
(
=
|

\ .
+ +
Dng trung bnh qua mt thyristor:
I
Ttb
= (1/t).{U
m
[coso-cos (t-u)] + (t-o-u).E
d
}/R
d
.
y gi tr gc u c xc nh nh sau: u = arcsin (E
d
/U
m
)
Trng hp ti c L
d
=
Gi thit cho s lm vic vi mt gc iu khin l o,ti et=0 th u
21
=0 v bt u
chuyn sang dng. Ti et=v
1
=o ta truyn xung iu khin n m T
1
, gi thit rng
trc (et=0 n et<v
1
) th trong s c van T
2
lm vic nn i
d
=i
T2
v u
d
=u
22

.Vy ti v
1
th u
T1
=u
21
- u
22
=2u
21
> 0, c 2 iu kin T
1
m. T
1
s m, st in p
trn T
1
gim v bng khng nn ta c in p chnh lu tc thi u
d
=u
21
. Lc ny u
T2
=
u
22
- u
21
=2u
22
<0, tc l do T
1
m m T
2
b t in p ngc, T
2
kho li. Trong s
by gi ch c van T
1
lm vic, xut hin dng in i t u pha th nht (im 1)


qua T
1
, qua ph ti v quay v pha th nht th cp my bin p BA. Ta c:
i
T1
=i
d
=I
d
; i
T2
= 0; u
T1
= 0; u
T2
= 2u
22;

n thi im et = t th u
21
= 0 v bt u chuyn sang m, lc u
21
s c tc
dng ngc chiu dng qua T
1
v ph ti
lm cho dng ti c xu hng gim,
trong in cm ph ti s xut hin s...
t cm tip tc duy tr dng ti v vi
gi thit L
d
= th nh bit: dng ti
khng i, vy trong khong tip theo
th T
1
vn dn dng nn cc quan h vn
nh nu.
Ti et=v
2
=t +o van T
2
c tn
hiu iu khin v u
T2
= 2.u
22
>0, hai
iu kin cho T
2
m. Van T
2
m th st
p trn n gim v khng nn u
d
= u
22
,
khi in p trn T
1
s l: u
T1
=2.u
21
< 0,
tc l T
1
b t in p ngc v kho
li. Trong giai on ny ta c:
i
T1
= 0; i
T2
=i
d
=I
d
;
u
T1
=2u
21
;

u
T2
= 0;
n thi im et = 2t th u
22
= 0
v bt u chuyn sang m, lc u
22
c
s tc dng ngc chiu dng qua T
2
v
ph ti lm cho dng ti c xu hng
gim, trong in cm ph ti s xut
hin s... t cm tip tc duy tr
dng ti tng t nh t et = t n et =
v
2
=t +o. Vy trong khong tip theo th T
2
vn dn dng nn cc quan h vn nh
giai on t et = v
2
= t + o n et = 2t.
Ti et = v
3
th T
1
li c tn hiu iu khin v u
T1
>0 nn T
1
li m, s lp li
trng thi lm vic nh t et = v
1
. Giai on t et = 0et = v
1
cng ging nh giai
on et=2tet=v
3 (
do tnh cht lp i lp li trong s chnh lu).
Vi trng hp ny ta c th tm tt s hot ng ca s nh sau:
o et= 0 et = v
1
v et= v
2
et = v
3
T
2
dn dng: u
d
= u
22

i
T1
= 0; i
T2
=i
d
=I
d
;

u
T1
= 2u
21
; u
T2
= 0;
o et= v
1
et = v
2
v t et = v
3
... T
1
dn dng: u
d
= u
21

i
T1
=i
d
=I
d
;

i
T2
= 0; u
T1
= 0; u
T2
= 2u
22
;


Dng in cc cun dy th cp BA bng dng cc van:
i
21
= i
T1
; i
22
= i
22
.
Dng in cun dys cp BA:
Hnh 2.18 th p v dng mt s
phn t ca s
e
t
u
22

u
d
(nt
m)
u
21

u
0
o o
o
2t
v
3
=

v
2
=

v
1
=

v
3
=

v
2
=

v
1
=

t
e
t
i
T
1

0 I
d

2
t
t
v
2
=

v
1
=

v
3
=

et
0
2t
t
I
d
v
1
=

e
t
i
T2

0
2t t
u
T1

2u
21

u
21

I
d
/k
ba

v
1
=

e
t
i
1

0
2t t


i
1
= (i
21
- i
22
)/ k
ba
= (i
T1
- i
T2
)/ k
ba

th dng, p minh ho s lm vic ca s nh hnh 2.18.
- Cc biu thc tnh ton c bn:
cos
d do
U U o =
2 2
(2 2 / ). 0,9.
do
U U U t = ~
Trong U
2
gi tr hiu dng ca in p mt pha bn th cp BA.
/ 2
Ttb d
I I = ; / 2
T d
I I =
2 max max
2 2 U U U
Tng Tth
= =


2
/ 2
d
I I = ;
1
/
d ba
I I k =
b/- S chnh lu hnh tia 2 pha c D
0

- S (nh hnh 2.19 )
S ny ch khc vi s hnh 2.17
ch trong s hnh 2.19 c thm diode
khng D
0
.
- Nguyn l lm vic
Ta ch xt trng hp vi cc gi thit:
L
d
= v cng cho s lm vic vi
mt gc iu khin l o, s lm
vic xc lp trc thi im bt u xt
(et=0), ti et=0 th u
21
=0 v bt u
chuyn sang dng:
Ta tm thi gi thit giai on et = 0et = v
1
= o th D
0
ang dn dng nh
s... t cm trong L
d
, v nh vy th u
T1
= u
21
v u
T2
= u
22
tc l u
T1
> 0 cn u
T2
< 0.
Ti et = v
1
= o ngi ta truyn tn hiu iu khin n T
1
, van T
1
2 iu kin m
nn n s m.Van T
1
m th in p trn T
1
gim v bng khng, do vy ta c u
d
=u
21

>0, dn n D
0
b t in p ngc (u
Do
=-u
d
) v kho li, van T
2
cn trng thi kho
nn trong s t thi im et=v
1
ch c mnh van T
1
dn dng. Trong khong T
1
dn
dng ta c:
u
d
=u
21
; u
T1
=0; u
T2
=u
22
- u
21
=2u
22
;
i
T1
=i
d
=I
d
; i
T2
=0; i
Do
=0;
*
w
21

*
BA
w
1

* w
22

i
21

D
0

i
Do

i
T1

T
1

1
0
i
T2

2
i
1

T
2

i
22

u
d

E
d

L
d
R
d

i
d



u
1

u
21

u
22

Hnh 2.19


Hnh 2.20 th in p, dng in
minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s
u
T1
(nt m)
et
u
d
(nt
m)
u
22
u
21

u
0
o
o o
2t
v
3
=

v
2=
v
1=

t
i
T1

v
2
=

v
1
=

v
3
=

et
0
2t t
v
3
=

v
2
=

v
1
=

et
0
I
d

u
T1

2u
21

u
21

I
d

et
i
T2

0
I
d
/k
ba

et
i
1

0
I
d

et
i
Do

0
n et = t th u
21
= 0 v bt u chuyn sang m, cn u
22
= 0 v bt u chuyn
sang dng. T thi im ny in p ngun tc ng ngc chiu dn dng ca T
1
v
t in p thun ln T
2
nhng T
2
cha m v cha c tn hiu iu khin.Vi trng
hp s khng c D
0
nh xt th giai on tip van T
1
vn dn dng do tc dng
ca s... t cm sinh ra trong L
d
v u
d
< 0, nhng trong s c D
0
th u
Do
= -u
d
nn
u
d
< 0 th D
0
s c t in p thun
v D
0
s m. Do gi thit b qua st
in p trn diode dn dng nn ngay
ti thi im u
Do
= 0 v c xu hng
chuyn sang dng th D
0
m, tc l
D
0
bt u m ti et = t. Khi D
0
m th
in p trn n gim v bng khng nn
u
d
= -u
Do
= 0, do vy u
T1
= u
21
v bt u
chuyn sang m, T
1
kho li m T
2
vn
kho nn lc ny trong s ch c van
D
0
dn dng v ta c:
u
d
=0; u
T1
=u
21
; u
T2
=u
22
;

i
T1
=0; i
T2
=0; i
Do
= i
d
=I
d
;
Ti et=v
2
=t +o th T
2
c tn hiu
iu khin v do ang c in p thun
nn T
2
m.Van T
2
m th st p trn n
gim v bng khng, do vy u
d
= u
22
> 0
v u
Do
=-u
d
=-u
22
<0, tc l diode khng
b t in p ngc nn D
0
kho li.
Trong giai on tip t et = v
2
= t + o
th trong s ch c van T
2
dn dng
v ta c:
u
d
=u
22
; u
T1
= u
21
- u
22
=2u
21
;
u
T2
=0; i
T1
=0;
i
T2
= i
d
=I
d
; i
Do
=0
T et = 2t n et = v
3
= 2t + o cng tng t nh giai on et = t n
et=v
2
=t +o, van D
0
lm vic di tc dng ca s... t cm sinh ra trong L
d
, cc
biu thc cng ging nh nu.
Ti et=v
3
=2t +o van T
1
li c tn hiu iu khin, T
1
li m, s lp li trng
thi lm vic ging nh t et=v
1
. Giai on t et=0 n et=v
1
c th suy ra t giai
on t et=2t n et=v
3
=2t +o, van D
0
dn (hon ton ph hp vi gi thit ban u
).
th in p, dng in minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s biu din trn
hnh 2.20.
- Mt s biu thc:
(1 cos ) / 2
d do
U U o = + ;
max 2
2.
Tth
U U = ;


max 2
2. 2.
Tng
U U = ;
max 2
2.
Dong
U U = ;
( ) / 2
Ttb d
I I t o t = ; ( ) / 2
T d
I I t o t = ;
( / 2)
Dotb d
I I o = ; /
Do d
I I o t =
II.2.1.4 S chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha
a/- S khng c diode khng (D
0
)
- S nguyn l: (nh hnh 2.21)
y l s nguyn l b chnh lu hnh
tia 3 pha khng c diode khng. Trong s
ny:
- BA l my bin p 3 pha dng cung
cp cho s chnh lu.
- Cc thyristor T
1
, T
2
, T
3
dng bin in
p xoay chiu 3 pha bn th cp my bin
p BA l u
a
, u
b
, u
c
thnh in p mt chiu
trn ti u
d
.
- R
d
, L
d
, E
d
l cc phn t ph ti ca b chnh
lu.
- i
A
, i
B
, i
C
dng cc pha cun dy s cp ca
BA.
- i
a
, i
b
, i
c
dng cc pha cun dy th cp ca
BA
- i
T1
, i
T2
, i
T3
dng cc van chnh lu.
- i
d
dng in chnh lu.
- Nguyn l lm vic:
y ta ch xt mt trng hp l khi gi thit
L
d
=, cho s lm vic vi mt gc iu
khin bng o v cng gi thit l s lm
vic xc lp trc thi im bt u xt
(et=0):
Ta tm gi thit rng: trc thi im
et=v
1
=o th trong s van T
3
ang dn dng
v cc van khc cn trng thi kho, khi
trn van T
1
s c in p thun (v u
T1
=u
a
-
u
c
=u
ac
, v ti et=v
1
=o th u
ac
>0 nn u
T1
>0). Ti
et=v
1
=o th T
1
c tn hiu iu khin, T
1
c
hai iu kin m nn T
1
m v u
T1
gim v
bng khng. Do u
T1
= 0 nn u
d
=u
a
, v t s
ta xc nh c in p trn T
3
l u
T3
= u
c
-
u
a
=u
ac,
ti v
1
th u
ca
<0, tc l T
3
b t in p
ngc nn kho li, van T
2
th vn kho, do
i
T1

T
1

i
a

a * *
BA
i
A

i
B

i
C

A
T
2

i
b

B
i
T2

b * *
i
c

c
*
*
C
i
T3

E
d
L
d

R
d

i
d

T
3

u
d

K
O






Hnh 2.21 S chnh lu
hnh tia 3 pha
et
et
et
et
et
et
et
iT1=ia
0
t
2t
v4 v3 v2 v1
2t
uT1
uac uab
0
t 2t
v4 v3
v2
v1
iT3=ic
0
t
v4 v3 v2 v1
2t
iA
0
t 2t
v4 v3 2Id/ (3kba) v1
Id/ (3kba)
iB
0
t 2t
v4 v3
v2
v1
iC
0
t
2t
v4
v3 v2 v1
iT2=ib
0
t
v4 v3 v2 v1
Id
et
u
0
t 2t
o o o
ud
uc ub
ud (nt
m)
ua
o
v4 v3 v2 v1
Hnh 2.22 th in p, dng in
minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s



vy trong khong tip sau v
1
trong s ch c van T
1
dn dng, khi T
1
dn dng:
u
d
=u
a
; i
T1
=i
d
=I
d
; i
T2
=0; i
T3
=0; u
T1
=0; u
T2
=u
ba
;
u
T3
=u
ca

n et=5t/6 th u
a
= u
b
, y l thi im m t nhin i vi T
2
nhng T
2
cha
m v cha c tn hiu iu khin, do u
a
vn dng kt hp vi tc dng cng chiu
ca s... t cm trong L
d
m T
1
vn tip tc dn dng.
n et=t th u
a
=0 v sau chuyn sang m nhng T
2
cn cha m nn T
1
vn
tip tc lm vic nh s... t cm ca L
d
( y o>30
0
).
Ti et=v
2
=5t/6 +o th T
2
c tn hiu iu khin v do ang c in p thun
nn T
2
m, T
2
m th u
T2
gim v bng khng nn u
d
= u
b
v u
T1
= u
a
-u
b
=u
ab
m ti v
2

th u
ab
<0, tc l T
1
b t in p ngc nn kho li. Do vy t v
2
trong s ch c
van T
2
dn dng, khi T
2
m:
u
d
=u
b
; i
T1
=0; i
T2
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T3
=0;
u
T1
= u
ab
; u
T2
=0; u
T3
= u
cb

Suy lun tng t nh vy ta c t et=v
2
et=v
3
th T
3
lm vic v:
u
d
=u
c
; i
T1
=0; i
T2
=0; i
T3
= i
d
=I
d
;
u
T1
= u
ac
; u
T2
= u
bc
; u
T3
= 0
Ti et=v
4
th T
1
li c tn hiu iu khin, T
1
li m v s lp li trng thi
lm vic ging nh t et=v
1
. T tnh cht lp i lp li trng thi lm vic ca s
chnh lu ta suy ra giai on et=0 et=v
1
cng tng t giai on et=2tet=v
4
, m
giai on et=2t et=v
4
li nm trong giai on et=v
3
et=v
4
: van T
3
dn dng, iu
ny hon ton ph hp vi gi thit ban u.
Do c im l dng bn th cp my bin p cung cp ch i theo mt chiu
bi tnh dn dng mt chiu ca cc van nn dng s cp BA ph thuc vo s ni
dy my bin p. Ta s tin hnh xc nh biu thc dng s cp BA trong 2 trng
hp:
Khi my bin p ni Y/Y
0
:
Ta c s ni ca my bin p trong
trng hp ny nh hnh 2.23.
tm cc dng s cp i
A,
i
B,
i
C
theo
dng th cp i
a,
i
b,
i
c
ta vit cc phng trnh
kic hp 1 cho mch in i vi im trung
tnh cun dy s cp v cc phng trnh kic
hp 2 cho 2 vng mch t nh trn hnh 2.23.
T s hnh 2.23 ta c:
i
a
=i
T1
;

i
b
=i
T2
;

i
c
=i
T3
.
o Khi van T
1
dn dng: (i
a
=i
d;
i
b
=i
c
=0): Ta c cc phng trnh khong ny
l:
i
A
+i
B
+ i
C
=0 (*)
w
1
.i
A
-w
2
.i
a
-w
1
.i
B
=0 (**)
i
a

a * *
BA
i
A

i
B

i
C

A
i
b

B
b
* *
i
c

c
*
*
C





Hnh 2.23


Hnh 2.24
i
a

a
* *
BA
i
AB
i
A

i
BC
i
B

i
CA

i
C

A
i
b

B
b
* *
i
c

c
*
*
C





w
1
.i
B
-w
1
.i
C
=0 (***)
Gii kt hp 3 phng trnh trn ta c:
i
A
= (2/3k
ba
).i
a
; i
B
= - (1/3k
ba
).i
a
; i
C
= - (1/3k
ba
).i
a

o Khi van T
2
dn dng: (i
a
=0
;
i
b
=i
d
; i
c
=0): Vit cc phng trnh tng t ta
tm c:
i
A
= - (1/3k
ba
).i
b
; i
B
= (2/3k
ba
).i
b
; i
C
= - (1/3k
ba
).i
b

o Khi van T
3
dn dng: (i
a
=0
;
i
b
=0; i
c
= i
d
): Ta cng tin hnh vit cc phng
trnh tng t v tm c:
i
A
= - (1/3k
ba
).i
c
; i
B
= - (1/3k
ba
).i
c
; i
C
= (2/3k
ba
).i
c

Vi: k
ba
=w
1
/w
2
l t s my bin p.
Trong c 3 khong tng ng vi 3 van lm vic ta u c sc t ng (s.t..)
tng hp trong li thp cc pha my bin p l:
F
OA
= F
OB
= F
OC
= (1/3)w
2
.i
d

Cc s.t.. ny hng cng mt chiu nn khng khp vng trong mch t ca
my bin p m khp vng qua mi trng chung quanh my bin p. Nu dng ti
khng c san phng (L
d
=) th s gy nn
cc tn tht ph trong phn v kim loi bao
quanh my bin p. Mt khc cc s.t.. mt
chiu ny s gy nn hin tng bo ho t, nh
hng n s lm vic ca my bin p. Do
vy, trnh bo ho th li thp ca my bin
p phi c kch thc ln hn so vi tnh ton.
Trng hp my bin p ni A/Y
0
:
S ni dy my bin p trong trng hp ny nh hnh 2.24. Do cun dy my bin
p ni A nn dng in trong tng pha cun s cp c lp nhau. Trong trng hp
ny ta da vo nguyn l hot ng ca my bin p ta c:
i
AB
= (i
a
- I
d
/3)/k
ba
; i
BC
= (i
b
- I
d
/3)/k
ba
; i
CA
= (i
c
- I
d
/3)/k
ba

Trong i
a,
i
b,
i
c
l dng in tng trong cc cun dyth cp my bin p; i
AB
,
i
BC
, i
CA
l dng in trong cc cun dy s cp my bin p; I
d
/3 l thnh phn mt
chiu ca dng in trong mi cun th cp. Cc dng in dy i
A
, i
B
, i
C
(dng in
li) c xc nh nh sau:
i
A
= i
AB
- i
CA
; i
B
= i
BC
- i
AB
; i
A
= i
CA
- i
BC

Sc t ng tng hp trong li thp my bin p:
F
OA
= F
OB
= F
OC
= (1/3)w
2
.I
d

Nh vy trong li thp my bin p trng hp ny cng xut hin thnh
phn s.t.. t ho cng bc (s.t.. mt chiu), iu ny cng gy kh khn cho s lm
vic ca mch t, d gy nn bo ho t. trnh s bo ho t khi b chnh lu lm
vic ta phi tng kch thc li thp so vi tnh ton. i vi trng hp cun dy s
cp BA ni A th do s.t.. t ho cng bc khng p mch theo dng ti nn khng
gy nn cc tn tht ph (do dng xoy) khi dng ti khng c san phng nh
trng hp cun dy s cp ni hnh Y.


- Cc biu thc tnh ton c bn:
.cos
d do
U U o = ;
2 2
(3 6 / 2 ). 1,17
do
U U U t = ~ ;
max max 2
6.
Tth Tng
U U U = =
/ 3
Ttb d
I I = ; / 3
T d
I I =
Dng hiu dng cun dy s v th cp my bin khi t ni dyY/Y
0

2
/ 3
T d
I I I = = ;
1
/( . 3)
d ba
I I k =
Xc nh cng sut tnh ton my bin p khi t ni dy l Y/Y
0
v A/Y
0
:
1 1 1
3 2 . /(3. 3)
d d
S U I U I t = = ;
2 2 2
3 2. . . /(3. 2)
d d
S U I U I t = =

1 2
( ) / 2 /(3. 6)( 3 2). 1,355. .
ttBA d d d d
S S S U I U I t = + = + ~
b/- S chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha c diode khng D
0

- S nguyn l
Trong s ny (hnh 2.25) c thm
diode khng D
0
, cn cc phn t khc
th hon ton tng t nh s hnh
2.21.
- Nguyn l lm vic
Ta gi thit s c L
d
=, s
lm vic xc lp trc thi im bt
u xt. Vi s ny, tu thuc vo
gi tr gc iu khin o m c th xy
ra 2 trng hp:
Khi 30
0
> o > 0
0
th van D
0
khng lm vic nn hot ng ca s hon ton
ging nh khi khng c D
0
, lc cc biu thc tnh ton ging nh khi khng
c D
0
: U
d
= U
do
.coso
Khi 150
0
> o >30
0

lc ny D
0
s lm vic, s lm vic ca s c tm tt
nh sau:
T et=0et=t/3 van T
3
dn dng, ta c:
u
d
=u
c
;

i
T1
=0; i
T2
=0; i
T3
= i
d
=I
d
; i
Do
=0; u
T1
=u
ac
; u
T2
=u
bc
; u
T3
=0;
Cc khong: T et = t/3 et = v
1
= t/6 + o, t et = t et = v
2
, t
et=5t/3et=v
3
, t et=7t/3et =v
4
van D
0
dn dng:
u
d
=0
;
i
T1
=0; i
T2
=0; i
T3
=0; i
Do
= i
d
=I
d
; u
T1
=u
a
; u
T2
=u
b
; u
T3
=u
c
;
T et=v
1
=t/6+o et =t van T
1
dn dng:
i
T1
T
1

T
2

i
T2

i
T3
T
3

O
u
d

E
d
L
d

R
d

i
d

u
i
a

a * *
BA
i
A

i
B

i
C

A
i
b

B
b * *
i
c

c
*
*
C





i
Do

D
0

K
Hnh 2.25


Hnh 2.26 th in p, dng in
minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s


et
et
et
et
et
iT1=ia
0
t
2t
v4 v3
Id
ud (nt m)
v2
Id
Id
Id
v1
iT2=ib
0
t
2t
v4 v3
v2 v1
iT3=ic
0
t
2t
v4 v3 v2 v1
iDo
0
t
2t
v4 v3
v2
v1
uT1
uab uac
ua
0
t 2t
v4
v3
v2
v1
et
7t/3 5t/3
t
t/3
2t
u
0
o o o
ud
uc ub ua o
v4 v3
v2
v1
u
d
=u
a;
i
T1
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T2
=0;
i
T3
=0; i
Do
=0; u
T1
=0;
u
T2
=u
ba
; u
T3
=u
ca
;
T et=v
2
et =5t/3 van T
2
dn
dng:
u
d
=u
b;
i
T1
=0; i
T2
= i
d
=I
d
;
i
T3
=0; i
Do
=0; u
T1
= u
ab
;
u
T2
=0; u
T3
=u
cb
;
T et=v
3
et =7t/3 van T
3
dn
dng:
u
d
=u
c;
i
T1
=0; i
T2
=0;
i
T3
= i
d
=I
d
; i
Do
=0; u
T1
=u
ac
;
u
T2
=u
bc
; u
T3
=0;
T et=v
4
th van T
1
li dn
dng,s lp li trng thi
lm vic ging nh t et=v
1
.
Mt s th minh ho nguyn
l hot ng ca s c biu din
nh hnh 2-26.
c/- Mt s biu thc tnh ton
[1 cos( 30 )]/ 3
o
d do
U U o = + +
(5 / 6 ) / 2
Ttb d
I I t o t = ; (5 / 6 ) / 2
T d
I I t o t =
.3.( / 6) / 2
Dotb d
I I o t t = ; 3.( / 6) / 2
Do d
I I o t t =
max 2
2.
Tth
U U =
;
max 2
6.
Tng
U U = ;
max 2
2
Dong
U U =




II.2.1.5 S chnh lu hnh tia 6 pha
a/- S chnh lu hnh
tia 6 pha khng c cun
khng cn bng
Cc s chnh lu hnh
tia 6 pha bnh thng hu
nh khng c s dng.
Ngi ta ch yu ch dng
s hnh tia 6 pha c
cun khng cn bng. Tuy
vy tin li cho vic
nghin cu s hnh tia
6 pha c cun khng cn
bng ta gii thiu qua v
s hnh tia 6 pha. S
nguyn l nh hnh
2.27a.
Trong s ny bao gm:
BA l my bin p cung cp cho s chnh lu, ngoi nhim v bnh
thng nh cc s khc th trong s ny BA cn c nhim v l to
ra h thng in p xoay chiu 6 pha khi ngun cung cp l h thng 3 pha.
thc hin c nhim v ny my bin p c cu to mi pha c 1 cun

C B A
i
C
i
B

i
A

BA
O
i
d

R
d

b
2

b
1

a
1

a
2

c
1

i
a1

u
d

i
c2

c
2

i
b2

i
a2
i
c1
i
b1

L
d

T
5
T
3
T
1
T
2
T
6
T
4

E
d

i
T2
i
T6
i
T4
i
T5
i
T3

i
T1

K
*
* *
* * *
* * *



AC
CB B
A a
1

a
2

c
1

c
2

b
1

b
2

b a
c
Hnh 2.27


s cp v 2 cun th cp u nh hnh v v pha th cp hnh thnh 2
nhm gm a
1
, b
1
, c
1
v a
2
, b
2
, c
2
m mi nhm l mt h thng in p xoay
chiu 3 pha, thm na do cch u dy m u
a1
lch pha 180
0
so vi u
a2
nn
kt qu ta c h thng in p xoay chiu 6 pha nh minh ho bi th
vc t trn hnh 2.27a v 2.27c.
Cc thyristor t T
1
n T
6
lm nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu 6 pha
thnh in p mt chiu.
E
d
, R
d
, L
d
l ph ti.
Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh trng hp tng qut nu. Trong trng hp ny
ta c:
.cos
d do
U U o = ;
2
(3. 2 / ).
do
U U t =
/ 6
Ttb d
I I = ; / 6
T d
I I =
Do mi thi im trong s ch c mt van dn dng nn trong mch t
my bin p cung cp BA cng xut hin thnh phn s.t.. t ho cng bc buc ta
phi tng kch thc li thp so vi tnh ton trnh bo ho t.
b/- S chnh lu hnh tia 6 pha c cun khng cn bng
S nguyn l b chnh lu nh hnh 2.28, khc vi s hnh 2.27 ch trong s
ny c thm cun khng cn bng CKB gm 2 na mc gia im trung tnh ca 2
nhm cun th cp my bin p. Nh c cun khng ny m s hot ng nh hai
b chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha c lp v chung ti, v vy trong s ny di dn
dng ca mi van khng phi l 1/6 chu k nh trng hp trc m trong mt chu k
ngun mi van s dn dng mt khong bng 1/3 chu k. c im va nu ca s
lm trit tiu c thnh phn s.t.. t ho cng bc m n xut hin trong s 6
pha bnh thng, v vy m mch t khng b bo ho, y l u im ni bt ca s
ny so vi s hnh 2.27. Trn cun khng cn bng CKB st mt in p bng
hiu gi tr tc thi ca in p ra 2 s chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha:
u
k
=u
d1
- u
d2

Trong : u
k
, u
d1
, u
d
l in p trn cun khng, in p chnh lu ca s
hnh tia 3 pha th nht gm T
1,
T
3,
T
5
v in p chnh lu ca s
hnh tia 3 pha th hai gm T
2,
T
4,
T
6

.
in p chnh lu tc thi
trn ti c xc nh nh sau:
u
d1
-u
k
/2 = u
d2
- u
k
/2 =
(u
d1
+ u
d2
)/2


Ta c:

CKB
O
i
d

R
d

u
d

u
k

u
d1
u
d2

L
d

E
d


i
a1

c
1
b
1
a
1

i
c1
i
b1

T
5
T
3
T
1

i
T5
i
T3
i
T1

* * *


i
c2

T
2

i
T2

*
*
*
c
2
b
2
a
2

i
b2
i
a2

T
6
T
4

i
T6
i
T4

* *

BA
C B
A
i
C
i
B

i
A

*
* *

Hnh 2.28


Hn 2.30
et
-u
2

u
d
(nt
m)
u
2

u
a
0
o o
o
2t
v
3
=

v
2
=

v
1
=

v
3
=

v
2
=

v
1
=

t
et
i
T1
=
i
T2

b
0
I
d

2t t
v
2
=

v
1
=

v
3
=

et
e
0
2t
t
I
d

v
1
=

et
i
T3
=
i
T4

c
0
2t t
u
T1
=u
T2

I
d
/k
ba
v
1
=

et
i
1

d
0
2t
t
.cos
d do
U U o = ;
2
1,17.
do
U U ~ ;
max max 2
6.
Tth Tng
U U U = =
/ 6
Ttb d
I I = ; / 6
T d
I I =
II.2.2 Cc s chnh lu hnh cu
II.2.1.1 S chnh lu hnh cu mt pha
a/- S chnh lu cu 1 pha iu khin hon ton
- S nguyn l
Gii thiu cc phn t trn s :
BA l my bin p cung cp, vi
s cu 1 pha th c th dng
hoc khng dng my bin p.
Cc van c iu khin T
1
T
4

dng bin in p xoay chiu
thnh mt chiu, 4 van ny c
phn lm hai nhm: nhm
Cathode chung gm T
1
v T
3
, nhm anode chung gm T
2
v T
4
.
E
d
, R
d
, L
d
l cc phn t ph ti.
u
1
, u
2
l in p trn cun s cp (in p li) v in p cun th cp
i
1
, i
2
l dng in cun s cp (dng in li) v dng in cun th cp.
Dng, p cc phn t khc tng t nh cc s khc.
- Nguyn l lm vic
ca s
Ta xt nguyn l lm
vic ca s trong
trng hp gi thit ph
ti c L
d
=, v xem
rng s lm vic
xc lp trc thi im
ta bt u xt. Vi
th in p ngun v gi
tr gc iu khin o nh
trn hnh 2.30a c
nguyn l lm vic ca
s nh sau:

Gi thit l trong
khong ln cn pha
trc thi im
et=v
1
=o th trong s
hai van T
3
v T
4
ang
dn dng.
i
T3

i
T1

T
3
T
1

BA
R
d

i
2

i
1

u
d

L
d

E
d

i
T4
i
T2

i
d
T
4
T
2

u
2

u
1



Hnh 2.29


Tm tt s lm vic ca s trong hn 1 chu k nh sau:
T et=0 et=v
1
v t et=v
2
et=v
3
th 2 van T
3
v T
4
dn dng:
u
d
= -u
2
; u
T1
= u
T2
= u
2
; u
T3
=u
T4
=0;
i
T1
=i
T2
=0; i
T3
=i
T4
= i
d
=I
d
;
T et=v
1
et=v
2
th 2 van T
1
v T
2
dn dng:
u
d
=u
2
; u
T1
=u
T2
=0; u
T3
=u
T4
=-u
2
;
i
T1
=i
T2
=i
d
=I
d
; i
T3
=i
T4
=0;

Dng in cun dy th cp v s cp c xc nh nh sau:
i
2
=i
T1
-i
T4
=i
T2
-i
T3
; i
1
= i
2
/ k
ba

th dng v p mt s phn t trong s c biu din trn hnh 2.30
- Cc biu thc c bn
cos
d do
U U o = ,
2 2
(2 2 / ). 0,9.
do
U U U t = ~
Trong U
2
gi tr hiu dng ca in p bn th cp BA.
/ 2
Ttb d
I I = ; / 2
T d
I I = ;
max max 2
2.
Tth Tng
U U U = =

2 d
I I = ;
1
/
d ba
I I k =
b/- S chnh lu cu 1 pha c diode khng (D
0
)
- S nguyn l nh hnh 2.31
S ny ch khc vi s hnh
2.29 l trong s c thm van D
0
.
S ny trong thc t t c s
dng v c cc s khc n gin
hn m c dng in p chnh lu
hon ton tng t. Nguyn l hot
ng ca s cng ging nh cc s
c D
0
ni chung, cn dng in p
chnh lu tc thi th ging nh s hnh tia 2 pha c D
0
, dng dng qua thyristor v
diode khng cng tng t. Ta c cc biu thc tnh ton c bn cho trng hp ph
ti c L
d
= nh sau:
(1 cos ) / 2
d do
U U o = + ;
max 2
1/ 2.
Tth
U U = ;
max 2
2.
Tng
U U = ;
max 2
2
Dong
U U =
( ) / 2
Ttb d
I I t o t = ; ( ) / 2
T d
I I t o t = ; ( / )
Dotb d
I I o t = ; /
Do d
I I o t =
c/- Cc s chnh lu cu 1 pha dng 2 diode v 2 thyristor (2D-2T)
(Cc s bn iu khin)
Khi nghin cu cc s chnh lu cu 1 pha ngi ta thy c mt s s cho dng
in p ra nh s c diode khng nhng c kt cu gn hn, l cc s dng
2 van c iu khin (thyristor) v 2 van khng iu khin (diode).Tu thuc cch mc
cc van m c 2 kiu s khc nhau.
i
T3

i
T1

T
3
T
1
BA i
2

i
1

i
T4

i
T2

T
4
T
2

i
Do
u
d

D
0

u
2

u
1



R
d

L
d

E
d

i
d


Hnh 2.31


Hnh 2.33
et
iT1
b 0
Id
et
h
0
uT1
iT2
Id
et
c
0
Id/kba
et
g 0
et
i
0
uD1
iD1
Id
et
d
0
iD2
Id
et
e 0
i1
ud (nt m)
et
-u2
u2
u
a
0
o
o o
2t
v3= v2= v1=
t
c.1/- S th nht
- S nguyn l
Trong s hnh 2.32 hai van c iu
khin c mc hai nhm van khc
nhau v anode ca van nhm
Cathode chung ni vi Cathode ca
van nhm anode chung, hai van
khng iu khin cng mc tng t.
- Nguyn l lm vic
Cng nh cc s c diode khng,
s chnh lu dng hai diode v hai thyristor ch lm vic c hiu qu khi c in
cm ln trong mch ti.Do vy y ta xt mt trng hp khi ph ti c L
d
=.
th biu din in p chnh lu,dng cc van, in p trn 2 van dng minh ho cho
s lm vic ca s c cho trn hnh
Ta gi thitrng t et=0 net<v
1
=o th 2 van D
1
, D
2
ang dn dng di tc
dng ca s... t cm sinh ra trong
L
d
. Ti et=v
1
=o ta truyn tn hiu
iu khin n m van T
1
, lc ny T
1

ang c in p thun (v khi D
1
m
th u
T1
=u
2
v ti v
1
=o th u
2
>0) nn
2 iu kin m. Van T
1
m th in
p trn n gim v bng khng nn ta
c u
D1
=-u
2
<0, tc l D
1
b t in p
ngc v kho li,t thi im ny
trong s c 2 van l T
1
v D
2
dn
dng, in p ngun xoay chiu u
2
tc
ng thun chiu dn dng ca 2 van
ny. Khi T
1
v D
2
cng dn dng ta
c:
u
d
= u
2
; i
T1
= i
d
= I
d
;
i
T2
= 0; i
D1
= 0;
i
D2
= i
d
= I
d
; u
T1
= 0;
u
T2
= -u
2
; u
D1
= -u
2
;
u
D2
= 0;
n et=t th u
2
=0 v bt u
chuyn sang m, u
2
bt u t in
p thun ln T
2
v D
1
, do T
2
cha c
tn hiu iu khin nn cha m, cn
D
1
l diode nn D
1
s m. Van D
1
m
th in p trn n gim xung bng
khng, v ta c u
T1
= u
2
, m ti et=t
i
D1

i
T1

D
1
T
1

BA
R
d

i
2

i
1

u
d

L
d

E
d

i
T2
i
D2

i
d

T
2
D
2

u
2

u
1



Hnh 2.32


Hnh 2.34
i
T2

i
T1

T
2
T
1

BA R
d
i
2

* *
i
1

u
d

L
d

E
d

i
D1
i
D2

i
d

D
1
D
2

u
2

u
1


Hnh 2.35
et
iT1
b 0
Id
et
h
0
uT1
iT2
Id
et
c
0
Id/kba
et
g 0
et
i
0
uD1
iD1
Id
et
d
0
iD2
Id
et
e 0
i1
ud (nt m)
et
-u2
u2
u
a
0
o
o o
2t
v3= v2= v1=
t
th u
2
ang chuyn sang m nn T
1
s b t in p ngc v s kho li.Vy t et=t
trong s c 2 van l D
1
v D
2
cng dn dng. Khi 2 diode cng lm vic, ta c:
u
d
= 0; i
T1
= 0; i
T2
= 0; i
D1
= i
d
= I
d;
i
D2
= i
d
= I
d
; u
T1
= u
2
; u
T2
= -u
2
; u
D1
= 0; u
D2
= 0;
Ti et=v
2
=t+o th van T
2
c tn hiu iu khin, lc T
2
ang c in p
thun, T
2
m. Van T
2
m th u
T2
gim v bng khng nn u
D2
= u
2
<0, tc l D
2
b t
in p ngc v s kho li, do vy t et=v
2
trong s ch c 2 van l T
2
v D
1

cng dn dng. Khi 2 van T
2
v D
1
cng lm vic, ta c:
u
d
= -u
2
; i
T1
= 0; i
T2
= i
d
= I
d
; i
D1
= i
d
= I
d
; i
D2
= 0;
u
T1
= u
2
; u
T2
= 0; u
D1
= 0; u
D2
= u
2;

n et=2t th u
2
=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, u
2
bt u t in p thun
ln T
1
v D
2
, do T
1
cha c tn hiu iu khin nn cha m, cn D
2
l diode nn D
2
s m. Van D
2
m th in p trn n gim xung bng khng, v ta c u
T2
=-u
2,
m ti
et=2t th u
2
ang chuyn sang na chu k dng nn T
2
s b t in p ngc v s
kho li. Vy t et=2t trong s c 2 van l D
1
v D
2
cng dn dng. Khi 2 diode
cng lm vic, ta li c:
u
d
= 0; i
T1
= 0; i
T2
= 0; i
D1
= i
d
= I
d
;
i
D2
= i
d
= I
d
; u
T1
= u
2
; u
T2
= -u
2
; u
D1
= 0; u
D2
= 0;
Ti et=v
2
=2t+o th van T
1
li
c tn hiu iu khin, lc T
1
ang
c in p thun, T
1
m. Van T
1
m
th u
T1
gim v bng khng nn u
D1
=-
u
2
<0, tc l D
1
b t in p ngc v
s kho li, do vy t et=v
3
trong s
ch c 2 van l T
1
v D
2
cng dn
dng, s lp li trng thi lm vic
ging nh t et=v
1
.
- Cc biu thc c bn

2 / ) cos 1 ( o + =
do d
U U


t o t 2 / ) ( =
d Ttb
I I
;
t o t 2 / ) ( =
d T
I I


2 max
. 2U U
Tth
=
;
2 max
2U U
Tng
=


t o t 2 / ) ( + =
d Dtb
I I
;
t o t 2 / ) ( + =
d
D
I I


2 max
. 2U U
Dng
=


c.2/- S th hai
- S nguyn l


Trong s ny 2 van c iu khin c b tr cng mt nhm van, nhm
cn li l 2 van khng iu khin (diode)
- Nguyn l lm vic
Gi thit L
d
=. Ta tm gi thit rng trc thi im et=v
1
=o th trong s ang c
hai van l T
2
v D
2
lm vic, lc ta c u
T1
=u
2
>0 nhng T
1
cn cha m v cha c
tn hiu iu khin. Ti et=v
1
=o th T
1
c tn hiu iu khin v c 2 iu kin
m. Khi T
1
v D
2
cng dn dng ta c:
u
d
= u
2
; i
T1
= i
d
= I
d
;
i
T2
= 0; i
D1
= 0;
i
D2
= i
d
= I
d
; u
T1
= 0;
u
T2
= -u
2
; u
D1
= -u
2
; u
D2
= 0;
n et=t th u
2
=0 v bt u chuyn sang m, u
2
bt u t in p thun ln
T
2
v D
1
, do T
2
cha c tn hiu iu khin nn cha m, cn D
1
l diode nn D
1
s
m. Van D
1
m th in p trn n gim xung bng khng, v ta c u
D2
= u
2
, m ti
et=t th u
2
ang chuyn sang m nn D
2
s b t in p ngc v s kho li. Mt
khc do T
2
cha m m in cm L
d
c gi tr rt ln (ta ang gi thit L
d
=) nn
s... t cm sinh ra trong L
d
tip tc duy tr dng ti s lm cho T
1
vn dn dng.
Vy t et=t trong s c 2 van l T
1
v D
1
cng dn dng. Khi T
1
v D
1
cng lm
vic, ta c:
u
d
= 0; i
T1
= i
d
= I
d
; i
T2
= 0; i
D1
= i
d
= I
d;
i
D2
= 0;

u
T1
= 0; u
T2
= -u
2
; u
D1
= 0; u
D2
= u
2
;
Ti et=v
2
=t+o th van T
2
c tn hiu iu khin, lc T
2
ang c in p
thun, T
2
m. Van T
2
m th u
T2
gim v bng khng nn u
T1
= u
2
<0, tc l T
1
b t
in p ngc v s kho li, do vy t et=v
2
trong s ch c 2 van l T
2
v D
1

cng dn dng. Khi 2 van T
2
v D
1
cng lm vic, ta c:
u
d
= -u
2
; i
T1
= 0; i
T2
= i
d
= I
d
; i
D1
= i
d
= I
d;
i
D2
= 0;
u
T1
= u
2
; u
T2
= 0; u
D1
= 0; u
D2
= u
2;

n et=2t th u
2
=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, u
2
bt u t in p thun
ln T
1
v D
2
, do T
1
cha c tn hiu iu khin nn cha m, cn D
2
l diode nn D
2

s m. Van D
2
m th in p trn n gim xung bng khng, v ta c u
D1
=-u
2
, m ti
et=2t th u
2
ang chuyn sang dng nn D
1
s b t in p ngc v s kho li.
Mt khc do T
1
cha m m in cm L
d
c gi tr rt ln (ta ang gi thit L
d
=) nn
s... t cm sinh ra trong L
d
tip tc duy tr dng ti s lm cho T
2
vn dn dng.
Vy t et = 2t trong s c 2 van l T
2
v D
2
cng dn dng. Khi T
2
v D
2
cng lm
vic, ta c:
u
d
= 0; i
T1
= 0; i
T2
= i
d
= I
d
; i
D1
= 0; i
D2
= i
d
= I
d
;
u
T1
= u
2
; u
T2
= 0; u
D1
= -u
2
; u
D2
= 0;
Ti et=v
2
=2t+o th van T
1
c tn hiu iu khin, lc T
1
ang c in p
thun, T
1
m. Van T
1
m th u
T1
gim v bng khng nn u
T2
=-u
2
<0, tc l T
2
b t


in p ngc v s kho li, do vy t et=v
3
trong s ch c 2 van l T
1
v D
2

cng dn dng, s lp li trng thi lm vic ging nh t et=v
1
.
Giai on t et=0et=v
1
s hon ton tng t giai on t et=2t n et=v
3
,
hai van T
2
v D
2
cng dn dng, iu ny hon ton trng vi gi thit ban u.
Dng qua cun dy th cp v s cp my bin p cung cp BA c xc nh
nh sau:
i
2
= i
T1
- i
D1
= i
D2
-i
T2
; i
1
= i
2
/k
ba

th biu din ng cong in p chnh lu, dng cc van, in p 2 van T
1

v D
1
, dng in cun dy s cp BA nh hnh 2.35.
- Cc biu thc c bn
(1 cos ) / 2
d do
U U o = + ;
max 2
2
Tth
U U = ;
max 2
2
Tng
U U = ;
max 2
2
Dng
U U =
/ 2
Ttb d
I I = ; / 2
T d
I I = ; / 2
Dtb d
I I = ; / 2
D d
I I =

Trong c hai s trn th gi tr hiu dng dng in cun dy th cp v s
cp ging nhau v c xc nh bi cc biu thc:

t o t / ) (
2
=
d
I I
;
ba
k I I /
2 1
=

II.2.2.2 S chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha
a/- S chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha 6
tiristo
- S nguyn l
S chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha (hnh
2.36) gm c:
BA l my bin p cung cp cho s
chnh lu, trong s chnh lu
cu 3 pha th cng c th khng cn
s dng BA nu ngun cung cp c
in p ph hp vi yu cu ca s
v khng yu cu cch ly v in
gia mch ng lc b chnh lu vi
ngun in xoay chiu.
Cc van chnh lu c iu khin t T
1

T
6
dng bin i in p xoay
chiu 3 pha bn th cp BA l u
a,
u
b,
u
c
thnh in p mt chiu t ln ph
ti gm R
d
, L
d
, E
d
. Ch s ca cc van
trong s c khc so vi trong s
tng qut nu: nhm van kat
chung th k hiu nh s tng qut
2t
2t
2t
iT2
2t
0 et
t
d
iT1
0 et
t
c
t
iT3
0 et
e
Id
iT4
t
iT5
0 et
h
0 et
t
g
iB
0 et
t
2t
l
iC
0 et
t 2t
m
2t
iA
0 et
Id/kba
t 2t
k
iT6
0 et
t
i
t 2t
u
0
o o o
u
d

uc ub ua o
v7
v5 v3
v1
a
K (nt
m)
o o o
ud
v0
v6 v4 v2
0
et
et
b
A (nt
m)
Hnh 2.37
i
A

i
T5

K
A
i
T3
i
T1

i
d

i
a

T
1
T
3
T
5

R
d

a
u
d
b
i
b

L
d

c
i
c

E
d

T
2
T
6
T
4

i
T4
i
T6
i
T2

*
*
*
*
*
B
A
A
i
B

*
B
i
C

C






hnh 2.36


cn nhm van anode chung th c s i v tr.
Cch k hiu nh trn s hnh 2.36 c mt ngha l ch s van trn s
nu ln th t lm vic ca cc van
- Nguyn l lm vic
y ta xt mt trng hp vi gi thit in cm ph ti l v cng ln (L
d
=).
Trong trng hp dng ti l lin tc th 2 nhm van trong s chnh lu cu
3 pha lm vic tng t nh hai s chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha tng ng. Dng qua
cc van,in p trncc van hon ton ging nh cc s tia 3 pha tng ng.
xc nh in p chnh lu tc thi ta c th da vo cc phng php khc nhau: v
d da vo th t lm vic ca cc van ta xc nh c trong tng khong thi gian 2
van no ca s dn dng ta s tm c u
d
bng hiu in p 2 pha mc vi 2 van
dn dng : hoc ta c th chn in th im trung tnh ngun lm mc (
O
=0) lc
ta c th tnh c in th 2 im K v A trn s hnh 2.36, ta c
K
bng in
p chnh lu ca s tia 3 pha cc van ni Cathode chung u
dtK
, cn -
A
bng bng
in p chnh lu ca s tia 3 pha cc van ni anode chung u
dtA (

K
= u
dtK
,
A
= -
u
dtA
). Ta c th tm tt s hot ng ca s trong hn mt chu k nh sau:
- T et=0 et=v
0
v t et=v
5
et=v
6
hai van T
4
v T
5
cng dn dng:
u
d
= u
c
- u
a
= u
ca
; i
T1
= 0;
i
T2
= 0; i
T3
= 0; i
T4
=i
d
=I
d
; i
T5
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T6
= 0;
u
T1
= u
ac;
u
T2
= u
ac;
u
T3
= u
bc
; u
T4
= 0; u
T5
= 0; u
T6
= u
ab
;
- T et=v
0
et=v
1
v t et=v
6
et=v
7
hai van T
5
v T
6
cng dn dng:
u
d
= u
c
- u
b
= u
cb
; i
T1
= 0; i
T2
= 0; i
T3
= 0; i
T4
= 0; i
T5
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T6
= i
d
=I
d
;
u
T1
= u
ac;
u
T2
= u
bc;
u
T3
= u
bc
; u
T4
= u
ba
; u
T5
= 0; u
T6
= 0;
- T et=v
1
et=v
2
v sau et=v
7
hai van T
1
v T
6
cng dn dng:
u
d
= u
a
- u
b
= u
ab
; i
T1
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T2
= 0; i
T3
= 0; i
T4
= 0; i
T5
= 0; i
T6
= i
d
=I
d
;
u
T1
= 0; u
T2
= u
bc;
u
T3
= u
ba
; u
T4
= u
ba
; u
T5
= u
ca
; u
T6
= 0;
- T et=v
2
et=v
3
hai van T
1
v T
2
cng dn dng:
u
d
= u
a
- u
c
= u
ac
; i
T1
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T2
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T3
= 0; i
T4
= 0; i
T5
= 0; i
T6
= 0;
u
T1
= 0; u
T2
= 0; u
T3
= u
ba
; u
T4
= u
ca
; u
T5
= u
ca
; u
T6
= u
cb
;
- T et=v
3
et=v
4
hai van T
2
v T
3
cng dn dng:
u
d
= u
b
- u
c
= u
bc
; i
T1
= 0; i
T2
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T3
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T4
= 0; i
T5
= 0; i
T6
= 0;
u
T1
= u
ab
; u
T2
= 0; u
T3
= 0; u
T4
= u
ca
; u
T5
= u
cb
; u
T6
= u
cb
;
- T et=v
4
et=v
5
hai van T
3
v T
4
cng dn dng:
u
d
= u
b
- u
a
= u
ba
; i
T1
= 0; i
T2
= 0; i
T3
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T4
= i
d
=I
d
; i
T5
= 0; i
T6
= 0;
u
T1
= u
ab
; u
T2
= u
ac
; u
T3
= 0; u
T4
= 0; u
T5
= u
cb
; u
T6
= u
ab
;
V t et=v
7
th s lp li trng thi lm vic ging nh t et=v
1
.
th in p chnh lu, dng cc van, dng cc pha ngun xoay chiu khi my bin
p ni Y/Y nh trn hnh 2.37. in p trn van c dng ging nh s hnh tia 3
pha.
- Mt s biu thc tnh ton


.cos
d do
U U o = ;
2 2
(3 6 / ). 2,34
do
U U U t = ~ ;
max max 2
6
Tth Tng
U U U = =
/ 3
Ttb d
I I = ; / 3
T d
I I =
Dng hiu dng cun dy s v th cp my bin khi t ni dyY/Y
3 / 2
2 d T
I I I = =
;
ba d
k I I / 3 / 2
1
=

Xc nh cng sut tnh ton my bin p:
S
2
=3U
2
I
2
= U
d
.I
d
.(t/3)
S
1
=3U
1
I
1
= U
d
.I
d
.(t/3)
S
ttBA
= (S
1
+S
2
)/2 = S
1
= S
2
= U
d
.I
d
. (t/3) ~1,05.U
d
.I
d

b/- S chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu khin (s dng 3 diode 3 thyristor)
- S nguyn l (hnh 2.38)
Trong s ny ngi ta ch s dng
mt na s van l van c iu khin, cn
li l cc van khng iu khin. y ta
b tr cc diode nhm van anode
chung.
- Nguyn l hot ng ca s
Khi ph ti thun tr (R
d
=0, E
d
=0,
L
d
=0 )
Trn hnh 2.39 biu din
K
v
A
tng ng vi mt gi tr khc nhau ca gc
iu khin: o=30
0
; o=60
0
; o=90
0
. Nhn vo th ta nhn thy c th xy ra 2 ch
lm khc nhau tng ng vi 2 vng gi tr ca o:







Ch th nht:
Khi t/3 > o th dng ti
lin tc. S chuyn mch dng in trong cc van nhm Cathode chung (c iu
khin) din ra thi im truyn xungiu khin n cc van. S chuyn mch dng
in trong nhm van anode chung (khng iu khin) din ra ti thi im chuyn
mch t nhin.Trong trng hp ny t th hnh 2.39 ta c:
( )
0 0
1 cos
(3/ 2 ) 6 sin( ). ( )
2
2
0
U U U t d t U
d d d
o
o
t e e
+
= =
}

Ch th hai: Khi 2t/3 > o>t/3, dng qua ti b gin on. Vic m cc van
trong c hai nhm van din ra tng cp ti cc thi im ta truyn xung iu khin n
cc van c iu khin. S chuyn mch dng in t van ny sang van khc lc ny
iA
iT3
K
A
iT2 iT1
id
ia
T1 T2 T3
Rd
a
ud
b
ib
Ld
c
ic
Ed
D3 D2 D1
iD1 iD2 iD3
*
*
*
*
*
BA
A
iB
*
B
iC
C






Hnh 2.38
et
u

o=30
0

0
3t
2t
t
4t
o=60
0

o=90
0

Hnh 2.39


khng xy ra v dng ti cng nh dng qua cc van bng khng trc thi im ta
a xung iu khin n m van tip theo. T th hnh 2.39 ta c:
( )
0
1 cos
(3/ 2 ) 6 sin( ). ( )
2
2
U U t d t U
d d
t
o
t e e
o
+
= =
}

Nh vy khi ti thun tr th trong c hai ch dng ti lin tc v gin on
ta u c chung mt biu thc xc nh in p chnh lu trung bnh.
Khi in cm mch ti v cng ln (L
d
=)
Nghin cu s trong trng hp ny thun tin nht l xem nh ni ni tip 2 s
chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha, mt s c iu khin gm cc van T
1
,T
2
, T
3
ni Cathode
chung v mt s khng iu khin gm 3 diode D
1,
D
2,
D
3,
mc anode chung. Dng
ti lin tc v bng phng. Vi trng hp ny ta c th coi rng s cu 3 pha bn
iu khin b phn tch thnh 2 s hnh tia 3 pha lm vic c lp. in p chnh
lu u ra ca s cu bng tng in p chnh lu ca 2 s tia m mt c iu
khin v mt khng iu khin (ch rng in p chnh lu trung bnh khi o=0 ca
s cu 3 pha gp i ca s tia 3 pha):
U
d
= U
d0
/2 + (U
d0
/2).coso = U
d0
. (1+coso)/2
So snh biu thc ny vi biu thc tnh U
d
khi ti thun tr ta thy chng hon
ton ging nhau. Vy trong s chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu khin th in p chnh
lu trung bnh khi ti in tr v khi dng ti lin tc l nh nhau vi cng mt gi tr
gc iu khin.
Nhn xt: Do s dng c cc van khng iu khin nn khi s chnh lu lm vic
th dng in li (ngun) ngoi cc sng hi bc l nh nu cn c c cc sng hi
bc chn.
II.3 Cc b chnh lu mc song song ngc o chiu in p cho ti
2.3.1 Khi nim chung
Trong nhiu trng hp ta cn phi thay i c chiu dng qua ph ti ca b chnh
lu, m do tnh dn dng mt chiu ca cc van nn ta phi o chiu bng cng tc t
hoc s dng cc s c bit s dng hai b chnh lu, m mi b chnh lu to ra
dng in theo mt hng. C hai loi s chnh lu iu khin c o chiu l s
u cho (ch thp) v s song song ngc. Trong phn ny ta ch xt mt
trng hp l s chnh lu cu ba pha song song ngc.
iu khin hai b chnh lu trong hp b c o chiu ngi ta c th s
dng mt s phng php khc nhau:
iu khin ring r (iu khin c lp) hai s chnh lu.
iu khin phi hp hai s chnh lu. Trong phng php ny li c chia
ra: iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh v iu khin phi hp phi tuyn.
Ph thuc vo phng php iu khin hai s chnh lu trong hp b bin
i m s mch ng lc b bin i cng c s khc nhau. Khi iu khin phi
hp cc s chnh lu th trong mch ng lc buc phi s dng cc cun khng
hn ch dng in cn bng, trn s k hiu l CB
1
CB
4
. Cn khi iu khin ring
hai s chnh lu th khng cn phi s dng cun khng cn bng. gim bt cc


Hnh 2.40
i
A

i
T5

CB
4

CB
3

CB
2

CB
1

i
T3

i
T1

i
a

T
1

T
3

T
5

a
u
CB1
u
CB2

u
d

b
i
b

c
i
c

T
2

T
6

T
4

i
T4

i
T6

i
T2

*
*
*
* *
BA
A
i
B

*
B
i
C

C



i
d

R
d
L
d
E
d


i
T11

i
T3

T
7

T
9

T
11

T
8

T
12

T
10

i
T12

i
T8





i
T7

i
T10

s ta ch v mt s chung cho trng hp iu khin phi hp v khi xt trng
hp iu khin ring ta xem nh cc cun khng ny c ni tt. S b bin i
c o chiu s dng chnh lu cu ba pha nh hnh 2.40. Trong s ny: T
1
T
6
to
thnh mt s chnh lu cu ba pha cho dng qua ti theo chiu thun, ta thng gi
l b chnh lu thun. Cc van cn li T
7
T
12
to thnh mt s chnh lu cu ba
pha cho dng qua ti theo chiu ngc, ta thng gi l b chnh lu ngc. Ph ti
ca BB c ni gia cc im ni chung ca hai cp cun khng cn bng. in p
trn hai cp cun khng cn bng c gi l in p cn bng v ta k hiu l u
CB1
v
u
CB2
nh trn s . in p u ra ca s chnh lu thun l u
d1
cn in p u ra
ca s chnh lu ngc k hiu l u
d2
. in p chnh lu tc thi trn ph ti u
d
s
c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
u
d
= u
d1
-
(
u
CB1
/2) - (u
CB2
/2) = - u
d2
+
(
u
CB1
/2) + (u
CB2
/2).

II.3.2 Cc phng php khng ch
II.3.2.1 iu khin BB o chiu theo phng php phi hp tuyn tnh.
y l mt trong cc phng php iu khin BB c o chiu, khi thc hin
phng php iu khin ny ngi ta thc
hin truyn tn hiu iu khin n c hai
s chnh lu vi quan h gia gc iu
khin ca hai s chnh lu l:
o
1
+ o
2
=180
0
.
Trong trng hp ny in p chnh
lu trung bnh ca cc s chnh lu v
trn ph ti vi gi thit ch dng lin
tc v b qua tn tht l:
U
d1
=U
d0
.coso
1
; U
d2
= U
d0
.coso
2
=
U
d0
.cos(180
0
-o
1
)=-U
d0
.coso
1

U
d
= U
d1
=- U
d2
=U
d0
.coso
1
.
Nh vy ta thy rng thnh phn
mt chiu ca in p trn u ra ca hai
s chnh lu l cn bng nhau nn
chng khng gy nn thnh phn dng
in khp vng qua cc van ca hai s
chnh lu. Tuy vy chng ta cng thy
rng khi c hai s chnh lu ng thi
lm vic (tuy gc iu khin khc nhau)
th gi tr tc thi ca in p trn u ra
ca hai s (ly trc cc cun khng
cn bng) thng khng bng nhau, iu
ny to nn mt s chnh lch in th v
khi chng tc ng thun chiu dn dng


ca cc van trong hai s chnh lu s gy nn dng in khp vng qua cc van ny
v cc pha ngun cung cp xoay chiu m khng i qua ti ca BB, nc gi l
dng cn bng. Do tng tr ca ngun rt nh nn gi tr dng in ny c th rt ln
lm hng cc van v ph hu ch lm vic ca BB, v vy ta cn phi c cc bin
php hn ch dng in cn bng. Nh bit, thnh phn mt chiu ca dng cn
bng khng c, vy dng cn bng ch c thnh phn xoay chiu nn ta c th s dng
cc in cm hn ch (c im ca in cm l hn ch c dng in xoay chiu
nhng li cho thnh phn dng mt chiu qua n d dng v khng gy nn tn tht
cng sut tc dng). Trong s hnh 2.40 th hai cun CB
1
v CB
2
dng hn ch
dng cn ca nhm van Cathode chung b thun v nhm van anode chung b ngc,
cn CB
3
v CB
4
th hn ch dng cn bng qua hai nhm cn li.
Khi gi thit rng dng qua cc s chnh lu ch lin tc th ta c th
in p v dng in cn bng ca hai trng hp gc iu khin khc nhau nh hnh
2.41.














Ta thy rng in p cn bng ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi tr gc iu khin
ca cc s chnh lu. Khi gc iu khin ca mt s thay i trong khong t 0
0

cho n 60
0
th in p cn bng p mch 3 ln trong mt chu k ngun, cn khi gc
iu khin ca mt s nm trong vng t >60
0
n 90
0
th in p cn bng p
mch 6 ln trong mt chu k ngun xoay chiu. Biu thc in p cn bng u
CB1
c
xc nh nh sau:
Khi 60
0
>o
1
>0
0
th u
CB1
=-U
md
.sinet
Khi 90
0
>o
1
>60
0
th u
CB1
=-U
md
.sinet vi (2t/3-o
1
)

>et > (-2t/3+o
1
)
v u
CB1
= -U
md
.sin (et-t/3) vi (2t/3-o
1
)

<et v et < (-2t/3+o
1
)
Trong : U
md
l bin in p dy
Ngi ta c th xc nh c gi tr trung bnh ca dng cn bng khi bit gc
iu khin v in cm ca mi cun khng cn bng L
CB
. th biu din gi tr
tng i ca thnh phn trung bnh dng cun khng cn bng so vi gi tr cc i

et et
et
u
CB1 (
nt lin) u
CB

o
1
= o
2
= 90
0
o
1
= 60
0

0
t
t/3
4t/3 2t/3
0
u
CB1

0
i
CB1 (
nt m) i
CB

et
0
i
CB1

Hnh 2.41


ca n c cho trn hnh 2.42b. Hnh 2.42a l ng cong biu din quan h U
d
=f
(o) khi gi thit dng ti l lin tc.
Gi tr cc i ca dng cn bng:
I
CBm
=U
md
/ (2eL
CB
).
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng cn bng:
-Khi 60
0
>o
1
>0
0
v khi 90
0
>o
1
>60
0
v vi (2t/3-o
1
)

>et > (-2t/3+o
1
):
I
CBtb
=[ (3U
md
)/ (t2eL
CB
)]. (sino+ocoso)
-Khi 90
0
>o
1
>60
0
v vi (2t/3-o
1
)

<et v et < (-2t/3+o
1
):

)] cos ) 2 / ( sin ) 6 / 2 1 )].[( 2 /( ) 3 [( o o t o t e t + =
CB md CBtb
L U I










Khi iu khin cc s chnh lu trong BB o chiu theo phng php
phi hp tuyn tnh, nu ch dng l lin tc th ta c: nu b chnh lu thun c
gc iu khin o
1
<90
0
, n s lm vic trong ch chnh lu, th b chnh lu ngc
s c gc iu khin o
2
=180
0
- o
1
>90
0
, nh vy b chnh lu ngc s lm vic trong
ch nghch lu. Trong thc t th khi b chnh lu thun ang lm vic ch
chnh lu th b chnh lu ngc khng lm vic ch nghch lu v lc khng
c thnh phn dng in t ti qua b chnh lu ngc, lc ny qua b ngc ch c
dng cn bng xoay chiu mc d gc iu khin ca n nm trong vng nghch lu,
trng hp ny ngi ta ni rng b ngc lm vic ch ch nghch lu. Ngc
li khi b ngc ang lm vic ch nghch lu th lc theo iu kin nghch
lu ta c E
d
>0 v |E
d
|>|U
d
| nn dng t ti khp qua b chnh lu ngc v ngun v
khng c dng t ngun qua b chnh lu thun sang ti (do gi tr s... ph ti ln
hn in p chnh lu trung bnh ca b thun m cc van th khng cho dng i
ngc chiu), nh vy khi qua b thun ch c dng cn bng xoay chiu m khng
c dng ti, tc l b chnh lu thun cha lm vic ch chnh luv ngi ta ni
b chnh lu thun lm vic ch ch chnh lu.
Khi s dng phng php iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh lm xut hin dng
in cn bng lm ta phi tng kch thc BB (do c cun khng cn bng), tng
cng sut tnh ton ca my bin p b tn tht do dng cn bng. Tuy vy phng
U
d

-
U
d2

-
0,4


-

I
CBtb
*


-
0,5


-
0,3


-
0,2


-
0,1


- 0
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0


-
U
d1
=U
d

-
o
1

-
o


-
180
0


-
0
0


-
90
0


-
a


-
b


-
Hnh 2.42


php iu khin ny cng hay c s dng v n c tc ng nhanh cao nht, quan
h gia gc iu khin v in p chnh lu trung bnh l n tr.
Gi tr in cm ca cun khng cn bng c chn sao cho trong trng hp
xu nht th gi tr trung bnh ca dng cn bng khng c vt qu 10% dng ti
nh mc theo tnh ton.
Vi mc ch m bo vic hn tt thnh phn dng cn bng xoay chiu m
khng cn tng in cm ca cun khng cn bng ngi ta s dng phng php iu
khin phi hp phi tuyn,trong trng hp ny ta c:
o
1
+ o
2
=180
0
+2u
Vi vic tng gi tr u th gi tr trung bnh ca dng cn bng gim kh mnh,
tuy nhin phng php ny t c dng v n to nn mt khong cng mt gi tr
gc iu khin o nhng in p trn ti c th c hai gi tr khc nhau, thi gian
ngng dng khi o chiu ln, lm xu cc ch tiu cht lng ng khi ti c s... v
ti c in cm ln.
II.3.2.2 BB o chiu iu khin ring
y cng l mt phng php iu khin cc BB c o chiu dng c s dng
kh ph bin trong thc t. Ni dung ca phng php iu khin ny l ta cho cc b
chnh lu thun v ngc lm vic ring r: Khi cn c dng qua ti theo chiu thun
ta cho b chnh lu thun lm vic bng cch truyn tn hiu iu khin n cc van
ca n, cn b chnh lu ngc th khng c cp xung iu khin v khng lm
vic. Khi cn dng in ti theo chiu ngc th ta li cp xung iu khin cho b
chnh lu ngc n lm vic v ct xung b chnh lu thun n khng lm vic.
Nh vy khi BB o chiu lm vic th ch c mt trong hai s chnh lu c
cp tn hiu iu khin v lm vic cn s kia th ngh hon ton nn khng c
dng cn bng qua hai b chnh lu, y l u im c bn nht ca phng php iu
khin ny, n cho php ta khng phi dng cc cun khng cn bng. Nhng cng do
khng xut hin dng cn bng m ta phi m bo iu kin l b chnh lu lm
vic giai on trc kho mt cch chc chn mi c php truyn xung iu
khin n b chnh lu khc khi cn o dng ti. iu ny xut hin khong ngng
dng khi o chiu m thi gian ngng ngn nht cng phi c vi ms, n hn ch
tc ng nhanh ca BB.
BB o chiu iu khin ring c c tnh ngoi tng t nh ca BB
khng o chiu, n c c trng bi vng dng gin on ln hn nhiu so vi
vic iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh. Cc BB o chiu iu khin ring c th c
s dng tt trong cc hp b c b iu chnh c bit, n iu chnh c s thay i
cc tham s ca BB v ng dng cc thit b chuyn mch nhanh v chnh xc
gim thi gian ngng dng khi o chiu. Hin nay ngi ta thng s dng cc thit
b chuyn mch bng cc dng c lgic bn dn v vi in t c chnh xc cao kt
hp vi cc thit b o lng vi nhy cao nn thi gian ngng dng khi o c
c gim n mc nh nht.
II.4. Cc phng php to xung iu khin


II.4.1 Tng quan v mch to xung iu khin
Phn trc chng ta nghin cu s hot ng s mch ng lc b chnh lu c
iu khin. Nh bit, cc van ca b chnh lu c th m ti cc thi im mong
mun th ngoi iu kin ti thi im trn van phi c in p thun th trn in
cc iu khin v Cathode ca van phi c mt in p iu khin (m ta thng gi
l tn hiu iu khin). c h thng cc tn hiu iu khin xut hin ng theo yu
cu m van nu ngi ta phi s dng mt mch in to ra cc tn hiu . Mch
in dng to ra cc tn hiu iu khin c gi l mch iu khin hay cn gi l
h thng iu khin b chnh lu. in p iu khin cc thyristor phi p ng c
cc yu cu cn thit v cng sut, bin cng nh thi gian tn ti. Cc thng s
cn thit ca tn hiu iu khin c cho sn trong cc ti liu tra cu v van. Do c
im ca thyristor l khi van m th vic cn tn hiu iu khin na hay khng
khng nh hng n dng qua van, v vy hn ch cng sut ca mch pht tn
hiu iu khin v gim tn tht trn vng in cc iu khin ngi thng to ra cc
tn hiu iu khin thyristor c dng cc xung, do mch iu khin cn c gi l
mch pht xung iu khin. Cc xung iu khin c tnh ton v di xung sao
cho thi gian cn thit (vi mt d tr nht nh) m van vi mi loi ph ti
c th c khi s lm vic. Thng thng di xung nm trong gii hn t 200 s
n 600 s.
Cc h thng pht xung iu khin b chnh lu hin nay ang s dng c th
phn lm 2 nhm:
Nhm cc h thng iu khin ng b: y l nhm cc h thng iu khin
m cc xung iu khin xut hin trn in cc iu khin cc thyristor ng thi
im cn m van v lp i lp mang tnh chu k vi chu k thng l bng chu k
ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu (trong mt vi trng hp chu k ca
xung c th bng 1/2 chu k in p ngun). Nhm h thng iu khin ny ang
c s dng ph bin nht hin nay. Trong chng trnh mn hc ny ta ch i vo
nghin cu cc h thng iu khin thuc nhm ny.
Nhm cc h thng iu khin khng ng b: Cc h thng iu khin thuc
nhm ny to ra cc xung iu khin khng tun theo gi tr gc iu khin nh nu
phn trc. Cc h thng iu khin ny pht ra chui xung iu khin vi tn s
thng cao hn rt nhiu tn s ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu v
trong qu trnh lm vic tn s xung c t ng thay i m bo cho mt i
lng u ra no , v d nh U
d
hay I
d
... khng thay i. t c iu ny th
ngi ta thc hin khng ch tn s xung iu khin theo sai lch gia tn hiu t v
tn hiu ra thc t ca i lng cn n nh. Nh vy cc h thng pht xung loi ny
buc phi thc hin dng h thng c phn hi, tc l h thng kn. Cc h thng
iu khin ny tng i phc tp v y ta s khng xt.
Cc h thng iu khin ng b thng s dng hin nay bao gm:
- H thng iu khin chnh lu theo nguyn tc khng ch pha ng.
- H thng iu khin chnh lu theo nguyn tc khng ch pha ngang.


- H thng iu khin chnh lu dng diode hai cc gc (transitor mt tip gip).
II.4.2 Mch to xung theo pha ng
II.4.2.1 S khi h thng iu khin theo pha ng
Khi nghin cu cc mch pht xung theo nguyn tc pha ng ngi ta thy rng c
th phn chia cc mch in h thng ra lm 3 khi c chc nng khc nhau nh s
hnh 2-43. Trong gm:





Khi 1: Khi ng b ho v pht in p rng ca (BH-FSRC).
Khi 2: Khi so snh (SS).
Khi 3: Khi to xung (TX).
Trong :
u
l
: l in p li (ngun) xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu.
u
rc
: in p ta thng c dng hnh rng ca ly t u ra khi BH-
FSRC.
u
k
: in p iu khin, y l in p mt chiu c a t ngoi vo
dng iu khin gi tr gc o.
u
kT:
in p iu khin thyristor, l chui cc xung iu khin ly t u ra
h thng iu khin (cng l u ra ca khi TX) v c truyn n in
cc iu khin (G) v Cathode (K) ca cc thyristor.
Nguyn l c bn ca h thng iu khin theo nguyn tc pha ng c th tm
tt nh sau:
Tn hiu in p cung cp cho mch ng lc b chnh lu c a n mch
ng b ho ca khi 1 v trn u ra ca mch ng b ta c cc in p thng c
dng hnh sin vi tn s bng tn s in p ngun cung cp cho s chnh lu v
trng pha hoc lch 1 gc pha xc nh so vi in p ngun. in p ny c gi l
in p ng b v k hiu l u
b
. Cc in p ng b c a vo mch pht in
p rng ca khng ch s lm vic ca mch in ny, kt qu l trn u ra mch
pht in p rng ca ta c mt h thng cc in p dng hnh rng ca ng b v
tn s v gc pha vi cc in ng b. Cc in ny c gi l in p rng ca u
rc
.
Cc in p rng ca c a vo u vo khi SS v cn c mt tn hiu khc
na l in p iu khin mt chiu iu chnh c v c a t ngoi vo, hai tn
hiu ny c mc vi cc tnh sao cho tc ng ca chng ln mch vo khi SS l
ngc chiu nhau. Khi SS lm nhim v so snh hai tn hiu ny v ti nhng thi
im hai tn hiu ny c gi tr tuyt i bng nhau th u ra khi SS s thay i trng
thi. Nh vy khi SS l mt mch in hot ng theo nguyn tc bin i tng t-
BH
FSRC

u
kT

u
l

u
rc

TX
SS
u
k

Khi 3 Khi 2 Khi 1

Hnh 2.43


s. Do tn hiu ra ca mch SS l dng tn hiu s nn ch c hai gi tr c hoc khng.
Tn hiu trn u ra khi SS l cc xung xut hin vi chu k bng chu k ca u
rc
, nu
thi im bt u xut hin ca mt xung nm trong vng sn xung no ca u
rc
th
sn xung y ca u
rc
c gi l sn s dng. iu ny c ngha rng: Ti thi im
|u
rc
| = |u
k
| phn sn s dng trong 1 chu k ca in p rng ca th trn u ra
khi SS s bt u xut hin mt xung in p. T ta thy: c th thay i thi
im xut hin ca xung u ra khi SS bng cch thay i gi tr ca u
k
khi gi
nguyn dng u
rc
. Trong mt s trng hp th xung ra t khi SS c a n in
cc iu khin ca thyristor, nhng trong a s cc trng hp th tn hiu ra khi so
snh cha cc yu cu cn thit i vi tn hiu iu khin thyristor. c tn hiu
yu cu ngi ta thc hin vic khuch i, thay i li hnh dng ca xung, v.v,...
Cc nhim v ny c thc hin bi mt mch in gi l mch to xung (TX), cui
cng trn u ra khi TX ta c chui xung iu khin (u
kT
) c cc thng s yu
cu v cng sut, di, dc mt u ca xung, v.v,... nhng thi im bt u
xut hin ca cc xung th hon ton trng vi thi im xut hin xung trn u ra
khi SS. Vy thi im xut hin ca tn hiu iu khin trn in cc iu khin v
Cathode ca thyristor chnh cng l thi im xut hin xung u ra khi so snh, tc
l khi SS ng vai tr xc nh gi tri gc iu khin o. Nh nu trn, ta c th
thay i thi im xut hin xung ra khi SS bng cch thay i gi tr u
k
. Vy iu
khin gi tr in p iu khin u
k
ta iu khin c gi tr gc iu khin o.
Trong s chnh lu cu hoc s tia nhiu pha ta c nhiu thyristor. to
ra nhiu tn hiu iu khin cho nhiu van trong h thng iu khin ny c 2 phng
php:
S dng nhiu mch pht xung ging ht nhau, trong mi mch u c cc khi
ging nhau v chng ch khc nhau tn hiu in p li (khc pha) t vo
mch ng b. Mi mch pht xung c dmg to xung iu khin cho mt
van hoc mt s van mc ni tip hoc song song. Mch iu khin loi ny
c gi l mch (h thng) nhiu knh (mi mch pht xung cho mt van
c gi l mt knh iu khin).
Ngi ta s dng chung mt mch ng b, mt mch to in p rng ca,
mt khi so snh, nh vy xung u ra khi SS thng c tn s gp n ln tn
s ngun (n bng q). Lc c n (hay q) knh xung khc nhau c tn s
bng tn s ngun th trong khi TX phi c thm mt mch in lm nhim v
phn chia xung. Mch iu khin loi ny c gi l mch iu khin mt
knh (ch c mt khi so snh). Loi mch iu khin ny tuy phc tp hn
nhiu so vi loi nhiu knh nhng xung iu khin cc van c i xng
cao hn nhiu nn cng thng c s dng, nht l khi c yu cu cao v
cht lng i vi b chnh lu.
Sau y ta s xt chi tit cc phn mch in ca h thng iu khin. Ta gi
thit l h thng iu khin nhiu knh v ch cn xt mt knh, cc knh cn li
tng t.
II.4.2.2 Khi ng b ho v pht sng rng ca


Hnh 2.44
R
1

u
b
R
2
u
l

Hnh 2.45

* *
u
l

u
b

BA
A
*
*
B
*
*
C
*
*
u
ba

u
bb

u
bc

0
BA






to ra mt h thng cc xung xut hin lp i lp li vi chu k bng chu k ngun
xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu v iu khin c thi im xut hin ca
chng trong mi chu k th cc nghin cu ch ra rng: tt nht l s dng cc mch
pht xung m mt trong cc tn hiu iu khin n l tn hiu cng bin i mt cch
chu k vi chu k nh ca tn hiu ra v dng tt nht l hnh rng ca. V vy m
chng ta cn phi c mch in to ra cc in p rng ca v c gi l mch
pht sng rng ca (FSRC). Mt khc, k thut in-in t cng ch ra rng c
in p dng rng ca c tn s v thi im u
ca mi xung rng ca ph hp vi tn s v gc
pha ca ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho s
chnh lu th tt nht l s dng cc s to
in p rng ca c iu khin bi in p
bin thin cng tn s. Dng ca in p iu
khin mch to in p rng ca c th bt k.
c cc in p ny ngi ta s dng mt mch in c gi l mch ng b ho
(gi tt l mch ng b) v in p ra ca mch ng b gi l in p ng b, k
hiu l u
b
.
a/- Mch ng b ho
to ra in p ng b m bo yu cu t ra ngi ta thng s dng hai kiu
mch n gin:
Mch phn p bng cc in tr hoc bng in tr kt hp in dung hay in
cm: Trong mch ng b ny in p u vo l in p li in xoay chiu cung
cp cho s chnh lu, in p ra cng l in p xoay chiu hnh sin cng tn s
trng hoc lch mt gc pha xc nh.
Kiu mch ng b ny t c s dng v c s lin h trc tip v in gia
mch ng lc v mch iu khin b chnh lu.






Mch ng
b dng my bin p: Trong trng hp ny ngi ta s dng mt my bin p cng
sut nh thng l my bin p h p to ra in p ng b. in p li u
l
c
t vo cun s cp cn bn th cp ta ly ra in p ng b u
b
. My bin p to
ra in p ng b c gi l my bin p ng b v k hiu l BA, n c th l
loi mt pha hoc nhiu pha tu theo s chnh lu c th.
b/- Mch pht sng rng ca
- S mch pht sng rng ca dng diode, in tr, t in (mch D-R-C)
Gii thiu s :


Hnh 2.47
U
rcmax

u
rc

u
b

u
v
3

v
2

v
1
e
t 3t 2t t
S mch pht sng rng ca trn
hnh 2.46 bao gm:
BA l my bin p ng b
ho, y l phn mch ng b.
diode D,in tr R,t in C l
cc phn t c bn ca mch to
in p rng ca.
Cc in p u
l
,u
b
,u
c
,u
rc
ln lt
l in p ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu,in p ng b
ho,in p trn t in C v
in rng ca u ra ca s
.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Ta gi thit rng: ti et=0 th
u
b
=0

v bt u chuyn sang na chu
k dng, in p trn t ang bng
khng (u
c
=0).
Nh vy th sau thi im
et=0 th u
b
>0 nn diode D c t in p thun v D m, t in C s c np
in bi ngun in p ng b qua diode D ang m. in p trn t C tng dn theo
thi gian v khi et=v
1
th u
c
= u
b
, lc ny in p ng b giai on gim ca
na chu k dng nn sau thi im et=v
1
th D b t in p ngc v D kho li.
diode D kho th s np in ca t cng kt thc, t bt u phng in qua in tr
R. Qu trnh phng in lm cho in p trn t gim dn v n et=v
2
th in p trn
t li bng in p ng b ang giai on tng trong na chu k dng ca chu k
tip theo, D li c phn cc thun v li m, t li c np. Qu trnh cc chu k
sau din ra lp li tng t. in p u ra ca s bng in p trn t C (u
rc
= u
c
).
Ngi ta tnh chn gi tr in tr R v t in C sao cho v
2
~2t nhng v
2
>2t. Vi
mch to in p rng ca ny ngi ta chn sn s dng l phn sn sau.
Nu ta gi bin in p rng ca (in p trn C) l U
rcmax
th biu thc in
p trn t trong giai on phng in l:
u
cp
= U
rcmax
.e
- (t -v2/ e)/ RC
S ny c u im l rt n gin, nhng li c cc nhc im l dng in
p trn u ra khc nhiu so vi dng ng in p rng ca l tng v bin in
p rng ca ph thuc nhiu vo bin in p ng b nn t c dng.
- S mch pht sng rng ca dng mch D-R-C np in cho t bng ngun
mt chiu n nh
Gii thiu s :
Trong s ny gm c:

u
rc

*
Mch ng
b

D
u
l

R C u
c

*
u
b

BA
Hnh 2.46

*
Mch ng
b
+ U
n
-
D
2

D
1

u
l

C
a
u
rc

o
u
c

*
u
b

BA
R
R
1

Hnh 2.48


Hnh 2.49
U
rcmax

u
rc

u
b

u
v
2
v
1
v
1
' et
3t 2t t
BA l my bin p ng b thuc phn mch ng b ho.
D
1
,D
2
,C,R,R
1
cc phn t ca mch to in p rng ca.
Cc in p trong s cng tng t nh s hnh 2.46, ch khc l trong s
ny c thm ngun in p mt chiu n nh U
n
dng np cho t in C.
Nguyn l lm vic
Ta gi thit rng: ti et=0 th u
b
=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng, ti
et=0 in p trn t C ang bng khng (u
c
=0).
Vy sau thi im et=0 th u
b
>0 nn trn D
1
v D
2
u c in p ngc, c 2
diode u kho. Cc diode D
1
, D
2
kho, dn n t C c in np t ngun mt
chiu n nh U
n
. in p trn t tng dn theo biu thc sau:
u
c
= U
n
. (1-e
-t/t
) vi t =R.C l hng s thi gian mch np ca t.
n et=v
1
th in p trn t bng gi tr tc thi ca in p ng b m t
thi im in p ng b ang gim (na sau ca na chu k dng u
b
), do vy
m sau et=v
1
van D
2
c phn cc thun, dn n D
2
m. Van D
2
m th t ngng
np v bt u phng in qua cun th cp my bin p ng b v diode D
2
. n
et=v
1
' th in p trn t gim n bng khng v D
1
m nn in p trn t gi
nguyn gi tr bng khng cho n thi im et=2t. Ti et=2t th u
b
=0 v li bt u
chuyn sang dng, cc diode b t in p ngc nn kho li do vy t C li c
np tng t nh t et=v
1
v s
lm vic ca s lp li nh chu
k va xt. in p rng ca u ra
cng chnh l in p trn t C v
dng in p ra u
rc
cng c cho
trn hnh 2.49.
Vi s ny th bin
in p rng ca cng ph thuc
vo bin in p ng b nhng
dng in p ra gn vi hnh rng ca hn s trc. tng tuyn tnh phn
sn s dng ca in p rng ca (trong s ny ta s dng phn sn trc) th
ngi ta tng hng s thi gian mch np bng cch tng gi tr R hoc C, thng tng
R. Mt khc do t =R.C tng th bin u
rc
c xu hng gim i, v vy mun c bin
khng i khi tng t =R.C ta phi tng gi tr ca ngun np U
n
theo. Thng
thng vi s ny th U
n
c chn ln hn bin in p rng ca U
rcmax
t 5
n 7 ln. Loi s ny hin nay cng t c s dng v cht lng in p ra km,
di sn s dng ca in p rng ca nh hn 180
0
in.
- S mch pht sng rng ca dng D-R-C v transitor
Gii thiu s
Trong s ny (hnh 2.50) c:


Hnh 2.50
u
rc

o
a

*
Mch ng b
D
u
l

WR
R
1

+U
cc

R
3

Tr
R
4

R
2
1

u
c

*
u
b

BA
C
Hnh 2.51
U
rcmax

u
rc

u
b

u
v
1

et
3t 2t t
BA l my bin p ng b
to ra tn hiu ng b
ho.
diode D, transitor Tr, cc
in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
v
bin tr WR, t in C l cc
phn t ca mch pht in
p rng ca.
in p ngun xoay chiu
cp cho s chnh lu u
l
, in p ng b u
b
, in p mt chiu cung cp cho
s to sng rng ca U
cc
, in p u ra ca s u
rc
c k hiu nh hnh
v.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Ta gi thit rng: ti et=0 th u
b
=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng, ti
et=0 in p trn t C ang bng khng (u
c
=0).
Vy sau thi im et=0 th u
b
>0 (im a dng hn im o) nn trn D c
t in p thun, D

s m

dn n s c dng in t cun th cp BA i qua R
2
v
diode D, nu b qua st in p rt nh trn cun dy my bin p ng b ho v trn
diode D th trn R
2
c t in p bng ton b s... th cp BA, tc l u
b
. in
st trn R
2
lc ny c th dng t vo cc pht Tr,cn th m t vo cc gc Tr, do
vy mch gc-pht transitor ca Tr b t in p ngc v Tr kho (khng c dng
cc gp). Tr kho th t C c np t ngun mt chiu cung cp cho s c gi tr
n nh l U
cc
qua in tr R
3
v bin tr WR. in p trn t tng dn theo biu thc
sau:
u
c
=U
cc
. (1-e
-t/t
) vi t = (R
3
+WR).C l hng s thi gian mch np ca t.
n et=t th in p ng
b u
b
= 0 v bt u chuyn sang
na chu k m (im a tr nn m
hn im o). Van D b t in p
ngc v kho li do vy in p
ng b khng cn tc ng n
mch gc-pht ca Tr na, lc ny
di tc ng ca ngun cung cp
mt chiu qua in tr nh thin
R
1
trong mch nh thin theo kiu phn p gm R
1
v R
2
m Tr m. Tr m th t C
ngng np v bt u phng in qua mch gp-pht ca transitor Tr v in tr bo
v transitor l R
4
, ngi ta tnh chn cc in tr R
1
, R
2
v Tr sao cho Tr m bo ho
vi in tr tng mch cc gp l R
3
+WR. Vy t C s ngng phng khi in p trn
t gim xung bng st in p bo ho ca Tr cng vi st p trn R
4
gy nn bi
dng m bo ho ca Tr: u
R4
~U
cc
.R
4
/ (R
3
+WR). St in p bo ho trn mt transitor
m rt nh nn ta c th b qua, mt khc do R
4
<< (WR+R
3
) nn cng c th b qua


st p trn R
4 (
tc l u
R4
=0). Nh vy th t C s phng n in p bng khng (ti
et=v
1
) v do Tr vn m nn in p trn t gi nguyn gi tr bng khng cho n thi
im et=2t. Ti et=2t th u
b
=0 v li bt u chuyn sang dng, diode D li c
t in p thun nn li m v Tr li kho, do vy t C li c np tng t nh t
et=0 v s lm vic ca s lp li nh chu k va xt. in p rng ca u ra
cng chnh l in p trn t C v dng in p ra u
rc
c cho trn hnh2.51. Vi s
ny th bin in p rng ca khng ph thuc vo bin in p ng b,
dng in p ra gn vi hnh rng ca v di sn trc (giai on np t) t
n 180
0
in. Trong s ny ta s dng phn sn trc. sn s dng c dng
ng thng (tuyn tnh) ta np t bi ngun dng khng i nh s sau (hnh
2.52). Trong s trn th R
4
l hn ch bin dng phng ca t qua Tr m
bo v Tr, cn bin tr WR dng chnh nh bin in p rng ca cho ph hp
yu cu.
- S mch pht sng rng ca dng D-R-C v transitor,
np t bi dng khng i
Gii thiu s
Trn s ny (hnh 2.52) gm c:
BA l my bin p ng
b to ra tn hiu ng b
ho.
Cc phn t cn li l mch
to in p rng ca, trong
mch in gm Tr
2
, Dz,
R
4
, WR l mch n nh
dng np t.
u
l
l in p ngun xoay
chiu cp cho s chnh lu; u
b
in p ng b; U
cc
in p mt chiu cung
cp cho s to sng rng ca; u
rc
in p rng ca u ra ca s ; U
0
l
in p n nh trn diode n p Dz; i
c1,
i
c2
v i
e2
l dng cc gp Tr
1
, Tr
2
v
dng cc pht ca Tr
2
.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Trc tin ta gii thiu s lc nguyn l ca mch to ra dng in khng i
(n dng): Ta c in p gia cc pht v gc Tr
2
l:
u
eb2
= U
0
- i
e2
.R
WR

Vi R
WR
l tr s in tr ca bin tr WR. Do st in p gia cc pht v cc
gc ca mt transitor hu nh khng thay i khi dng cc gc thay i nn ta xem
u
eb2
=A=const. Vy ta c: i
e2
= (U
0
- u
eb2
)/R
WR
=I= const, mt khc ta li c
i
c2
~i
e2
=I=const. Tc l dng in qua cc gp Tr
2
c gi tr khng i.
Ta gi thit rng: ti et=0 th u
b
=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng,
ti et=0 in p trn t C ang bng khng (u
c
=0).
o
a
e
2

i
e2

i
c1

b
2

i
c2

c
2

u
rc

*
Mch ng b

D
u
l

R
1

+U
cc

R
3

Tr
2

Tr
1

R
4

R
2
1

Dz
u
c

*
u
b

BA
C
WR
U
0

Hnh 2.52


Hnh 2.53
U
rcmax

u
b

u
v
1
et
3t 2t t
u
rc

Vy sau thi im et=0 th u
b
>0 (im a dng hn im o) nn trn D c
t in p thun, D

s m

dn n s c dng in t cun th cp BA i qua R
2
v
diode D, nu b qua st in p rt nh trn cun dy my bin p ng b ho v trn
diode D th trn R
2
c t in p bng ton b s... th cp BA, tc l u
b
. in
st trn R
2
lc ny c th dng t vo cc pht Tr
1
, cn th m t vo cc gc Tr
1
,
do vy mch gc-pht transitor Tr
1
b t in p ngc v Tr
1
kho (khng c dng
cc gp). Transitor Tr
1
kho th t C c np in bi dng cc gp Tr
2
c gi tr n
nh I. in p trn t tng dn theo qui lut:
u
c
= I.t /C y l qui lut tuyn tnh.
n et=t th in p ng b u
b
= 0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k m
(im a tr nn m hn im O). Van D b t in p ngc v kho li do vy in
p ng b khng cn tc ng n mch gc-pht ca Tr
1
na, lc ny di tc ng
ca ngun cung cp mt chiu qua in tr nh thin R
1
trong mch nh thin theo
kiu phn p gm R
1
v R
2
m Tr
1
m. Khi Tr
1
m th t ngng np v bt u phng
in qua mch gp-pht ca transitor Tr
1
v in tr bo v transitor l R
3
,ngi ta
tnh chn cc in tr R
1
, R
2
v Tr
1
sao cho Tr
1
m bo ho vi dng in cc gp l
I.
Vy t C s ngng phng khi in p trn t gim xung bng st in p bo
ho ca Tr
1
cng vi st p trn R
3
gy nn bi dng m bo ho ca Tr
1
: u
R3
= I.R
3
.
St in p bo ho trn mt transitor m rt nh nn ta c th b qua, mt khc do R
3

rt nh v I cng c gi tr rt nh (c 1 5 mA) nn cng c th b qua st p trn R
3

(u
R3
=0). Nh vy th t C s phng n in p bng khng (ti et=v
1
) v do Tr
1
vn
m nn in p trn t gi nguyn gi tr bng khng cho n thi im et=2t.
Ti et=2t th u
b
=0 v li bt u chuyn sang dng, diode D li c t
in p thun nn li m v Tr
1
li kho, do vy t C li c np tng t nh t
et=0 v s lm vic ca s lp li nh chu k va xt. in p rng ca u ra
cng chnh l in p trn t C v dng in p ra u
rc
c cho trn hnh 2.53. Vi s
ny th bin in p rng ca khng ph thuc vo bin in p ng b,
dng in p ra gn vi hnh
rng ca v di sn trc (giai
on np t) cng t n 180
0

in. Trong s ny ta s dng
phn sn trc.Trong s trn
th R
3
l hn ch bin dng
phng ca t qua Tr
1
m bo v
Tr
1
,cn bin tr WR dng chnh
nh bin in p rng ca cho
ph hp yu cu.
- S mch pht sng rng ca dng vi mch khuch i thut ton (KTT)
Gii thiu s (hnh 2.54)
S cng gm c my bin p ng b ho BA to ra in p ng b u
b
.


Hnh 2.55
U
rcmax

u
b

u
v
1
et
3t 2t
t
u
rc

Phn mch to in p rng ca cng s dng diode,transitor,cc in tr,t
in v y to ra dng np t n nh ta ng dng tnh cht c bit ca cc b
khuch i thut ton vi in t KTT.
Nguyn l lm vic
Trong s ny ta s dng khuch i thut ton KTT ghp vi t C thnh mt
mch tch phn. Nguyn l hot ng ca khu ny nh sau: Gi thit Tr kho th t C
c np bi dng u ra ca KTT, dng np t c xc nh i
c
= -i
1
+ i
v-
. Nu
KTT l l tng th in tr vo ca n bng v cng, dn n dng vo i
v-
v i
v+

bng khng, do vy: i
c
=-i
1
, mt khc i
1
=-U
cc
/ (WR+R)=I=const. iu ny c ngha
rng khi Tr kho th t C c np bi dng khng i c gi tr I.
Vy ta c: T et=0 th u
b
=0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng,dn n D m
nn mch pht gc Tr b t in p
ngc, Tr kho, t C c np in
bi dng khng i. in p trn t
tng dn theo qui lut tuyn tnh.
n et=t v bt u chuyn sang
m, D kho, Tr m nn t C phng
in nhanh qua Tr n in p bng
khng v gi nguyn gi tr bng
khng cho n et=2t. Ti et=2t,
in p ng b bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng, D li m, Tr li kho, t C
li c np in nh t et=0.
Vi gi thit KTT l l tng th h s khuch l v cng ln, vy nu KTT
ang ch khuch i tuyn tnh th in gia hai u vo c xem l bng khng
(u
v
=0). T s ta c: u
rc
=u
c
+u
v
=u
c
. Tc l in p rng ca u ra ca s bng
in p trn t C. th in p rng ca c biu din trn hnh 2.55.
Do in p rng ca l in p ra ca KTT nn c ni tr rt nh, v vy dng
in p ra hu nh khng ph thuc vo ti mc u ra mch pht sng rng ca.
Vi s ny dung lng t C ch
cn rt nh (thng chn khong
220nF), v vy chn t d dng,
mt khc t phng rt nhanh nn rt
an ton cho transitor Tr v in p
ra rt gn vi dng rng ca l
tng.
II.4.2.3 Khu so snh
to ra mt h thng cc xung
xut hin mt cch chu k vi chu k bng chu k in p rng ca (cng l chu k
ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho b chnh lu) v iu khin c thi im xut hin
ca mi xung ta s dng cc mch so snh. C th thc hin khu so snh theo nhiu
mch khc nhau nhng ph bin nht hin nay l cc s so snh dng transitor v
o
a
i
c1

u
rc


*
Mch ng
b

D
u
l

R
1

+U
cc

-U
cc

i
v-
i
1

i
v+

Tr
-
+
KTT
R
2
1

R
3
1

u
c


*
u
b

BA
C
WR
u
v

Hnh 2.54


u
rc

Hnh 2.57
u
u
k

0
v
2
v
1

3t 2t
t
e
t
u
ra

U
cc

o
0
v
2
v
2
' v
1
v
1
'
3t 2t
t
et
dng b khuch i thut ton bng vi in t. Trong cc s mch so snh th ta
thng c hai tn hiu vo l in p rng ca ly t u ra khu BH-FSRC (u
rc
) v
in p iu khin mt chiu (u
k
). Hai in p ny c mc sao cho tc dng ca
chng i vi u vo khu so snh l ngc chiu nhau. C hai cch ni cc in p
ny trn u vo mch so snh:
Ni ni tip u
rc
v u
k
: Tng hp ni tip.
Ni song song qua cc in tr tng hp: Tng hp song song.
a/- Cc s mch so snh thng s dng
Cc s khu so snh thng s dng hin nay c cho trn hnh 2-56. Hnh 2.56a
l s dng transitor tng hp ni tip, hnh2.56b l s dng transitor tng hp
song song,
hnh2.56c l
s dng IC
khuch i
thut ton (A)
tng hp ni
tip, hnh2.56d
l s dng
IC khuch i
thut ton (A)
tng hp song
song. Trong s
hnh 2.56c
v d c thm
mch gm
in tr R v
diode D l
cho in p ra ging nh cc s hnh 2.56a v b, trong nhiu trng hp thng
khng cn. Nguyn l lm vic ca c 4 s trn tng t nhau, vy ta ch cn xt
nguyn l lm vic ca mt s .
Nguyn l lm vic s (hnh 2.56a)
Gi s in p rng ca v in p iu khin c dng nh hnh 2.575a.
Mt khc t s hnh2-57a ta c: nu u
k
>0 th n s c xu hng t in p
thun ln mch gc-pht Tr, tc l lm m Tr, cn in p iu khin th ngc li,
nu u
rc
>0 th n c xu hng t in p ngc ln tip gip gc-pht Tr v lm kho
Tr. in p t ln tip gip gc-pht ca transitor Tr l u
BE
=u
k
-u
rc
, v trong trng
hp ny th u
rc
, u
k
u dng nn ta c:
Trong giai on
et=0et<v
1
th |u
rc
|<|u
k
|
do vy u
BE
>0 nn Tr m,
gi thit rng Tr m bo
u
ra

u
ra

u
rc

u
k

c
+U
cc

-U
cc

R
-
D
+
A
R
2
R
1

u
rc
u
k

d
+U
cc

-U
cc

R
-
D
+
A
+U
cc

R
k

u
rc
Tr
u
ra

u
k

a
+U
cc

R
k

R
2
R
1

Tr
u
ra

u
rc
u
k

b
u
BE
u
BE

Hnh 2.56


ho v b qua st p trn Tr khi m bo ho ta c u
ra
=0.
T et=v
1
et=v
1
' th |u
rc
|>|u
k
|, dn n 0>u
EB
, tc l mch gc-pht Tr b t
in p ngc, Tr kho li, b qua st p trn in tr mch cc gp R
k
bi
dng r ca Tr v dng qua ti ca khu so snh (trong s khng biu din)
th in ra bng in p trn Tr v bng in p ngun: u
ra
=U
cc
.
Trong giai on et>v
1
' et<v
2
th |u
rc
| < |u
k
| do vy u
BE
>0 nn li Tr m v ta
cng gi thit rng Tr m bo ho, b qua st p trn Tr khi m bo ho: u
ra
=0.
T et=v
2
th |u
rc
|>|u
k
|, dn n 0>u
EB
, tc l mch gc-pht Tr li b t in p
ngc, Tr li kho v u
ra
=U
cc
.
S lm vic ca s trong cc giai on tip theo din ra tng t v lp i
lp li vi chu k bng chu k in p rng ca. Nu ta gi thit rng thi im m t
nhin ca thyristor c iu khin bi mch pht xung dng khu so snh ny l cc
thi im et=0; et=2t; et=4t; ... th gc iu khin o c xc nh nh trn th
hnh 2.57. T ta nhn thy: thay i gi tr gc iu khin o khi dng in p
rng ca khng i ta thay i gi tr in p iu khin u
k,
vi s ny th khi u
k

tng ln gi tr o s tng ln.
II.4.2.4 Khu to xung
m bo cc yu cu v chnh xc ca thi im xut hin xung, s i xng
ca xung cc knh khc nhau, v.v... m ngi ta thng thit k cho khu so snh
lm vic vi cng sut xung ra nh, do xung ra ca khu so snh thng cha
cc thng s yu cu ca in cc iu khin thyristor. c xung c cc thng s
yu cu cn thit ta phi thc hin vic khuch i xung, thay i li di xung,
trong mt s trng hp cn phi phn chia cc xung, v cui cng l truyn xung t
u ra ca mch pht xung n in cc iu khin v Cathode ca thyristor. V vy
m ta phi s dng mt s mch in thc hin cc cng vic nu, cc mch
in ny thng gm: Mch khuch i xung; Mch sa xung; Mch phn chia xung;
Mch truyn xung n thyristor (thng c gi l thit b u ra), ton b cc mch
ny c ghp chung vo mt khu l khu to xung. Tu trng hp c th m c th
c y cc phn mch ring bit thc hin y tt c cc nhim v nu, c
trng hp ch c mt hoc mt s mch nht nh no .
a/- Mch truyn xung ra n thyristor (thit b u ra)
Thng thng ngi ta s dng hai cch truyn xung t u ra h thng iu khin
n mch G-K ca thyristor, l truyn xung trc tip v truyn xung qua my bin
p xung.
- Truyn xung trc tip: y l bin php truyn xung n gin nht: dng dy
dn in ni t u ra mch pht xung (thng l trn in tr cc gp ca
transitor khuch i cng sut xung) n cc in cc G v K ca thyristor.
Bin php ny rt t c s dng v n c mt s nhc im nh sau:
C s lin h trc tip v in gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin
b chnh lu.


Hnh 2.58
+U
cc

* *
W
1
W
2


BAX G
K
D
3

u
kT
D
1

D
2

Tr
1

u
v

Tr
2

Kh thc hin truyn xung ng thi n mt s thyristor mc ni tip
hoc song song.
Kh phi hp tt gia ngun mt chiu cung cp cho mch khuch i
xung vi bin xung cn thit trn thyristor.
- Truyn xung qua my bin p xung: y l bin php truyn xung c s
dng nhiu nht hin nay v n khc phc tt cc nhc im ca truyn xung
trc tip. Ni dung ca cch truyn xung ny l s dng mt my bin p xung
ghp gia u ra tng khuch i cng sut xung vi in cc iu khin G v
Cathode K ca thyristor. Bin php truyn xung ny c cc u im:
m bo s cch ly tt v in gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin
b chnh lu.
D dng thc hin vic truyn ng thi cc xung n cc thyristor mc
ni tip hoc song song bng cch dng my bin p xung c nhiu cun
th cp.
D dng phi hp gia in p ngun cung cp cho tng khuch i
cng sut xung v bin xung cn thit trn in cc iu khin ca
thyristor nh vic chn t s my bin p xung ph hp.
My bin p xung v c bn c kt cu nh mt my bin p bnh thng cng
sut nh, ch khc nhau trong phn tnh ton mch t v s vng dy. Khi hot ng
th tng t nh my bin p lm vic vi dng khng sin hoc c th xt nh l cc
cun dy c lin h h cm vi nhau, nhng phi ch rng h s h cm l phi tuyn
v s bng khng khi t trng li thp my bin p xung t gi tr bo ho. phn
bit vi cc my bin p lm nhim v khc trong s , ta k hiu my bin p xung
l BAX.
b/- Mch khuych i xung
khuch i cng sut xung hin nay ph bin nht l cc s khuch i xung
bng transitor v thyristor.
Cc s khuch i xung dng thyristor c s dng khi c yu cu cng
sut xung iu khin ln v di xung ln, v d nh trong mt s b chnh lu dng
cc ln cung cp cho h thng m in hoc in phn.Trong kiu s ny ngi ta
s dng cc thyristor cng sut nh c iu khin bi xung ra ca khu so snh
hoc qua mt tng khuch i bng transitor, mch anode-Cathode ca van ni vi
cun s cp BAX. Trong chng trnh ny ta khng i su nghin cu mch pht xung
ny.
Cc s khuch i xung dng
transitor c s dng ph bin hn. Trong
cc s khuch i ny ngi ta thng
s dng s cc pht chung v c t 1
n 2 tng khuch i. Trong nhiu trng
hp, n gin cho kt cu mch m vn
m bo cht lng ngi ta thng s


Hnh 2.59a: th in p khi t
bh
>t
xv
Hnh 2.59b: th in p khi
t
bh
<t
xv

u
v

0
t
2
' t
2

t
1
'
t
1

t
u
kT

0
t
2
' t
2
t
1
'
t
1

t
xv

t
xr

t
bh

t
t
t
u
v

0
t
2
t
2
' t
1
' t
1

u
kT

0
t
2
'
t
2
t
1
'
t
1

t
xv

t
xr
= t
bh

dng 2 transitor ghp kiu Darlingtn (mc ni tip hai transitor) v mc thnh mt
tng khuch i. Hnh 2.58 l mt s khuch i xung mc theo kiu nu v u
ra dng my bin p xung BAX. Hai transitor Tr
1
v Tr
2
ghp ni tip nh vy tng
ng vi mt transitor c h s khuch i dng in theo s pht chung (|) bng
tch h s khuch i dng ca hai transitor thnh phn: | = |
1
.|
2
, vi |
1
, |
2
l h s
khuch i dng in theo s cc pht chung ca Tr
1
v Tr
2
.
Cc in p u
v
v u
kT
l in p vo tng khuch i (l in p ra ca mch
sa xung hoc mch phn chia xung hoc c trng hp l in p ra ca khu so
snh) v in p iu khin thyristor (G,K l cc iu khin v Cathode ca thyristor).
- Nguyn l hot ng ca s :







Nu ta gi
thi gian tn ti ca mt xung in p vo l t
xv
, thi gian tn ti ca mt xung in p
ra l t
xr
, thi gian tnh t lc ng mt ngun in p mt chiu khng i c gi tr
bng U
cc
cho n lc t thng li thp my bin p xung t gi tr t thng bo ho
(vi gi thit l khng hn ch v thi gian ng ngun v pha cun th cp BAX vn
mc vi in cc iu khin thyristor nh trong s hnh 2.58) l t
bh
. Vi s
khuch i xung ny c th xy ra hai .trng hp khc nhau:
Trng hp th nht: Khi t
bh
>t
xv

T t=0t<t
1
th cha c xung vo nn 2 transitor cha lm vic, khng c dng in
no chy trong cun s cp BAX nn khng c xung in p trn cun th cp, tc l
u
kT
=0 (cha c tn hiu iu khin thyristor). Ti t=t
1
xut hin mt xung in p vo
dng, dn n Tr
1
v Tr
2
u m, gi thit l m bo ho, trn cun dy s cp BAX
t ngt c t in p bng U
cc
, xut hin dng in qua cun s cp W
1
ca my
bin p xung tng dn (dng qua W
1
i t pha cc tnh c du (*) sang pha khng c
du (*)) dn n trn cun th cp xut hin mt xung in p c cc tnh dng
pha c du (*). Xung trn cun th cp t thun ln D
3
v truyn qua D
3
n in
cc iu khin v Cathode ca thyristor. n t=t
1
'=t
1
+t
xv
th mt xung vo, hai
transitor Tr
1
v Tr
2
cng kho li dng qua cun s cp s gim v bng khng, do s
gim ca dng cun s cp BAX nn t thng trong li thp BAX bin thin theo
hng ngc li lc Tr
1
v Tr
2
m dn n trong cc cun dy BAX xut hin xung
in p vi cc tnh ngc li. Xung trn cun th cp lm kho D
3
nn khng cn
xung trn in cc iu khin ca thyristor, tc l u
kT
=0, ta gi thit l khng c D
2

nn cun th cp coi nh h mch. Lc ny nu trn cun s cp ta khng mc diode
D
1
th dng qua cun s cp s gim t ngt gy nn s t bin t thng BAX v


lm cho bin xung in p trn cc cun dy rt ln. V l thuyt th di/dt nn
d|/dt v in p cm ng trn cc cun dy cng tin n v cng ln. Nhng
trong thc t do in dung k sinh gia cc vng dy m di/dt khng nn s...
cm ng trn cc cun dy cng c gi tr hu hn, tuy vy n cng t gi tr rt ln
(c t 5 n 20 ln gi tr U
cc
), xung in p lc ny trn cun s cp cng tc dng
vi in p U
cc
t ton b ln cc transitor d lm hng cc transitor v chc thng
cch in cc vng dy ca BAX. m bo an ton cho cc transitor v BAX ngi
ta mc song song vi cun s cp BAX mt diode (D1) nh trn s .
Tc dng ca D
1
nh sau: Khi mt xung vo, cc transitor kho li v gy nn
s gim ca dng cun W
1
lm xut hin cc xung in p trn cc cun dy c cc
tnh ngc vi khi m cc transitor (c gi l cc xung m) th xung trn cun s
cp t thun ln D
1
lm D
1
m. Do vy m dng qua cun s cp BAX khng gim
t ngt m vn c duy tr qua D
1
nn xung in p xut hin trn cc cun dy
cng c gi tr nh. Trong trng hp ny th in p tng trn W
1
bng st in p
trn mt diode m v s... cm ng trn W
1
bng st in p trn D
1
cng vi st p
trn in tr cun s cp cng c gi tr rt nh. V vy m xung trn cun th cp
cng c gi tr khng ng k. in p trn cc transitor ti thi im kho bng U
cc

cng vi in p trn cun s cp bng st p trn mt diode m nn n c gi tr
~U
cc
nn rt an ton cho cc transitor.
Tc dng ca D
2
cng tng t nh ca D
1
: Gi s khng c D
1
m trong s
li c D
2
. Ti thi im mt xung vo,cc transitor kho li, xut hin cc xung in
p m trn cc cun dy BAX. Nh vy cun s cp h mch nn dng qua cun s
cp gim t ngt v bng khng, tuy vy do xung trn cun th cp li t thun ln
D
2
nn s c dng khp kn qua D
2
v cun th cp ca BAX, ta thy rng vi chiu
dng qua cun W
2
m thun chiu qua D
2
th t trng do cun W
2
gy ra lc ny
cng chiu vi t trng do W
1
to ra khi cc transitor ang m. Kt qu l t trng
li thp BAX gim chm nn xung in p cm ng trn cc cun dy cng c gi tr
nh, m bo an ton cho cc transitor v my bin p xung.
Trng hp th hai: Khi t
bh
<t
xv

T t=0t<t
1
th cha c xung vo nn 2 transitor cha lm vic, khng c dng in
no chy trong cun s cp BAX nn khng c xung in p trn cun th cp, tc l
u
kT
=0 (cha c tn hiu iu khin thyristor). Ti t=t
1
xut hin mt xung in p vo
dng, dn n Tr
1
v Tr
2
u m, gi thit l m bo ho, trn cun dy s cp BAX
t ngt c t in p bng U
cc
, xut hin dng in qua cun s cp W
1
ca my
bin p xung tng dn (dng qua W
1
i t pha cc tnh c du (*) sang pha khng c
du (*)) dn n trn cun th cp xut hin mt xung in p c cc tnh dng
pha c du (*). Xung trn cun th cp t thun ln D
3
v truyn qua D
3
n in
cc iu khin v Cathode ca thyristor. n t= t
1
+t
bh
th mch t BAX b bo ho,
dn n t thng li thp BAX khng bin thin na nn xung in p cm ng trn
cc cun dy mt, xung ra cng mt (u
kT
=0). n t=t
1
'=t
1
+t
xv
th mt xung vo, hai
transitor Tr
1
v Tr
2
cng kho li dng qua cun s cp s gim v bng khng, do s


Hnh 2.60
R
k1

+U
cc

u
c

R R
k2

-
Tr
1
C
1

+
Tr
2

C
R
b

u
c1

u
be2
u
be1

u
ra

u
v

-
E
b

R
0

+
gim ca dng cun s cp BAX nn t thng trong li thp BAX bin thin theo
hng ngc li lc Tr
1
v Tr
2
m dn n trong cc cun dy BAX xut hin xung
in p vi cc tnh ngc li. Cc xung in p m cng c kh nh D
1
hoc D
2

tng t nh trng hp trc. Nh vy trong trng hp ny th di xung ra
bng thi gian bo ho ca BAX: t
xr
= t
bh
.
**Ch : Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cn ly xung iu khin thyristor xut
hin ti thi im kho cc transitor (tc l ti cc thi im mt xung vo dng hoc
xut hin xung vo m khi s dng transitor khuch i loi N-P-N nh trn hnh
2.58), lc ta phi o li cc tnh ca cun s hoc cun th cp BAX v khng
c dng D
1
kh xung m. Lc nu cn kh xung in p m (xung m l cc
xung xut hin trn cc cun dy BAX m lc xung trn cun th cp t ngc
ln D
3
v in cc iu khin ca thyristor) th ta dng diode D
2
(ch rng trong
trng hp nu khng c D
2
th bin ti a xung trn cun s cp bng U
cc
, cn
trn cun th cp bng U
cc
/n, vi n l t s bin p ca BAX (n=W
1
/W
2
)).
c/- Mch sa xung
T nguyn l hot ng ca khu so snh v mch khuch i xung ca khu to xung
ta thy rng khi thay i gi tr u
k
thay i gi tr gc iu khin o th di xung
u ra khu so snh s thay i. Nh vy s xut hin tnh trng l c mt s trng
hp di xung qu ngn khng m thyristor v ngc li c mt s trng hp
di xung li qu ln lm cho cc transitor khuch i xung lm vic ch dng
cc gp ln khi in p cc gp cao (khi my bin p xung bo ho), gy nn tn
tht ln trong mch pht xung v lm tng kch thc mch pht xung. khc phc
chng ta a vo h thng iu khin mt mch in c tc dng thay i li di
xung cho ph hp vi yu cu v c gi l mch sa xung. Cc mch sa xung hot
ng theo nguyn tc: Khi c cc xung vo vi di khc nhau mch vn cho cc
xung ra c di ging nhau theo yu cu v gi nguyn thi im bt u xut hin
ca mi xung. Ph thuc vo tng trng hp c th m mch sa xung c th c kt
cu tng i phc tp hoc rt n gin, v d c trng hp mch sa xung ch l
mt mch R-C ghp gia khu so snh v mch khuch i xung. Sau y ta s xt
mt s sa xung dng cc transitor kt hp vi mch R-C, s ny c th thc
hin sa xung theo hai hng (tng di khi di xung vo nh v ngc li gim
di khi di xung vo ln).
- S nguyn l
Trong s ny c: T C v in tr R l
hai phn t quyt nh di xung ra. T
C
1
l t ghp tng, dng truyn xung n
u vo mch sa xung, C
1
c chn vi
dung lng nh, ch cn kch m
Tr
1
ti thi im c xung vo. E
b
, R
b
l
ngun thin p ngc v in tr cc gc
dng kho Tr
1
mt cch chc chn. R
0
l


in tr ca mch phn hi dng, c dng duy tr trng thi m ca Tr
1
khi in
p ra bng U
cc
. Ngoi ra trong s cn c mt s cc phn t khc nh Tr
1
, Tr
2
, R
k1
,
R
k2
. Ton b s c cung cp bi ngun in p mt chiu n nh U
cc
.
- Nguyn l hot ng ca s
Trong s ny vic tnh chn cc gi tr ca E
b
, R
b
, R
0
, U
cc
sao cho:
Tr
1
s kho khi khng c xung vo hoc c xung vo nhng t C
1
np y
n gi tr u
c1
~u
v
m khi u
ra
~0.
Tr
1
s m bo ho khi khng c xung vo hoc c xung vo nhng t C
1
np
y n gi tr u
c1
~u
v
nhng nu u
ra
~U
cc
.
Tr
1
s m bo ho khi c xung vo m in p trn t C
1
ang ~0 bt k lc
u
ra
c gi tr bng bao nhiu.
Xut pht t ta c nguyn l hot ng ca s nh sau:
T cc ch nu, vi gi thit in p vo nh th hnh 1-56a, ta c:
T t=0 t<t
1
cha c xung
in p vo, nh in tr nh thin R
m Tr
2
m bo ho nn st p trn Tr
2

rt nh v c th b qua (gn ng ta
xem l bng khng), do vy in p ra
bng in p trn Tr
2
v bng khng
(u
ra
=0). Do u
ra
=0, cha c tn hiu vo
nn trn mch gc-pht ca Tr
1
c
in p ngc gy nn bi ngun
thin p ngc E
b
v Tr
1
kho, t C s
c np in bi ngun cung cp
mt chiu U
cc
qua in tr R
k1
v
mch gc-pht ca Tr
2
n in p
gn bng ngun cung cp. Trong
trng hp ny ta gi thit st in p
mch gc-pht ca cc transitor khi
m l Au
be
v c gi tr gn nh khng i. Vy trong giai on ny u
be2
=Au
be
>0, cn
u
be1
<0. Ti t=t
1
xut hin mt xung in p vo dng, t C
1
c np bi xung vo v
mt trong 2 thnh phn dng np t l xung dng qua cc gc Tr
1
v Tr
1
chuyn sang
m bo ho. Transitor Tr
1
chuyn sang m bo ho th st trn n rt nh, t C s
phng in qua mch gp-pht ca Tr
1
-qua ngun cung cp mt chiu U
cc
- qua in
tr R. Do st p trn Tr
1
rt nh cho nn gn nh ton b in p ca t C c t ln
mch gc-pht ca Tr
2
. Vi cc tnh in trn t C lc ny nh biu din trn s v
th m u
be2
<0, Tr
2
kho. Do Tr
2
kho, b qua st p trn R
k2
bi dng mch ti ca
mch sa xung thng c gi tr rt nh nn u
ra
~U
cc
, xut hin xung in p trn u
ra. Mc d t C
1
c gi tr rt nh nn ch mt thi gian rt ngn sau thi im xut
hin xung vo th t C
1
c np y v dng qua t C
1
s bng khng v t C
1

khng cn tc dng n u vo Tr
1
na nhng Tr
1
vn c duy tr m bo ho nh
t
t
t
t
t
t
uv
0
t1'
txv
t1 t2' t2 t3' t3
uc1
0
t1 t2 t3
ube1
ube2

0
t1''
t1
t2''
t2
t3''
t3
Ucc
uc
0
t1 t3 t2
Ucc
ura
0
t1'
txr
t2' t2 t3' t3
0
t1
t2 t3
Aube
Aube
a
b
c
d
e
g
Hnh 2.61


in p u ra lc ny l u
ra
~U
cc
c a tr li cc gc Tr
1
qua R
0
. Khi in p trn
t C gim v bng khng th trn cc gc Tr
2
li xut hin in p thun bng Au
be
do
ngun cung cp truyn n qua R nn Tr
2
li m. Transitor Tr
2
m th u
ra
gim v gn
bng khng, mt khc lc ny tn hiu vo cn hay khng cng khng cn tc dng
n cc gc Tr
1
na (nh nu trn) do vy transitor Tr
1
s kho li. Do Tr
1
kho
li nn t C li c np li t ngun qua R
k1
, qua mch gc pht Tr
2
v s np n gi
tr bng U
cc
chun b cho ln lm vic tip theo. Ti thi im t=t
1
+t
xv
th mt xung
vo, t C
1
s phng in qua mch tn hiu vo, E
b
v in tr R
b
n in p gn bng
khng (coi l bng khng). Nh vy thi gian tn ti ca mt xung in p ra (t
xr
)
bng khong thi gian phng ca t C qua Tr
1
m bo ho, qua ngun U
cc
, qua in
tr R t gi tr gn bng U
cc
n in p bng khng.
Ta c biu thc in p trn t C giai on phng in l:
u
c
= -U
cc
+2.U
cc
.e
- (t-t1)/t
, vi t =R.C.
T biu thc ny khi thay t=t
1
+t
xr
v cho u
c
=0 ta rt ra: t
xr
=C.R.ln2 .
Nh vy ta thy rng di mt xung ra ch ph thuc vo gi tr ca R v C
m hon ton khng ph thuc vo di xung vo.
S ny c u im l c th gi nguyn di xung ra khi di xung vo
c th ln hn hoc nh hn t
xr
. Tuy vy vic phi s dng thm ngun thin p ngc
E
b
lm cho kt cu mch in phc tp ln.
Trong a s cc s khi xung vo thng c di ln hn di xung ra
ngi ta s dng cc mch n gin hn.
d/- Mch phn chia xung
Trong mt s h thng iu khin b chnh lu m bo s i xng ca tn hiu
iu khin trn cc van ca s chnh lu ngi ta s dng mt mch BH-FSRC
v mt khu so snh chung, xung ra ca khu so snh c tn s ln hn n ln tn s
ngun xoay chiu (n l s van chnh lu cn c cp tn hiu iu khin bi h thng
pht xung ny). lm mch phn chia xung ngi ta c th s dng nhiu linh kin
bn dn v vi in t khc nhau, v d c th dng cc s trig, cc mch a hi c
i, cc mch lgic dng mch v, mch hoc, v.v..... Sau y ta s xt mt mch phn
chia xung n gin dng cho mch pht xung iu khin cho cc van trong s
chnh lu cu 1 pha hoc s hnh tia 2 pha. S mch in hnh 2.62 gm c c
mch ng b ho v mch sa xung v chng s dng mt linh kin nhiu phn t
chung v l IC lgic 4 mch v-khng (loi K511AA1 hay K511AA5 hoc IC loi
4011).
Gii thiu s :
Trong s c: BA l my bin p ng b dng to ra in p ng b u
b
. Cc
transitor Tr
1
, Tr
2
, Tr
3
, Tr
4
,Tr
5
; cc in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, R
5
, R
6
, R
7
, R
8
,WR; IC
2
; cc
mch &
2
, &
3
ca IC
1
, t C l cc phn t ca mch to in p rng ca. Cc mch &
1
,
&
4
ca IC
1
, cc transitor Tr
6,
Tr
7,
cc in tr R
9
, R
10
, R
11
, R
12
l cc phn t c bn
ca mch phn chia xung (thc t th cc in p u
k1
v u
k2
cng ng thi l tn hiu
iu khin mch phn chia xung nn cng c th ni: cc phn t Tr
1
, Tr
2
, Tr
3
, Tr
4
, R
1
,


Hnh 2.63
u
b

et
2t
t
Au
be

Au
be

u
k3

u
k4

u
b1

e
t
2t t
et
2t
t
e
t
2t t
v
3
'
v
3
v
2
' v
2
v
1
' v
1

v
3

v
3
'
v
1
' v
1

v
2

v
2
'
u
xv

u
ra1

u
ra2

et
2t t
et
2t t
et
2t t
u
rc

e
t
2t t
R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, R
5
cng nm trong mch phn chia xung). IC
1
c cung cp bi ngun
+U
cc
, cn IC
2
c cung cp bi ngun mt chiu i xng U
cc
.















Nguyn l hot
ng ca mch
phn chia xung:
T th trn hnh 2.63 ta thy rng tn s xung u ra khu so snh truyn n u
vo mch phn chia xung (u
xv
) gp i tn s in p ngun cung cp cho b bin i.
Mch chia xung c nhim v phn chia xung vo ra lm 2 ng ring bit vi tn s
xung ra bng tn s ngun iu khin 2 thyristor ca s hnh tia 2 pha (hoc iu
khin 2 cp thyristor trong s chnh
lu cu mt pha) l T
1
v T
2
.

Gi thit thi im et=0 l thi
im m t nhin i vi T
1
, trong
khong t et=0et<v
1
th khu so snh
cha cho xung ra, tc l u
xv
=0. Do u
xv
=0
nn trn mt trong hai u vo ca &
1
v
&
4
u c mc lgic 0 nn trn u ra
ca chng c mc lgic 1, do vy c 2
transitor Tr
6
v Tr
7
u m bo ho nn
u
ra1
v u
ra2
u gn bng khng, vy c
T
1
v T
2
u cha c tn hiu iu khin.
Ti et=v
1
xut hin mt xung vo mch
chia xung (c xung ra ca khu so snh),
trn cc chn ca &
1
v &
4
ni vo in
p u
xv
c mc lgic 1. Chn cn li ca
u
rc

BA

*
u
l

*
u
b


R
4
R
2

IC
1

R
5

u
k3

u
k4

u
b1

R
3

+U
cc

Xung t u ra
khu so snh
hoc mch sa
xung n
R
1

Tr
3

Tr
6

Tr
7

Tr
1

Tr
4

Tr
2

-U
cc

u
xv

-
R
6

Tr
5

+
IC
2

R
8

C
R
7
1

WR
R
11

R
9

R
10

R
12

R
13



&
1


&
2


&
3


&
4

Hnh 2.62


&
1
c t in p u
k3
lc ny cng c mc lgic 1 nn trn u ra &
1
s c mc
lgic 0 v Tr
6
kho li, dn n xut hin xung trn u ra 1 (u
ra1
~U
cc
). Xung ra u
ra1
s
c truyn qua cc mch pha sau ca khu to xung, v d: mch khuch i xung,
v cui cng c a n in cc iu khin ca T
1
khng ch m T
1
. Chn cn
li ca &
4
c t in p u
k4
lc ny cng c mc lgic 0 nn trn u ra &
4
vn c
mc lgic 1 v Tr
7
vn m bo ho, dn n trn u ra 2 vn cha xut hin xung ra
(u
ra2
~0). n et=v
1
' th mt xung vo (u
xv
=0) th trn u ra &
1
li c mc lgic 1 v
Tr
6
li m bo ho nn u
ra1
~0, s quay li trng thi ging nh lc cha xut hin
xung vo. T et=v
1
' et<v
2
khng c xung vo, in p trn hai u ra u bng
khng. Ti et=v
2
xut hin xung vo th hai, lc in p u
k3
=0, cn u
k4
>0. Do vy
trn u ra &
1
vn gi mc lgic 1, cn trn u ra &
4
c mc lgic 0 v c hai u
vo ca n u c mc lgic 1 dn n Tr
7
kho li, xut hin in p ra trn u ra 2
(u
ra2
~U
cc
). Kt qu l trn in cc iu khin T
2
c tn hiu iu khin v T
2
s m v
ang c in p thun. S lm vic ca s cc giai on tip theo din ra tng
t. th in p minh ho s lm vic ca s biu din trn hnh 2.63.
II.4.2.5 Mt s mch pht xung iu khin theo pha ng
Ta s xt mt s h thng pht xung iu khin cho b chnh lu hnh tia 2 pha (c
th dng iu khin s chnh lu cu mt pha bng cch s dng my bin p xung
c 2 cun dy th cp) nh s hnh 2.64.
Trong s ny c:
- Khu BH-FSRC gm cc phn t:
Bin p ng b ho BA dng to tn hiu ng b chung u
b
.
Mch to in p rng ca gm cc transitor t Tr
1
n Tr
5;
cc phn t &
2
,
&
3
ca vi mch lgic IC
1;
vi mch khuch i thut ton IC
2;
cc in tr t
R
1
n R
8
v WR (WR c dng hiu chnh bin in p rng ca
u ra IC
2
); tin C
1
.















R
4

IC
1

R
5

u
k3

u
k4

u
b1

+U
cc


&
1

&
2

&
3

&
4

Tr
3

Tr
7

Tr
9

D
6

D
8

D
9

D
1,2

Tr
8

Tr
4

-U
cc

u
b

BA

*
u
l

*
R
2

R
3

R
1

Tr
1

Tr
2

u
k
mang gi tr m
u
k

u
x1

u
rc

u
C2

R
6

Tr
5

D
3,4

D
5

Khu so
snh
R
7

R
10

R
13
R
12
R
11

R
9

C
1

C
2

R
8

WR
-
+
IC
3

R
16

R
14

R
15

R
17

Tr
10

-
+
IC
2

Tr
6

BAX
1


*
u
kT1

W
l1


*
BAX
2


*
u
kT2

D
7


*
Hnh 2.64


Hnh 2.65


*
id
ud
Rd D2 D1
4
Ld u4-5
T1 T2
Ed
5
2
1
1
0
3
2
K1 K2 G2
G1
RG1
iC
iG
iR
uC C
RG2 u1-0
DG2 DG1
R
uR
UR
U4-5
UC
U0-1
U2-0 U3-0
0
u3-0
3
BA
w21
w22
w1
u1
w23
*
*
*



a
. .
.
. .
.
b

- Khu so snh dng vi mch khuch i thut ton IC
3
v mt s phn t diode,
in tr lin quan, tn hiu ra ca khu ny c truyn qua mch sa xung ri
mi c a n mch chia xung ca khu to xung.
- Khu to xung bao gm:
Mch sa xung gm t C
2
; transitor Tr
6
v cc in tr R
11
, R
12
, R
13.

Mch chia xung thc bng hai phn t NOT-AND l &
1
v &
4
ca IC
1
, tn
hiu khng ch mch ny gm c xung ra ca mch sa xung v cc tn hiu
ng b c bin i u
k1
, u
k2
tng t mch chia xung xt hnh 1-
60.
Mch khuch i cng sut xung gm hai knh ging nhau v mi knh
gm 2 tng khuch i bng cc transitor (gm t Tr
7
n Tr
10
).
Mch truyn xung ra s dng my bin p xung BAX
1
v BAX
2
truyn
cc tn hiu iu khin u
kT1
, u
kT2
n cc thyristor T
1
v T
2
ca s chnh
lu hnh tia 2 pha.
II.4.3 Mch to xung theo pha ngang
II.4.3.1 Ni dung phng php
to xung iu khin cho cc van chnh lu trc tin ngi ta to ra cc tn hiu
iu khin hnh sin c tn s bng tn s xung iu khin cc thyristor, tc l bng tn
s ngun cung cp xoay chiu v c bin khng i. Cc xung iu khin cc van
s c to ra ti cc thi im bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng ca cc
in p iu khin hnh sin va nu. Vic thay i gi tr gc iu khin o c thc
hin bng cch thay i gc pha ca cc in p iu khin hnh sin.
Nh vy i vi h thng iu khin ny th vic trc tin l phi to ra c
h thng in p iu khin dng hnh sin vi bin khng i v gc pha iu khin
c. thc hin nhim v ny hin nay ngi ta s dng cc s cu dch pha
dng in tr, t in (cu R-C) hoc in tr, in cm (cu R-L). Khi c cc in
p iu khin dng hnh sin nh nu th vic to ra xung iu khin cho cc
thyristor ti nhng thi im bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng ca cc in
p hnh sin c th thc hin bng nhiu s khc nhau, n gin nht l dng cc
diode, ngoi ra ta c th s dng cc
mch bin i tng t-s bng vi mch.
Sau khi c cc xung xut hin ng
thi im cn thit th tu thuc vo
dng v cng sut xung c v xung
yu cu cn c m ta c th s dng cc
mch sa xung, khuch i xung,...,
tng t nh cc mch nu trong h
thng iu khin theo pha ng.
- Xt mt s c th


lm r nguyn tc pht xung ny ta xt mt s pht xung iu khin cho 2
thyristor trong s chnh lu hnh cu mt pha dng 2 diode v 2 thyristor nh
hnh2.65.
Trong s hnh 2.65 c:
BA l my bin p va lm nhim c cung cp cho b chnh lu va cp in
p cho cu dch pha loi R-C. in p cung cp cho s chnh lu cu mt
pha 2 diode, 2 thyristor c ly trn cun th cp w
21
(gia hai u 4 v 5) l
u
4-5
ng pha vi in p u
2-0
v ngc pha vi u
3-0
. Do 2 cun th cp cn li
l w
22
v w
23
c s vng bng nhau nn ta c: u
2-0
= -u
3-0
.
Mch ng lc b chnh lu gm cc van T
1
, T
2
, D
1
, D
2;
ph ti c R
d
, L
d
, E
d
.
Cu dch pha to ra cc in p iu khin hnh sin nh nu c thc
hin bng cc phn t: hai cun th cp w
22
, w
23
trn ly ra u
2-0
v u
3-0;
hai
nhnh cn li l in tr iu chnh c R v t in C.
Mch in dng to xung iu khin ti thi im cn thit s dng cc
diode D
G1
v D
G2
.
*Nguyn l lm vic ca s :
T s ta c: u
C
+ u
R
= u
2-0
- u
3-0
, mt khc ta li c i
C
+i
G
=i
R
. Ngi ta thng tnh
chn cc thng s ca s sao cho i
C
>>i
G
v i
R
>>i
G
nn ta c th b qua i
G
trong
biu thc trn v nh vy ta c i
C
=i
R
. iu ny c ngha rng dng qua t C v in
tr R bng nhau, dn n in p trn R s vt pha in p trn t C mt gc bng
90
0
. Thm vo u
2-0
-u
3-0
=u
2-3
l in p gia hai im 2 v 3 bn th cp BA nn nu
in p ngun l khng i th u
2-3
cng khng i, vy tng hai in p u
R
v u
C
l
mt in p khng i. Cc phn t ca s l tuyn tnh nn khi in p ngun u
1
l
hnh sin th cc in p trn R v C cng hnh sin cng tn s. Biu din phng trnh
in p trn dng th vc t (hnh 2.65b) ta c: vc t in p trn R vung gc
vi vc t in p trn t C v tng hai vc t ny lun bng mt vc t khng i l
vc t in p gia hai im 2 v 3. T ta c nhn xt l khi thay i gi tr R hoc
C hoc c hai trong phm vi vn b qua c nh hng ca i
G
th im mt ca vc
t in p trn R (im 1) s dch chuyn trn mt na ng trn ng knh l vc
t in p u
2-3
, do vy m vc t in p u
0-1
s l vc t c m un khng thay i
(bng bn knh ng trn). T ta suy ra l in p u
0-1
(v c u
1-0
) l in p hnh
sin tn s bng tn s ngun cung cp cho b chnh lu v c bin khng thay i.
y l cc in p iu khin m ta cn to ra. in p iu khin knh pht xung cho
T
1
l u
0-1
cn ca knh cho T
2
l u
1-0
. Vic hnh thnh cc xung iu khin cc van
nhng thi im bng khng v chuyn sang dng ca cc in p trn c thc
hin bi cc diode D
G1
v D
G2
.
Nguyn l: Ta gi thit ti et
0
th u
4-5
=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, T
1
bt
u c t in p thun nhng do u
0-1
chm pha so vi u
4-5
mt gc bng o (trn
th vc t hnh 2.62b) nn u
0-1
ang m (im 0 m hn im 1), v do vy c dng
in i t im 1 qua R
G2
- G
2
-K
2
-D
G1
-0. Do D
G1
m nn st p trn n bng khng v
in p trn in cc iu khin T
1
cng cha c, van T
1
cha m. Ti et
1
=et
0
+o th


u
0-1
=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, bt u xut hin xung dng qua in cc iu
khin ca T
1
theo ng t im 0-R
G1
-G
1
-K
1
-D
G2
-1 v van T
1
c 2 iu kin
m, dn n T
1
m ti et
1
=et
0
+o. n thi im et
0
'=et
0
+t th u
4-5
=0 v bt u
chuyn sang m, n t in p thun ln T
2
nhng lc ny u
1-0
ang m, tc l u
0-1

ang dng nn D
G2
vn dn dng nn cha c xung iu khin cho T
2
v van T
2
cha
m. n et
2
=et
0
'+o=et
1
+t=et
0
+t+o th u
1-0
=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, dn
n xut hin xung dng iu khin T
2
theo ng: im1-R
G2
-G
2
-K
2
-D
G1
-im 0, T
2

m. Cc chu k sau s lm vic ca s din ra tng t. T hot ng ca s
nh nu ta rt ra kt lun:
Cc van chnh lu trong s m chm so vi thi im m t nhin mt gc
in bng gc chm pha o ca u
0-1
so vi u
2-0
(hoc so vi u
4-5
), vy gi tr
gc chm pha ny ca u
0-1
l gi tr gc iu khin b chnh lu (=o).
T s v nguyn l hot ng ta thy rng mun thay i gi tr gc iu
khin o th ta thay i tng quan gia u
R
v u
C
, iu ny c th thc hin bng
cch thay i hoc R hoc C hoc c R v C. Trong thc t, khi cn phm vi
thay i ca o hp th ta gi C=const v thay i trn gi tr R nh dng bin
tr iu chnh trn; khi cn phm vi iu khin rng th ta thc hin thay i C
theo mt s cp v vi mi cp ca C ta iu chnh trn R.
H thng iu khin ny c mt s nhc im nh: phm vi thay i ca o
khng rng; rt nhy vi s thay i dng ca in p ngun; kh tng hp
nhiu tn hiu iu khin;..., nn rt t c s dng.
II.4.4 Mach to xung dng dng diode 2 cc gc
II.4.4.1 Gii thiu s lc diode hai cc gc (cn gi l transitor mt tip gip)
Trn hnh 2.66a l s cu trc diode cng cch u cc in p vo diode xy
dng c tnh V-A v khi lm vic. diode c cu to bi mt tip gip bn dn P-N.
T mt phin bn dn si lic ban u loi N ngi ta a tp cht vo mt phn ca n
v hnh thnh mt vng bn dn loi P v ta c tip gip P-N. Vng chuyn tip P-N
chia khi bn dn N lm hai phn khng u nhau. Hai u ca phin bn dn N ngi
ta ly ra 2 in cc l 2 cc gc B
1
v B
2
. T vng bn dn loi P va hnh thnh
ngi ta ly ra in cc th 3 l cc pht E. Hnh1-64b l k hiu qui c diode 2 cc
gc trn s nguyn l mch in. Hnh2.63c l c tnh V-A ca diode hai cc gc.
Khi ta t ln 2 cc gc mt in p U
BB
c cc tnh nh hnh2.66a (U
BB
c gi l
in p thin p) th qua phin bn dn N c mt dng in rt nh i t B
2
sang B
1
v
dng in ny c gi l dng nh thin. Do r
1
cng c gi tr nh nn st p trn n
gy nn bi dng nh thin c th b qua. Khi ngun u
E
(c gi ngun in p
pht) bng khng th qua cc pht E c mt dng in ngc c gi tr bng I
E0
rt nh
(lc u
EB1
=u
E
-u
r2
=u
E
=0). Khi cho mt gi tr u
E
>0 nhng nh th dng ngc cc
pht gim, tng u
E
th dng ngc tip tc gim v khi u
E
t gi tr U
E0
th i
E
=0. Nu
tip tc tng u
E
th xut hin dng thun qua cc pht, chng no m u
E
cn nh hn
U
Emax
(tc l u
EB1
cng nh hn U
Emax
v ta ang b qua st p trn r
1
ang rt nh) th
dng cc pht vn c gi tr rt nh. Khi tng u
E
t n gi tr U
Emax
th trong diode


xy ra qu trnh t bin: dng qua diode tng cn in p gia E v B
1
gim, diode
chuyn sang lm vic trn on c tnh DT vi in p u
EB1
nh cn dng qua cc
pht v cc gc B
1
ln. Khi diode lm vic trn on c tnh ny th gn nh ton b
in p u
E
t ln r
1
, lc ny ta ni diode ang trng thi m. Cn khi diode lm
vic trn on c tnh A-B-C th dng qua cc pht v cc gc B
1
khng ng k, ta
c th b qua v xem nh bng khng v trng thi lm vic ny c gi l trng thi
kho (cha m) ca diode 2 cc gc. Khi diode ang lm vic trn on c tnh DT,
nu ta gim in p ngun pht u
E
th

dng i
E
v in p u
EB1
cng u gim, song in
gim rt t, khi im lm vic tin gn n im D th dng qua cc pht v cc gc B
1

gim xung rt nh, lc ny st in p trn r
1
gn bng khng v ta b qua, vy trong
trng hp th u
EB1
li bng u
E
. Khi gim u
E
xung bng U
Emin
th im lm vic
ca diode l im D, nu tip tc gim u
E
th im lm vic ca diode s chuyn sang
on
c
tnh
AB v
diode
chuy
n t
m
sang
kho.










**Kt lun:
Khi diode 2 cc gc ang kho, mun m diode ta tng in p u
E
n gi tr
U
Emax
.
Khi diode 2 cc gc m, mun chuyn diode sang trng thi kho th ta
gim in p u
E
xung U
Emin
.
Theo cc ti liu th:
U
Emax
=q.U
BB
+AU, vi q l h s cu to ca diode, q=0,450,9; AU l
st in p trn mt tip gip P-N ca bn dn si-lic c 0,50,7V.
+
N
i
E

P
u
E

U
BB

u
EB1

-
i
E

r
2

r
1

B
2

B
2

E
E
T
U
Emin

D
C
0
A
B
u
BB
=0 (nt t)
u
BB
>0 (nt
lin)
u
EB1


I
Emin

B
1

B
1

U
Emax

U
E0

-I
E0

a
b
c
Hnh 2.66


U
Emin
c 1,5 n 2 V, nhng khi xt nguyn l hot ng th cho n
gin trong nhiu trng hp ta gi thit xem U
Emin
=0.
Khi khng t in p thin p hoc U
BB
=0 th c tnh V-A ca diode 2 cc
gc ging nh ca diode thng (ng nt t trn hnh 2.66c). Thng thng vi
cc diode 2 cc gc hin nay th ngun U
BB
nm trong khong t 15V n 30V .
II.4.4.2 Mch pht xung dng diode 2 cc gc
S mt mch pht xung n gin dng diode 2 cc gc nh hnh2.67a v th
minh ho s lm vic ca s cho trn hnh2.67b.
Ta c nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau:
Gi thit ti t=0 bt u ng ngun U
cc
(trc th u
c
=0) th diode 2 cc gc
c cp in p nh thin, ng thi t C cng c np in bi U
cc
qua in tr R.
in p trn t C tng dn theo biu thc: u
c
= (1-e
-t/R.C
).U
cc
, m in p trn C t vo
cc pht v gc B
1
qua R
1
, nh vy u
c
ng vai tr ngun u
E,
nn khi u
c
t n gi tr
U
Emax
th D (diode 2 cc gc) m v t C s phng in qua mch cc pht E v cc
gc B
1
,qua R
1
. Do D ang m nn in p u
EB1
rt nh, lc trn R
1
ta c mt xung
in p ra u
ra
=u
c
-u
EB1
~u
c.
Khi in p trn t gim xung bng u
Emin
th D kho li, mt
in p ra (u
ra
=0) v t C li c np. Qu trnh c din ra lp i lp li nh vy
mang tnh cht chu k vi thi gian mt chu k:
T
ck
~R.C.ln[1/ (1-q)].
s c th t do dao ng th phi m bo iu kin:
R
min
< R < R
max

Trong :
R
min
= (U
cc
-U
Emin
)/I
Emin
v R
max
= (U
cc
-U
Emax
)/I
E1
, vi I
E1
l gi tr dng
cc pht tng ng vi im C trn c tnh V-A ca diode, thng t 0,5 n
20 A.







Nhn xt: Mch pht
xung ny tng i
n gin, xung ra trong mt s trng hp m cc thyristor cng sut nh. Tuy
vy vi s nh va xt th cha th p dng iu khin b chnh lu v tn s
xung ph thuc vo thng s cc linh kin trong s , thi im xut hin xung u
tin ph thuc vo thi im ng ngun cung cp cho mch pht xung. Cng t nhn
xt ny ta thy rng nu cung cp cho s bi mt ngun in p dng xung m tt
nht l xung ngun hnh ch nht vi tn s bng tn s ngun cung cp cho b chnh
lu v thi im u ca mi xung ngun trng hoc lch mt gc xc nh so vi thi
t
t
+
U
cc

-
R
2

R
D
u
c

C
u
ra
R
1

u
c

U
Emax

u
t
3
t
2
' t
2
t
1
' 0 t
1

T
ck

0
U
Emin

u
ra


t
3
t
2
' t
2
t
1
' t
1

a
b
Hnh 2.67


im m t nhin ca van c iu khin t mch pht xung ny th thi im xut
hin xung ra u tin trong mi chu k xung ngun (cng l chu k ngun cung cp
cho b chnh lu) cng s lch mt gc xc nh so vi thi im m t nhin i vi
van chnh lu v c th thay i c gc lch ny bng cch thay i thng s s
hoc dng np t. Trong thc t to ra cc xung ngun dng ch nht nh nu
tng i phc tp, nhng ngi ta c th to ra cc xung ngun gn dng hnh thang
mt cch d dng (s sau), v dng ngun ny cng c th s dng c.
II.4.4.3 Mch pht xung iu khin thyristor trong s chnh lu
dng diode 2 cc gc







Gii thiu s
:
BA l my bin p dng cp ngun cho mch pht xung v ng thi m
nhn chc nng ng b ho (tc l to ra ngun dng xung vi tn s bng tn s lm
vic ca van chnh lu v trng hoc lch mt gc xc nh so vi thi im m t
nhin i vi van). in p u
1
t vo cun s cp BA l in p ngun cung cp cho
b chnh lu, y in p cun th cp u
2
s trng pha vi u
1
.
D
1
l diode chnh lu bin in p xoay chiu hnh sin u
2
thnh in p mt
chiu dng na sng hnh sin.
in tr hn ch R
1
kt hp vi diode n p D
2
l mt mch n nh in p.
Do in p vo mch n p c dng nhng na sng hnh sin phn dng nn: giai
on u v cui ca xung in p u
D1
khi u
D1
<U
0
(U
0
l gi tr n p ca diode n p
D
2
) th D
2
cha lm vic, b qua st p trn R
1
gy nn bi dng cp cho mch pht
xung trong cc khong ny c gi tr rt nh th in p u ra mch n p u
D2
=u
D1
.
Trong nhng khong m u
D1
>U
0
th D
2
lm vic v in p trn n khng i v bng
gi tr n nh u
D2
=U
0
. Vy dng in cung cp cho mch pht xung (=u
D2
) l dng
xung hnh thang v nu gi thit l thi im t nhin i vi van c iu khin bi
mch pht xung ny l cc thi im bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng ca u
2

th thi im u mi xung ngun trng vi cc thi im ny
np in cho t C ta thay bin tr R trong s trc bng mch to dng
np n nh v iu khin c bi in p iu khin u
k,
mch ny gm: transitor Tr,
bin tr hiu chnh R
2
, ngun in p iu khin u
k
.
Mch ly xung ra ta thay bng my bin p xung BAX. Diode 2 cc gc
trn s k hiu l UJT.
Nguyn l hot ng ca s nh sau:


R
1

D
2

u
k

R
3

* *
Tr
- +
u
D
1

u
2

u
1

D
2

D
4

u
D2

UJT
R
2

BA
*
D
3

C
u
c

u
k
T

BAX
*
Hnh 2.68


Hnh 2.69
et
u
et
0
U
0
u
D2

u
u
kT

et
0
0
o
U
Emax

U
Emin

U
0

u
D2

u
D1

u
c

Ti et=0 th u
2
=0, bt u chuyn
sang dng nn D
1
m v c in p
cung cp cho mch pht xung. T C
bt u c np bi dng in c gi
tr n nh nn in p trn t tng
theo qui lut tuyn tnh. Khi u
c
=U
Emax

th UJT m, t C phng in qua UJT
v cun s cp BAX lm xut hin
xung bn th cp BAX v n c
a qua D
4
n in cc iu khin
ca thyristor. Khi u
c
gim xung bng
U
Emin
th UJT kho li, t C ngng
phng in v li c np, cn diode
D
3
dng kh xung in p m khi
UJT kho. Tu thuc gi tr dng np
t m trong thi gian mt xung in p ngun (mt na chu k in p xoay chiu) c
th xut hin mt hoc mt s xung u ra. Gc iu khin c xc nh bi thi
im xut hin xung iu khin u tin (nh hnh2.69).
Vi mch pht xung trn y th phm vi thay i ca gc iu khin <180
0
v
xung ra ch c cht lng khi n nm trong vng in p u
D2
>U
0
.
II.4.4.4 Mch in thay th diode 2 cc gc bng transitor
Trong mt s trng hp m bo khc phc s c,
a b chnh lu vo lm vic. Lc nu mch pht
xung hng UJT khng c linh kin thay th ta c th
dng hai transitor khc loi u theo s hnh 2.70.
Lc cn phi tnh chn cc in tr m
bo c s tng ng mc nht nh.
Trong s ny Tr
1
l loi transitor P-N-P
(thun), cn Tr
2
l
transitor loi
N-P-N (ngc).
II.4.5 Mch iu
khin BB o
chiu
II.4.5.1 Mch iu
khin BB o
chiu iu khin
phi hp tuyn tnh



u
rc

u
k1

u
C
2

u
b3

BA
a


*
u
A

*
u
ba
1

u
ba

R
4

R
19
R
6

U
0

U
0

R
7

R
10

R
11

R
8

R
12

R
20

R
13

D
1

R
9

R
14

R
15

D
2

R
16

R
21
R
17

R
18


R
5

R
3

R
2

u
k

u
ra1
u
kth

u
ra2
u
kn
g

C
1

C
2

+U
cc

R
1

Tr
4

Tr
3

Tr
1

Tr
2

-U
cc

-
+
IC
2

Knh pht xung cho T
4
v
T
10

-
+
IC
3

-
+
IC
1

Hnh 2.71

+
R R
2

Tr
1

U
cc

R
3

Tr
2

C
-
R
1
u
ra

Hnh 2.70













iu khin cc BB o chiu theo phng php iu khin ny ngi ta ch yu
ch s dng nguyn tc khng ch pha ng. Mch iu khin BB ny v c bn c
cc khi hon ton tng t nh mch iu khin BB khng o chiu nghin
cu. im khc duy nht ca n cng l im c bit ca h thng iu khin ny l
mch phi pht xung iu cho c hai s chnh lu v m bo sao cho tng gc
iu khin hai s chnh lu lun bng 180
0
. Cc phn mch khc ca h thng iu
khin BB o chiu iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh cng tng t nh ca h thng
iu khin BB khng o chiu. m bo cho o
1
+ o
2
=180
0
th ngi thc hin
ngay trong hai khi u ca h thng iu khin v cng c th thc hin bi vic gia
cng in p iu khin u
k
. Sau y ta s nghin cu mt v d v knh pht xung
iu khin cho hai van T
1
v T
7
trong BB o chiu theo s hnh 2.40.
S mch iu khin biu din trn hnh 2.71, y ta ch biu din phn
ng b ho-to in p rng ca v khi so snh, cn cc phn mch cn li th c th
s dng cc mch tng t nh mch iu khin BB khng o chiu. Trong s
ny ta s dng mch dch pha R-C bng R
1
, R
2
, C
1
dch in p ly bn cun dy
th cp my bin p ng b BAa i mt gc 30
0
v nh vy in p u
ba1
s c thi
im bng khng v bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng trng vi thi im m t
nhin i vi T
1
v T
7
trong s mch ng lc (hnh 2.40). Nguyn l hot ng
ca s ny nh sau:


Hnh 2.72
u
ba
1

et
2t
t
Au
b
e

Au
b
e

i
k
1

u
b3

t/2
u
C2

U
C2max
=U
c
c

-
U
cc

e
t 2t t
et
e
t
2t
t
v
3
v
1

v
2

u
u
ra
1

u
ra2

e
t 2t
A
o
A
o
o
1

o
2

e
t
2t
e
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
r
c

-u
kng

e
t
u
rc
+U
0

-
u
kt
h

Ta gi thiy l ti et=0 th u
ba1
=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, ch sau thi
im ny mt khong thi gian rt ngn th u
ba1
t gi tr bng st p trn tip gip
gc-pht khi m ca transitor Tr
1
v lc Tr
1
s m bo ho. Tr
1
m th tr
2
kho nn
Tr
3
cng kho v t C
2
s c np bi dng cc gp ca Tr
4
. Do cch mc Tr
4
nh s
ta c dng cc gp Tr
4
khng i (i
k4
~U
cc
/R
6
=const), v vy in p trn C
2
tng
theo qui lut tuyn tnh. n et~t th u
ba1
khng lm m Tr
1
nn Tr
1
kha li, dn
n Tr
2
m lm cho Tr
3
m v t C
2
s phng in qua Tr
3
n in p bng khng v
s duy tr gi tr bng khng cho n u na chu k dng tip theo ca u
ba1
th Tr
1

li m v t li c np. Trong s ny thng th ngi ta hiu chnh gi tr R
6

cho bin in p trn C
2
bng U
cc
. in p rng ca l in p gia cc gp Tr
4
so
vi im chung (mt) v n bng: u
rc
=-U
cc
+u
C2
. in p rng ca ny s dng chung
cho c hai knh pht xung cho T
1
v T
7
trong BB o chiu, n c a vo c hai
mch so snh bng IC
2
(cho T
1
) v IC
3
(cho T
2
). Trn u vo cc mch so snh cn
c t mt in p n nh U
0
ly t mch phn p bng R
19
v cc in p iu
khin, gi tr U
0
c iu chnh bng mt na bin in p rng ca cho ng
cong in p tng hp trn u vo
mch so snh khi in p iu khin
bng khng ct trc honh ti et=t/2,
5t/2,.... in p iu khin cc knh
pht xung cho b chnh lu thun
c ly bng in p iu khin
chung (u
kth
=u
k
), cn in p iu
khin cc knh pht xung cho b
chnh lu ngc c ly t u ra b
khuch i o vi h s khuch i
bng 1, m tn hiu vo l in p
iu khin chung, vy u
kng
=-u
k
. S
lm vic ca mch so snh c th
hin trn th hnh 1-70. T th ta
thy rng:
Nu u
k
>0 (tc l -u
kth
=-
u
k
<0) th o
1
=t/2-Ao <t/2, cn
o
2
=t/2+Ao>t/2
Nu u
k
<0 (tc l -u
kth
=-
u
k
>0) th o
1
=t/2+Ao >t/2,
cn o
2
=t/2-Ao<t/2
Nhng ta lun lun c
o
1+
o
2
=t, c ngha rng tn hiu iu
khin van ca hai b chnh lu thun
v ngc tun theo ng qui lut ca


Hnh 2.73
Thi im thay
i gi tr u
k

u
u
rc

et
0
u
k

U
k1

U
k2

o
1
o
2

et
Thi im gc iu
khin o thay i

phng php iu khin phi hp tuyn tnh BB o chiu. i vi cc cp van khc
ta cng c cc mch tng t, chng khc nhau ch l pha ca in p ng b.
II.4.5.2 Mch iu khin BB o chiu ng dng phng php iu khin ring
Khi iu khin cc BB o chiu theo phng php iu khin ring th mch pht
xung cho cc b chnh lu hon ton tng t nh mch pht xung iu khin BB
khng o chiu. Tuy nhin m bo s o chiu din ra nhanh nht v an ton th
ngi ta thng s s dng mt mch lgic thc hin khng ch qu trnh o
chiu. Trong phn ny ta ch gii thiu v mch lgic khng ch qu trnh o chiu.
Mch lgic ny hot ng trn nguyn tc:
Khi mt b chnh lu (v d b thun ) ang lm vic, cn o chiu dng ti ta
phi ct b chnh lu ang lm vic (thun ) v pht xung cho b chnh lu kia (b
ngc) a n vo lm vic. thc hin qu trnh ta ch cn pht lnh o
chiu (v d khi cho b thun lm vic ta t in p ch o dng, khi cn o chiu
dng ti ta chuyn in p ch o sang m v ngc li), mch lgic s t ng thc
hin cc cng vic cn thit m bo qu trnh din ra nhanh nht nhng m bo
an ton. m bo c iu th mch lgic phi thc hin mt s cng vic c
bn nh sau: Khi nhn c lnh o chiu th u tin mch lgc phi pht ra tn
hiu ct xung iu khin ca b ang lm vic chuyn n sang ch ngh, da vo
tn hiu kim tra trng thi dn dng ca cc van nhn bit c thi im tt c
cc van ngng dn dng v mch s t ng duy tr mt khong thi gian ngng dng
(thi gian tr) m bo cc van phc hi tnh cht iu khin ri mi pht tn
hiu khng ch cho php mch pht xung cho b chnh lu khc lm vic v phi duy
tr ch lm vic ca b chnh lu cho n khi c lnh o chiu hoc dng.
Mch in kim tra trng thi dn ca cac van thng s dng cc dng c quang-
bn dn v n m bo s cch ly tt v in gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin
b chnh lu, cc dng c thng s dng l photo-transitor hoc TO (photo-triac).
Mt s s chuyn mch lgc c gii thiu trong phn ph lc.
II.4.5.3 Hm truyn b chnh lu
Khi nghin cu s lm vic ca s chnh lu ngi ta thy rng: Khi ta tc ng
n tn hiu iu khin iu chnh in p u ra th thng thng tn hiu ra thay
i chm hn tn hiu vo mt thi gian t no (xem hnh 2.73).
T th ta thy r rng: Sau khi ta thay i gi tr tn hiu iu khin u
vo khu so snh (gi thit l nghin cu vi trng hp iu khin b chnh lu theo
nguyn tc pha ng) c mt khong thi gian bng t hay qui ra gc in bng
et th h thng mi bt u pht xung vi gi tr gc iu khin mi (o
2
). iu ny c
ngha rng tn hiu u ra (in p chnh lu) thay i chm hn tn hiu vo (in p
iu khin mch pht xung) mt thi gian bng t. Vy theo l thuyt iu khin t
ng ta c hm truyn b chnh lu c
iu khin W
T
(p) l:
W
T
(p)=K
T
.e
-t.P
~K
T
/ (1+t.p) .


Gi tr ca t ph thuc vo gi tr tnh hiu iu khin trc khi thay i (U
k1
),
hng thay i (tng hay gim) v gi tr tn hiu iu khin mi (U
k2
). Gi tr ca t
c th tin n 0 v cng c th tin n T/q (T l thi gian mt chu k in p ngun
xoay chiu cung cp cho s chnh lu). Trong tnh ton ngi ta thng chn gi tr
ca t bng trung bnh cng gia gi tr max v gi tr min, vy thng ly t=T/ (2.q).
K
T
l h s khuch i ca b chnh lu, n l mt i lng phi tuyn. Trong tnh
ton gn ng ta xem K
T
l hng s v tm bng cch tuyn tnh ho c tuyn U
d
=f
(u
k
).
II.5 Tnh cht iu khin ca b chnh lu (tham Kho ti liu)
II.6 Bo v b chnh lu
II.6.1 Khi nim chung
S chnh lu c iu khin cng l mt thit b in cho nn khi s hot ng
cng c th pht sinh cc trng hp s c v i hi phi c cc trang thit b bo v.
Ngoi ra do nhng c trng ring ca cc phn t s dng trong b chnh lu, nht l
cc van chnh lu c iu khin m cn thit phi trang b thm mt s loi bo ring
cho b chnh lu. Khi s chnh lu lm vic, cc tc nhn c th gy hng van v
nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca s l:
Nhit cc van qu gi tr cho php.
Qu gi tr dng in qua van do qu ti hay ngn mch hoc qu tc tng
ca dng qua van.
Qu in p trn van v gi tr hoc tc tng.
cho cc s chnh lu lm vic an ton v m bo tui th cc van ta
phi trang b cc thit b bo v cho b bin i .
II.6.2 Bo v qu nhit v qu dng
II.6.2.1 Bo v qu nhit
Khi cc van chnh lu lm vic th thc t l trn van c mt st in p nn s
c mt tn tht cng sut. Ton b tn tht cng sut trn van c bin thnh nhit v
nung nng cu trc bn dn ca van lm tng nhit ca n. cho cc van khng
b pht nng qu nhit cho php ta s dng cc bin php truyn nhit sinh ra trong
cu trc ca van khi lm vic ra mi trng xung quanh (thng gi l tn nhit hay
lm mt) bng mt s bin php sau:
Dng cnh tn nhit bng nhm hoc bng ng (thng dng nhm v r v
nh) i vi cc trng hp dng nh.
Dng cnh tn nhit bng nhm hoc ng kt hp qut gi lm mt cho cc
trng hp dng nh v trung bnh.
Dng cnh tn nhit bng nhm hoc ng kt hp bm cht lng lm mt cho
cc trng hp dng trung bnh v ln, cht lng c s dng c th l nc ct khi
in p lm vic thp hoc l du cch in khi in p lm vic cao.
II.6.2.2 Bo v qu dng
a/- Bo v qu ti


bo v qu ti cho b chnh lu ta cng s dng r le nhit hoc p-t-mt c c
cu ct theo nhit nh cc thit b in khc.
b/- Bo v ngn mch
bo v ngn mch cho b chnh lu ta s dng cu ch tc ng nhanh (ct nhanh)
hoc p-t-mt c c cu ct nhanh (in t) .
c/- Bo v qu tc tng ca dng qua van di
T
/dt
Trong trng hp xy ra qu di
T
/dt i vi van th ta ni tip vi cc van cc in cm
thng c gi tr nh. Thc t th cc in cm ny thng c mc ni tip trong
mch ngun xoay chiu. Khi s chnh lu c s dng bin p cung cp th ch cn
chn my bin p c in p ngn mch phn trm ln (t 7% n 10%) l bo
v qu di
T
/dt cho cc van.
II.6.3 Bo v qu in p cho cc van b bin i
II.6.3.1 Cc nguyn nhn gy nn qu p cho cc van
a/- Cc qu in p pht sinh t bn ngoi b bin i (BB)
y l cc qu in p pht sinh do tc ng ca cc thit b ng ct v bo v li
in v cc hin tng mi trng (st). Cc nghin cu cho thy rng trong cc
li in 220-380V c th pht sinh qu p n 45 ln in p li, cn cc li
in c in p cao hn c th xut hin qu p n 3 ln in p li.
b/- Cc qu in p bn trong c c trng khng lp li
y l cc qu in p xut hin lin quan n s lm vic ca s BB nhng
khng lp i lp li. Cc qu in p ny thng do mt s nguyn nhn sau:
Do ng my bin p cung cp cho b bin i vo li in xoay chiu trong
trng hp in p s cp ln hn nhiu so vi in p ra bn th cp.
Khi ni BB vi ngun xoay chiu (do tc tng ca in p v cc dao ng
k sinh gy nn).
Ct my bin p cung cp cho BB ch khng ti hoc ti nh (do s bin
i t ngt ca t trng khi mt dng t ho t ngt).
Tc ng ca cc thit b bo v dng khi qu ti hoc ngn mch.
c/- Cc qu in p bn trong c c trng lp li
y cng l cc qu in p xut hin lin quan n s lm vic ca BB nhng
lp i lp li mang tnh chu k, n thng do:
Qu p do cng hng: Khi trong s BB c mt mch vng no c tn
s cng hng ring trng vi tn s mt sng hi no ca dng ti hoc ngun s
xut hin hin tng cng hng v gy qu p cho cc van.
Qu p do qu trnh chuyn mch dng in cc van: Qu in p dng ny c
th xut hin c khi m v kho van v mang tnh chu k. y l dng qu p pht
sinh trong tt c mi s v mi ch lm vic v c th gy qu p c v gi tr
cng nh tc thay i du
T
/dt.
II.6.3.2 Tc ng ca qu in p i vi cc van chnh lu



K
2

K
3

K
1

R
E
C
2 L
Hnh 2.75
i vi cc van bn dn, c bit l cc van c iu khin (thyristor) th s vt qu
gi tr cho php c v tr s v tc thay i du
T
/dt u c th gy nn hng van,
ngay c khi thi gian qu p l rt ngn (c s). Do vy trong s BB buc phi c
cc thit b bo v trnh cho cc van khng b qu in p.
II.6.3.3 Cc phng php mc thit b bo v qu p v tnh ton













Trn hnh 2.74 biu
din mch ng lc
ca mt s chnh
lu cu ba pha v cc phng php ni cc thit b bo v qu p. bo v qu in
p cho cc van trong s BB ngi ta s dng cc mch R-C mc theo mt s s
khc nhau. tnh ton gi tr ca R v C ngi s
dng s thay th hnh 2.75. Cc gi tr R v C tnh
c tng ng vi trng hp mch bo v R-C mc
theo s hnh2.74e (mc song song vi mi van). Khi
s dng s khc th ta tnh ton li cc gi tr R
1
,C
1

v R
2
, C
2
theo cc cng thc sau:
R
1
=R/2; C
1
=2C
R
2
=3R/2; C
2
=2C/3
Trong s thay th hnh 2.74 th E l ngun s.. s dng tnh ton v
trong mt s trng hp th E l qu p pht sinh bn ngoi truyn vo BB; L l tng
in cm trong mch vng gy nn qu p, L thay i tu tng trng hp qu p; cc
cng tc K
1
, K
2
, K
3
l cc kho ng hoc ct phc v cho tnh ton trong tng
trng hp c th, v d tnh ton vi trng hp qu p do thit b bo v ngn
mch tc ng th ta thc hin cho K
2
kn, K
3
h, ng K
1
dng trong mch (qua
K
1
) tng ln, khi dng t gi tr tc ng ca thit b bo v dng ngn mch th ng
thi ct K
1
, K
2
v ng K
3
v bt u tnh ton vi mc thi gian t=0 t thi im ny.
in p gia 2 im 1 v 2 l in p t ln van.
i
d

R
d

L
d

E
d

K
A
T
1
T
3
T
5

u
d

T
2

T
*

T
6
T
4



a
a a
a
b
b b
b
c
c c
c
*
*
*
*
*
B
A
MC
1
MC
2

A
*
B
C
R
1
R
1

C
1

C
1
R
2

C
2

R C





a
b
e
c d
Hnh 2.74


Cc gi tr R v C c th tm trong cc ti liu tham kho khc nhau. Trong mt
s trng hp ngi ta c th p dng cc cng thc kinh nghim, tuy kt qu khng
chnh xc lm nhng cng c th chp nhn c m qu trnh tnh ton li n gin.
**Ch : -Tr hai trng hp qu p do ni BB vi li dng xoay chiu v do qu
trnh chuyn mch th tt c cc qu in p do cc nguyn nhn khc c th s dng
mt trong 3 s mc mch bo v l hnh 2.74b, d hoc e.
Qu p do ni BB vi li
dng xoay chiu th phi s dng cc
mch R-C mc theo s hnh 2.74c
(mc hnh sao c trung tnh ni t).
Qu p do qu trnh chuyn
mch th phi s dng cc mch R-C
mc song song vi mi van
(hnh2.74e). Cc thng s R v C vi
trng hp ny c ti u ho,
bng my tnh in t ngi ta lp
ra mt s quan h cho php xc nh
gi tr ti u ca R v C (hnh2.76).
Ta c cc quan h: U
a
/U
p;
G=b/e
0;
H=e
0
U
k
ph thuc vo F,
Trong F= (I.
L/C
)/U
k
; b=R/ (2L) biu din bi cc ng cong hnh 2.76.
Trong U
k
< U
p
l in p chuyn mch, cn I l gi tr dng qua ti ti thi im
din ra chuyn mch, U
a
bin qu p, U
p
bin in p ngun.
T gi tr qu p cho php lp li U
n
ta chn U
a
/U
p
,theo hnh 1-69 ta tm c F
v t gi tr ca F tm c G,H .
Cui cng xc nh c:
C=L (I/U
p
F)
2
; R=2G
L/C
; e
0
=1/
LC
; du
T
/dt = H.U
p
. e
0



1
Ua/Up
10
8
H
6
4
2
1
08
0,6
G
0,4
F
0,2
0,1
0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 2 4 6 8 10
Hnh 2.76




CHNG 3
B BIN I IN P XOAY CHIU THNH XOAY CHIU
(B bin i in p pha)

III.1. Khi nim chung
Trong k thut in c nhiu trng hp cn phi bin i mt in p xoay chiu gi
tr khng i thnh in p xoay chiu c gi tr iu chnh c. bin i mt in
p xoay chiu thnh in p xoay chiu cng tn s nhng c gi tr khc th ph bin
nht l dng my bin p. My bin p c u im l kt cu gn, lm vic tin cy,
bn cao v nu in ngun c dng hnh sin th in p ra cng c dng hnh sin. Tuy
vy my bin p cng c nhc im l kh thc hin thay i trn in p ra, nht l
trong trng hp cng sut trung bnh v ln, iu ny cng hn ch kh nng s dng
my bin p trong mt s trng hp. Khi yu cu iu chnh trn in p ra trong
phm vi rng, c bit l khi cng sut trung bnh v ln th ngi ta s dng mt
BB khc c gi l BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu hay BB in p pha. BB xoay
chiu-xoay chiu l thit b bin i in nng s dng cc dng c bn dn c iu
khin. Nguyn tc hot ng ca BB l s dng tnh cht c iu khin ca cc dng
c bn dn ct i mt phn trong mi na chu k ca in p ngun xoay chiu
hnh sin lm cho in p ra c gi tr hiu dng nh hn in p ngun. BB ny c
u im l kt cu cng gn nh, hiu sut cao, lm vic tin cy, c kh nng iu
chnh trn in p ra trong phm vi rng vi mi cp cng sut. Nhng BB ny cng
c mt s nhc im l tin cy khng bng my bin p, thit b iu khin tng
i phc tp, b hn ch v cng sut do kh nng chu dng v p ca cc dng c
bn dn b gii hn, v c bit l khi in p ngun hnh sin th in p ra khng cn
dng hnh sin na.
Cc BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu c ng dng trong mt s trng hp nh
sau:
iu khin tc ca cc ng c xoay chiu khng ng b cng sut nh
bng phng php thay i in p ngun cung cp cho mch stato ca ng c.
Khi ng cc ng c xoay chiu khng ng b r to lng xc cng sut
trung bnh v ln.
Cung cp cho cun s cp ca my bin p tng p khi c yu cu iu chnh
trn in p ra, v d my bin p cung cp cho b nn in cao p cp cho l tn s
dng n pht in t loi 3 cc.
III.2. B bin i in p xoay chiu thnh xoay chiu mt pha
III.2.1 Cc s BB in p xoay chiu thnh in p
xoay chiu mt pha (BB in p pha mt pha)
Trn cc hnh 3.1 l cc s mch ng lc BB in p pha mt pha. Hnh 3.1a l
s dng 2 Thyristor mc song song ngc. Hnh 3.1b l s dng 2 diode v 2
Thyristor vi mc ch l cho katt 2 Thyristor ni chung. Hnh 3.1c l s dng


triac, triac l dng c bn dn cho dng in qua c hai chiu nhng iu khin c,
v phn ng lc th n tng ng nh 2 Thyristor mc song song ngc nhng ch
c mt in cc iu khin nn kt cu gn hn dng 2 Thyristor mc song song
ngc c v mch lc cng nh mch to tn hiu iu khin. Hnh 3.1e l s BB
xoay chiu-xoay chiu 1 pha khng i xng, trong s ny ta s dng mt diode v
mt Thyristor nn khi s lm vic trong ng cong in p trn ti c thnh phn
mt chiu, v vy s ny ch s dng cung cp cho loi ph ti s dng c c
in p mt chiu v in p xoay chiu v d nh l dy in tr ca l in tr.















hiu
r nguyn l
lm vic ca BB ta xt nguyn l hot ng ca mt s (v d: s hnh 3.1a)
trong trng hp n gin nht l khi ti thun tr.
Gi thit in p ngun nh th hnh 3.2a, th tn hiu iu khin ca T
1

v T
2
nh hnh 3.2b v hnh 3.2c.
th in p ngun u
ng;
in p iu khin cc van u
kT1
, u
kT2;
in p v dng
trn ti u
t,
i
t
c biu din trn cc th hnh 3.1. in p trn ph ti l in p
xoay chiu khng hnh sin c gi tr hiu dng nh hn in p ngun v gi tr hiu
dng in p trn ti s cng nh khi gc cng tng. Sng hi bc nht in p ti c
tn s bng tn s ngun cung cp .
Gc trong BB ny c gi l gc iu chnh hay iu khin.

III.2.2 Dng in v in p trn ph ti ca BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu 1 pha
Z
t

Z
t

D
3

D
1

T
D
2

T
D
4

T
1

i
t

u
ng
u
t
Z
t
T
2

a
T
1

i
t

u
ng

u
t

T
2

D
1

D
2

b
i
t

u
t
Z
t

u
ng


c
i
t

u
t
u
ng

d
T
i
t

u
ng
u
t
Z
t
D
e
Hnh 3.1


III.2.2.1 Biu thc dng ti tng qut
nghin cu dng v p trn ti ta sdng s
dng 2 Thyristor mc song song ngc nh hnh 3.3.
Do tnh i xng ca s nn ta ch cn xt
trong thi gian mt na chu k v suy ra na chu k
kia. Ta gi thit cho s lm vic vi mt gc iu
chnh , chn mc thi gian xt et=0 l thi im
truyn xung iu khin n m mt van ca s , v
d l m T
1
. Lc do T
1
m nn u
T1
=0 v ta c
phng trnh vi phn:
R
t
.i
t
+ L
t
.di
t
/dt = U
m
.sin(et+) (3-1)
gii phng trnh vi phn (3-1) ta t:
i
*
=i
t
/I
m
=i
t
/(U
m
/R
t
)=R
t
.i
t
/U
m
; t=L
t
/R
t
(3-2)
Trong i
*
: l gi tr tng i dng ph ti; I
m
l gi tr cc i dng ti khi
L
t
=0, n c chn lm i lng c bn; t l hng s thi gian mch ti. Th (3-2)
vo (3-1) ta c phng trnh:
i
*
+ t.di
*
/dt = sin(et+) (3-3)
T nguyn l s b ca BB nu trong mc trc ta c nhn xt rng: Nu
dng qua ti l lin tc th hai van trong s phi lun phin thay nhau lm vic, lc
nu ta b qua st p rt nh trn Thyristor dn dng th in p gia 2 im A v B
trn s hnh 3.3 lun lun bng khng (v lun c mt trong hai van dn dng), do
vy in p trn ti lun lun bng in p ngun. Mun c in p trn ti khc in
p ngun th phi ct i mt phn trong mi na chu k in p ngun, iu ny c
ngha l dng qua ti phi gin on. Nh vy loi tr trng hp in p ra trng vi
in p ngun th ch lm vic ca BB in p pha l ch dng gin on, tc
l ti thi im bt u m van th dng qua ti ang bng khng. Gii phng trnh
(3-3) vi iu kin u i
*
0
=i
*
|
(e t=0)=0 ta c:
* 2 /
(1/ 1 ( ) ).[sin( ) sin( ). ]
t
i t arctg arctg e
t
et e et et

= + + (3-4)
Ta t = arctget l gc lch pha ca sng hi bc nht dng v p trn ti.
Chuyn v n v tuyt i ta c:
2 /
[ /( . 1 ( ) )].[sin( ) sin( ). ]
t
t m t
i U R t e
t
et e

= + + (3-5)

y l biu thc tng qut dng qua ph ti ca BB in p xoay chiu-xoay
chiu mt pha. Sau y ta s tm biu thc dng ti trong mt s trng hp c bit.


III.2.2.2 Dng qua ti khi ti thun tr
Z
t

T
1

i
t

B
A
u
ng
u
t
T
2


Hnh 3.3


Khi ph ti thun tr hoc khi R
t
>>eL
t
th 0 v t 0, do vy biu thc dng ti
c dng n gin nh sau:
i
t
=(U
m
/R
t
).sin(et+) (3-6)
III.2.2.3 Dng qua ti khi ti thun cm
Trong trng hp ph ti thun cm
R
t
=0 hoc khi R
t
<<eL
t
, lc ta c
t/2 v t v do vy e
-t/t
1. T
ta tm c biu thc dng ti ca
trng hp ny l:
i
t
=(U
m
/eL
t
).[sin(et+-t/2)-sin(-
t/2)]=(U
m
/eL
t
).[cos-cos(et+)]
(3-7)
Ta c th u
t
v i
t
trong 3 trng
hp ph ti l thun tr (a), in tr in
cm (b) v khi ph ti thun cm (c)
c biu din trn cc th hnh 3.4.
Nu gi khong thi gian dn dng ca
mt van trong mt chu k in p ngun
qui ra gc in l gc dn ca van v
k hiu l th c biu din nh
trn th. Khi ti thun tr =t-, khi
ti thun cm th =2(t-), cn trng
hp ti in tr-in cm (R
t
-L
t
) th gc
nm trong khong gii hn bi hai trng hp c bit trn.
**Nhn xt:
Khi ph ti ca BB c tnh cht in tr-in cm (R
t
-L
t
) th ti thi im bng
khng v bt u i du ca in p ngun u
ng
th van lm vic giai on trc
cha kho li m vn tip tc dn dng nh s... t cm trong in cm ph ti L
t
, do
vy m gc dn ca van trong trng hp ny ln hn khi ti thun tr nu cng lm
vic vi mt gc iu khin nh nhau. Nu ta k hiu o khong thi gian ko di s
dn dng ca van do s... t cm sinh ra trong L
t
qui ra gc in l, th gc o c
xc nh nh trn th. Do c im ny m khi c tnh ti ca BB thay i th gi
tr hiu dng ca in p ra cng thay i theo mc d ta vn gi nguyn gi tr gc
iu khin .
Gc o s tng dn khi gim gc iu khin v khi th o t gi tr cc
i v bng . Khi o = th gc dn ca van =
max
=t, c ngha rng mi van s dn
dng mt na chu k trong mt chu k in p ngun v nh nu th trong trng
hp ny in p ra trn ti lun lun bng in p ngun. Nu di ca xung iu
khin ln (>) th khi pht tn hiu iu khin m van vi cc gc iu khin nm
trong khong: >>0 th gc dn ca mi van vn l: =
max
= t. in p v dng
v
1
v
2

ut(nt m) it(nt
mnh)
u
t

i
t

u
t

i
t

u
t

i
t

et
2t t
>0
a
v
1
'
v
1

v
2

v
2
'
et
2t
t
>
b
v
1
'
o
v
1

v
2
' v
2

et
2t
t
>t/2
c



o
Hnh 3.4


in trn ti c dng hnh sin, cc van ca BB lc ny ng vai tr nh mt cng tc
khng tip im m khng cn tc dng iu chnh in p trn ti. Vy vi BB ny
th khi >>0 ta khng iu chnh c in p ra trn ti. iu khin c in
p trn ti th gc iu khin ca BB phi tho mn iu kin: 180
0
> >.
III.2.2.4 in p trn ph ti BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu
- Gi tr tc thi ca in p trn ti c xc nh nh sau: khi c mt van no
trong hai van dn dng th u
t
=u
ng
, khi c hai van u kho th u
t
=0. Vy
trong thi gian mt chu k ngun cung cp (bt u tnh t lc m T
1
) ta c:
-T et=0et=: T
1
m nn u
t
=u
ng
.
-T et=et=t: T
1
v T
2
u kho nn u
t
=0.
-T et=tet=t+: T
2
m nn u
t
=u
ng.
-T et=t+et=2t: T
1
v T
2
u kho nn u
t
=0.
- Gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn ti, k hiu l U
t
, c xc nh theo biu
thc:
2 2
0
(1/ ) sin ( ) ( )
t m
U U t d t

t e e = +
}
(3-8)
Trong :
Um l bin in p ngun cung cp cho
BB. Tu thuc vo c tnh cng nh gi tr ph ti
v gi tr ta s xc nh c gi tr gc v thay
vo (2-8) ta s tm c gi tr hiu dng in p trn
ti. Gi tr tng i U
t
*
=U
t
/U
ng
theo gc iu khin
biu din bng th hnh 3.5.
ng 1 l khi ti thun tr; ng 2 l khi ti
in tr-in cm c gi tr L
t
v R
t
sao cho
arctg(eL
t
/R
t
) = , cn ng 3 l trng hp ti thun
cm.
III.2.3 Tnh chn van cho BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu
Vic chn v kim tra cc Thyristor cho BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu cng tng t
nh i vi BB xoay chiu-mt chiu (chnh lu) nghin cu trong chng trc.
i vi cc van trong BB ny ta c:
Gi tr trung bnh dng qua van:
0
(1/ 2 ) ( ) ( )
Ttb t
I i t d t

t e e =
}
(2-9)
Gi tr hiu dng dng qua van
0
(1/ 2 ) ( ) ( )
T t
I i t d t

t e e =
}
(3-10)

U
t
*

1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25



0 t/4 t/2 3t/4
t
0,00
1 2
3
Hnh 3.5


Hnh 3.6
T
1

i
t

B
C
1
R
1

A
u
ng
u
t
Z
t

T
2

C
2

R
2

Khi tnh chn van ta phi ly gi tr dng qua van ch nng n nht, tc
tng ng khi gc dn ca van l cc i ( =
max
= t), lc gi tr trung bnh v
hiu dng cc i ca dng cc van l:
I
Ttbmax
=(
2
/t).I
max
; I
Tmax
=I
max
/
2

Trong : I
max
l gi tr hiu dng cc i ca dng ti khi qu ti cho php vi
gi thit U
t
*
=1 v vi mt ti c th cho.
in p ngc ln nht trn van bng bin in p ngun xoay chiu :
U
Tthmax
= U
Tngmax
=U
m
=
2
.U
ng
.
Cc iu kin chn v kim tra cng tng t nh nu trong chng mt.
III.2.4 Bo v BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu
Cc BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu khi lm vic
cng c th xy ra qu dng v p nh cc BB
xoay chiu-mt chiu, v vy ta cng phi trang b
cc bo v nh i vi BB xoay chiu-mt chiu
xt. Trong BB ny bo v qu p cho 2 van
mc song song ngc ta dng mt mch R-C mc
song song vi chng (hnh 3.6), ngoi ra trong mt
s trng hp c th dng thm mch R-C mc
song song vi ngun cung cp.

III.3. B bin i in p xoay chiu 3 pha
Cc BB in p xoay chiu-xoay chiu 3 pha tu thuc vo ph ti v dng c s
dng m c mt s dng khc nhau nh trn cc s hnh 3.7. S hnh 3.7a v
hnh 3.7b l s dng 3 cp Thyristor mc song song ngc c dy trung tnh v
khng c dy trung tnh (cng c th ni ph ti dng tam gic). Hnh 3.7c v d l cc
s dng triac c v khng c dy trung tnh. Hnh3.7e,g l mt s s BB
khng i xng, cc s ny ch dng iu chnh in p cung cp cho cc ph
ti va c th dng ngun xoay chiu ng thi cng c s dng ngun cung cp mt
chiu (v d ti in tr).


Nguyn l hot
ng ca s BB 3
pha xoay chiu-xoay
chiu c dy trung tnh
hon ton ging nh
nguyn l hot ng ca
3 BB xoay chiu-xoay
chiu mt pha lm vic
c lp vi ph ti tng
pha. Cn nguyn l hot
ng ca s khng c
trung tnh hoc trng
hp ph ti ni dng tam
gic th c phc tp hn.
Trong gii hn chng
trnh ta khng xt chi tit
hot ng ca cc s
ny. Nguyn l hot ng
cc s trn c th xem
trong cc ti liu tham
kho.


III.4. Mch to xung
iu khin
Khi nim chung:
Cng nh BB xoay chiu-mt chiu, trong BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu ta cng s
dng cc van bn dn c iu khin. V vy cho BB c th lm vic theo yu cu
th cng phi s dng mch pht tn hiu iu khin cho cc van. D l s dng 2
Thyristor mc song song ngc hay s dng triac th trong mt chu k ngun ta
cng phi to ra hai tn hiu iu khin lch nhau mt gc in l 180
0
tng t
nh tn hiu iu khin cc van trong s chnh lu hnh tia 2 pha. Do vy v l
thuyt th c th s dng tt c cc mch pht xung iu cho b chnh lu hnh tia 2
pha pht xung iu khin cho BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu mt pha,v mch iu
khin cho s chnh lu cu 3 pha c th dng pht xung iu khin cho BB
xoay chiu-xoay chiu 3 pha.Tuy nhin cng cn lu mt c tnh quan trng l:
i vi s chnh lu th s i xng ca xung iu khin cc van cng quan
trng nhng khng yu cu kht khe lm. Nhng i vi BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu
th xung iu khin cc van, c bit l ca hai van song song ngc trong cng mt
pha nht l khi ph ti ca BB l thit b ch lm vic c vi ngun cung cp xoay
chiu, v d nh cc ng c in xoay chiu hoc cc my bin p,..., i hi c
e
T
4

(S
1
)
D
1

O C B A
T
1

Z
C
Z
B
Z
A

(S
2
)
T
2

(S
3
)
D
3
D
2
T
3

(S
1
)
T
2

C B A
T
1

Z
C
Z
B
Z
A

(S
3
)
T
3

g
b
C
1

B
1

A
1

C
1
B
1
A
1

Z
A

Z
B

Z
C

O C B A
T
3
T
2
T
1

Z
C
Z
B
Z
A

c
C B A
T
3

T
2
T
1

Z
C
Z
B
Z
A

d
a

(S
1
) T
2

O C B A
T
1

Z
C
Z
B
Z
A

( S
2
) T
3
( S
3
) T
6
T
4
T
5

(S
1
) T
2

C B A
T
1

Z
C
Z
B
Z
A

( S
2
) T
3
( S
3
) T
6
T
4
T
5

Hnh 3.7


Hnh 3.8
R
2

u
R2

D
2

i
t

T
1
WR
D
1

D
3

u
t

Z
t

T
2

u
ng

u
kT2

u
kT1

u
R1

D
4

R
1

i xng rt cao. l v khi gc iu khin ca 2 van trong cng mt pha khng
hon ton ging nhau th trong ng cong in p trn ti s xut hin thnh phn
mt chiu. Mt khc tng tr ph ti i vi thnh phn in p mt chiu l rt nh
do vy thnh phn dng mt chiu qua ti s rt ln. iu nh hng n s lm
vic ca ph ti v BB, tng tn tht ph v khi s khng i xng ca tn hiu iu
khin vt qu mt gi tr nht nh no (ph thuc trng hp c th) th BB s
khng lm vic c na.
Nh vy ta c th ng dng cc s h thng iu khin BBxoay chiu-mt
chiu pht xung iu khin cho BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu, ch cn lu n vn
i xng ca xung iu khin cc van, do vy y ta s khng xt cc mch iu
khin loi na. Trong mt s trng hp khi khng i hi cht lng cao ca tn
hiu iu khin v phm vi iu khin khng yu cu rng th ta c th s dng cc
mch iu khin n gin gim gi thnh v kch thc BB.
III.4.1 Cc mch iu khin n gin
III.4.1.1 Mch iu khin dng diode-bin tr (D-R).
Ta xt mt s b bin i in p pha mt pha c mch iu khin dng diode-bin
tr nh hnh 3.8. Trong s ny th
T
1
,T
2
l 2 Thyristor ng lc, mch
iu khin cc van ca BB gm cc
diode D
1
, D
2
, D
3
.
Nguyn l hot ng ca s
T c tnh V-A ca Thyristor ta thy
rng: Khi gia ant v katt ca
Thyristor ang c t mt in p
thun no , nu ta t vo in cc
iu khin v katt ca n mt in p
iu khin c gi tr t mt tr s nht nh no tr ln th Thyristor s chuyn t
kho sang m. Gi tr in p iu khin nh nht c th lm m Thyristor khi c mt
tr s in p thun c gi l in p iu khin yu cu i vi tr s in p thun
v ta k hiu l u
kTyc
. Vy khi trn van c mt in p thun no th nu c in
p iu khin u
k
> u
kTyc
i tr s in p thun th van s m, cn nu c in p
iu khin nhng u
k
< u
kTyc
th van khng m. in p thun trn van thay i th gi
tr u
kTyc
cng thay i theo: in p thun trn van tng th gi tr in p iu khin
yu cu gim,nu in p thun trn van c dng na hnh sin th th u
kTyc
c dng
nh trn hnh 3.9a. n gin cho vic xt nguyn l lm vic ca s ta tm gi
thit l in p iu khin yu cu khng ph thuc vo tr s in p thun trn van
(nh hnh3.9b). Gi thit nh vy tuy khng ph hp vi thc t nhng khng nh
hng n nguyn l lm vic ca s nn c th chp nhn c trong trng hp
ny. Ta chn mc xt et=0 l thi im u
ng
=0 v bt u chuyn sang dng, gi thit
ti thun tr. Vy ti et=0 th dng ti cng bng khng, lc van T
2
va kho v T
1

bt u c in p thun, nu T
1
cha m th qua D
2
-WR-R
1
-R
t
( gi thit Z
t
=R
t
) s


c mt dng in do ngun cung cp to nn v dng in ny gy nn trn R
1
mt st
in p m in p ny s c a
qua D
1
n in cc iu khin ca
T
1
. Vy nu b qua st p trn D
1

m th ta c u
kT1
=u
R1
. Ta c:
T th ta thy khi > et
>0: u
kT1
< u
kTyc
v T
1
cha m, ti
et= th u
kT1
= u
kTyc
, van T
1
bt
u m v s dn dng cho n
et=t. Ti et=t th u
ng
=0 v bt u
i du nnT
1
kho li ,van T
2
bt
u c t in p thun,nu T
2

cha m th lc ny qua ti (R
t
)-D
4
-
WR-R
2
s c dng in do ngun
cung cp to nn. St in p trn
R
2
bi dng in ny s c
truyn qua D
3
n in cc iu
khin T
2
v nu b qua in p trn
D
3
m th :
u
kT1
=u
R1
=u
ng
.R
1
/(R
1
+WR+R
t
) ~ u
ng
.R
1
/(R
1
+WR) v
R
t
<<WR v R
t
<<R
1
.
u
kT2
=u
R2
=-
u
ng
.R
2
/(R
2
+WR+R
t
) ~-
u
ng
.R
2
/(R
2
+WR) v R
t
<<WR v
u
t
<<R
2
.
Mt khc do R
1
=R
2
nn
u
kT2
~ -u
ng
.R
1
/(R
1
+WR).
V vy m trong khong t+>et>t th u
kT2
< u
kTyc
nn T
2
vn cha m,cho
n et=t+ th u
kT2
= u
kTyc
v T
2
bt u m v dn dng cho n et=2t. Trong cc
chu k tip theo s lm vic tng t. C 2 van trong s u m vi mt gi tr
gc iu khin l nh nhau. T nguyn l hot ng nu kt hp vi th hnh
3.9 ta thy rng c th thay i gc iu khin bng cch thay i bin ca in
p tnh theo biu thc: u
ng
.R
1
/(R
1
+WR). thc hin ngi ta thng thay i gi tr
bin tr WR. Vi mch iu khin ny th gc iu khin ti a
max
=t/2. Nh vy
mch iu khin nay khng dng c cho trng hp BB lm vic vi ph ti
thun cm (ngay c nhng trng hp in cm ln th cng khng nn s dng v lc
phm vi thay i ca gc iu khin rt hp.
u
u
kTyc

et
a
u
kTyc

u
e
t
b
et
u
t
(nt
m)
u
ng
(ng hnh sin )
u
2t
v
2

t v
1


v
1

et
u
kTyc

u
kT1

e
t
u
kTyc
u
kT2

c
d
e

Hnh 3.9


Hnh 3.10
C
2

u
c2

D
2

i
t

T
1

WR
D
1
D
3

u
t

Z
t

T
2

u
ng

u
kT2

u
kT1

u
c1

D
4

C
1



et
u
kTyc

u
kT
1

et
u
kTyc

u
kT2

b
c

et
u
t
(nt
m)
u
ng

u
2t
v
2

v
3
t v
1

a
III.4.1.2 Mch iu khin D-R-C
Trong s ny ngi ta thay vo v
tr 2 in tr R
1
v R
2
ca s trc
bng hai t C
1
,C
2
. Nguyn l lm vic
ca s c minh ho trn th
hnh 3.11. T th ta thy rng nh
s dng cc t m gc iu khin cc
i c th t gi tr tng i ln.


III.4.1.3 Mch iu khin bin tr-diode cho BB 3 pha khng i xng
(s 3 diode, 3 Thyristor)
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch iu
khin trn hnh 3.12 (phn nt mnh)
cng gn tng t vi mch iu khin
bin tr-diode ca BB mt pha xt.
Ch khc l BB trong s ny ch c
3 Thyristor nn kt cu mch gn hn.
Ch l s BB ny ch dng cho
ph ti dng in tr thun, khng c
dng cung cp cho ng c hoc my bin p.

O
(S1) T1
R C B A
D1
DG3 DG2 DG1
ZC ZB ZA
(S2) D2 (S3) T3 T2 D3
Hnh 3.12


CHNG IV
B BIN I XUNG IN P
(B bin i in p mt chiu thnh mt chiu)
IV.1 Nguyn l bin i v cc phng phng php bin i in p
trung bnh ca b bin i t ln ti
Trong k thut in cng c nhiu trng hp phi thc hin qu trnh bin i mt
in p mt chiu khng i thnh mt in p mt chiu khc c gi tr iu chnh
c trong phm vi rng. thc hin qu trnh bin i ny ngi ta tng s
dng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Phng php bin i cho hiu sut cao, dng
c trong gii cng sut t nh n ln v thc hin iu chnh in p ra mt cch
thun tin nht l s dng cc BB in p mt chiu thnh in p mt chiu, thng
gi tt l BB mt chiu-mt chiu v cng cn c gi l xung in p hoc trong
mt s ti liu khc ngi ta gi l b bm in p. BB mt chiu-mt chiu l thit
b bin i in nng ng dng cc dng c bn dn c iu khin. Nguyn tc hot
ng ca BB c minh ho bng s nguyn tc hnh 4.1.
Trong s ny kho ng ct K c trng cho BB mt chiu-mt chiu; ph
ti gm cc phn t: s.. ph ti E
t
(cn c gi l sc phn in ng), in tr ti
R
t
v in cm ph ti L
t
(thng gm t cm ca ti, v d nh in cm cun dy
phn ng ng c mt chiu, v in cm ca cun khng a thm vo mch san
bng dng ti); diode ngc D
0
(cn gi l diode khng). in p U
d
l in p mt
chiu thng c gi tr khng i dng cung cp cho BB. Dng qua kho ng
ct K ng thi l dng ngun k hiu l i
d
. Dng qua it ngc k hiu l i
Do
. dng
v p trn ti k hiu l i
t
v u
t
. in p trn D
0
l u
Do
= -u
t
ging nh diode khng
trong s chnh lu.








Nguyn tc hot ng ca BB nh sau: Ngi ta iu khin ng-ct kho K
theo mt chu k no . V d trong khong t t=0 n t=t
1
th ng K, trn ti s
c t in p bng U
d
v c dng t ngun qua kho K kn v qua ti. Phng
trnh vi phn xc nh dng qua ti trong giai on ny l:
R
t
.i
t
+L
t
.di
t
/dt+E
t
=U
d
(4-
1)
t
K
+
u
t
i
t

u
t
(nt lin)

i
t
(nt t)
i
d
i
t

T
ck

t
c

T
ck

t

u
t

0 t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t
7

i
Do

D
0

R
t

L
t

U
d

U
d

E
t

-
a
b
Hnh 4.1


Dng qua ti s tng t gi tr I
min
n bng I
max
ti t=t
1
. Trn D
0
c in p
ngc v D
0
khng lm vic. Ti thi im t=t
1
ngi ta thc hin ct kho K, in p
ngun mt chiu U
d
c tch khi mch ti, s... t cm xut hin trong in cm
ph ti L
t
s lm m van D
0
v dng ti s c duy tr qua D
0
. Ph thuc vo ch
lm vic cng nh thng s cc phn t ph ti m c th xy ra 2 ch lm vic
tng t nh vi s chnh lu. Nu gi tr L
t
ln, gi tr dng ti khng qu nh
th nng lng tch lu trong L
t
giai on K ng duy tr dng ti n thi
im ng li kho K (t=t
2
), ta c ch dng in ti lin tc (dng dng ti trng
hp ny biu din trn th hnh 4.1b), v dng ti giai on ny s gim dn t I
max

xung bng I
min
ti t=t
2
. Trng hp do L
t
qu nh, hoc do dng ti qu nh (ti nh
hoc khng ti) th nng lng tch lu trong L
t
khng duy tr dng ti n thi
im ng li kho K, ta c ch dng in ti gin on, khi s lm vic ch
dng ti gin on th dng ti khi ct K s gim dn n bng khng ti mt thi
im t
1
' no (t
1
'<t
2
). Trong giai on t=t
1
t=t
1
' th D
0
dn dng, b qua st p trn
diode m ta c u
t
= -u
Do
= 0. T t=t
1
' n t=t
2
th dng ti bng khng, van D
0
kho,
in p trn ti giai on ny l: u
t
=E
t
. Phng trnh vi phn tm dng ti khi van
D
0
dn dng l:
R
t
.i
t
+L
t
.di
t
/dt+E
t
=0 (4-2)
Thng thng i vi b bin i ny th ngi ta phi tnh ton sao cho khi
BB lm vic bnh thng (dng ti t 0,2 dng ti nh mc tr ln) th BB lm
vic ch dng lin tc. Do vy ta ch yu nghin cu s lm vic ca BB ch
dng ti lin tc.
Ti t=t
2
ngi ta li ng kho K nn trn ti li c t in p bng U
d
v li
c dng t ngun U
d
i vo ti, dng ti li tng, van D
0
li b t in p ngc v
kho li. Cc chu k tip theo s hot ng ca s tng t nh xt.
T th in p trn ti ch dng in ti lin tc ta c gi tr trung bnh
ca in p trn ti c xc nh bng biu thc:
0
(1/ )
d
t
d d
tb ck t
ck
U t
U T u dt
T
= =
}
(4-3)
Trong : t

l thi gian mt ln ng kho K, t

c
l thi gian mt ln ct ca
kho K, T
ck
l thi gian mt chu k ng ct ca kho K. Nu ta t = t

/T
ck
c
gi l rng xung; f=1/T
ck
l tn s xung th biu thc in p trung bnh trn ti c
th vit:
U
tb
= .U
d
= U
d
.t

.f (4-3a)
Xut pht t cc biu thc (4-3) v (4-3a) ta thy rng c th iu chnh gi tr
trung bnh in p trn ti bng mt s phng php sau:
Gi nguyn thi gian mt chu k ng ct T
ck
=t

+t
c
v thay i thi gian ng
t

, tc l thay i rng xung : c gi l phng php iu chnh xung

rng.


Gi nguyn thi gian ng t

, thay i thi gian chu k T

ck
, tc l thay i tn
s ng ct f: c gi l phng php iu chnh xung tn.
Thay i c thi ng t

v tn s ng ct f: c gi l phng php iu
chnh xung rng-tn.
thc hin chc nng kho ng ct K ta c th s dng cc dng c bn dn
c iu khin, cc dng c c s dng ch yu l Transitor v Thyristor.
Cc kho bng Transitor c kt cu gn hn do c tnh lm vic ca Transitor
l: m khi c tn hiu iu khin yu cu v kho khi mt tn hiu iu khin hoc
c mt tn hiu ngc chiu nh cc gc (c xem nh l cc iu khin). Cc
kho loi ny c u im l d khng ch nhng cng c nhc im l cng sut cn
b hn ch.
Cc kho ng ct bng Thyristor c nhc im l kt cu phc tp hn do
ch Thyristor m khi c tn hiu iu khin nhng li khng kho c bng tn hiu
iu khin ngc chiu (hin nay cng c mt s Thyristor kho c bng tn hiu
iu khin ngc chiu nhng thng l cng sut nh v cha thng dng) m ngun
cung cp cho BB l ngun mt chiu. V vy, i vi kho ng ct bng Thyristor
th cn phi c thm mt s thit b ph chuyn mch Thyristor m ta thng gi l
thit b chuyn mch hay chuyn i.
IV.1.1 Dng v p trn ph ti ca B bin i mt chiu-mtchiu
IV.1.1.1 Biu thc dng ti tng qut dng ti trong ch xc lp
a/- Giai on kho K ng
T phng trnh (4-1) chuyn sang dng ton t Laplace ta c:
p.I

(p) - i

(0) + a.I

(p) = (U
d
-E
t
)/p (4-4)
Trong : a=R
t
/L
t
; p l ton t Laplace; I

(p) l nh Laplace ca dng ti trong giai

on K ng i
t;
i

(0) l gi tr dng ti ti thi im u ca mi ln ng kho K

(chn mc t=0 ti thi im ng K), khi BB lm vic ch xc lp th gi tr ti
thi im u ca khong K ng bng gi tr dng ti ti thi im cui ca khong
K ct v ta k hiu l I
min
, tc l: i

(0) = I
min
.
Gii (4-4) ta c :
I

(p)=(U
d
-E
t
)/[pL
t
(p+a)]+I
min
/(p+a) =a(U
d
-E
t
)/[pR
t
(p+a)]+I
min
/(p+a)
Chuyn sang hm gc ta tm c biu thc dng ti giai on kho K ng l:
i
t
=[(U
d
-E
t
)/R
t
].(1-e
-at
) + I
min
e
-at
(4-5)
b/- Giai on kho K ct
Trong giai on K ct th D
0
dn dng, ta c phng trnh xc nh dng ti l
phng trnh (4-2). Chuyn phng trnh (4-2) sang dng ton t Laplace vi mc thi
gian xt t=0 l thi im bt u ct kho K:
p.I
c
(p) - i
c
(0) + a.I
c
(p) = -E
t
/p (4-6)
Trong : a=R
t
/L
t
; p l ton t Laplace; I
c
(p) l nh Laplace ca dng ti trong
giai on K ct i
tc;
i
c
(0) l gi tr dng ti ti thi im u ca mi ln ct kho K, khi


BB lm vic ch xc lp th gi tr ti thi im u ca khong K ct bng gi
tr dng ti ti thi im cui ca khong K ng v ta k hiu l I
max:
i
c
(0)=I
max
.
Gii (4-6) ta c :
I
c
(p)= -E
t
/[pL
t
(p+a)]+I
max
/(p+a) =-a.E
t
/[pR
t
(p+a)]+I
max
/(p+a)
Chuyn sang hm gc ta tm c biu thc dng ti giai on kho K ct l:
i
tc
=-(

E
t
/R
t
).(1-e
-at
) + I
max
e
-at
(4-7)
IV.1.2 Biu thc dng ti ton chu k ng ct
Cc biu thc (4-5) v (4-7) l biu thc dng ti trong 2 giai on ca mt chu k
ng ct kho K, trong cc biu thc ny cn c I
min
v I
max
l cc gi tr cha bit.
Vy c th tm c gi tr dng ti ta xc nh cc gi tr I
min
v I
max
.
Nh nu, trong ch xc lp, nu dng ti l lin tc th ta c: I
min
bng gi
tr dng ti ti thi im cui khong ct ca K, tc l khi cho t=t
c
i vi biu thc
(4-7); cn I
max
l gi tr dng ti cui khong ng ca K, tng ng l gi tr biu
thc (4-5) khi cho t=t

. Vy ta c:
I
max
=[(U
d
-E
t
)/R
t
].(1-e
-at
) + I
min
e
-at
(4-8a)
I
min
= -(E
t
/R
t
).(1-e
-atc
) + I
max
e
-atc
(4-8b)
Ta t:
A=[(U
d
-E
t
)/R
t
].(1-e
-at
);B=-(E
t
/R
t
).(1-e
-atc
) ;C = e
-at
;D = e
-atc
(4-9)
T (4-8a),(4-8b) v (4-9) ta c:
I
max
-C.I
min
=A (4-10a)
I
min
-D.I
max
=B (4-10b)
Gii (3-10) ta tm c:
I
max
=A+C(AD+B)/(1-DC); I
min
= (AD+B)/(1-DC) (4-
11)
Vy tp hp cc biu thc (4-5), (4-7) v (4-11) ta c biu thc tng qut dng
ti trong mt chu k ng ct kho K:
i
t
= [(U
d
-E
t
)/R
t
].(1-e
-at
) + I
min
e
-at

i
tc
= -(

E
t
/R
t
).(1-e
-at
) + I
max
e
-at

I
max
=A+C(AD+B)/(1-DC)
I
min
= (AD+B)/(1-DC)
**Trng hp dng ti gin on ta c I
min
=0,vy nn:
i
t
= [(U
d
-E
t
)/R
t
].(1-e
-at
) (4-12)
I
max
=[(U
d
-E
t
)/R
t
].(1-e
-at
)
v do vy: i
tc
=-(E
t
/R
t
).(1-e
-at
)+[(U
d
-E
t
)/R
t
].(1-e
-at
).e
-at
(4-13)
Cc biu thc (4-12),(4-13) l biu thc dng ti ch dng in ti gin
on. Nu gi thi gian van D
0
dn dng trong mt chu k ng ct kho K l t
0
th t
0

c th tm bng cch thay t=t
0
vo biu thc (4-13) cho v tri biu thc bng khng
(t
0
<t
c
).




T
1

T
2

+
U
d

-
i
T1
i
t

i
c

i
Do

C
R
t

i
T2

D
0

L
t

L
u
t

D
E
t

a
R
t

L
t

E
t

+
-


T
1

T
2

U
d

i
T1

i
t

i
c

i
Do

C
i
T2

D
0

L
1

u
t

D
2

b

L
2

D
2

Hnh 4.2

T
1

T
2

+
U
d

-
i
T1

i
t

i
Do

R
t

i
T2

D
0

L
t

u
t

E
t


L
D
c
i
c

C
L
t

E
t

R
t


T
1

T
2

+
U
d

-
i
T1
i
t

i
Do

D
0

u
t

i
c

C
d
T
3

T
4
T
5

IV.1.3 in p trn ti
IV.1.3.1Ch dng ti lin tc
Nh nu khi dng ti lin tc th in p tc thi trn ti s l:
u
t
=U
d
khi K ng v u
t
=0 khi K ct

v khi D
0
lm vic.
in p trung bnh (thnh phn mt chiu) trn ph ti :
U
tb
= .U
d
= U
d
.t

.f
IV.1.3.2 Ch dng ti gin on
Trong trng hp dng ti gin on th giai on kho K ng in p ti vn khng
c g thay i so vi ch dng ti lin tc, tc l khi K ng th u
t
=U
d
. Giai on
kho K ct c phn lm hai gian on nh: t lc bt u ct K cho n khi dng ti
va gim xung bng khng (t=0t=t
0
) lc ny van D
0
lm vic, ta c: u
t
=0; giai on
nh tip theo l t lc D
0
kho (t=t
0
) cho n thi im ng li kho K chu k ng
ct tip theo (trong khong t=t
0
t=t
c
): u
t
=E
t
.
Vy ta c th xc nh biu thc tnh in p trung bnh trn ti trong ch
dng in ti gin on nh sau:
| |
0
0
0 0 0
1 1 1
. . . ( ).
ck d c
T t t t
tb t d t d d c t
ck ck ck
U u dt U dt E dt t U t t E
T T T

(
= = + = +
(
(

} } }















IV.2.
Mt s s ca b bin i bng Thyristor
IV.2.1 Mt s s mch ng lc
Trn hnh 4.2 l cc s BB mt chiu-mt chiu s dng kho ng ct bng cc
Thyristor. Trong tt c cc s th: T
1
l Thyristor chnh, n ng vai tr kho ng
ct K: khi T
1
m tng ng vi kho K kn mch (K ng), cn khi T
1
kho tng


Hnh 4.3


T
1

T
2

+
U
d

-
u
T1

i
T1
i
t

i
C

u
C

i
L

i
Do

C
R
t

i
T2

D
0

L
t

L
u
t

D
E
t

ng vi kho K h mch (K ct): ph ti ca BB gm E
t
,R
t
,L
t
; D
0
l diode ngc;
cc phn t cn li trong cc s l cc phn t chuyn mch (chuyn i), n c
s dng kho van T
1
ti nhng thi im cn thit. Cc phn t chuyn mch ca
s 1 (hnh 4.2a) v s 3 (hnh 4.2c) l t in C, in cm L, diode D v
Thyristor ph T
2
. Cc phn t chuyn mch ca s 2 (hnh 4.2b) gm t in C, cc
in cm L
1
, L
2
, cc diode D
1
, D
2
v Thyristor ph T
2
. Cc phn t chuyn mch ca
s 4 (hnh 4.2d) gm t in C v cc Thyristor ph T
2
, T
3,
T
4,
T
5
.
IV.2.1.1 Nguyn l lm vic ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu s dng
kho ng ct bng Thyristor
IV.2.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic s 1
Ta biu din li s 1 trn hnh 4.3,
trong s ta k hiu dng v p trn
mt s phn t ca s : u
C
,i
C
l
in p v dng in trn t in
chuyn mch C; u
T1
, i
T1
l in p v
dng in mch ant-katt Thyristor
chnh T
1
; u
t
, i
t
, i
Do
l in p trn ti,
dng qua ti v diode ngc D
0
.
Mun cho s khi ng v
lm vic bnh thng th iu bt buc
trc tin l phi np in cho t C trc khi khi ng. Gi tr in p np t l
~U
d
, cn cc tnh in p np ban u cho t c th bt k. np in cho t C ta c
th s dng ngay in p U
d
cung cp cho BB hoc c th s dng mt ngun in
khc bt k c gi tr ph hp, thng th ta s dng ngay in p U
d
np t.
Vic np in cho t C bng ngun U
d
thng c thit k mt cch t ng
nh sau:
Khi thit k lp t BB ngi ta ni thng mch in cc iu khin ca T
2

n u ra mch pht xung m cho T
2
. in cc iu khin ca T
1
th ni n u ra
mch pht xung m cho T
1
qua tip im thng m ca r le khi ng BB. Khi
ng ngun cung cp cho mch ng lc th ng thi mch pht xung iu khin
cng s c cp ngun v lm vic. Nu ta gi thit in p trn t ang bng khng,
ti mt thi im no (v d l ti t=0) ta ng ngun cung cp cho BB chun
b lm vic th ti thi im mch iu khin ca BB (trong phn ny ta cha
nghin cu n phn mch iu khin v ta tm gi thit l mch iu khin BB lm
vic bnh thng ng theo yu cu t ra) cng c cp ngun v lm vic, do vy
ti mt thi im no ln cn ngay sau t=0 trn T
2
s xut hin tn hiu iu khin
th nht ca n. Lc ny in p trn T
2
ang thun v u
C
= 0 nn khi c tn hiu iu
khin T
2
s m v xut hin dng np cho t theo ng (+U
d
) - C -T
2
- ph ti - (-U
d
)
v in p t s tng dn ln. Khi in p t t gi tr U
d
vi cc tnh dng bn
cc pha trn (tc l u
C
=U
d
) th dng np t bng khng, c ngha rng dng qua T
2

cng bng khng v T
2
t kho li. Do cha khi ng BB nn mch in cc iu


khin T
1
cha kn, van T
1
cha c cp xung iu khin v cha lm vic, cn T
2
nu
c tip cc xung iu khin th vn kho do t C np y dn n khng c in p
thun trn T
2
, v vy in p t C s c gi nguyn gi tr v cc tnh nh vy
chun b qu trnh kho T
1
khi ta cho s lm vic.
Khi ng v a BB vo lm vic:
Ti t=t
0
ta n nt iu khin khi ng BB, lc r le khi ng s tc ng
v lm kn mch in cc iu khin T
1
vi mch pht xung. Ti mt thi im no
sau t
0
(t=t
0
) th trn in cc iu khin T
1
xut hin xung iu khin u tin, do
ang c in p thun nn T
1
s m v xut hin dng in t cc dng ngun qua
van T
1
qua ph ti v cc m ngun. Van T
1
m, b qua st p trn n ta c u
t
=U
d
,
mt khc T
1
m s to ng phng in cho t C v t s phng in theo ng C -
T
1
- D - L - C. Nu ta b qua st p trn T
1
v D ang dn dng th mch vng phng
in ca t l mt mch vng dao ng cng hng khng c tn tht. Nh r
trong l thuyt mch in, ta c:
Vi s phng in ca t trong vng dao ng cng hng th ban u dng
phng ca t tng dn ng thi in p trn t gim dn, khi in p trn t gim
xung bng khng th dng qua t v in cm t gi tr ln nht. Sau t s c
np theo chiu ngc li, gi tr in p trn t tng dn th dng qua t v in cm
cng gim dn. Khi in p trn t t gi tr bng trc lc bt u phng v cc tnh
ngc li (tc l u
C
=-U
d
) th dng qua t bng khng v c xu hng i chiu (t c
xu hng phng in ngc li), nhng do tnh dn dng mt chiu ca diode D m s
phng in theo chiu ngc li khng xy ra v in p trn t s c gi nguyn
gi tr v cc tnh nh vy (=-U
d
) cho n thi im m T
2
. n thi im t
1
=t
0
+t

ta
cn kha van T
1
(ct kho K), ta truyn tn hiu iu khin n T
2
(do mch pht xung
iu khin thc hin), T
2
s m v t C phng in qua T
2
m - qua ph ti - ngun
cung cp. B qua st p trn T
2
m th ton b in p trn t C s t ln T
1
vy ta c
u
T1
=u
C
tc l ti thi im T
2
m (t=t
1
) th T
1
b t in p ngc v kho li. Khi
in p trn t vn m th u
T1
vn m v T
1
phc hi tnh cht iu khin. Qu trnh
phng in lm cho gi tr in p trn t gim dn v khi u
C
= 0 th t s c np
theo chiu ngc li bi ngun cung cp U
d
ca BB v in p trn t li tng dn
theo chiu ngc li. Khi gi tr in p trn t t n U
d
th in p trn ti bng
khng v s... t cm sinh ra trong L
t
s lm m D
0
v dng ti s c duy tr qua
diode ngc, b qua st p trn D
0
m th u
t
=0 v in p t cn bng vi in p
ngun (t np y) v dng qua t s gim v bng khng nn dng T
2
cng bng
khng v van T
2
t kho li, in p trn t c gi nguyn gi tr v cc tnh nh
vy cho n lc T
1
m. Ti t=t
2
=t
1
+t
c
van T
1
li c tn hiu iu khin, T
1
li m,
u
t
=U
d
v D
0
b t in p ngc kho li. T
1
m th qua T
1
li c dng ti v dng
phng ca t. S lm vic ca s trong cc giai on tip sau din ra tng t nh
chu k va xt. Nh vy bng cch truyn tn hiu iu khin n T
1
v T
2
theo qui
lut nht nh m ta khng ch c qu trnh m - kho ca T
1
ng theo qui lut
cn thit. Chu k lm vic ca 2 van T
1
v T
2
bng nhau v ng bng chu k ca in
p trn ti. Thi gian mt ln ng ca kho K bng thi gian mt khong m ca T
1
,


n bng khong thi gian t thi im xut hin mt xung iu khin trn T
1
n thi
im xut hin xung iu khin trn T
2
gn nht v tip sau xung xut hin trn T
1
.
IV.2.1.3 Nguyn l lm vic ca cc s khc
a/- S 2 (hnh 4.2b)
T s hnh 4.2b ta thy rng n ch khc s hnh 4.2a l tn ti thm mt mch
vng phng in th hai, c tc dng gim nh hng ca dng ti n thi gian
phng in ca t. Cc iu kin cng nh bin php np in ban u cho t cng
tng t nh s 1.
b/- S 3 (hnh 4.2c)
Vi s ny th khng cn phi np in ban u cho t. y l u im ca s
ny so vi cc s khc.
V d ti t=0 ta bt u khi ng s , gi thit trc in p trn t ang
bng khng. thi im t=t
0
s xut hin xung iu khin u tin trn T
1
v van T
1
s
m v ang c in p thun do ngun cung cp mt chiu U
d
gy nn. Van T
1
m th
st p trn n bng khng v trn ti c t in p ngun cung cp (tc l lc ny
ta c: u
t
=U
d
), ng thi s xut hin dng np cho t C theo mch vng: (+U
d
) -T
1
- D
- L - C- (-U
d
). Nu b qua st p trn T
1
v D ang dn dng th y l mt mch vng
cng hng khng tn tht, theo l thuyt mch in th t C s np in vi qui lut
thay i ca in p dng hm sin, cn dng qua t thay i theo qui lut hm cosin
(ta t t=t-t
0
th thi im t bt u np - tc l bt u m T
1
: t'=0). Biu thc dng
v p t C s l:
u
C
=2.U
d
.sine
0
t; i
C
=I
m
.cose
0
t;
Vi
0
1/ LC = l tn s gc cng hng, I
m
=2.U
d
/e
0
.L l bin dng qua t
in C v cun khng L khi t C np in. Nh vy khi e
0
t=t/2 th u
C
=2U
d
, cn dng
qua t th bng khng v bt u c xu hng i chiu, do tnh dn dng mt chiu
ca D, mt khc T
2
cn kho nn qu trnh i chiu dng qua t cha xy ra. in p
trn t lc c gi tr bng 2U
d
v cc tnh dng bn cc pha trn trong s
hnh 4.2c v s c gi nguyn nh vy cho ti lc m T
2
. Ti t=t
1
=t
0
+t

th ta cn
kho van T
1
, ta a tn hiu iu khin n m T
2
, van T
2
s m do in p trn n
ang thun, t C s phng in qua T
2
- qua ph ti. S phng in ca t C qua T
2

gy nn trn T
1
mt in p ngc (khi T
2
m th

u
T1
=U
d
-u
C
), do vy m T
1
kho li.
Khi t phng n in p bng khng th D
0
s m v dn dng nh s... t cm sinh
ra trong L
t
, nn dng t s gim v bng khng, dn n dng T
2
cng bng khng, T
2

t kho li. n t=t
2
=t
1
+t
c
=t
0
+T
ck
th ta li truyn xung iu khin n m T
1
v s
lm vic ca s s din ra tng t nh chu k va xt.
c/- S 4 (hnh 4.2d)


Hnh 4.4
u
T1
i
T1

t
t
2

U
d

t
1

0
-U
d

t
5
t
4
t
3

t
t
2

U
d

t
1

-U
d

t
5
t
4
t
3

u
C
i
C

t
t
2

2U
d

t
1

0
0
U
d

t
5
t
4
t
3

u
t

Vi s ny cng phi np in trc cho t C, ta gi thit l np in trc cho
t vi cc tnh dng bn cc pha trn. Cho s bt u lm vic, gi thit cc
tnh in p ban u trn t nh nu, ti t=t
0
xut hin xung iu khin th nht trn
T
1
, van ny m v qua n s c dng in ti do ngun cung cp to nn, u
t
=U
d
. Ti t=
t
1
=t
0
+t

ta cn kho T
1
, lc ta truyn xung iu khin n T
3
v T
5
, hai van ny m,
t in C s phng in qua chng-qua ph ti v ngun cung cp gy nn trn T
1
mt
in p ngc lm cho T
1
kho li. Sau khi phng n in p bng khng th C s
c np theo chiu ngc li v khi in p trn C t gi tr bng U
d
vi cc tnh
ngc li (dng bn cc pha di) th D
0
m v dng np t s bng khng, nn
T
3
v T
5
kho li. Ti t
2
=t
1
+t
c
th ta li truyn xung iu khin th hai n m T
1
, van
T
1
li m. n t
3
=t
2
+t

ta li cn kho T
1
, lc ny ta truyn xung iu khin n hai
van T
2
v T
4
, hai van ny s m do ang c in p thun, t C s phng in qua hai
van ny v gy nn trn T
1
mt in p ngc, T
1
kho li. T in C sau khi phng
n in p bng khng th li c np theo chiu ngc li bi ngun cung cp U
d

qua T
2
,T
4
cho n khi gi tr in p
trn t bng U
d
v cc tnh nh trc
khi khi ng s (dng bn cc
pha trn) th D
0
m, T
2
,T
4
kho li.
Ti t=t
4
=t
3
+t
c
ta li m T
1
v ti
t
5
=t
4
+t

th li cn kho T
1
, ta li
truyn tn hiu iu khin n hai van
l T
3
v T
5
, hai van ny li m, t C
phng in qua chng v gy nn in
p ngc trn T
1
lm cho T
1
kho li.
Qu trnh tip theo trong s din ra
tng t, chu k xut hin ca tn hiu
iu khin trn cc Thyristor ph bng
hai ln chu k lm vic ca van T
1
.
IV.2.2.Qu trnh chuyn i ca b
bin i
- in p v dng in cc phn
t BB mt chiu-mt chiu
trong mt chu k in p ra
Mt chu k lm vic ca BB c th
chia lm 4 giai on. Ta chn mc bt
u xt (t=0) l thi im truyn xung iu khin n m T
2
kho T
1
v gi thit
rng trc s lm vic ch xc lp. Ta c cc biu thc dng v p cc
phn t ca s trong cc giai on lm vic nh sau:
Giai on 1:
T t=0t=t
1
(t
1
l thi im kt thc s phng v np ngc li ca t C qua mch
vng C-T
2
-ti-U
d
-C)


Trc thi im ny T
1
ang dn dng v ph ti ang c t in p bng
U
d
, t C np n in p bng -U
d
. Ti thi im xt ta truyn xung iu khin n
T
2
v T
2
m, T
1
b t in p ngc kho li, t C phng in qua T
2
, qua ti v
ngun cung cp, dng phng ca t bng dng ti, n gin cho vic nghin cu ta
gi thit rng trong giai on phng v np li ca t C th dng ti khng thay i
(thc t th gi thit ny hon ton c th chp nhn c v thi gian phng v np li
ca t C rt ngn so vi thi gian mt chu k ca in p ra v nu ti c in cm kh
ln th trong thi gian dng ti thay i khng ng k) v bng I
max
. Vy ta c:
i
T1
= 0; u
T1
=u
C;
i
C
=i
t
=I
max
; u
C
= -U
d
+I
max
.t/C
Nh vy trong ti gian ny in p trn C thay i theo qui lut tuyn tnh, n
t=t
1
/2 th u
C
=0

v bt u i chiu, khi u
C
= U
d
th T
2
kho li v kt thc giai on
th nht.
Giai on 2:
T t= t
1
t=t
2
(t
2
l thi im kt thc mt khong ct ca K), lc ny t in ngng
np T
2
kho,van D
0
m v dng ti c duy tr qua D
0
,ta c:
i
T1
= 0; u
T1
=U
d;
i
C
= 0; u
C
= U
d
; i
T2
= 0; u
t
= 0; i
Do
= i
t
.
Giai on 3:
T t= t
2
t=t
3
(t
3
l thi im kt thc s phng v np ngc li ca C qua mch vng
dao ng cng hng). Trong giai on ny t in phng in qua T
1
m - qua D -
qua in cm L v sau c np theo chiu ngc li nh tnh cht dao ng cng
hng ca mch vng phng in, van D
0
b t in p ngc kho li, qua T
1
c 2
thnh phn dng in l dng ti v dng phng np ca t, vy ta c:
i
T1
= i
t
-i
C;
u
T1
= 0
;
)] ( sin[ . / . )] ( sin[ .
2 0 2 0
t t L C U t t I i
d m C
= = e e
;
u
C
= U
d
.cos[e
0
(t-t
2
)]; i
T2
= 0; u
t
= U
d
; i
Do
= 0; i
L
= -i
C
.
Giai on 4:
T t= t
3
t=t
4
(t
4
l thi im kt thc s dn dng ca van T
1
(ti thi im ny cn ct
K, ta truyn tn hiu iu nT
2
, van T
2
li m, t C li phng in qua mch qua T
2
-
qua ti - qua ngun cung cp sau c np theo chiu ngc li bi ngun U
d
).
Trong giai on ny dng in trong s ch i t ngun qua T
1
, qua ti, van D
0
vn
b t in p ngc v kho, ta c:
i
T1
= i
t
; u
T1
= 0
;
i
C
= 0; u
C
= -U
d
; i
T2
= 0; u
t
= U
d
i
Do
= 0; i
L
= 0
Khong thi gian t t=0 n t=t
4
ng bng mt chu k lm vic ca BB, cc
chu k tip theo s lm vic tng t. th dng in v in p trn T
1
, t in
C v th in p trn ti nh hnh 4.4.
- Tnh chn cc phn t ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu
Chn cc van
Vic tnh chn cc van trong BB ny cng trong t nh vic tnh chn cc van trong
cc BB khc, gi tr tnh ton v p v dng i vi T
1
v T
2
trong s 1 c xc
nh theo th hnh 4.4. in p ngc ln nht trn cc van l:


U
T1ngmax
= U
T2ngmax
= U
d
.
Dng trung bnh cc van c xc nh theo th hnh 4.4 trong ch nng
n nht, i vi T
1
l khi t

=T
ck
v dng qua ti ly gi tr ln nht cho php l I
tmax
,
vy ta c:
I
T1tbmax
= I
tmax
;
Trong mt chu k T
2
dn dng mt khong thi gian bng khong thi gian
t phng v np li bi dng ti t gi tr u
C
= -U
d
n u
C
= U
d
(bng t
1
), ta c: t
1
=
2.U
d
.C/I
tmax,
vy dng trung bnh ln nht qua T
2
: I
T2tbmax
=I
tmax
.t
1
/T
ck
=2.U
d
.C/T
ck
.
Cc biu thc tnh chn: [I
Ttb
] > Ki
T
.I
Ttbmax
; [U
Tng
] > Ku
T
.U
Tngmax.
Cc h s d
tr v dng v p c th ly nh vi s chnh lu.
Diode chuyn mch c s liu chn tng t nh i vi T
2;
thng s tnh chn D
0

tng t nh T
1
.
Chn C v L
a/- Chn t in chuyn mch (C)
T in C c tnh chn v in dung m bo thi gian phc hi tnh cht
iu khin ca T
1
. T th in p trn T
1
v trn t C hnh 3-4 ta thy rng:
khong thi gian cho T
1
phc hi tnh cht iu khin bng thi gian t C phng
t gi tr =-U
d
n bng khng, tc l bng t
1
/2 = U
d
.C/I
tmax
. Vy gi tr nh nht ca
t in chuyn mch m bo T
1
phc hi c tnh cht iu khin l:
C
min
= I
tmax
.t
k
/U
d
,
Trong t
k
l thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin ca T
1
ly theo ti liu tra
cu Thyristor.
Thng thng, m bo s chuyn mch an ton trong mi trng hp,
ngi ta chn gi tr in dung ca t bng hai ln gi tr nh nht (min):
C
tt
= 2.C
min
=2.I
tmax
.t
k
/ U
d

in p trn t khi lm vic thng l U
d
, m bo bn ta thng chn
in p tnh ton ca t > 1,5.U
d

b/- Chn in cm chuyn mch (L)
Gi tr ca in cm chuyn mch nh hng n bin dng phng ca t qua T
1
,
theo quan im hn ch bin xung dng qua T
1
th L cng ln cng tt. Nhng gi
tr L cng nh hng n chu k cng hng ring ca vng L-C, m thi gian t
phng v np li n in p bng gi tr ban u trc khi phng t nht phi bng
mt na chu k cng hng, vy yu cu thi gian ng nh nht phi ln hn mt
na chu k dao ng cng hng ca vng L-C, tc l: t
min
> L.C / t.
Thm vo , gi tr L cng nh th bin dng phng np ca t qua L s
cng ln. Xut pht t nhng c im trn, cho s hot ng bnh thng trong
phm vi iu chnh yu cu v m bo van T
1
khng b hng bi bin cng nh
tc tng ca dng khi m van m gi tr L c la chn :
L
min
< L < L
max



Trong : L
min
= C.U
d
2
/ ([I
Tmax
] -I
t0
)
2
;
L
max
= t
min
2
. t
2
/C ;
Vi [I
Tmax
] l gi tr bin cc i cho php ca dng qua T
1
, I
t0
l gi tr dng
ti ti thi im m T
1
, C in dung ca t c chn theo mc trc.
IV.3 Mch to xung iu khin
IV.3.1 Khi nim chung
Cng nh cc BB khc, trong BB mt chiu- mt chiu ta cng s dng cc dng
c bn dn c iu khin, v vy BB c th lm vic ng theo yu th ta phi to
ra cc tn hiu iu khin khng ch cc van. Mch in to ra cc tn hiu iu
khin ny c gi l mch iu khin ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu. T nguyn l
hot ng ca mch ng lc nh nu ta thy rng, tn s lm vic ca BB ph
thuc vo tn s tn hiu iu khin trn in cc iu khin cc van. iu ny hon
ton khc so vi cc BB xt trc y, v d tn hiu iu khin cc van chnh lu
xut hin vi tn s bng tn s ngun cung cp cho BB. Nh vy trong mch iu
khin BB ny cn phi c mch pht sng chun, n quyt nh tn s xung iu
khin cc van, tc l quyt nh tn s in p ra. Ngoi ra ph thuc vo phng
php iu chnh in p ra m cn phi c cc mch in khc thc hin cc nhim
v cn thit m bo c qui lut iu chnh nht nh. Mt khc ph thuc vo
loi dng c bn dn c s dng, kiu s m tn hiu iu khin cng c nhng
yu cu c th khc nhau. Trong chng trnh mn hc ta ch nghin cu trng hp
dng c c s dng l Thyristor, phng php iu chnh in p ra l phng php
iu chnh rng xung.
IV.3.2 Mch iu khin BB mt chiu- mt chiu ng dng cho trng hp iu
chnh rng xung
IV.3.2.1 S khi mch iu khin








Hnh 4.5 l s
khi mch pht
xung iu khin cho BB mt chiu - mt chiu s dng kho ng ct bng
Thyristor, iu chnh in p ra theo phng php xung rng. Trong :
FSC: L khi pht sng ch o, c nhim v to ra h thng xung in p
thng c dng hnh ch nht vi tn s thng l bng tn s ca xung in p


FSR
C
u
kT2

(u
kT1
)
u
kT1

(u
kT2
)
FSC S S
in p iu khin
u
k

TXT
2

TXT
1

Hnh 4.5


u ra BB. Khi ny c thc hin bng nhiu s khc nhau nh cc mch a
hi, cc mch t dao ng,v.v. .
FSRC: L mch to ra chui cc in p hnh rng ca tn s bng tn s tn hiu
ra mch FSC.
SS: mch so snh, n lm nhim v chuyn dch thi im pht xung n cc
Thyristor ph (trong trng hp cc s 1,2,3 l van T
2
) so vi cc thi im
mc (thng l thi im xut hin xung trn T
1
).
TXT
2
: Khi to xung cho cc Thyristor ph (T
2
), n bao gm mch sa xung,
khuch i xung v trong trng hp s dng nhiu Thyristor ph nh s 4
(hnh4.2d) th khi ny cn c nhim v phn chia xung cho cc Thyristor ph, v
phn t cui cng ca khi l mch truyn xung (trong trng hp ny thng s
dng my bin p xung).
TXT
1
: Khi to xung cho Thyristor chnh T
1
, n bao gm mch sa xung, khuch
i xung v mch truyn xung (trong trng hp ny cng thng s dng my bin
p xung).
Cc phn t trong mch pht xung c cung cp (nui) bng cc ngun in
p mt chiu. in p iu khin dng iu chnh in p u ra BB l u
k
, y l
in p mt chiu. Cc xung iu khin cc van k hiu l u
kT1
v u
kT2
.
*Ch : Trong mt s trng hp ta c th chuyn i knh pht xung cho Thyristor
chnh T
1
pht xung iu khin cho Thyristor ph v ngc li, lc ch cn quan
tm n qui lut thay i ca in p ra theo in p iu khin l c.
IV.3.2.2 Cc mch pht sng ch o
Nh nu, y l mch in quyt nh chu k tn hiu iu khin, tc l quyt nh
chu k lm vic ca BB. Mch ny c nhim v pht ra mt dy xung vi chu k xc
nh, xung ra c th l xung vung hoc dng khc. C rt nhiu s pht xung khc
nhau c th s dng cho mc ch ny, sau y ta s gii thiu mt s mch pht xung
ng dng cc IC thng dng.
a/- Mch pht sng ch o dng vi mch khuch i thut ton

Hnh4.6
a
R
+
u
ra

C
A
-
R
1

R
2

u
ra

0
T
V
sat

t
-V
sat

b


+U
cc
=5-15 V
t
T
H

T
L

T
u
ra


a
b
R
1

4 8
3
7

555
u
ra

R
2

6
5
2
C
1
C
1

+U
cc

f
1

Q
4044
10
2
4 5 6 14
f
1

R
Q
11
1
f
2

C
13
DSC
3
7 8 9 12

S mch pht xung nh hnh 4.6a, trong mch in gm vi mch khuch
i thut ton A v 2 in tr R
1
, R
2
to thnh mt triger smit, khi thm t in C v
in tr R mc nh trong s ta c mch t dao ng, dng in p ra ca s
c biu din trn hnh 3-6b. in p u ra ca s l cc xung 2 cc tnh (in p
xoay chiu) vi chu k lp li l T c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
T = 2.R.C.ln[1+(2.R
2
/ R
1
)]
Nu ta chn R
2
~ 0,86.R
1
th biu thc loga ~ 1 v ta c: T = 2.R.C.
Bin cc xung bng gi tr ra bo ho ca KTT v c k hiu l V
sat
.
b/- Mch pht sng ch o dng vi mch s 555

Hnh 4.7
S mch to xung dng chp 555 nh hnh 4.7a. y l mt s a hi phim
nh, ngun cung cp cho s l +U
cc
c th nm trong khong t 5 15V mt
chiu. in tr iu chnh R
1
trong s c dng iu chnh chu k xut hin
ca xung in p ra, gi tr ca R
1
c th thay i t 10 1000 kO. Gi tr t in C
phi t 0,1F tr ln. Dng in p ra l cc xung vung mt cc tnh c biu din
trn hnh 4.7b. Chu k ca xung ra c xc nh nh sau:
T = T
H
+ T
L
.
Trong T
H
c gi l thi gian mc cao v T
H
=0,693(R
1
+R
2
)C; cn T
L
c
gi l thi gian mc thp v T
L
= 0,693R
2
C .
c/- Mch pht xung ch o dng IC s 4044

Hnh 4.8


Hinh 4.9
C
1

+U
cc

Tr C
2

u
C2

u
C1

-
R
1

A
+
D
1,2

R
2

-U
cc

u
v

u
rc

Trong trng hp cn cc xung iu khin vi chu k khc nhau, v d khi s dng s
4, ta c th s dng mch pht xung ch o nh hnh3-8. Trong s ny c 3
u ra, hai u Q v ta c cc xung cng tn s l f
1
vi cc tnh ngc nhau, cc xung
ny c th dng khng ch mch pht xung cho cc Thyristor ph. u ra th ba
(DSC) c cc xung vi tn s f
2
gp i tn s hai knh kia (f
2
=2f
1
), xung u ra ny
c th dng khng ch knh pht xung cho Thyristor chnh T
1
. Ta c:
f
1
= 1/(4,4.R.C) v f
2
= 1/(2,2.R.C).
Ngoi cc s trn ta c th s dng rt nhiu s pht xung khc m trong
gii hn ca chng trnh mn hc ta cha xt n.
IV.3.2.3 Mch to in p rng ca
Ta c th s dng mt s s to in p rng ca bng Transitor, bng cc vi mch
khuch i thut ton, v.v... Sau y ta s nghin cu mt trong cc s :
a/- S nguyn l
Trn s hnh 4.9 ta s dng mch to
in p rng ca bng vi mch khuch
i thut ton A. Tn hiu khng ch s
lm vic ca s l xung in p u ra
ca mch pht sng ch o, n c
a qua mch vi phn bng C
1
ri n
cc gc Transitor Tr. Cc diode D
1
, D
2

dng bo v u vo khuch i thut
ton. Cc phn t cn li tng t nh
cc mch to in p rng ca xt.

b/- Nguyn l hot ng ca s
Do c t C
1
vi in dung rt nh
mc trong mch cc gc Tr nn
Transitor Tr hu nh ch lm vic
trong khong sn tng ca xung
vo, sau do t C
1
c np y
nn Tr kho li. n thi im
mt xung vo th t C
1
s phng
in qua in tr R
1
n bng khng chun b cho s m ln tip theo ca Tr khi
xut hin xung vo tip theo. Ta chn mc xt (t= 0) l thi im bt u xut hin
mt xung vo, ti thi im ny Tr s m trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn nhng
t in C
2
phng ht in tch np giai on trc v u
C2
=0. Sau khong
thi gian m rt ngn ca Tr th do t C
1
np y bi xung vo nn Tr kho li, t
C
2
c np in. Nh bit nu xem rng dng vo ca A bng khng th dng np
C
2
c gi tr bng dng qua in tr R
2
v bng I=U
cc
/R
2
=const, v vy in p trn t
tng dn theo qui lut tuyn tnh: u
C2
=I.t/C
2
=U
cc
.t/(R
2
.C
2
). n thi im t=t
1
(thng
thng th t
1
=T
ck
/2, vi T
ck
l thi gian mt chu k ca xung vo) th mt xung vo, t
u
v


t
4
t
3
t
2
t
1

0
t
T
ck

u
C1

0
u
rc

0
t
4
t
3

t
2
t
1

t
t
4

t
2

t
Hnh 4.10


C
1
s phng in qua R
1
n in p bng khng. n thi im t
2
=T
ck
th li xut
hin xung vo v t C
1
li c np, Tr li m nn t C
2
phng nhanh qua Tr

n in
p bng khng, sau Tr kho li t C
2
li c np. Cc chu k tip theo s lm vic
ca s din ra tng t. in p rng ca u ra ca s bng in p trn t C
2
.
th minh ho s lm vic ca s nh hnh 4.10
IV.3.2.4 Cc mch khc
c mt mch pht xung iu khin y th ngoi cc mch pht sng ch o,
mch to in p rng ca nh nu ta cn phi c mt s mch in khc nh:
Mch so snh; Mch sa xung; Mch khuch i xung; Thit b truyn xung ra. Cc
phn mch ny c nguyn l hon ton tng t nh cc mch s dng trong h thng
iu khin BB xoay chiu-mt chiu v BB xoay chiu-xoay chiu. V vy y ta
khng nghin cu cc mch ny.
IV.3.2.5 Mt h thng iu khin BB mt chiu-mt chiu ng dng phng
php iu chnh xung rng
a/- S nguyn l (hnh4.11)
Trong s ny mch pht sng ch o dng IC 555. Tn hiu ra ca mch pht sng
ch o c chia lm 2 ng: ng th nht a n u vo mch sa v khuch
i xung c xung iu khin cho T
1
(u
kT1
); ng th hai a n mch to in p
rng ca gm khuch i thut ton A
1
, Transitor Tr
4
v cc phn t th ng khc
nh: C
3
, C
4
, R
9
, R
10
, c dng pht xung iu khin cho T
2
(u
kT1
). Knh pht
xung cho T
1
gm mch sa xung dng Tr
2
, t C
5
, R
5
v R
6
, mch khuch i xung
bng Transitor Tr
3
v Tr
4
,u ra l my bin p xung BAX
1
. Knh pht xung cho T
2

ngoi mch to in p rng ca nghin cu th trong s cn c: mch so snh
bng khuch i thut ton A
2
, mch sa xung dng mch R
13
-C
6
kt hp vi
Transitor Tr
5
ca mch khuch i xung, tng khuch i cng sut xung cui dng
Tr
6
v mch ra s dng my bin p xung BAX
2
.


G
T2

K
T2

C
1

C
2

C
5

G
T1

K
T1

+U
cc1

in p iu khin c gi tr
m
+U
cc2

-U
cc2

u
k

Tr
4

Tr
5

BAX
2

BAX
1

Tr
3
Tr
6

Tr
1
Tr
2

C
4

R
3

R
9

-
A
1

+
D
1,2

R
10

R
15
R
14

R
12

R
13

R
11

R
16

R
4

D
8
D
5
RL
D
7

D
6

R
8

R
7
R
5
R
6

D
3

D
4

u
kT2

u
kT1

8 4
R
1

3 7
6
R
2

5
2
1
555
C
3

-
A
2

+
C
6

* *


* *




Hnh 4.11
b/- Nguyn l lm vic
Nguyn l lm vic ca mch iu khin ny c th minh ho bi cc th hnh 4.12.
Nguyn l chi tit tng
mch ta c th tham kho
cc s xt trc y.
T th ta xc nh c
thi gian mt chu k ng
ct T
ck
, thi gian mt ln
ng t

v thi gian mt
ln ct t
c
. Cng t th ta
thy rng chu k ng ct
l khng i cn thi gian
mt ln ng c th thay
ddi bng vic thay i gi
tr in p iu khin u
k
. Trn th hnh 4.12 th u
x1
l xung ra ca mch pht sng
ch o, u
rc
l in p rng ca u ra ca mch to in p rng ca, u
kT1
v u
kT2

l xung iu khin cp cho T
1
v T
2
khi cho BB lm vic.
IV.4. B bin i dng Tranzitor cng sut (tham kho ti liu)
IV.5. Mt s ng dng BB xung p
IV.5.1.To b ngun in p cho ti
BB mt chiu-mt chiu c th dng iu khin tc ng c mt chiu bng 2
phng php: iu chnh in p cung cp cho mch phn ng ng c (c dng cho
mi loi ng c mt chiu) v iu chnh t thng ca ng c. Phng php iu
t t
4
t
3
t
2
t
1

0
u
rc
-u
k

u
rc
-
u
k

T
ck

t
1
' t
3
'
0
u
k
T2

0
t

t
c

u
kT
1

0

a
b
c
d
t
t
4
t
2

t
t
4
t
2

t
u
x
1

Hnh 4.12


Hnh 4.13

T
1

T
2

+
U
d

-
i
T1
i
D

i
C

u
C

i
L

i
Do

C
D
0


CK
T
L
u
D

D

Hnh 4.14
+
U
d

-
i
D

i
C

i
D1

D
1

D

CK
T
u
D


T
1
T
2

i
T2

i
T1

u
C

C
L
chnh in p mch phn ng c ng dng ph bin hn c nn trong phn ny ta
ch gii hn nghin cu phng php ny. Khi s dng BB mt chiu-mt chiu
trong mch phn ng ng c mt chiu th m bo cho ng c lm vic trong
cc trng thi khc nhau th s ni BB trong mch phn ng ng c cng phi
thay i cho ph hp t c hiu qu cao nht v cc mt.
IV.5.1.1 S trong trng thi ng c
Trong s ny (hnh 4.13) ta s
dng ng c mt chiu kch t ni
tip, n c u im l c cun dy
kch t c in cm ln mc ni tip
trong mch phn ng, iu ny s cho
php ta gim gi tr in cm a vo
mch ti BB (gim c khi lng
v gi thnh) v trong mt s trng
hp c th khng phi dng thm in
cm. Hot ng ca BB trong trng
hp ny hon ton nh khi lm vic vi ph ti tng qut chung m ta xt. Nh
iu chnh c gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn phn ng ng c m ta iu chnh
c tc ng c.
*Ch : Ngoi trng hp s dng ng c kch t ni tip nu th ta c th s
dng cc loi ng c mt chiu khc.
IV.5.1.2 S trong trng thi hm ti sinh
Nguyn l lm vic ca s : Trong
trng hp ny s... ng c l yu
t to nn dng in trong s . Ta
gi thit t t=0 n t=t
1
th Thyristor
T
1
m, s... ng c c ni ngn
mch qua T
1
(trong mch cn c in
cm ca cun kch t ng c CKT v
trong cc trng hp khc cn c th
c thm in cm c a vo san
bng dng phn ng ng c) nn
dng in qua phn ng ng c v T
1
s tng dn, in cm trong mch phn ng
ng c s tch lu thm mt nng lng. Trong khong thi gian th t C cng
c np n in p: u
C
=-U
d
. Ti t=t
1
ta truyn xung iu khin n T
2
m T
2
v
kho T
1
. Van T
2
m nn t C phng in qua T
2
v qua phn ng ng c gy nn trn
T
1
mt in p ngc lm T
1
kho li. T C sau khi phng n in p bng khng th
s c np ngc li nh s... ng c v s... t cm trong in cm mc mch
phn ng ng c. V vy m khi in p trn t t gi tr s... ng c (thng
thng E
D
<U
d
) n tip tc c np thm. Ti t=t
1
' th u
C
= U
d
, lc ny diode D
1
bt
u m v s... ng c cng tc dng vi s... t cm sinh ra trong in cm trong


mch phn ng ng c to nn dng qua D
1
v ngun mt chiu U
d
. Vi chiu dng
ngun nh vy th ngun U
d
thu cng sut tc dng cn ng c lm vic nh mt
my pht in to ra cng sut in chuyn cho ngun. Khi D
1
dn dng th in p
trn ng c bng U
d
v lc ny t C s ngng np, van T
2
kho li. Trong giai on
D
1
dn dng th do tc dng ngc chiu ca U
d
m dng qua phn ng ng c s
gim dn. n t=t
2
th ta li a tn hiu iu khin n m T
1
, van T
1
li m nn phn
ng ng c c ni ngn mch v u
D
=0, dn n D
1
b t in p ngc kho li.
Van T
1
m th t C s phng in qua T
1
- qua D - qua L v s c np theo chiu
ngc li n u
C
=-U
d
. Qu trnh trong s c din ra lp i lp li mang tnh cht
chu k. Trong mt chu k lm vic ca BB qu trnh bin i nng lng trong
mch din ra qua 2 giai on:
- Trong giai on T
1
m th ng c pht ra in nng v in nng ny c np vo
in cm trong mch phn ng ng c.
- Trong giai on T
1
kho v
D
1
m th ng c cng pht
ra in nng, ng thi nng
lng tch lu trong in cm
mch phn ng ng c
cng c gii phng v ton
b nng lng c chuyn
vo ngun in p mt chiu
U
d
(gi thit l b qua cc tn
tht).
Nh vy, trong trng
hp ny thng qua s lm vic
ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu
m ng c thc hin qu trnh bin c nng trn trc ng c (thng l th nng
ca ph ti c hoc ng nng tch lu c trong h thng truyn ng) thnh in
nngchuyn vo ngun cung cp mt chiu. iu ny c ngha rng ng c mt chiu
ang lm vic trong trng thi hm ti sinh.
T hot ng ca s ta thy rng: nh c BB mt chiu-mt chiu m ta
thc hin c qu trnh hm ti sinh ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip l loi ng
c khng c ch lm vic ny nu ni theo s thng thng.
*Ch : Do dng phn ng ng c trong ch hm ngc chiu vi ch ng c
nn khi s dng ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip th trong cc ch hm ta phi
thay i cc tnh cun kch thch ph hp m bo cho chiu s... ng c c
gi nguyn.
IV.5.1.3 S trong ch hm
ng nng
tng hiu qu hm ng nng
ng c mt chiu ngi ta ng
u
D
u
D
i
D

t
t
2

0
0
t
1
'
T
2

t
1

D
1

T
1

t
3
'
t
3

i
D


t
i
D1

t
2


t
1
' t
3
'
Hnh 4.15
i
D

i
C

i
Rh

R
h

D

CKT
u
D


T
1

T
2

i
T2

i
T1

u
C

C
L
Hnh 4.16


dng BB mt chiu-mt chiu v mc theo s nh hnh 4.16.


IV.5.2 Bin i xung in tr
IV.5.2.1 S nguyn l
S ni ng c v BB nh hnh 4.17. Trong s ny:
o -K l ng c xoay chiu
khng ng b ba pha r to dy
qun.
o -CL l cu chnh lu ba pha
khng iu khin dng bin
s... xoay chiu mch r to
ng c thnh in p mt
chiu t ln BB mt chiu-
mt chiu.
o -CK l cun khng dng san
bng (lc) dng chnh lu.
o -R
f
l in tr ph.
o -Cc phn t BB mt chiu-
mt chiu gm T
1
, T
2
, C, L, D
v mch np ph cho t C gm
ngun mt chiu ph U
p
, in
tr R
p
v diode D
p





IV.5.2.2 Nguyn l iu chnh tc ng c K
S hot ng ca BB mt chiu-mt chiu trong s ny cng hon ton tng t
nh cc s xt. Ch phi lu mt vn l in p np cho t C trong trng
hp chung l ngun cung cp cho BB v y l in p u ra ca cu chnh lu
khng iu khin. V vy khi tc ca ng c cao (gn bng tc ng b ) th
s... mch r to rt nh nn in p chnh lu cng rt nh khng iu kin T
1

phc hi tnh cht iu khin. m bo cho s lm vic bnh thng th trong s
ny ta b tr thm mt mch np ph cho t C.
- Nguyn l iu chnh tc ng c nh sau:
Nu ta gi in tr gia 2 im A v B l R
AB
th ta c: Trong khong thi gian
T
1
m (tng ng kho K ng) th R
AB
=0, cn trong khong thi gian T
1
kho (tng


T
1

T
2

+
B A
U
p
R
p
D
p

-
i
RT

i
Rf

i
T1

i
T2

i
C

u
C

i
L

C

A B C
K
CL
CK
L D
R
f

Hnh 4.17


ng kho K ct) th R
AB
=R
f .
Vy gi tr trung bnh ca in tr gia 2 im A v B l:
R
ABtb
=R
f
.t
c
/T
ck
=R
f
.(T
ck
-t

)/T
ck
=R
f
.(1-)
Nh vy in tr tng ng trong mi pha mch r to ng c s l:
R
fR
=k
s
.R
ABtb
= k
s
.R
f
.(1-)
Trong k
s
l h s ph thuc s chnh lu.T ta thy rng khi thay i
ch lm vic ca BB, tc l thay i th ta s iu chnh c gi tr in tr
tng ng trong mi pha mch r to v nh vy s iu chnh c tc ng c
K.



CHNG V:
B BIN I MT CHIU -XOAY CHIU (NGHCH LU)
V.1 Tng quan v nghch lu
Trong lnh vc bin i nng lng in rt nhiu trng hp phi thc hin qu trnh
bin i mt ngun in mt chiu thnh in p hoc dng in xoay chiu c th
iu chnh c gi tr v tn s ca dng hoc p xoay chiu u ra. C mt s thit
b bin i thc hin c nhim v ny, nhng ph bin nht l cc BB mt chiu-
xoay chiu s dng cc dng c bn dn c iu khin m ngi thng gi theo mt
tn khc l s nghch lu.
- Phn loi:
C rt nhiu kiu s nghch lu khc nhau, phn loi ngi ta cng s dng
nhiu cch khc nhau nh: Da vo tnh cht ngun cung cp, da vo s pha ca i
lng ra, da vo c trng ca thit b chuyn mch, da vo c tnh ca ph ti,
da vo kiu s , da vo dng c s dng trong s BB, hoc kt hp mt s
c trng trn, v.v...
y ta nghin cu s phn loi BB da vo c tnh ca ngun cung cp v
c tnh ph ti, vi cch phn loi ny th BB mt chiu-xoay chiu c chia ra
lm 3 loi :
BB in p (nghch lu in p): L BB mt chiu-xoay chiu m ngun
cung cp l ngun in p v ph ti khng c tnh cht dao ng cng hng
hoc nu c tnh cht dao ng cng hng th tn s cng hng f
0
nh hn
tn s in p ra ca BB f (f cng l tn s lm vic ca BB). Ngi ta
thng mc song song vi 2 cc ngun mt t C
0
c gi tr ln ( ngha ca
t ln l tu thuc vo ch v tn s lm vic, chnh xc yu cu m
la chn gi tr cn thit ca C
0
). T C
0
c tc dng duy tr cho in p trn 2
cc ngun khng thay i khi BB lm vic, ng thi m bo tnh dn dng
2 chiu ca ngun.
BB dng in (nghch lu dng in): L BB mt chiu-xoay chiu m
ngun cung cp l ngun dng in v ph ti khng c tnh cht dao ng
cng hng hoc nu c tnh cht dao ng cng hng th tn s cng hng
f
0
nh hn tn s dng in ra ca BB f (f cng l tn s lm vic ca BB).
Ngi ta thng mc ni tip vi ngun mt in cm L
0
c gi tr ln (
ngha ca t ln l tu thuc vo ch v tn s lm vic, chnh xc yu
cu m la chn gi tr cn thit ca L
0
). in cm L
0
c tc dng duy tr cho
dng in ngun khng thay i khi BB lm vic, ng thi m bo tng tr
ln ca ngun.
BB cng hng (nghch lu cng hng): L BB mt chiu-xoay chiu m
ngun cung cp c th l ngun in p hoc ngun dng in nhng ph ti
phi c tnh cht dao ng cng hng vi tn s cng hng f
0
ln hn tn s
in p hoc dng in ra ca BB f (f cng l tn s lm vic ca BB).
Trong thc t th c tnh cht dao ng cng hng mch ti phi c cc


phn t in cm v in dung, ngoi ra c trng cho s tiu th cng sut
tc dng ca ti th ti phi c mt gi tr in tr tng ng no . T ta
thy rng qu trnh dao ng cng trong mch ti ca BB ny l mt qu trnh
tt dn. Ph thuc vo cch ni cc phn t mch ti m loi BB ny c th
c chia ra cc loi khc nhau.
- ng dng ca BB mt chiu-xoay chiu
Cc BB mt chiu-xoay chiu c ng dng nhiu thit b in khc nhau trong
cng nghip v trong i sng hng ngy, sau y ta s gii thiu mt s ng dng
ch yu ca loi BB ny:
iu khin tc cc ng c in xoay chiu ng b v khng ng b bng
phng php thay i tn s ngun cung cp cho mch stator ca ng c. y
l ng dng quan trng nht ca BB ny trong cng nghip. Bng phng
php iu chnh tc ny ta c th t c phm vi iu chnh rng vi
cng c tnh c kh cao, n c th thay th cho nhiu h thng truyn ng
in m trc y phi s dng ng c in mt chiu l loi ng c c kch
thc ln, gi thnh cao v tui th thp hn cc ng c in xoay chiu.
Cung cp ngun xoay chiu cho cc l tn s. y cng l mt ng dng kh
quan trng ca BB mt chiu-xoay chiu, n thay th cho cc n pht in t
c hiu sut thp.
- S khi cc BB tn s c khu trung gian mt chiu
Cc thit b bin i tn s c s dng rt nhiu trong cng nghip. Thng thng
th cc thit b bin tn c chia ra lm 2 loi chnh:
Cc thit b bin tn trc tip: y l thit b bin i trc tip mt in p
xoay chiu (thng l in p ca li in cng nghip) thnh mt in p
xoay chiu khc c tn s iu chnh c trong phm vi nht nh. Thit b
bin tn ny thc cht l cc s chnh lu mc song song ngc. Nhc
im ca thit b bin tn ny l phm vi thay i tn s hp, cht lng in p
ra xu.










I
f
2
,U
2
f
1
,U
1
+
= ~
C
0
U
d

-
=
~
II I
I
f
2
,I
2
f
1
,U
1
+
= ~
L
0

U
d

I
d

-
=
~
II I

a
b

Hnh 5.1


Hnh 5.2
-
+
T
3
T
1
D
3
3

D
1
1

C
0

u
t

i
t

B A
U
d

Z
t

T
2
T
4

D
4
4

D
2
2

Cc thit b bin tn gin tip: y l cc thit b bin i tn s thng qua mt
s khu trung gian, n c nhc im l cng knh, hiu sut thp hn bin tn
trc tip nhng li khc phc c cc nhc im ca bin tn trc tip. Ta c
s khi ca bin tn ngun p l hnh 5.1a v ca bin tn ngun dng l
hnh 5.1b. Trong :
o Khu I: l b chnh lu, n lm nhim v bin in p xoay chiu li
in c tn s c nh f
1
v in p khng i U
1
thnh in p mt
chiu U
d
.
o Khu II: l khu lc, n c tc dng to ra ngun cung cp cho BB mt
chiu c tnh cht ngun p U
d
=const hoc tnh cht ngun dng
I
d
=const.
o Khu III: l BB mt chiu-xoay chiu, trn u ra ca n ta thu c
in p hoc dng in xoay chiu c gi tr v tn s iu chnh c.
Cc s BB mt chiu-xoay chiu c th s dng cc dng c bn dn l
tiristor hoc transitor. Trong phn ny ta ch nghin cu cc s nghch lu dng
tiristor.
V.2 Nghch lu mt pha
V.2.1 Nghch lu in p mt pha
V.2.1.1 Nguyn tc khng ch
Nghch lu in p mt pha c th thc
hin bng nhiu s khc nhau. xt
nguyn tc to ra in p xoay chiu trn
ti khi ngun cung cp cho BB l mt
chiu ta s dng s ph bin nht l
s nghch lu cu mt pha. Trn hnh
5.2 l s mch lc (ng lc) ca nghch lu in p mt pha mc theo kiu cu
(cn thiu mch chuyn i).
Trong s ny:
o U
d
l ngun in p mt chiu cung cp cho s BB, trong cng nghip th
thng l in p ra ca s chnh lu.
o T C
0
l t lc, n gp phn to cho ngun cung cp c tnh cht ngun in p.
T C
0
m bo cho in p trn 2 cc ngun khng i v m bo tnh dn
dng hai chiu ca ngun.
o Cc tiristor T
1
, T
2
, T
3
, T
4
l cc tiristor chnh dng bin in p mt chiu
thnh in p xoay chiu.
o Cc diode D
11
, D
22
, D
33
, D
44
mc thnh mt s cu v c gi l cu diode
ngc, n cho php ph ti c tnh cm khng tr li nng lng phn khng
cho ngun.
o Z
t
l ph ti xoay chiu ca BB, trong trng hp tng qut th Z
t
c th c
y cc phn t nh: in tr R
t
; in cm L
t
; in dung C
t
v sc phn in
ng E
t
. Thng thng ta xt loi ph ti in tr-in cm (R
t
-L
t
), y l loi


ti xoay chiu hay gp nht, v ngay c ng c xoay chiu khng ng b cng
c th thay th tng ng bng dng ti ny.
Nguyn tc khng ch:
to ra in p xoay chiu trn ti Z
t
ngi ta khng cc tiristor chnh ca BB lm
vic theo qui lut nh sau:
- Khi cn c na chu k dng ca in p trn ti ngi ta khng ch m hai van
T
1
, T
2
v kho hai van T
3
, T
4.
Lc in p trn ti (cng l in p gia 2 im A
v B) s l: u
t
=U
d
.
- Khi cn c na chu k m ca in p trn ti ngi ta khng ch m hai van T
3
,
T
4
v kho hai van T
1
, T
2.
Lc in p trn ti s l: u
t
=-U
d
.
Nh vic khng ch cc van lm vic theo qui lut nh trn v lp i lp li vi
chu k bng chu k in p ra yu
cu ta c in p trn ti l in p
xoay chiu c dng hnh ch nht
(cn gi l dng sin ch nht).
th in p trn ti khi cho cc van
lm vic theo qui lut trn c
minh ho trn hnh 5.3.
V.2.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca s
khi c xt n cc diode ngc,
ti R
t
-L
t
, Dng qua ti
a/- Nguyn l lm vic ca s khi c xt n cc diode ngc, ti R
t
-L
t

Ta gi thit l s lm vic ch xc lp trc thi im ta bt u xt et=0
(thi im mc bt u xt et=0 l thi im ta truyn xung iu khin n m 2 van
T
1
v T
2
). Nh vy ln cn trc et=0 th trong s ang c 2 van l T
3
v T
4
ang
dn dng, dng in trong s lc khp kn theo mch: (+U
d
) - T
3
- Z
t
-T
4
- (-U
d
),
in p trn ti u
t
=-U
d
cn dng ti c gi tr m. Ti et=0 ta khng ch kho 2 van T
3
,
T
4
(nh mch chuyn i tng t nh BB mt chiu-mt chiu) v truyn tn hiu
iu khin n m T
1
v T
2
. Hai van T
3
, T
4
kho li nhng do ti c in cm L
t
nn
dng qua ti khng th i chiu ngay, tc l dng ti cha khp qua T
1
, T
2
. Lc hai
van T
3
, T
4
kho li lm cho dng ti gim v c xu hng i chiu, trong L
t
xut hin
s... t cm chng li qu trnh ny v tip tc duy tr dng ti theo chiu c mt
khong thi gian na v lc ny dng ti c khp kn theo mch: Z
t
- D
11
- U
d
- D
22

-Z
t
. Nh vy tuy dng ti cha i chiu nhng in p trn ti i chiu (u
t
=U
d
),
cn dng qua ngun lc ny ngc chiu vi in p ngun, tc l trong giai on ny
ngun mt chiu thu cng sut. V mt nng lng th giai on ny nng lng tch
lu trong in cm ph ti L
t
giai on T
3
v T
4
dn dng (cng c gi l nng
lng phn khng) c gii phng ra v chuyn tr cho ngun cung cp mt chiu.
Khi ton b nng lng tch lu trong L
t
c gii phng ht th dng ti bng khng
v bt u i chiu (ti et=et
1
) v s khp qua T
1
v T
2
. Vy giai on t
et=et
1
et=t th T
1
v T
2
lm vic, dng ti khp kn theo mch: (+U
d
) - T
1
- Z
t
- T
2
-
u
t


U
d

T
1
,T
2
m T
1
,T
2
m
3t 2t t
e
t
0
T
3
,T
4
m T
3
,T
4
m
-U
d

Hnh 5.3


u
t
i
t

u
t


U
d

I
m

-I
m

3t 2t t
et et
2
et
4

et
3
et
1

-U
d

i
t

(-U
d
), u
t
=U
d
. Ti et=t ta khng ch kho T
1
, T
2
v m T
3
, T
4
. Cng tng t nh ti
et=0, lc ny s... t cm sinh ra trong L
t
s lm cho dng ti tip tc c duy tr
theo chiu c (tc l i
t
vn dng) v n c khp kn theo mch: Z
t
- D
33
- U
d
- D
44
-
Z
t
, v in p ti th i chiu: u
t
=-U
d
. n et=et
2
=et
1
+t th dng ti bng khng v
i chiu, n s khp kn theo mch: (+U
d
) - T
3
- Z
t
- T
4
- (-U
d
) cho n et=2t, trong
giai on ny u
t
=-U
d
. Trong cc chu k tip theo s hot ng ca s tng t nh
chu k va xt.
b/- Dng qua ti R
t
-L
t

T nguyn l hot ng va nu ta thy rng trong na chu k t et=0 n et=t th
in p trn ti u
t
=U
d
, cn na chu k sau th ngc li u
t
=-U
d
. Do tnh cht i xng
ca 2 na chu k nn ta ch cn xc nh biu thc dng ti ca mt na chu k l .
Ta xt cho giai on et=0 n et=t, trong giai on ny ta c phng trnh vi phn
sau:
R
t
.i
t
+ L
t
.di
t
/dt =U
d
(5-1)
Chuyn sang dng ton t Laplace ta c:
R
t
.I(p) + p.L
t
.I(p)-L
t
.i(0) =U
d
/p (5-2)
Trong : I(p) l nh Laplace ca i
t
, cn i(0) l gi tr dng ti ti thi im
et=0, khi s BB lm vic ch xc lp v vi tnh i xng ca 2 na chu
k in p v dng in trn ti ta suy ra i(0) cng bng gi tr i
t
ti et=2t v bng
nhng ngc du vi dng ti ti et=t, ta k hiu gi tr dng ti ti et=t l I
m
th
trong trng hp ny ta c: i(0)=-I
m
. Ta t R
t
/L
t
=a, gii phng trnh (5-2) ta c:
I(p) = U
d
.a / [R
t
.p.(a+p)] - I
m
/(a+p) (5-3)
Chuyn v dng hm gc ta c:
i
t
= (U
d
/R
t
).(1-e
-at
) - I
m
.e
-at
(5-4)
Ta c th tm c gi tr ca I
m
khi cho t=T/2=t/e, vi T l chu k in p ra :
I
m
=(U
d
/R
t
).(1-e
-aT/2
) - I
m
.e
-aT/2
(5-5)
Rt ra : I
m
=(U
d
/R
t
).(1-e
-aT/2
)/(1+ e
-aT/2
) (5-6)
Thay (5-6) vo biu thc (5-4) v bin i, cui cng ta c :
i
t
= (U
d
/R
t
).(1+e
-aT/2
-2e
-at
)/(1+e
-aT/2
) (5-7)
th dng p trn ti nh hnh 5.4

Hnh 5.4
Gi tr t
1
c th xc nh bng cch thay t=t
1
vo biu thc dng i
t
v cho v tri
bng khng, cui cng ta rt ra :


t
1
= (L
t
/R
t
).ln[(U
d
+R
t
.I
m
)/U
d
] (5-8)
Cng t cc kt qu trn ta c: Cc tiristor trong thi gian mt chu T dn dng
mt khong bng T-t
1
, cn cc diode ngc th dn dng mt khong ng bng t
1
.
Xut pht t nhn xt ny ta c th tm c gi tr trung bnh ca dng qua cc van
nh sau:
Dng trung bnh qua diode ngc:
1 1
(1/ ). . (1/ ) ( / ).(1 ) .
0 0
t t
at at
I T i dt T U R e I e dt
m
t t
Dtb d
(
(
(


= =
} }
(5-9)
Dng trung bnh qua tiristor:
/ 2 / 2
(1/ ). . (1/ ) ( / ).(1 ) .
1 1
T T
at at
I T i dt T U R e I e dt
m
t t
Dtb d
t t
(
(
(


= =
} }
(5-10)
V.2.1.3 Mt s s nghch lu in p mt pha c c mch chuyn i
a/- S 1
S nguyn l ca BB nh hnh 5.5, trong s ny ngoi cc phn t ging nh
s hnh 5.2 cn c thm cc phn t mch chuyn i (mch kho cc tiristor
chnh), trong : L
1
, L
4
, C
1
, C
4
l cc phn t chuyn mch ca 2 van T
1
v T
4
; cn L
2
,
L
3
, C
2
, C
3
l cc phn t chuyn mch ca 2 van T
2
v T
3
. Cc in cm chuyn mch
c gi tr nh v bng nhau, mt khc tng cp L
1
v L
4,
L
2
v L
3
c lin h h cm vi
nhau (ghp kiu bin p) vi h s lin h bng 1.
- Nguyn l hot ng ca s
xt nguyn l chuyn mch ca s ta ch cn xt qu trnh kho mt van ca s
ri suy ra cho trng hp kho cc van cn li. Ta s xt qu trnh kho T
1
. Ta gi
thit rng s ang lm vic bnh thng, hai van T
1
v T
2
ang dn dng st in
p bi dng ti trn L
1
v L
2
b qua v khng ng k, u
T1
= u
T2
= 0, v do vy m cc
t C
3
v C
4
s np n gi tr bng U
d
vi cc tnh nh ghi trn s hnh 4-5, cn
in p trn C
1
v C
2
bng khng. Ti thi im t=t
0
ta cn kho T
1
, T
2
v m T
3
, T
4
,
ta truyn xung iu khin n hai van T
3
, T
4
v qu trnh kho T
1
, T
2
s din ra. Ta ch
xt qu trnh kho T
1
, cn qu trnh kho T
2
din ra tng t. Khi T
4
c tn hiu iu
khin th T
4
m v trn n ang c t in p thun bng in p trn t C
4
v lc
t C
4
s phng in qua in cm L
4
v van T
4
, do st in p trn T
4
m b qua
(u
T4
=0) nn trn L
4
c t in p bng in p trn C
4
, tc l: u
L4
=u
C4
. Mt khc do
s lin h kiu bin p ca L
1
v L
4
m trn L
1
cng s cm ng mt in p bng in
p trn L
4
: u
L1
=u
L4
. Vi cc tnh cc cun dy nh trn s ta c : Ti thi im T
4

m th trn L
1
v L
4
xut hin in p bng 2U
d
vi cc tnh dng t vo Cathode T
1

v m t vo ant T
4
v trn van T
1


s c in p ngc:


-
T
3

T
1

D
33
D
11

C
0

u
t

i
t

* *
* *
+
-
C
1

+
-
C
4

L
1

L
4

U
d

Z
t

T
2

T
4

D
44
D
22






C
3

C
2

L
3

L
2



I I
C
1

U
d

I
+
-

C
4


L
1

L
4
L
4

I
T
4




Ti
I
L
t
R
t

I+i
D
44

C
4

i
T
4


Ti
L
t
R
t

a b

Hnh 5.5
u
T1
= U
d
- 2U
d
= -U
d

v T
1
s kho li, khi in p trn t C
4
gim v bng khng th do diode D
44
mc song
song vi C
4
m qu trnh np ngc li ca C
4
khng xy ra, lc ny t C
1
cng c
np n in p bng U
d
, vi ph ti c c tnh in tr-in cm th dng ti cha
i chiu m n c khp qua D
44
v D
33
v ngun cung cp, van T
4
tm thi kho
li. Khi nng lng tch lu trong L
t
c gii phng ht th dng ti bng khng v c
xu hng i chiu, lc ny nu trn T
4
v T
3
vn cn tn hiu iu khin th 2 van ny
li m v dng ti i chiu. Qu trnh kho cc van T
3
v T
4
s din ra tng t khi ta
truyn tn hiu iu khin n m 2 van T
1
, T
2
.
Tnh ton cc phn t chuyn mch

Hnh 5.6
Ta gi thit l ph ti in tr-in cm vi in cm L
t
ca ph ti ln hn rt
nhiu so vi in cm chuyn mch L (L
1
=L
2
= L
3
=L
4
=L<<L
t
), b qua cc tn tht
trong s , v trong thi gian chuyn mch th xem rng dng qua ti khng thay i
v bng dng ti ti thi im bt u chuyn mch (=I). Trc thi im chuyn
mch th dng qua L
1
bng I, cn dng qua L
4
bng khng nn nng lng tch lu
tng trong L
1
v L
2
bng L.I
2
/2. Ngay sau khi T
4
bt u dn in th phn b dng
in c biu din trn hnh 4-6a, do s lin tc ca nng lng t trng trong cc
in cm L
1
v L
4
nn khi dng qua L
1
bng khng th dng qua L
4
phi bng I m
bo nng lng t trng trong chng vn l LI
2
/2. Trong s lc ny hnh thnh
mch vng dao ng gm C
1
, C
4
v L
4
mc song song nn tn s gc cng hng:
+


e
0
= 1/
LC 2
(5-11)
Dng tng ca C
1
v C
4
phi bng 2I v gm dng phng qua ti v qua L
4
. Khi in
p trn t C
4
hoc trn L
4
gim xung cn mt na gi tr ban u th in p trn T
1

bng khng v bt u chuyn sang dng. Khong thi gian t C
4
phng t U
d
xung
cn U
d
/2 l thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin ca T
1
. Sau khi in p trn t C
4

gim xung bng khng th D
44
m v dng in ca L
4
s khp qua diode ny, tn
tht thc t trn T
4
, D
44
v L
4
s tiu tn ht nng lng d trong L
4
v dng qua T
4
,
L
4
s trit tiu. Giai on tiu tn nng lng d trong L
4
c biu din trn hnh 4-
6b. Theo cc phn tch trn ta c dng qua L
4
trong khong thi gian u ca qu trnh
chuyn mch l:
i=(I
max
+I).sin(e
0
t+) - I (5-12)
Vi I
max
l gi tr dng cc i qua L
4
v T
4
khi chuyn mch, trnh cc tn
hao qu ln khi chuyn mch ta thng chn I
max
=1,5I. Gc c xc nh t iu
kin: ti t=0 th i bng I. Vy:
=arcsin[2I/(I
max
+I)] (5-13)
cho in p trn L
4
gim xung bng mt na gi tr ban u cng c ngha
l di/dt cng gim xung cn mt na gi tr ban u, khong thi gian ny (ta k hiu
l t
1
) ti thiu phi bng thi gian kho ca tiristor t
k
. Tm ly t
1
=t
k
, ta c:
e
0
t
k
= arccos(cos /2) - (5-14)
T (5-14) ta tm c e
0
, gi thit ta t e
0
=A. Dng in qua ngun mt chiu
i
d
=(1/2).(I
max
+I)sin(e
0
t+). Khi (e
0
t+)=t/2 th in p trn t C
4
bng khng v dng
qua cun dy L
4
t gi tr cc i bng I
max
. Nng lng ly t ngun trong khong t
e
0
t=0 n (e
0
t+)=t/2 l:
0
0
/ 2
d max 0 0
0
W .(1/ 2).( )sin( ) ( )
t
d
t
U I I t d t
e t
e
e e
+ =
=
= + +
}
(5-15)
in p trn ti khi ng thi din ra qu trnh kho T
1
v T
2
c th xc nh
theo mch vng qua ngun, hai van T
3
v T
4
cng hai in cm chuyn mch:

u
t
=2L.di/dt - U
d
(5-16)
Vy nng lng ngun chuyn cho ti trong giai on ny l :
| |
0
0
/ 2
d max 0 0 0
0
W 2 ( ) sin( ) . ( )
t
d
t
L I I t U I d t
e t
e
e e e
+ =
=
= + +
}
(5-17)
Nng lng mt i trong C
4
c chuyn vo C
1
. Nng lng tch lu thm ca
L
4
trong khong thi gian chuyn mch t thi im u cho n thi im in p
trn C
4
bng khng l:
W
L
=L(I
max
2
- I
2
) (5-18)
Cn bng nng lng trong giai on ny ta c :
W
d
= W
t
+ W
L
(5-19)


Hnh 5.7
-
+
T
3

D
3

T
1

D
1

D
33
D
11

C
0

u
t

i
t

L
1
C
1

U
d

+ -
+ -
Z
t

D
2

T
2

D
4

T
4

D
44
D
22



L
2
C
2

Hnh 5.8
T
6

-
+
T
3
T
1
D
33
D
11

C
0

u
t

i
t

U
d

Z
t

T
2
T
4

D
44
D
22

T
5

- + - +
T
8

T
7

C
2
L
2


C
1
L
1

S dng cc biu thc (5-15) - (5-19) ta s xc nh c gi tr cn thit ca L,
sau da vo biu thc (5-11) ta s xc nh c gi tr ca C (C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= C
4
=
C). Tr s chn ca C thng ly bng 2 ln tnh ton.
b/- S 2
Trong s hnh 5.7 th mch chuyn
i kho cc tiristor chnh gm c
C
1
, L
1
dng kho nhm van ant
chung T
1
, T
3
, cn C
2
, L
2
dng kho
nhm van Cathode chung T
2,
T
4
.
Trong s cn c thm cc diode D
1
D
4
c gi l cc diode ct (ngn
cch).
- Nguyn l qu trnh kho mt
tiristor chnh, v d l T
1
, din ra nh sau:
Ta cng gi thit l 2 van T
1
v T
2
ang lm vic, cc t C
1
v C
2
c np in
n gi tr bng U
d
vi cc tnh nh hnh v. Ti t=t
0
no ta cn kho T
1
v T
2
,
ng thi m T
3
v T
4
, ta truyn tn hiu iu khin n T
3
v T
4
. Khi T
3
v T
4
c tn
hiu iu khin th 2 van ny s m, cc t C
1
v C
2
s phng in qua cc van ny. T
C
1
phng in qua D
1
- qua D
11
- qua T
3
- qua L
1
- v C
1
to nn trn T
1
mt in p
ngc nh ( bng hai ln st in p trn mt diode m) v T
1
kho li. i vi T
2
qu
trnh kho cng tng t : t C
2
phng in qua T
4
- qua D
22
- qua D
2
- qua L
2
- v C
2
to nn trn T
2
mt in p ngc nh v T
2
kho li. Ngoi cc ng phng trn th
cc t cn phng qua mch ti v trong giai on u 2 diode D
3
v D
4
cn b t in
p ngc nn cha dn dng. Sau khi nng lng tch lu trong L
t
c gii phng ht
th dng ti i chiu v khp vng qua T
3
, D
3
, D
4
, T
4
. Cc t C
1
v C
2
sau khi phng
ht s c np theo chiu ngc li chun b cho qu trnh kho T
3
v T
4
khi m
T
1
v T
2
.
c/- S 3
Trong s hnh 5.8 th mch chuyn i kho cc tiristor chnh gm c C
1
, L
1
v
cc tiristor ph T
5
, T
8
dng kho 2 van T
1
, T
4
, cn C
2
, L
2
v cc tiristor ph T
6
, T
7

dng kho 2 van T
2
, T
3
.









- Nguyn l lm vic


Hnh 5.9
i
t

I
t
u
kT5

t
0

t
3
t
2

t
1
t
0

t
0
0
u
C1

0
0
0
0
t
i
T5
=i
C
1

i
T1

i
D11

I
I
I
t
t
t
t
t
kh

t
0
i
D44

0
u
T1

Au
T1

Au
D1

U
d

Ta gi thit ti c in cm kh ln nn trong khong chuyn mch dng ti coi nh
khng thay i v bng I. Ta s nghin cu qu trnh kho T
1
. Gi thit BB ang lm
vic bnh thng, 2 van T
1
v T
2
ang
dn dng, t in C
1
v C
2
c
np y vi cc tnh nh trn s
hnh 4-8.
Ti thi im t=t
0
ta cn kho
cc van T
1
, T
2
. kho T
1
ta truyn
tn hiu iu khin n van T
5
lm cho
T
5
m. Van T
5
m th t in C
1
bt
u phng in. Trong giai on u
dng phng ca t i qua ti, nh
gi thit l dng qua ti trong khong
chuyn mch khng thay i v bng
I nn dng phng ca t tng th dng
qua T
1
gim v n t=t
1
th i
C1
=I, van
T
1
kho li (v dng qua n bng
khng v c xu hng i chiu).
Dng ca t tip tc tng v mt phn
c khp qua D
11
(hnh 5.9). Khi
in p trn t i chiu th dng qua
t C
1
v van T
5
s gim dn. Ti t=t
2

th i
C1
=I v sau s nh hn dn n
D
44
m v mt phn dng ti i qua
D
44
, by gi mch C
1
-L
1
c ni trc
tip vo ngun in mt chiu v dn
n in p trn C
1
s vt qu gi tr
U
d
. S chuyn mch s kt thc khi dng qua t C
1
v T
5
gim v bng khng v c xu
hng i chiu, tiristor ph T
5
s kho li (thi im t=t
3
), dng ti s khp hon ton
qua diode D
44
di tc dng ca s... t cm sinh ra trong in cm ph ti L
t
cho
n khi nng lng tch lu trong L
t
c gii phng ht. Qu trnh chuyn mch cc
van khc trong s cng tng t nh i vi van T
1
.
V.2.2 Nghch lu dng in mt pha
V.2.2.1 Nguyn tc khng ch



-
+
T
3
T
1

u
t

i
t

B A
U
d

I
d

L
0

L
t
R
t

T
2

Ti
T
4



i
t

I
d

I
d

0 2T T T/2 t
0
(4t) (3t) (2t) (t) (et)

Hnh 5.10
S BB cha c thit b chuyn mch nh hnh 5.10. Trong s ny th cc
tiristor chnh T
1
T
4
lm nhim v bin i dng mt chiu I
d
thnh dng xoay chiu i
t
,
to ra ngun c c trng ngun dng in ta mc ni tip vi mch ngun mt
in cm ln L
0
, ti ca BB c th l thun tr hoc in tr in cm hoc c thm
in dung, y ta nghin cu vi loi ph ti ph bin nht l ti in tr in cm
(R
t
-L
t
).
- Nguyn tc khng ch
to ra dng in xoay chiu trn ph ti ngi ta khng ch 2 cp van T
1
, T
2
v T
3
,
T
4
lm vic lch nhau mt na chu k (tc l lch nhau 180
0
in). V d t
t=0t=T/2 (et=0et=t) ta khng ch m T
1
, T
2
v kho T
3
, T
4
, do vy trong mch s
c dng in i theo ng (+U
d
) - L
0
- T
1
- ti - T
2
- (-U
d
), ta c : i
t
=I
d
; t t=T/2t=T
(et=tet=2t) th ta khng ch kho T
1
, T
2
v m T
3
, T
4
, nn trong mch s c dng
in i theo ng (+U
d
) - L
0
- T
3
- ti - T
4
- (-U
d
) v trong khong ny ta c: i
t
= -I
d
.
Cc chu k tip theo s lm vic tng t. Ta c th dng ti nh hnh 5.11.

Hnh 5.11
T th dng ti ta thy rng dng ti l dng xoay chiu khng hnh sin, vi sng
hi bc nht dng in c tn s bng tn s khng ch BB (tn s khng ch cc
van) v cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao. Vic xc nh in p trn ti c th ng
dng nguyn l xp chng : u
t
= u
1
+u
n ,
trong u
1
l thnh phn sng hi bc nht
ca in p trn ti, u
n
l thnh phn sng hi bc n (n>1 v nguyn) ca in p trn
ti.
**Ch : Do ngun cung cp l ngun dng in mt chiu nn dng mch ngun
khng i chiu, v vy nghch lu dng thng khng s dng cc diode ngc.
Mt s s nghch lu dng mt pha c cc phn t chuyn mch (c
mch chuyn i).
a/- S dng my bin p c im khng (c trung tnh)


-

+
(+) (-)
- +
T
2

T
1

BA
O
B
*
* *
W
2

W
12
W
11

A
U
d

C
I
d
L
0

u
t

i
t
L
t
R
t





T
7

-
+
T
3
T
1

u
t

i
t

C
1

- + - +
U
d

I
d

L
0

L
t
R
t

T
2

Ti
T
4



T
5

T
8
T
6

C
2


Hnh 5.12
S BB nh hnh 5.12. Trong s ch s dng 2 tiristor T
1
v T
2
. Mch chuyn
i s dng t in C mc song song vi cc cun s cp my bin p ra BA, cng c
th mc t chuyn mch song song vi cun th cp BA. My bin p ra BA ca BB
c 2 cun s cp c s vng ging nhau v c u nh trn s . Nh s dng my
bin p c im khng m ta gim c s van c iu khin ca BB.
- Nguyn l chuyn mch ca BB i nh sau:
Ta gi thit l van T
1
ang lm vic, xut hin dng in i theo vng (+U
d
) - 0 - W
11
-
A - T
1
- (-U
d
). Trn mch ti s c na chu k dng ca dng ti. ng thi vi vic
T
1
dn dng s c s np in cho t C bi tng in p trn 2 cun s cp, trn C s
c in p vi cc tnh nh ghi trn s ngoi du ngoc. Ti thi im t=t
0
no
ta cn kho T
1
v m T
2
to ra na chu k m ca dng ti, ta truyn xung iu
khin n T
2
, van T
2
s m v t C phng in qua T
2
v t ton b in p trn n
ln T
1
vi cc tnh dng t vo katt, tc l T
1
b t in p ngc nn kho li.
T C sau khi phng n in p bng khng s c np theo chiu ngc li
chun b cho qu trnh kho T
2
khi ta m T
1
(ti t=t
0
+T/2).
b/- S s dng cc tiristor ph (hnh 5.12)

Hnh 5.13
Trong s ny ta s dng 4 tiristor ph t T
5
n T
8
kt hp vi 2 t C
1
v C
2

m bo qu trnh chuyn mch dng in ca cc tiristor chnh T
1
T
4
.
- Nguyn l chuyn mch


Ta xt qu trnh kho T
1
v T
2
. Gi thit T
1
v T
2
ang dn dng v do s chuyn
mch giai on trc m cc t C
1
v C
2
c np in vi cc tnh nh hnh v.
Ti t=t
0
ta cn kho T
1
, T
2
v m T
3
, T
4
ta truyn xung iu khin n m T
3
, T
4
, T
5
,
T
6
. Hai van T
5
, T
6
m v cc t C
1
, C
2
s phng in qua 2 van ny - qua ph ti - qua
ngun cung cp gy nn in p ngc trn T
1
v T
2
, nn T
1
, T
2
kho li. Khi dng ti
gim v c xu hng i chiu th T
3
v T
4
cng dn dng, cc t sau khi phng n
in p bng khng s c np theo chiu ngc li n in p bng bin in p
trn ti th dng cc t v cc tiristor ph bng khng v c xu hng i chiu, cc
tiristor ph T
5
, T
6
kho li, in p trn t c gi nguyn (cc tnh ngc vi ghi
trn s ) chun b cho qu trnh kho T
3
v T
4
khi ta m T
7
, T
8
.
V.3 Nghch lu 3 pha
V.3.1 Nghch lu p ba pha
V.3.1.1 Mch ng lc v qu trnh khng ch
to ra in p xoay chiu ba pha t mt ngun cung cp mt chiu ta c th s
dng
- Ba BB in p mt pha lm vic th t lch nhau 1/3 chu k.
- BB in p ba pha.
Trng hp u th nguyn tc khng ch v nguyn l hot ng ca BB
hon ton tng t nh s nghch lu in p mt pha nghin cu, ch cn ch
n vic m bo cho ba s nghch lu in p mt pha lm vic vi chu k bng
nhau v th t lm vic lch nhau ng 1/3 chu k. Phn ny ta ch nghin cu nguyn
tc to ra in p xoay chiu ba pha i vi s nghch lu in p ba pha.
C rt nhiu kiu s nghch lu in p ba pha v nguyn l hot ng ca
cc s cng khc nhau t nhiu. y ta s nghin cu nguyn tc hot ng ca
mt s nghch lu in p ba pha c trng nht v c s dng kh ph bin,
l s nghch lu in p ba pha mc theo kiu s cu cn c gi l s
Larinp (ta gi tt l nghch lu in p cu ba pha). S mch lc b nghch lu
ny (cn thiu mch chuyn i) c biu din trn hnh 5.14. Trong s ny th
cc tiristor T
1
T
6
l cc tiristor chnh, chng lm nhim v bin i in p ngun mt
chiu U
d
thnh in p xoay chiu ba pha u
A
, u
B
, u
C
t ln ph ti xoay chiu ba pha
Z
A
, Z
B
, Z
C
. Cc van ny hnh thnh hai nhm van: Nhm van Cathode chung (nhm c
ch s chn) gm T
2
, T
4
, T
6
; nhm van ant chung (nhm c ch s l) gm T
1
, T
3
, T
5
.
Ph ti ba pha trong trng hp ny ni hnh sao (Y), cng c th ni ph ti dng tam
gic (A). Trong s ny cng s dng mt cu diode ngc gm cc van D
11
D
66

chuyn tr nng lng phn khng t ti v ngun. T C
0
l khu lc, n c tc dng
to cho ngun U
d
c c trng gn vi ngun in p l tng cung cp cho BB.



-
Z
A

+
T
1

D
11

C
0

T
5

A
D
55

U
d

u
A

T
4

C
D
44

T
2

D
22

T
3

D
33

B
T
6
D
66

Z
B
u
B
Z
C
u
C

t
t
t
t
t
t
u
kT1

t
10
t
9
t
8
t
7


t
6
t
5
t
3
t
4
t
2
t
1

u
kT2

u
kT3

T/6
u
kT4

u
kT5

u
kT6

T/6
T/6
T/6
T/6
T/6

Hnh 5.14
- Nguyn tc khng ch
to ra in p xoay chiu ba pha trn ph ti ba pha Z
A
, Z
B
, Z
C
ta thc hin khng
ch cc tiristor chnh T
1
T
6
lm vic theo qui lut nh sau :
Cc van trong cng mt pha (pha A l T
1
, T
4
; pha B l T
3
, T
6
; pha C l T
2
, T
5
)
lm vic lch nhau mt na chu k, tc l lch nhau 180
0
in.
Cc van trong cng mt nhm lm vic th t lch nhau 1/3 chu k, tc l 120
0

in.
T cc nguyn tc nu trn, nu gi thit chu k lm vic ca BB l T v thi
im t=0 l thi im pht xung iu khin m van T
1
th qui lut xut hin tn hiu
iu khin trn cc tiristor th t theo biu trn hnh 5.15.

Hnh 5.15
in p trn ph ti ca nghch lu in p ba pha
xc nh in p trn ph ti nghch lu in p ba pha ngi ta c th s dng cc
phng php khc nhau. Chnh xc hn c l da vo khong dn dng ca mi van
trong mt chu k lm vic ca BB kt hp vi qui lut lm vic ca cc van nh
nu phn nguyn tc khng ch. Cng nh cc BB khc, ngi ta gi khong thi
gian dn dng ca mi van trong mt chu k lm vic ca BB l gc dn ca van, k


hiu l . Trong phm vi thi gian dn dng ca mi van trong mt chu k>T/3 (tc l
>120
0
) th ta c th p dng cc biu thc c xy dng sau y.
Ta gi in p gia cc im A,B,C so vi im cc m ca ngun cung cp
mt chiu l u
A0
,u
B0
,u
C0
v in p trn cc ph ti Z
A
, Z
B
, Z
C
l u
A
, u
B
, u
C
; in p
dy ph ti l u
AB
, u
BC
, u
CA
. Cc in p u
A0
, u
B0
,u
C0
c xc nh nh sau:
-u
A0
=U
d
khi T
1
m, u
A0
=0 khi T
4
m, u
A0
=U
d
/2

khi T
1
, T
4
cng kho
-u
B0
=U
d
khi T
3
m, u
B0
=0 khi T
6
m, u
B0
=U
d
/2

khi T
3
, T
6
cng kho
-u
C0
=U
d
khi T
5
m, u
C0
=0 khi T
2
m, u
C0
=U
d
/2

khi T
5
, T
2
cng kho
Ta c cc phng trnh:
u
A
+ u
B
+ u
C
= 0 (5-20)
u
AB
= u
A0
- u
B0
(5-21a)
u
BC
= u
B0
- u
C0
(5-21b)
u
CA
= u
C0
- u
A0
(5-21c)
u
AB
= u
A
- u
B
(5-22a)
u
BC
= u
B
- u
C
(5-22b)
u
CA
= u
C
- u
A
(5-22c)
Gii h cc phng trnh ny ta c :
u
A
= (2u
A0
- u
B0
- u
C0
)/3 (5-23a)
u
B
= (2u
B0
- u
A0
- u
C0
)/3 (5-23b)
u
C
= (2u
C0
- u
B0
- u
A0
)/3 (5-23c)
Cc biu thc (5-23) cho php ta xc nh in p trn ph ti ca s nghch
lu in p ba pha khi bit gc dn ca van. i vi nghch lu in p th gc dn
ca van c th thay i trong phm vi rng, gi tr gc dn cc i khi khng xt n
thi gian chuyn mch l:
max
=t
V.3.1.2 Mch chuyn i v kho st qu trnh chuyn i
a/- Cc s nghch lu in p ba c c mch chuyn i
Cc s nghch lu p ba pha vi y mch chuyn i rt a dng, cc kiu
mch chuyn i nghch lu in p mt pha cng hon ton c th s dng cho
nghch lu in p ba pha. Sau y ta s gii thiu mt trong cc s thng dng.
l s vi mch chuyn i dng cc tiristor ph:
S nguyn l nh hnh 5.16, trong s ny ngoi cc phn t nh trong s
hnh 5.14 gii thiu, cn c thm cc phn t chuyn mch gm: Cc tiristor ph
T
7
T
12
v cc mch L
1
-C
1
, L
2
-C
2
, L
3
-C
3
. Nguyn l hot ng kho mt van no
trong s hon ton tng t nh trong s mt pha gii thiu.


U
d


-
Z
A

+
T
1
D
11

C
0

T
5

A
D
55

u
A

T
4

C
D
44

T
2

D
22

T
3

D
33

B
T
6
D
66

Z
B

u
B

Z
C

u
C

T
7

T
8
T
12
T
10

T
9
T
11

L
1




L
3

L
2

C
1

C
3

C
2


-
Z
A

+
T
1

T
5

I
d
L
0

A
i
A

U
d

u
A

T
4

C
T
2

T
3

B
T
6

Z
B
u
B
Z
C
u
C


i
B
i
C


Hnh 5.16
b/- Kho st qu trnh chuyn i (tham kho ti liu)
V.3.2 Nghch lu dng ba pha
V.3.2.1 Mch ng lc v nguyn tc khng ch
Cng tng t nh vi nghch lu in p l ta c th to ra h thng dng in xoay
chiu ba pha t ngun cung cp l ngun dng mt chiu bng cch s dng ba BB
mt pha lm vic cng tn s v th t lch nhau 1/3 chu k hoc dng mt BB ba
pha. y ta cng s dng s nghch lu mc theo s cu ba pha xt nguyn
tc to ra h thng dng xoay chiu ba pha. S BB cha c cc phn t chuyn
mch nh hnh 5.17. Trong s cng s dng 6 tiristor phn lm 2 nhm van nh
nghch lu p, cho ngun cung cp c c trng ngun dng ta mc ni tip vi
ngun in cm ln L
0
, trong s ny ta mc ti dng hnh sao (Y).

Hnh 5.17



i
A


0
et
2t t 7t/3 5t/3 4t/3 2t/3
I
d

t/3
i
B

0
et
2t t 7t/3 5t/3 4t/3 2t/3 I
d

i
A

0
et
2t t 7t/3 5t/3 4t/3 2t/3
I
d

t/3

Hnh 5.18
- Nguyn tc khng ch:
Hon ton tng t trng hp nghch lu in p ba pha, th xung iu khin cc
van cng tun theo qui lut nh hnh 5.15.
Do c im l dng ngun lin tc v khng i, lin h vi s hot ng ca
s chnh lu cu ba pha khi dng mch mt chiu (ti) l lin tc th mi van trong
mt chu k ch dn dng mt khong thi gian bng 1/3 chu k ta suy ra : Trong s
nghch lu dng cu ba pha th mi van trong s ch dn dng mt khong thi gian
bng 1/3 chu k ca dng in ra trn ti, tc l gc dn ca mi van l : =2t/3
T ta c th dng ti ca b bin i nh hnh 5.18. Dng qua ti l dng
in xoay chiu khng hnh sin v c ph sng hi ging nh trng hp dng in
qua li in khi s chnh lu cu ba pha lm vic vi ti c L
d
.
V.3.2.2 Mch chuyn i v kho st qu trnh chuyn i
a/- Mt s s nghch lu dng ba pha c cc phn t chuyn mch
(c mch chuyn i)
Cng nh nghch lu p ba pha, nghch lu dng ba pha c rt nhiu dng mch
chuyn i khc nhau. Sau y ta s xt vi s trong s .
a/- S chuyn mch bng t c s dng cc it ngn cch
S BB nh hnh
5.19, trong
chuyn mch dng
nhm van ant chung
ta s dng cc t C
13
,
C
15
, C
35
, cn
chuyn mch cc van
nhm Cathode chung
ta s dng cc t C
24
,
C
26
, C
46
. Cc it D
1

D
6
c tc dng ngn

-
+
T
1

I
d
L
0

+ - + -
+ -
A
i
A

U
d

T
4

D
1

D
4

C
1
5

C
13

C
35

B C
C
24

C
26

C
46

Z
A

u
A

Z
B

u
B

Z
C

u
C


i
B

i
C

T
3

T
6

D
3

D
6

T
5

T
2

D
5

D
2

Hnh 5.19


cch dng phng ca t vi ti gim nh nh hng ca ti ti thi gian phc hi
tnh cht iu khin ca cc tiristor t T
1
T
6
.
- Nguyn l chuyn mch
Ta gi thit rng van T
1
v T
2
ang lm vic, thi im t=t
0
ta cn kho T
1
v m T
3
.
Khi T
1
dn dng th t C
13
, C
35
v C
15
c np in vi cc tnh in p trn cc t
nh ghi trn s . Ti t=t
0
ta truyn xung iu khin n T
3
v qu trnh chuyn mch
dng in t T
1
sang T
3
din ra qua cc giai on nh sau:
Giai on 1:
Cc t C
13
, C
15
, C
35
phng v np theo mch vng nh hnh 5.20, lc ny t C
15
c
xem nh mc ni tip vi t C
35
v chng li mc song song vi t C
13
, ton b c
xem nh l mt t tng ng c in dung bng 2/3 in dung mi t [C
t
=(2/3)C].
T tng ng phng in theo mch vng C
t
- D
1
- Z
A
- Z
C
- D
2
- T
2
- U
d
- L
0
- T
3
-
C
t
. S phng in ca cc t qua T
3
to nn in p ngc trn tiristor T
1
lm cho
T
1
kho li. S tng ng ca giai on ny c th biu din li nh trn hnh
5.21. Trong giai on ny dng ti
pha A vn tip tc c duy tr,
in p trn cc t ang to nn
in p ngc trn D
3
v D
3
cha
lm vic, do vy cha c dng qua
ti pha B.
Giai on 2:
Lc ny in p cc t thay i nh
hn in p pha A nn D
3
bt u
c phn cc thun v dn dng,
mt khc dng qua D
1
v Z
A
vn cn, s tng ng ca giai on ny nh trn
hnh 5.22. Trong giai on ny cc t tip tc phng v sau c np ngc li cho
n y, khi dng ti pha A gim v bng khng th qu trnh chuyn mch dng t
pha A sang pha B kt thc. Qu trnh kho cc van khc din ra tng t.

b/-
S

ch
uy
n
mch nhm
S BB nh hnh 5.23, ngoi cc
phn t nh nu trong s cn c
2 tiristor ph T
7,
T
8
v t in C
cm
l
cc phn t chuyn mch.
- Nguyn l chuyn mch :
-

+
T
1

I
d
L
0

+ - + -
+ -
A
i
A

U
d

D
1

C
15

C
13

C
35

C
Z
A

u
A

Z
C

u
C


i
C

T
3


T
2


D
2

Hnh 5.20
Hnh 5.22
-
+
I
d
L
0

+ -
i
A

U
d

D
1

C
t

Z
A

u
A

Z
C

u
C


i
C

T
3

T
2
D
2

i
B

D
3

Z
B

u
B

-
+
I
d
L
0

+ -
i
A

U
d

D
1

C
t

Z
A

u
A

Z
C

u
C

i
C

T
3

T
2

D
2

Hnh 5.21

-
Z
A

+
T
1

T
5

I
d

+ -
L
0

A
i
A

U
d

u
A

T
4

C
T
2

T
3

B
T
6

Z
B
u
B
Z
C
u
C


i
B
i
C

T
7

T
8

C
c
m

Hnh 5.23


=
max
=t <
max
=t

Gi thit trong s ang c 2 van no lm vic, v d T
1
v T
2
, t chuyn mch
C
cm
c np in nh trn hnh v vi in p ln hn in p mt pha ph ti.
Ti thi im cn kho T
1
ta truyn xung iu khin n T
7
dn n T
7
m. Van T
7
th
m t C
cm
phng in qua Z
C


- T
2
- ngun - L
0
- T
7
v quay v C
cm
, do u
Ccm
>u
A
nn T
1

b t in p ngc v kho li. Sau khi phng n in p bng khng th t C
cm
s
c np ngc li chun b cho vic kho T
2
khi ta m T
8
. Qu trnh cc khong
tip sau din ra tng t.
V.3.2.3 Mch iu khin nghch lu 3 pha (tham kho ti liu)

V.4 Mt s phng php nng cao cht lng in p ra ca nghch lu p
V.4.1 iu chnh in p ra nghch lu
Cc ph ti ca nghch lu, nht l cc ng c xoay chiu khng ng b thng c
s i hi phi thay i gi tr in p theo tn s vi mt s qui lut nht nh no
th mi m bo cht lng. Do vy mt vn t ra l ta phi iu chnh c in
p ra ca nghch lu. Cc nghin cu a ra nhiu bin php khc nhau, ph bin
nht l iu chnh in p vo nghch lu, iu chnh gc dn ca van v iu ch
xung tng nc.
a/- Thay i in p cung cp cho nghch lu
y l mt bin php tng i n gin nhng cho kt qu kh tt. iu chnh gi
tr in p trn ti ta cho cc van lm vic vi gc dn ln nht =
max
=t v iu
chnh gi tr in p cung cp U
d
nh vic s dng s chnh lu c iu khin
to in p ngun cho BB mt chiu-xoay chiu. Do gc dn ca van vn bng 180
0

nn thnh phn sng hi in p vn khng thay i.
b/- Thay i gc dn ca van
Trong trng hp ny thay i in p ra nghch lu ta khng thay i gi

Hnh 5.24
tr in p ngun m iu chnh gc dn ca van, th hnh 5.24 minh ho trng
hp va nu.
c/- iu chnh xung tng nc
Trong trng hp ny thay i in p ra nghch lu ngi ta khng ch cho mi
van m kho nhiu ln trong mi chu k va iu chnh in p ra ng thi khi
kt hp vi vic iu ch rng xung ta ci thin c cht lng in p trn ti.
th hnh 4-14 minh ho phng php iu chnh ny



u

T/2
T
t

-
+
U
d

u
r1

T
3a

T
2a

T
1a

BA3 BA2 BA1
T
4a

D
3a

D
4a

D
1a

C
0

D
2a



T
3b

T
2b

T
1b

T
4b

D
3b

D
4b

D
1b

D
2b



T
3c

T
2c

T
1c

T
4c

D
3c

D
4c

D
1c

D
2c



u
ra

u
r3
u
r2


Hnh 5.25
V.4.2 Nng cao cht lng in p ra
Nu ng cong in p trn ti l cc xung hnh ch nht c di ging nhau trong
mi na chu k th cc sng hi bc cao trong ng cong in p s c bin ng
k so vi thnh phn sng hi bc nht. iu ny s nh hng rt nhiu n s lm
vic ca ph ti BB. ci thin cht lng in p ra ta phi tm cch gim nh cc
sng hi bc cao hoc tt nht l lm trit tiu c cc sng hi tn s thp trong cc
sng hi bc cao. Ngi ta tm ra nhiu phng php nng cao cht lng in
p ra nghch lu. Sau y ta xt mt s phng php .
a/- iu ch rng xung
Ni dung ca phng php ny l: Trong mt na chu k ngi ta khng ch cho mi
van lm vic nhiu ln c nhiu xung in p trn ti v ngi ta iu ch sao cho
di cc xung thay i theo mt qui lut nh trc no , thng l qui lut hm
sin. Vi trng hp nay th di cc xung u v cui mi na chu k l nh nht
v n tng dn khi cng tin n gia na chu k (nh ca hnh sin). th hnh 5.26
minh ho ni dung phng php ny.

Hnh 5.26

b/- Dng phng php cng in p ca nhiu s nghch lu cng tn s v c
gc dn khc nhau



u
r1

et
7t/3 t 2t 5t/3 4t/3 2t/3 t/3

2t/3
t/6
t/3
a
u
r2

et
u
r3

et
u
ra

et
b
c
d
Hnh 5.27

Hnh 5.28
Trong s hnh 2.27ta s dng 3 s nghch lu in p mt pha, ph ti ghp vi
BB qua cc my bin p BA1, BA2, BA3. Cc s nghch lu c khng ch lm
vic cng tn s nhng gc dn khc nhau v thi im m ca cc van tng ng
cng lch nhau mt gc tu thuc gc dn. th hnh 5.28 nu ln trng hp:
Gc dn BB1 l
1
= t, gc dn BB2 l
2
= 2t/3, gc dn BB2 l
3
= t/3.
Van T
1b
m chm hn T
1a
mt gc bng t/6, van T
1c
m chm hn T
1b
mt gc
bng t/6.
Kt qu l ta c in p trn ti u
t
=u
1
+ u
2
+u
3
c dng nh th hnh 5.28d,
ng cong ny c t l bin cc sng hi bc cao so vi sng hi bc nht gim i
rt nhiu so vi dng in p hnh ch nht.
V.5. Nghch lu
cng hng
V.5.1. Khi nim
chung
Nh nu trong
phn th nht ca
chng ny, nghch
lu cng hng l
mt BB mt

B
C
t2


L
t

R
t

A
C
t1

e

B A
L
t

R
t

C
t

a
C
t1

C
t2


B
L
t

R
t

A
d
B
C
t


L
t

R
t

A
c
C
t


B
L
t
R
t

A
b
Hnh 5.29


-
Hnh 5.30
+
T
3
T
1

u
Ct

u
t

i
t

A B
U
d

C
0

L
t
R
t

T
2

Ti
T
4


C
t

D
11

D
44

D
33

D
22

chiu-xoay chiu ngun c c trng bt k nhng ti phi dao ng cng hng vi
tn s ln hn tn s lm vic ca BB. Khi ngun cung cp l dng ngun p ngi
gi l nghch lu cng hng c u vo h, cn khi ngun cung cp l dng ngun
dng ngi gi l nghch lu cng hng c u vo kn. Chnh s dao ng cng
hng ca ph ti lm ngt dng qua van lm cho van kho nn trong cc s BB
ny khng phi s dng cc phn t chuyn mch nh nghch lu p hoc dng
nghin cu. mch ti c tnh cht dao ng cng hng ngi ta c th s dng
cc phn t R-L-C mc theo cc s khc nhau v BB thng c phn loi theo
cch mc mch ti:
Nghch lu cng hng ni tip : c cc phn t ph ti mc ni tip theo s
hnh 5.29a.
Nghch lu cng hng song song: c cc phn t ph ti mc song song theo
s hnh 5.29b v 5.29c.
Nghch lu cng hng ni tip-song song: c cc phn t ph ti mc theo s
hnh 5.29d v 5.29e.
V.5.2 Nghch lu cng hng ngun p
a/- S nguyn l








S mt BB
biu din trn hnh 4-30, trong s ny ta c:
Cc tiristor T
1
T
4
dng bin i nng lng in mt chiu ca ngun thnh
nng lng in xoay chiu trn ph ti gm 3 phn t l R
t
, L
t
v C
t
, gi tr ca cc
phn t ph ti c la chn sao cho chng c tnh cht dao ng cng hng vi tn
s cng hng f
0
>f l tn s lm vic ca BB. Ta c f
0
=e
0
/2t v f=e/2t (hay
e=2tf), v gi tr e
0
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2 2
0 *
b e e = vi
* t t
1/ L .C = v b=R
t
/(2L
t
)
Trong s cn s dng cc diode ngc D
11
D
44
tr nng lng phn
khng t ti v ngun.
b/- Nguyn l lm vic
i vi BB ny th tu theo quan h gia f v f
0
m c th xy ra 2 ch khc nhau
ca dng ti: Ch dng ti gin on v ch dng ti lin tc.
- Ch dng ti gin on:


et
et
et
et
et
et
i
D1
i
D2

u
T1
u
T2

u
kT

t
2t v
3
et
et
v
6
v
5

0
i
t

0
0
0
0
0
i
T1
i
T2

v
2

v
1

v
4

v
3
v
6

et
et
et
v
2
v
4
v
3
v
6


v
4
v
3

U
d

et
u
C

u
kT

t
2t v
2
v
3

0
i
t

0
0
0
0
0
v
1

v
2

v
1
v
3
v
2

i
D1
i
D2


u
T1
u
T2

U
d

u
C


a b
|
|

D

Ch lm vic ny ca BB xy ra khi f
0
>2f. Nguyn l lm vic ca s trong
trng hp ny nh sau: Gi thit rng ti et=0 ta truyn xung iu khin n m T
1

v T
2
, hai van ny m v bt u dn dng v bt u xut hin qu trnh dao ng
trong mch. Dng qua ti tng t khng (do ch dng ti l gin on nn ti thi
im m mt cp van c iu khin th dng ti ang bng khng) n gi tr cc i
ri gim v bng khng ti et=et
1
=v
1
(ta c e
0
t
1
=t ) v bt u i chiu. Do cc van
khng cho dng i ngc chiu nn T
1
v T
2
t kho li, dng ti s khp kn qua cc
diode ngc D
11
, D
22
v qua ngun cung cp. n et=et
2
=v
2
=2et
1
(ta c e
0
t
2
=2t )
th dng ti li bng khng v c xu hng i chiu nn D
11
, D
22
kho li.

Hnh 5.31
Mt khc cc tiristor T
1
, T
2
kho t trc nn dng ti s gi bng khng. Ti thi
im et=t th ta truyn xung iu khin n m T
3
v T
4
, hai van ny s m v qu
trnh dao ng ca dng mch ti li bt u. Trn hnh 5.31a biu din mt s th
minh ho nguyn l hot ng ca s trong ch dng ti gin on.



-
+
T
3
T
1

i
t

A B
U
d

I
d
L
0

L
t

R
t

T
2
T
4



u
Ct

C
t

Gc dn ca cc diode bng gc dn ca cc tiristor (k hiu l ). Gc kho van
trong trng hp ny l: |= hay thi gian kho ca tiristor l t
k
=/e =t/e
0
.
- Ch dng in ti lin tc:
Khi BB lm vic vi tn s cng hng f
0
tho mn :f<f
0
<2f th dng qua ti l lin
tc. Nguyn l hot ng ca s nh sau:
Gi thit ti et=0 ta truyn xung iu khin n m T
1
v T
2
, hai van ny m
v bt u dn dng v bt u xut hin qu trnh dao ng trong mch. Dng qua ti
tng t I
0
(do ch dng ti l lin tc nn ti thi im m mt cp van c iu
khin th dng ti ang c mt gi tr no m ta k hiu l I
0
) n gi tr cc i ri
gim v bng khng ti et=et
1
=v
1
v bt u i chiu. Do cc van khng cho dng i
ngc chiu nn T
1
v T
2
t kho li, dng ti s khp kn qua cc diode ngc D
11
,
D
22
v qua ngun cung cp. n thi im et=t th dng ti bng -I
0
, ta truyn xung
iu khin n m T
3
v T
4
, hai van ny s m, dng ti s chuyn vo cc tiristor T
3
,
T
4
v qu trnh dao ng ca dng mch ti li bt u. Trn hnh 5.31b biu din mt
s th minh ho nguyn l hot ng ca s trong ch dng ti gin on.
Trong trng hp ny in p trn t C
t
c dng hnh sin, gc dn ca cc tiristor khc
gc dn ca diode (
T
=
D
). Gc kho van trong trng hp ny l: |=
D
. Trong
trng hp ny ta thy rng tc tng ca dng qua tiristor khi m l rt ln.
Cc s nghch lu cng hng ngun cung cp l ngun p v c diode
ngc c th mc mch ti theo tt c cc kiu (ni tip; song song; ni tip-song
song). u im ca s ny l in p ngc trn cc tiristor nh. Nhng c nhc
im l tc tng ca dng qua tiristor trong ch dng lin tc rt ln.
V.5.3 Nghch lu cng hng ngun dng.
V.5.3.1 S nguyn l (hnh 5.32)

Hnh 5.32
Trn s hnh 5.32 l mt b nghch lu cng hng song song ngun cung cp
dng ngun dng. in cm L
0
trong trng hp ny nh hn rt nhiu so vi nghch
lu dng in. Tn s cng hng ca mch c xc nh theo biu thc sau:




L
0
+L
t
1
e
0
= -
L
0
.L
t
.C
t
4.R
t
2
.C
t
2



et
et
i
t

et
2

et
-ng nt t l
sng hi bc nht
dng ti
et
4
t
0
2t
et
1

u
Ct
=u
t

et

1

0
u
T1

|
|=|'
et
|
2
|
1


U
d

0
u
L0

et
et
4
t 0
2t
et
1

i
t

et
4
t
0
2t
et
1

u
T1
=u
T2

et
4

t
0
2t
et
1


a b







V.5.3.2 Nguyn l lm vic

Hnh 5.33
Gi thit ti et=0 ta truyn xung iu khin m 2 van T
1
v T
2
(trc dng tng
mch ti i
t
=0 (xem s v th). Hai van T
1
, T
2
m v trong s xy ra dao ng
cng hng. Dng qua cc tiristor thay i theo biu thc :
i
T1
=i
T2
=I
m
.sine
0
t.


n et=et
1
=v
1
(tng ng ta c t
1
=t/e
0
) th dng cc van bng khng v c xu
hng i chiu nn cc tiristor kho li, i
t
=0, cc van T
1
, T
2
c t in p ngc
bi in p trn t v phc hi tnh cht iu khin. in p trnT
1
, T
2
lc ny bng:
u
T1
= u
T2
= (U
d
-u
t
)/2 = (U
d
-u
Ct
)/2. Trong giai on cc tiristor u kho (t et=et
1
=v
1

n et=et
3
=t) th t C
t
vn tip tc phng in qua L
t
v R
t
nn in p trn n gim
dn, do vy in p ngc trn T
1
, T
2
cng gim dn. Ph thuc vo thng s ph ti
m c th xy ra:
in p trn C
t
gim chm, hoc giai on et
1
et
3
ngn nn u
T1
=u
T2
vn mang
gi tr m trc khi m T
3
, T
4
(hnh 5.33a).
in p trn C
t
gim nhanh, hoc giai on et
1
et
3
di nn u
T1
=u
T2
s chuyn
sang dng trc khi m T
3
, T
4
(hnh 5.33b).
Ti et=et
3
=t ta truyn xung iu khin n m T
3
, T
4
, hai van ny m, xut
hin dng ti tng theo chiu ngc li. Qu trnh dao ng trong mch giai on
ny cng tng t nh na chu k trc. Khi hai van T
3
v T
4
m th in p trn T
1

v T
2
s l : u
T1
= u
T2
=-u
t
=-u
Ct
. phn tch mt cch tng i chnh xc s lm vic
ca BB ny l tng i phc tp, mt mc nht nh ta gi thit in p trn t
C
t
, tc l in p trn ti bin thin theo qui lut hnh sin (tc l ch tnh n sng hi
bc nht ca in p trn ti) th ta c th minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca s
nh hnh 5.33.
Gc dn ca mi tiristor: =(e/e
0
)t.
Gc kho ca mi tiristor:
Trng hp tng ng vi hnh 5.33a: |=|
1
+|
2
=
1
+(t-)/2
Trng hp tng ng vi hnh 5.33a: |=|'=
1
+(t-)/2-arsin(U
d
/U
tmax
).
Trong :
1
l gc lch pha ca sng hi bc nht dng v p trn ti; U
tmax
l
bin in p trn ti; U
t
l gi tr hiu dng in p trn ti.
Gi tr ln nht ca in p trn cc tiristor theo chiu thun v ngc l:
U
Tthmax
=
2
.U
t

U
Tngmax
=
2
.U
t
.sin|
2
.


Q
&
2

&
1

NOT
1
OR
2
OR
1
&
3

&
4

P
Tr
2

Tr
1

Tn hiu khng ch chiu
dng u
kc

U
It

U
In

R
6

Hnh-
P1
NOT
2
NOT
2
C
1

D
1

R
1

R
3
R
5

C
2

D
2

R
2

R
4

Ph lc
P1.-Mt s mch lgic o chiu khi iu khin ring r BB xoay chiu-mt
chiu (chnh lu) c o dng
P1.1- Mch th nht
P1.1.1-S


Trong s hnh-P1 ta s dng mt s phn t lgic bn dn v cc transitor
khng ch t ng qu trnh pht xung iu khin cho hai b chnh lu khi ngng
cng nh khi o chiu. Cc tn hiu vo gm c tn hiu bo trng thi dn dng ca
hai s chnh lu l U
It
v U
In
cho bit c s no ang lm vic hay khng. V d
: Khi b chnh lu thun ang lm vic th cc van b thun ang c dng in, lc
U
It
c mc lgic 1; cn khi b thun khng lm vic th U
It
s c mc lgic khng (0).
Vi tn hiu bo trng thi b chnh lu ngc l U
In
cng tng t nh vy. Tn hiu
khng ch chiu dng trn ti u
kc
l tn hiu quyt nh cho php pht xung iu khin
cho b chnh lu ngc hay thun. y ta t: Khi u
kc
c mc 1 (dng) th cho php
pht xung cho b chnh lu thun, cn khi u
kc
c mc lgic 0 (tc l u
kc
s0, k c m )
th cho php pht xung cho b chnh lu ngc. Tn hiu ra ca mch l P v Q. Nu P
c mc 1 th b thun c xung iu khin, lc Q phi c mc 0 v b ngc khng
c xung iu khin. Cn nu Q c mc 1 th b ngc c xung iu khin v P bt
buc phi c mc lgic 0 v b thun khng c xung iu khin.

P1.1.2-Nguyn l hot ng


Xt mt trng hp c th nh sau: Gi s b chnh lu thun ang lm vic (u
kc
>0),
P ang c mc lgic 1. Ti t=t
0
ta pht tn hiu o chiu dng, tc l chuyn u
kc
v
mc lgic 0, iu s lm cho tn hiu u ra &
1
chuyn v mc lgic 0. Mt khc
do c s lin quan cht ch gia u
kc
v in p iu khin mch pht xung nn lc ny
xung iu khin ca b chnh lu thun s mt trong hai trng hp: hoc mt xung
hoc c xung iu khin vi gc iu khin > gc iu khin gii hn ca ch
chnh lu nn sau mt thi gian qu dng in chnh lu b thun s gim v bng
khng. Khi dng b thun vn cn th u ra NOT3 vn c mc 0 v do vy u ra &
2

vn mc 0 nn Q vn gi mc 0 v U
In
ang mc 0 v cha pht xung cho b
ngc. Khi dng b chnh lu thun gim v bng khng th U
It
c mc 0, dn n u
ra OR1 s chuyn v mc 0 v P s c mc 0, ct xung b thun, mt khc lc u
ra NOT3 s c mc 1, dn n u ra OR2 s chuyn sang mc1. Khi u ra OR2
chuyn sang mc 1 th mt u vo ca &
3
c mc 1, u vo cn li ni vi cc gp
Tr
2
m ban u Tr
2
ang m nn n ang c mc 0 do vy Q vn c mc 0. Khi t C
2

np y th mt dng cc gc Tr
2
nn transitor ny kho li v trn cc gp ca n c
mc 1 lc ny Q mi chuyn sang mc 1 v mi cho php pht xung iu khin n
cc van ca b chnh lu ngc. Khong thi gian t lc u ra OR2 c mc 1 cho
n lc u ra &
4
chuyn sang mc 1 l thi gian tr cn thit cc van b chnh lu
thun phc hi tnh cht iu khin, m bo s lm vic an ton cho BB. Cc diode
D
1
v D
2
dng to ng phng in cho cc t khi cn.

P1.2- Mch th hai
P1.2.1-S
Hnh-P2 l s mt mch lgic o chiu cho trng hp BB s dng s chnh
lu tia hoc cu 3 pha (cng c th dng cho cc s chnh lu khc, lc cc tn
hiu o in p trn van s khc i). Trong s ny ta c cc phn mch in m
nhn cc chc nng khc nhau nh sau:
Cc photo-triac (TO
1
, TO
2
, TO
3
), cc transitor Tr
1
v Tr
2
, cc cu chnh lu mt
pha khng iu khin CL
1
,CL
2
,CL
3
v cc in tr R
a
, R
b
, R
c
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
l cc
phn t kim tra trng thi ca cc van trong hai s chnh lu ca BB o
chiu. Ch khi cc van khng dn dng th Tr
1
v Tr
2
mi kho v trn cc gp
ca chng mi c th c mc lgic 1. ngoi ra trong phn ny cn c thm mt
s phn t khc nh t C
1
,C
2
, cc diode D
1
,D
2
m chng ng vai tr nh mch
tr c tnh chn lc m khng ch qu trnh o chiu mt cc an ton nht.
Khuych i thut ton IC
1
m bo cho mc tn hiu trn u ra ca n c
mc lgic 1 vi mi gi tr ca ca tn hiu vo u
kc
m (u
kc
<0).
Vi mch lgic IC
2
gm 4 mch v o 2 u vo mc nh mt trig D, n kt
hp vi IC
3
v IC
4
thnh mch khng ch o chiu dng ti BB. Cc tn hiu
u vo gm c:


&
1

&
2

&
3

&
4

&
5

&
6

&
7

&
8

&
9

&
10

&
11

&
12

Tn hiu bo cn
xung ly t u ra
mch so snh hoc
sa xung u
x1

Tn hiu khng
ch ct cc xung
tr-c khi o chiu
Tn hiu khng
ch chiu dng
ti u
kc

+
-
Tr
2

Tr
1

R
2

D
2

D
1

C
2

C
1
R
3

R
4

R
1

u ni chung ca mt nhm
van
(Mt u ca in p chnh
l-u)
TO
3

TO
1

TO
2

CL
3

CL
2

CL
1

R
c

R
b

R
a

B
C
A
-U
cc

+U
cc

IC
4
IC
3
IC
2

P
Q IC
1

Hnh-
P2
NO
T


Tn hiu khng ch chiu dng BB l u
kc
, khi u
kc
<0 th yu cu cho php pht
xung cho b chnh lu thun, cn ngc li khi u
kc
>0 th bo cho php pht
xung cho b chnh lu ngc.
Tn hiu bo c xung u ra mch sa xung u
x1
, khi c xung th u
x1
c mc 1
v dn n u ra mch o NOT c mc 0 v cha cho php cc u ra ca
trig D(IC
2
) chuyn trng thi, tc l cha cho php o chiu.
Tn hiu bo trng thi kho ca cc van ly t cc gp cc transitor, tn hiu
ny c hai mc : Tn hiu bo trng thi kho ca tt c cc van vi thi gian
tr nh (gn nh khng tr) mc song song vi tn hiu bo mt xung( tn hiu
u ra mch o NOT),tn hiu ny c s dng cc xung c hai b chnh
lu( c th ct ngun cung cp hoc kho mch so snh hay sa xung); tn hiu
bo trng thi kho ca tt c cc van vi thi gian tr ln cc tiristor
phc hi tnh cht iu khin mt cch chc chn, tn hiu ny mc song song
vi tn hiu bo ct xung qua diode D
2
, ch khi c 2 tn hiu ny mi c
th cho php o chiu.
Tn hiu bo ct xung tt c cc van ly t u ra ca mch v-o &
12
ca
IC
4
.


Cc tn hiu ra ca mch lgic gm hai tn hiu chnh l P v Q v hai tn hiu
ph l tn hiu lnh ct xung u ra khi so snh ca tt c cc knh pht xung, n
c ly t u ra &
10
ca IC
4
v tn hiu thng bo ct xung ly t u ra &
12
ca
IC
4
nh nu. Cc tn hiu chn P v Q dng khng ch chiu dng ti ca BB.
Khi P c mc 0 th mch pht xung cho b chnh lu thun lm vic (tt nhin lc
Q s phi c mc 1), cn khi Q c mc 0 th mch pht xung cho b chnh lu ngc
lm vic (tt nhin lc P s phi c mc 1). Trong qu trnh qu khi chuyn s
lm vic t b chnh lu ny sang b khc th c mt khong thi gian ngn c P v Q
u c mc 1 v l lc mch pht lnh ngng pht xung cho c hai b chnh lu.
P1.2.2-Nguyn l mt qu trnh khng ch o chiu
Gi s BB ang lm vic vi dng ti thun (b chnh lu thun ang c cp xung
iu khin v lm vic), lc u
kc
<0. Trong trng hp u ra IC
1
c mc 0, u
ra cc mch &
3
v &
7
c mc lgic1, cn u ra cc mch &
4
v &
8
u c mc lgic
0 nn trn u ra P (u ra &
9
) c mc lgic 0, tc l cho php pht xung cho b chnh
lu thun; cn u ra Q (u ra &
11
) c mc lgic 1 nn mch pht xung cho b chnh
lu thun cha hot ng.
Ti mt thi im no ta cn o chiu dng ti, ta o chiu tn hiu iu khin
dn &
2
cn mc 0 th cc u ra ca &
3
v

&
4
cha thay i trng thi nn n u
kc
s
i du (u
kc
>0 ). Lc tn hiu u ra IC
1
s chuyn sang mc 0, tn hiu ny c
a vo mt u &
1
ca trig D, lc u ra ca n ang c mc 1 nn trn mt u
vo &
2
ang c mc 1. Khi trn u cn li ca u P vn c mc 0. Do s thay i
du ca tn hiu iu khin nn gc iu khin ca b chnh lu thun tng ln rt ln
lm cho dng ti gim v bng khng (do gc iu khin vt qu gi tr gc iu
khin gii hn ca ch chnh lu hoc do s... ph ti ln hn in p chnh lu
trung bnh), tc l dng qua cc van b chnh lu thun gim v khng v cc van ny
bt u kho li, n n cc transitor Tr
1
v Tr
2
kho li, trong khong thi gian gia
2 xung lin nhau u ra cc mch sa xung th u
x1
=0 nn in p u ra mch o c
mc 1. Khi u ra mch o NOT c mc 1 v Tr
1
,Tr
2
kho th trncc u vo ni
chung ca &
1
v &
2
s c mc lgic 1 dn n u ra &
2
chuyn sang mc 0, iu
n n u ra &
4
c mc 1 cn u ra &
3
chuyn v mc 0. Do u ra &
3
chuyn v
mc 0 nn u ra P s chuyn sang mc 1, cho lnh ct xung b chnh lu thun. Khi
thi gian cn nh hn thi gian tr cn thit th tn hiu im ni chung ant hai
diode D
1
v D
2
cn mc 0 v Q vn mc 1. Trong khong thi gian u ra &
10

c mc 0, a tn hiu ct xung n mch sa xung, cn u ra &
12
c mc 1 cho tn
hiu bo ct xung v t C
2
c np dn. Khi in p trn C
2
t gi tr mc 1 ca cc
mch lgic th u ra Q bt u chuyn v 0 v pht lnh cp xung cho b chnh lu
ngc (tn hiu mc 0 ca Q cho php dng ngun nui cho mch khuch i xung b
ngc). Mch s t duy tr trng thi lm vic nh vy cho n khi ta pht lnh dng
hoc o chiu.


P2.-Tm tt mt s c tnh ch yu ca cc s chnh lu

ST
T
Tn s chnh lu Cc biu thc ch yu Ghi ch
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 S chnh lu hnh
tia mt pha c diode
khng
U
do
=( 2 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.(1+coso)/2
I
Ttb
=I
d
.(t-o)/2t; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/2
I
Dotb
=I
d
.(t+o)/2t; I
Dotbmax
= I
d

U
Tthmax
= 2 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 2 .U
2
U
Dongmax
= 2 .U
2


2 S chnh lu hnh
tia hai pha
U
do
=(2 2 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
. coso
I
Ttb
=I
d
/2; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/2
U
Tthmax
=2 2 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
=2 2 .U
2


3 S chnh lu hnh
tia hai pha c diode
khng
U
do
=(2 2 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.(1+coso)/2
I
Ttb
=I
d
.(t-o)/2t; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/2
I
Dotb
=I
d
.(t+o)/2t; I
Dotbmax
= I
d

U
Tthmax
= 2 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
=2 2 .U
2
U
Dongmax
= 2 .U
2


4 S chnh lu hnh
tia ba pha
U
do
=(3 6 /2t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.coso
I
Ttb
=I
d
/3; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/3
U
Tthmax
= 6 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 6 .U
2

S
ttBA
=(t/3. 6 ).( 3 + 2 )U
d
.I
d


5 S chnh lu hnh
tia ba pha c diode
khng
U
do
=(3 6 /2t).U
2
;
U
d
=U
do
.[1+cos(o+30
0
)]/ 3
I
Ttb
=I
d
.(5t/6-o)/2t; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/3
I
Dotb
=I
d
.3.( o-t/6)/2t; I
Dotbmax
= I
d

U
Tthmax
= 2 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 6 U
2
U
Dongmax
= 2 .U
2


6 S chnh lu hnh
tia 6 pha
U
do
=(3 2 /t).U
2 ;
U
d
=U
do
. coso
I
Ttb
=I
d
/6; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/6

7 S chnh lu hnh
tia 6 pha c cun
khng cn bng
U
do
=(3 6 /2t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.coso
I
Ttb
=I
d
/6; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/6
U
Tthmax
= 6 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 6 U
2







(A) (C) (D)
8 S chnh lu hnh
cu mt pha
U
do
=(2 2 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.coso
I
Ttb
=I
d
/2; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/2
U
Tthmax
= 2 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 2 .U
2


9 S chnh lu hnh
cu 1 pha c diode
khng
U
do
=(2 2 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.(1+coso)/2
I
Ttb
=I
d
.(t-o)/2t; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/2
I
Dotb
=I
d
.(t+o)/2t; I
Dotbmax
= I
d

U
Tthmax
= 2 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 2 .U
2
U
Dongmax
= 2 .U
2


10 S chnh lu hnh
cu 1 pha 2 diode, 2
tiristor, 2 diode 2
nhm van
U
do
=(2 2 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.(1+coso)/2
I
Ttb
=I
d
.(t-o)/2t; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/2
I
Dtb
=I
d
.(t+o)/2t; I
Dotbmax
= I
d

U
Tthmax
= 2 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 2 .U
2
U
Dngmax
= 2 .U
2


11 S chnh lu hnh
cu 1 pha 2 diode, 2
tiristor, 2 diode
cng nhm van
U
do
=(2 2 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.(1+coso)/2
I
Ttb
=I
d
/2 ; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/2
I
Dtb
=I
d
/2 ; I
Dtbmax
= I
d
/2
U
Tthmax
= 2 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 2 .U
2
U
Dngmax
= 2 .U
2


12 S chnh lu hnh
cu ba pha
U
do
=(3 6 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.coso
I
Ttb
=I
d
/3; I
Ttbmax
= I
d
/3
U
Tthmax
= 6 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 6 .U
2

S
ttBA
=(t/3).U
d
.I
d
~ 1,05.P
d


13 S chnh lu hnh
cu ba pha dng 3
diode v 3 tiristor
U
do
=(3 6 /t).U
2
; U
d
=U
do
.(1+coso)/2
U
Tthmax
= 6 .U
2
; U
Tngmax
= 6 .U
2

U
Dngmax
= 6 .U
2

S
ttBA
=(t/3).U
d
.I
d
~ 1,05.P
d