Tong Hop Cong Thuc Tinh Nhanh Vat Ly 12 Hot

Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1
H THNG HO KIN THC VT L 12 V CC CNG THC

TNH NHANH TRONG BI TP TRC NGHIM.
CHNG : DAO NG C
I. DAO NG IU HO
1. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t + )
2. Vn tc tc thi: v = -Asin(t + )

v
r
lun cng chiu vi chiu chuyn ng (vt cng theo chiu dng th v>0, theo chiu m th v<0)
3. Gia tc tc thi: a = -
2
Acos(t + )

a
r
lun hng v v tr cn bng
4. Vt VTCB: x = 0; v
Max
= A; a
Min
= 0
Vt bin: x = A; v
Min
= 0; a
Max
=
2
A
5. H thc c lp:
2 2 2
( )
v
A x
+
a = -
2
x
6. C nng:
2 2
1
W W W
2
t
m A +
Vi
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
W sin ( ) Wsin ( )
2 2
mv m A t t + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
W ( ) W s ( )
2 2
t
m x m A cos t co t + +
7. Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l , tn s f, chu k T. Th ng nng v th nng bin thin vi tn s
gc 2, tn s 2f, chu k T/2
8. ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( nN
*
, T l chu k
dao ng) l:
2 2
W 1
2 4
m A
9. Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c li x
1
n x
2
2 1
t

vi
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A
'
v (
1 2
0 ,
)
10. Chiu di qu o: 2A
11. Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A; trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A
Qung ng i trong l/4 chu k l A khi vt i t VTCB n v tr bin hoc ngc li
12. Qung ng vt i c t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
Xc nh:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Acos( ) Acos( )
sin( ) sin( )
x t x t
v
v A t v A t

+ +
' '
+ +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
Phn tch: t
2
t
1
= nT + t (n N; 0 t < T)
Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S
1
= 4nA, trong thi gian t l S
2
.
Qung ng tng cng l S = S
1
+ S
2
Lu : + Nu t = T/2 th S
2
= 2A
+ Tnh S
2
bng cch nh v tr x
1
, x
2
v chiu chuyn ng ca vt trn trc Ox
+ Trong mt s trng hp c th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v
chuyn ng trn u s n gin hn.
+ Tc trung bnh ca vt i t thi im t
1
n t
2
:
2 1
tb
S
v
t t
vi S l qung ng tnh nh trn.

A
-A
x1 x2
M2
M1
M'1
M'2
O

13. Bi ton tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0 < t < T/2.
Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian
qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin.
S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u.
Gc qut = t.
Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc sin (hnh 1)
ax
2Asin
2
M
S

Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M

1
n M
2
i xng qua trc cos (hnh 2)
2 (1 os )
2
Min
S A c

Lu : + Trong trng hp t > T/2
Tch '
2
T
t n t +
trong
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t < <
Trong thi gian
2
T
n qung ng lun l 2nA
Trong thi gian t th qung ng ln nht, nh nht tnh nh trn.
+ Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian t:
ax
ax
M
tbM
S
v
t
v
Min
tbMin
S
v
t
vi S
Max
; S
Min
tnh nh trn.
13. Cc bc lp phng trnh dao ng dao ng iu ho:
* Tnh
* Tnh A
* Tnh da vo iu kin u: lc t = t
0
(thng t
0
= 0)
0
0
Acos( )
sin( )
x t
v A t

'
+
Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0

+ Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca ng trn lng gic
(thng ly - < )
14. Cc bc gii bi ton tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W
, F) ln th n
* Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi gi tr ca k )
* Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh)
* Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n
Lu :+ ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra nghim th n
+ C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v c ng trn u
15. Cc bc gii bi ton tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W
, F) t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
* Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim
* T t
1
< t t
2
Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k Z)
* Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr .
Lu : + C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v c/ng trn u.
+ Trong mi chu k (mi dao ng) vt qua mi v tr bin 1 ln cn cc v tr khc 2 ln.
16. Cc bc gii bi ton tm li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt khong thi gian t.
Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x
0
.
* T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Acos(t + ) cho x = x
0
Ly nghim t + = vi 0 ng vi x ang gim (vt chuyn ng theo chiu m v v < 0)
hoc t + = - ng vi x ang tng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng)
* Li v vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t giy l

x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t

t +
'
t +
hoc
x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t

t
'
t
A
-
A
M M
1 2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-
A
A
P
2 1
P
P
2

2

17. Dao ng c phng trnh c bit:
* x = a t Acos(t + ) vi a = const
Bin l A, tn s gc l , pha ban u
x l to , x
0
= Acos(t + ) l li .
To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a t A
Vn tc v = x = x
0
, gia tc a = v = x = x
0
H thc c lp: a = -
2
x
0

;
2 2 2
0
( )
v
A x
+
* x = a t Acos
2
(t + ) (ta h bc)
Bin A/2; tn s gc 2, pha ban u 2.
II. CON LC L XO
1. Tn s gc:
k
m
; chu k:
2
2
m
T
k
; tn s:
1 1
2 2
k
f
T m

iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v vt dao ng trong gii hn n hi
2. C nng:
2 2 2
1 1
W
2 2
m A kA
3. * bin dng ca l xo thng ng khi vt VTCB:

0
mg
l
k

0
2
l
T
g
* bin dng ca l xo khi vt VTCB vi con lc l xo

nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing :

0
sin mg
l
k

0
2
sin
l
T
g
+ Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: l
CB
= l
0
+ l
0
(l
0
l chiu di t
nhin)
+ Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht): l
Min
= l
0
+ l
0
A
+ Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht): l
Max
= l
0
+ l
0
+ A
l
CB
= (l
Min
+ l
Max
)/2
+ Khi A >l
0
(Vi Ox hng xung):
- Thi gian l xo nn 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x
1
= -l
0
n x
2
= -A.
- Thi gian l xo gin 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x
1
= -l
0
n x
2
= A,
Lu : Trong mt dao ng (mt chu k) l xo nn 2 ln
v gin 2 ln
4. Lc ko v hay lc hi phc F = -kx = -m
2
x
c im: * L lc gy dao ng cho vt.
* Lun hng v VTCB
* Bin thin iu ho cng tn s vi li
5. Lc n hi l lc a vt v v tr l xo khng bin dng.
C ln F
h
= kx
*
(x
*
l bin dng ca l xo)
* Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th lc ko v v lc n hi l mt (v ti VTCB l xo khng bin dng)
* Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing
+ ln lc n hi c biu thc:
* F
h
= kl
0
+ x vi chiu dng hng xung
* F
h
= kl
0
- x vi chiu dng hng ln
+ Lc n hi cc i (lc ko): F
Max
= k(l
0
+ A) = F
Kmax
(lc vt v tr thp nht)
+ Lc n hi cc tiu:
* Nu A < l
0
F
Min
= k(l
0
- A) = F
KMin
l
gin
O
x
A
-A
nn
l
gin
O
x
A
-A
Hnh a (A < l)
Hnh b (A > l)
x
A
-
A

l
N
n
0
Gi
n
Hnh v th hin thi gian l
xo nn v gin trong 1 chu k
(Ox hng xung)
* Nu A l
0
F
Min
= 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng)
Lc y (lc nn) n hi cc i: F
Nmax
= k(A - l
0
) (lc vt v tr cao nht)
*. Lc n hi, lc hi phc:
a. Lc n hi:
( )
( ) ( ) neu
0 neu l A
hM
h hm
hm
F k l A
F k l x F k l A l A
F
+
+ >
'
b. Lc hi phc:

0
hpM
hp
hpm
F kA
F kx
F

'
hay
2

0
hpM
hp
hpm
F m A
F ma
F

'
lc hi phc lun hng vo

v tr cn bng.
Ch : Khi h dao ng theo phng nm ngang th lc n hi v lc hi phc l nh nhau
h hp
F F
.
6. Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k
1
, k
2
, v chiu di tng ng
l l
1
, l
2
, th c: kl = k
1
l
1
= k
2
l
2
=
7. Ghp l xo:
* Ni tip
1 2
1 1 1
...
k k k
+ +
cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T
2
= T
1
2
+ T
2
2
* Song song: k = k
1
+ k
2
+ cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
T T T
+ +
8. Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m
1
c chu k T
1
, vo vt khi lng m
2
c T
2
, vo vt khi lng
m
1
+m
2
c chu k T
3
, vo vt khi lng m
1
m
2
(m
1
> m
2
) c chu k T
4
.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T
9. o chu k bng phng php trng phng
xc nh chu k T ca mt con lc l xo (con lc n) ngi ta so snh vi chu k T
0
( bit) ca mt
con lc khc (T T
0
).
Hai con lc gi l trng phng khi chng ng thi i qua mt v tr xc nh theo cng mt chiu.
Thi gian gia hai ln trng phng
0
0
TT
T T

Nu T > T
0
= (n+1)T = nT
0
.
Nu T < T
0
= nT = (n+1)T
0
. vi n N*
III. CON LC N
1. Tn s gc:
g
l
; chu k:
2
2
l
T
g
; tn s:
1 1
2 2
g
f
T l

iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v
0
<< 1 rad hay S
0
<< l
2. Lc hi phc
2
sin
s
F mg mg mg m s
l

Lu : + Vi con lc n lc hi phc t l thun vi khi lng.
+ Vi con lc l xo lc hi phc khng ph thuc vo khi lng.
3. Phng trnh dao ng:
s = S
0
cos(t + ) hoc =
0
cos(t + ) vi s = l, S
0
=
0
l
v = s = -S
0
sin(t + ) = -l
0
sin(t + )
a = v = -
2
S
0
cos(t + ) = -
2
l
0
cos(t + ) = -
2
s = -
2
l
Lu : S
0
ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x
4. H thc c lp:
* a = -
2
s = -
2
l *
2 2 2
0
( )
v
S s
+ *
2
2 2
0
v
gl
+
5. C nng:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2

mg
m S S mgl m l
l
6. Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l
1
c chu k T
1
, con lc n chiu di l
2
c chu k T
2
, con lc n
chiu di l
1
+ l
2
c chu k T
2
,con lc n chiu di l
1
- l
2
(l
1
>l
2
) c chu k T
4
.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T
7. Khi con lc n dao ng vi
0
bt k. C nng, vn tc v lc cng ca si dy con lc n
W = mgl(1-cos
0
); v
2
= 2gl(cos cos
0
) v T
C
= mg(3cos 2cos
0
)
Lu : - Cc cng thc ny p dng ng cho c khi
0
c gi tr ln
- Khi con lc n dao ng iu ho (
0
<< 1rad) th:
2 2 2 2
0 0
1
W= ; ( )
2
mgl v gl ( c trn)
2 2
0
(1 1, 5 )
C
T mg +
8. Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h
1
, nhit t
1
. Khi a ti cao h
2
, nhit t
2
th ta c:
2
T h t
T R

+
Vi R = 6400km l bn knh Tri t, cn l h s n di ca thanh con lc.
9. Con lc n c chu k ng T su d
1
, nhit t
1
. Khi a ti su d
2
, nhit t
2
th ta c:
2 2
T d t
T R

+
Lu : * Nu T > 0 th ng h chy chm (ng h m giy s dng con lc n)
* Nu T < 0 th ng h chy nhanh
* Nu T = 0 th ng h chy ng
* Thi gian chy sai mi ngy (24h = 86400s): 86400( )
T
s
T

10. Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i:
Lc ph khng i thng l:
* Lc qun tnh:
F ma
ur r
, ln F = ma (
F a
ur r
)
Lu : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u
a v
r r
(
v
r
c hng chuyn ng)
+ Chuyn ng chm dn u
a v
r r
* Lc in trng: F qE
ur ur
, ln F = qE (Nu q > 0
F E
ur ur
; cn nu q < 0
F E
ur ur
)
* Lc y csimt: F = DgV (
F
ur
lung thng ng hng ln)
Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh.
g l gia tc ri t do.
V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh .
Khi :
' P P F +
uur ur ur
gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc
P
ur
)
'
F
g g
m
+
ur
uur ur
gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin.
Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi : ' 2
'
l
T
g

Cc trng hp c bit:
*
F
ur
c phng ngang: + Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng mt gc c: tan
F
P

Th
2 2
' ( )
F
g g
m
+
*
F
ur
c phng thng ng th '
F
g g
m
t
+ Nu
F
ur
hng xung th '
F
g g
m
+
+ Nu
F
ur
hng ln th '
F
g g
m

IV. CON LC VT L
1. Tn s gc:
mgd
I
; chu k: 2
I
T
mgd
; tn s
1
2
mgd
f
I
Trong : m (kg) l khi lng vt rn

d (m) l khong cch t trng tm n trc quay
I (kgm
2
) l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay
2. Phng trnh dao ng =
0
cos(t + )
iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v
0
<< 1rad
l
MT S TRNG HP THNG GP
+ Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua vt cb
0
0 x
theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u
2

+ Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr cn bng
0
0 x
theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
2

+ Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua bin dng
0
x A
: Pha ban u
0
+ Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua bin m
0
x A
: Pha ban u

+ Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
A
x theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u
3

+ Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
A
x theo chiu dng
0
0 v >
: Pha ban u

2
3
+ Chn gc thi gian
0
0 t
l lc vt qua v tr
0
2
A
x theo chiu m
0
0 v <
: Pha ban u
3

+ cos sin( )
2
+ ; sin cos( )
2

V. TNG HP DAO NG
1. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) v x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
)
c mt dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x = Acos(t + ).
Trong :
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 os( ) A A A A A c + +

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac A c

+
vi
1

2
(nu
1

2
)
* Nu = 2k (x
1
, x
2
cng pha) A
Max
= A
1
+ A
2
`
* Nu = (2k+1) (x
1
, x
2
ngc pha) A
Min
= A
1
- A
2
A
1
- A
2
A A
1
+ A
2
2. Khi bit mt dao ng thnh phn x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) v dao ng tng hp x = Acos(t + ) th dao
ng thnh phn cn li l x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
).
Trong :
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
2 os( ) A A A AAc +

1 1
2
1 1
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac Ac

vi
1

2
( nu
1

2
)
3. Nu mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
;
x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
) th dao ng tng hp cng l dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s
x = Acos(t + ).
Chiu ln trc Ox v trc Oy Ox .
Ta c:
1 1 2 2
os os os ...
x
A Ac Ac A c + +

1 1 2 2
sin sin sin ...
y
A A A A + +
2 2
x y
A A A + v
tan
y
x
A
A

vi [
Min
;
Max
]
VI. DAO NG TT DN DAO NG CNG BC - CNG HNG
1. Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st .
* Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l:
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g

* gim bin sau mi chu k l:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k

* S dao ng thc hin c:
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g
* Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li:

.
4 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g

(Nu coi dao ng tt dn c tnh tun hon vi chu k
2
T

)
3. Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi: f = f
0
hay =
0
hay T = T
0
Vi f, , T v f
0
,
0
, T
0
l tn s, tn s gc, chu k ca lc cng bc v ca h dao ng.
2. Dao ng cng bc:
cng bc ngoai lc
f f
. C bin ph thuc vo bin ca ngoi lc cng bc, lc
cn ca h, v s chnh lch tn s gia dao ng cng bc v dao ng ring.
3. Dao ng duy tr: C tn s bng tn s dao ng ring, c bin khng i.
CHNG : SNG C
I. SNG C HC
1. Bc sng: = vT = v/f
Trong : : Bc sng; T (s): Chu k ca sng; f (Hz): Tn s ca sng
v: Tc truyn sng (c n v tng ng vi n v ca )
2. Phng trnh sng
Ti im O: u
O
= Acos(t + )
Ti im M cch O mt on x trn phng truyn sng.
* Sng truyn theo chiu dng ca trc Ox th u
M
= A
M
cos(t + -
x
v
) = A
M
cos(t + - 2
x
)
* Sng truyn theo chiu m ca trc Ox th u
M
= A
M
cos(t + +
x
v
) = A
M
cos(t + + 2
x
)
3. lch pha gia hai im cch ngun mt khong x
1
, x
2
:
1 2 1 2
2
x x x x
v

Nu 2 im nm trn mt phng truyn sng v cch nhau mt khong x th:
2
x x
v

Lu : n v ca x, x
1
, x
2
, v v phi tng ng vi nhau
4. Trong hin tng truyn sng trn si dy, dy c kch thch dao ng bi nam chm in vi tn s
dng in l f th tn s dao ng ca dy l 2f.
II. SNG DNG
1. Mt s ch
* u c nh hoc u dao ng nh l nt sng.
T
x
t
O
O
x
M
x
* u t do l bng sng
* Hai im i xng vi nhau qua nt sng lun dao ng ngc pha.
* Hai im i xng vi nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha.
* Cc im trn dy u dao ng vi bin khng i nng lng khng truyn i
* Khong thi gian gia hai ln si dy cng ngang (cc phn t i qua VTCB) l na chu k.
2. iu kin c sng dng trn si dy di l:
* Hai u l nt sng:
*
( )
2
l k k N

S bng sng = s b sng = k
S nt sng = k + 1
* Mt u l nt sng cn mt u l bng sng: (2 1) ( )
4
l k k N
+
S b sng nguyn = k
S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1
3. Phng trnh sng dng trn si dy CB (vi u C c nh hoc dao ng nh l nt sng)
* u B c nh (nt sng):
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B:
os2
B
u Ac ft
v
' os2 os(2 )
B
u Ac ft Ac ft
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft
+ v ' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

Phng trnh sng dng ti M:
'
M M M
u u u +
2 os(2 ) os(2 ) 2 sin(2 ) os(2 )
2 2 2
M
d d
u Ac c ft A c ft

+ +
Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M:
2 os(2 ) 2 sin(2 )
2
M
d d
A A c A

+
* u B t do (bng sng):
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B:
' os2
B B
u u Ac ft
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft
+ v ' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

Phng trnh sng dng ti M:
'
M M M
u u u +
; 2 os(2 ) os(2 )
M
d
u Ac c ft
Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M:

2 cos(2 )
M
d
A A
Lu : * Vi x l khong cch t M n u nt sng th bin :

2 sin(2 )
M
x
A A
* Vi x l khong cch t M n u bng sng th bin :

2 cos(2 )
M
d
A A
III. GIAO THOA SNG

Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp S
1
, S
2
cch nhau mt khong l:
Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d
1
, d
2
Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun
1 1
Acos(2 ) u ft +
v
2 2
Acos(2 ) u ft +
Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft
+ v
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft
+
Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
M
d d d d
u Ac c ft

+ + 1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Bin dao ng ti M:
1 2
2 os
2
M
d d
A A c

_
+

,
vi
1 2

Ch : * S cc i: (k Z)
2 2
l l
k

+ < < + +
* S cc tiu:
1 1
(k Z)
2 2 2 2
l l
k

+ < < + +
1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha (
1 2
0
)
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2
(kZ)
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:(
1 2

)
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2
(kZ)
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= k (kZ)
l l
k

< <
Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun
ln lt l d
1M
, d
2M
, d
1N
, d
2N
.
t d
M
= d
1M
- d
2M
; d
N
= d
1N
- d
2N
v gi s d
M
< d
N
.
+ Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
Cc i: d
M
< k < d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
< (k+0,5) < d
N
+ Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
Cc i:d
M
< (k+0,5) < d
N
* Cc tiu: d
M
< k < d
N .
S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
IV. SNG M
1. Cng m:
W P
I= =
tS S
Vi W (J), P (W) l nng lng, cng sut pht m ca ngun; S (m
2
) l din tch mt vung gc vi
phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S l din tch mt cu S=4R
2
)
2. Mc cng m
0
( ) lg
I
L B
I
Hoc
0
( ) 10.lg
I
L dB
I

Vi I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
f = 1000Hz: cng m chun.
3. * Tn s do n pht ra (hai u dy c nh hai u l nt sng)
( k N*)
2
v
f k
l

ng vi k = 1 m pht ra m c bn c tn s
1
2
v
f
l
k = 2,3,4 c cc ho m bc 2 (tn s 2f
1
), bc 3 (tn s 3f
1
)
* Tn s do ng so pht ra (mt u bt kn, mt u h mt u l nt sng, mt u l bng sng)
(2 1) ( k N)
4
v
f k
l
+ ; ng vi k = 0 m pht ra m c bn c tn s
1
4
v
f
l
c trng sinh l c trng vt l

cao f
m sc , A f
to , L f
k = 1,2,3 c cc ho m bc 3 (tn s 3f
1
), bc 5 (tn s 5f
1
)
IV. C IM CA SNG M
1. Sng m, dao ng m:
a. Dao ng m: Dao ng m l nhng dao ng c hc c tn s t 16Hz n 20KHz m tai ngi c
th cm nhn c.
Sng m c tn s nh hn 16Hz gi l sng h m; sng m c tn s ln hn 20KHz gi l sng siu m.
b. Sng m l cc sng c hc dc lan truyn trong cc mi trng vt cht n hi: rn, lng, kh. Khng
truyn c trong chn khng.
Ch : Dao ng m l dao ng cng bc c tn s bng tn s ca ngun pht.
2. Vn tc truyn m:
Vn tc truyn m trong mi trng rn ln hn mi trng lng, mi trng lng ln hn mi trng kh.
Vn tc truyn m ph thuc vo tnh n hi v mt ca mi trng.
Trong mt mi trng, vn tc truyn m ph thuc vo nhit v khi lng ring ca mi trng .
3. c trng sinh l ca m:
a. Nhc m: Nhc m l nhng m c tn s hon ton xc
nh; nghe m tai nh ting n, ting ht,
b. Tp m: Tp m l nhng m khng c tn s nht nh;
nghe kh chu nh ting my n, ting chn i,
c. cao ca m: cao ca m l c trng sinh l ca m ph thuc vo c trng vt l ca m l tn
s. m cao c tn s ln, m trm c tn s nh.
d. m sc: m sc l c trng sinh l phn bit hai m c cng cao, n ph thuc vo bin v tn s
ca m hoc ph thuc vo th dao ng m.
e. to: to l c trng sinh l ca m ph thuc vo c trng vt l l mc cng m v tn s.
Ngng nghe: m c cng b nht m tai ngi nghe c, thay i theo tn s ca m.
Ngng au: m c cng ln n mc tai ngi c cm gic au (
2
10W/m I >
ng vi
130 L dB vi mi tn s).
Min nghe c l gii hn t ngng nghe n ngng au.
Ch : Qu trnh truyn sng l qu trnh truyn pha dao ng, cc phn t vt cht dao ng ti ch.
V. HIU NG P-PLE
1. Ngun m ng yn, my thu chuyn ng vi vn tc v
M
.
* My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun m th thu c m c tn s: '
M
v v
f f
v
+
* My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s: "

M
v v
f f
v
2. Ngun m chuyn ng vi vn tc v
S
, my thu ng yn.
* My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun m vi vn tc v
M
th thu c m c tn s:
'
S
v
f f
v v
* My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s:

"
S
v
f f
v v
+
Vi v l vn tc truyn m, f l tn s ca m.
Ch : C th dng cng thc tng qut:
'
M
S
v v
f f
v v
t
m
My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun th ly du + trc v
M
, ra xa th ly du -.
Ngun pht chuyn ng li gn ngun th ly du - trc v
S
, ra xa th ly du +.
CHNG : DAO NG V SNG IN T
I. CC I LNG TRONG MCH DAO NG LC
1. Dao ng in t
* in tch tc thi q = q
0
cos(t + )
* Hiu in th (in p) tc thi
0
0
os( ) os( )
q q
u c t U c t
C C
+ +
* Dng in tc thi i = q = -q
0
sin(t + ) = I
0
cos(t + +
2
)
* Cm ng t:
0
os( )
2
B B c t

+ +
Trong :
1
LC

l tn s gc ring ; 2 T LC l chu k ring;
1
2
f
LC
l tn s ring

0
0 0
q
I q
LC

;
0 0
0 0 0
q I L
U LI I
C C C

* Nng lng in trng:
2
2
1 1
W
2 2 2
q
Cu qu
C
hoc
2
2 0
W os ( )
2
q
c t
C
+
* Nng lng t trng:
2
2 2 0
1
W sin ( )
2 2
t
q
Li t
C
+
* Nng lng in t:
W=W W
t
+

2
2 2 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2
q
CU q U LI
C

Ch : + Mch dao ng c tn s gc , tn s f v chu k T th W
v W
t
bin thin vi tn s gc
2, tn s 2f v chu k T/2
+ Mch dao ng c in tr thun R 0 th dao ng s tt dn. duy tr dao ng cn cung
cp cho mch mt nng lng c cng sut:
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2
C U U RC
I R R
L
P
+ Khi t phng in th q v u gim v ngc li
+ Quy c: q > 0 ng vi bn t ta xt tch in dng th i > 0 ng vi dng in chy n
bn t m ta xt.
2. Phng trnh c lp vi thi gian:

+ + +
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2
; ;
i u i i
q Q Q u C Q
L
Mch dao ng LC l tng thc hin dao ng in t. Khong thi gian, gia hai ln lin tip, nng
lng in trng trn t in bng nng lng t trng trong
cun dy.
Khi nng lng in trng trn t bng nng lng t trng trong
cun cm, ta c:
W
2
1
W W
t

hay

2
2
Q q
C
Q
2
1
2
1
C
q
2
1
0
2
0
2
t
,
_
q
-Q
0
Q
0
O
2
2
Q
0
2
2
Q
0
4
3
4
3

Vi hai v tr li
2
2
Q q
0
t trn trc Oq, tng ng vi 4 v tr trn ng trn, cc v tr ny cch u
nhau bi cc cung
2
.
C ngha l, sau hai ln lin tip
t
W =W
, pha dao ng bin thin c mt lng l
4
T
4
2
2

:
Pha dao ng bin thin c 2 sau thi gian mt chu k T.
Tm li, c sau thi gian
4
T
nng lng in li bng nng lng t.
II. IN T TRNG, SNG IN T
1. Bc sng:
; ; : Chiet suat cua moi trng
c c
cT v n
f n

2. in t trng: in trng v t trng c th chuyn ha cho nhau, lin h mt thit vi nhau. Chng
l hai mt ca mt trng thng nht gi l in t trng.
3. Gi thuyt Maxwell:
a. Gi thuyt 1: T trng bin thin theo thi gian lm xut hin mt in trng xoy.
b. Gi thuyt 2: in trng bin thin theo thi gian lm xut hin mt t trng xoy.
c. Dng in dch: in trng bin thin theo thi gian lm xut hin mt t trng xoy. in trng ny
tng ng nh mt dng in gi l dng in dch.
4. Sng in t: Sng in t l qu trnh truyn i trong khng gian ca in t trng bin thin tun
hon theo thi gian.
a. Tnh cht: + Sng in t truyn i vi vn tc rt ln (
v c
).
+ Sng in t mang nng lng (
4
E f : ).
+ Sng in t truyn c trong mi trng vt cht v trong chn khng.
+ Sng in t tun theo nh lut phn x, nh lut khc x, giao thoa, nhiu x,
+ Sng in t l sng ngang.
+ Sng in t truyn trong cc mi trng vt cht khc nhau c vn tc khc nhau.
b. Phn loi v c tnh ca sng in t:
Loi sng Tn s Bc sng c tnh
Sng di 3 - 300 KHz
5 3
10 - 10 m
Nng lng nh, t b nc hp th
Sng trung 0,3 - 3 MHz
3 2
10 - 10 m
Ban ngy tng in li hp th mnh, ban
m tng in li phn x
Sng ngn 3 - 30 MHz
2
10 - 10 m
Nng lng ln, b tng in li v mt t
phn x nhiu ln
Sng cc
ngn
30 - 30000 MHz
-2
10 - 10 m
C nng lng rt ln, khng b tng in li
hp th, truyn theo ng thng
5. Mch chn sng:
a. Bc sng in t m mch cn chn:
8
2 ; 3.10 (m/s) c LC c
b. Mt s c tnh ring ca mch dao ng:

+
+
+ +
2
1 2 2 2 2
1
1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1
|| :
2 2 ( )
1 1 1 1 1
: ( )
2
2
C C f
f f f
LC L C C
C ntC f f f f
L C C
LC
6. Sng in t
Vn tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10
8
m/s
My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng in t pht hoc thu c
bng tn s ring ca mch.
Bc sng ca sng in t
2
v
v LC
f

Lu : Mch dao ng c L bin i t L
Min
L
Max
v C bin i t C
Min
C
Max
th bc sng ca
sng in t pht (hoc thu)
Min
tng ng vi L
Min
v C
Min
Max
tng ng vi L
Max
v C
Max

7. S tng t gia dao ng in v dao ng c
i lng c i lng in Dao ng c Dao ng in
x q x +
2
x = 0 q +
2
q = 0
v i
k
m

1
LC

m L x = Acos(t + ) q = q
0
cos(t + )
k
1
C
v = x = -Asin(t + ) i = q = -q
0
sin(t + )
F u
2 2 2
( )
v
A x
+
2 2 2
0
( )
i
q q
+
R F = -kx = -m
2
x
2
q
u L q
C

W
W
t
(W
C
) W
=
1
2
mv
2
W
t
=
1
2
Li
2
W
t
W
(W
L
) W
t
=
1
2
kx
2
W
=
2
2
q
C
CHNG : IN XOAY CHIU
I. CC MCH IN XOAY CHIU.
1. Biu thc in p tc thi v dng in tc thi:
u = U
0
cos(t +
u
) v i = I
0
cos(t +
i
)
Vi =
u

i
l lch pha ca u so vi i, c
2 2

2. Dng in xoay chiu i = I
0
cos(2ft +
i
)
* Mi giy i chiu 2f ln
* Nu pha ban u
i
=
2
hoc
i
=
2
th ch giy u tin
i chiu 2f-1 ln.
3. Cng thc tnh thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
Khi t in p u = U
0
cos(t +
u
) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln khi u U
1
.

4
t

Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U

, (0 < < /2)
4. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch R,L,C
* on mch ch c in tr thun R: u
R
cng pha vi i, ( =
u

i
= 0) v
U
I
R
v
0
0
U
I
R
Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c

U
I
R

* on mch ch c cun thun cm L: u
L
nhanh pha hn i l /2, ( =
u

i
= /2)

L
U
I
Z
v
0
0
L
U
I
Z
vi Z
L
= L l cm khng
Lu : Cun thun cm L cho dng in khng i i qua hon ton (khng cn tr).
* on mch ch c t in C: u
C
chm pha hn i l /2, ( =
u

i
= -/2)
U
u
O
M'2
M2
M'1
M1
-U
U
0
0
1
-U
1
Sng Sng
Tt
Tt

C
U
I
Z
v
0
0
C
U
I
Z
vi
1
C
Z
C
l dung khng
Lu : T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua (cn tr hon ton).
5. c im on mch thun RLC ni tip:
a. Tng tr:
2 2
( )
L C
Z R Z Z +
b. lch pha (u so vi i):
: u sm pha hn i
tan : u cung pha vi i
: u trepha hn i
L C
L C L C
L C
R
L C
Z Z
Z Z U U
Z Z
R U
Z Z
>

'
<
c. nh lut Ohm:
0
0
;
U U
I I
Z Z
d. Cng sut tiu th trn on mch: cos ; Hesocong suat:cos
R
U R
P UI
Z U

Ch : Vi mch hoc ch cha L, hoc ch cha C, hoc cha LC khng tiu th cng sut ( 0 P )

'

0 0
u i
0 0
Neu cos t th cos( t+ )
;
Neu cos t th cos( t- )
i u i u
i I u U
u U i I
e. Gin vc t: Ta c:
0 0 0 0
R L C
R L C
u u u u
U U U U
+ +
'
+ +
uur uuur uuur uuur

6. Lin h gia cc hiu in th hiu dng trong on mch thun RLC ni tip:
T
2 2
( )
L C
Z R Z Z + suy ra
2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U +
Tng t
2 2
RL L
Z R Z + suy ra
2 2
RL R L
U U U +
Tng t
2 2
RC C
Z R Z + suy ra
2 2
RC R C
U U U +

LC L C
Z Z Z
suy ra
LC L C
U U U
7. Cng sut to nhit trn on mch RLC:
* Cng sut tc thi: P = UIcos + UIcos(2t +
* Cng sut trung bnh: P = UIcos = I
2
R.
6. in p u = U
1
+ U
0
cos(t + ) c coi gm mt in p khng i U
1
v mt in p xoay chiu
u=U
0
cos(t + ) ng thi t vo on mch.
7. Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c P cp cc, rto quay vi vn tc n vng/giy
pht ra: f = pn Hz.
+ T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in :
0
cos( ) cos( ) ( ) NBS t t Wb + +
+ Sut in ng tc thi: '
d
e
dt
;
0
sin( ) ( ) sin( ) e NBS t V E t + +
0 0
sin( ) cos( )
2
e E t E t

+ + = NSBcos(t + -
2
) ; sin cos( )
2

+ Hiu in th tc thi:
0
cos( )
u
u U t +
. Nu my pht c in tr rt nh th : U
0
= E
0
.
R
L
C
0
U
R
uuur
0
U
L
uuur
0
U
C
uuur
0
U
LC
uuuur
0
U
AB
uuuur
0
I
uur
O
i
0
U
R
uuur
0
U
L
uuur
0
U
C
uuur
0
U
LC
uuuur
0
U
AB
uuuur
0
I
uur
O
i
0
U
R
uuur
0
U
L
uuur
0
U
C
uuur
0
U
AB
uuuur
0
I
uur
O
i
Vi
0
= NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch ca
vng dy, = 2f , E
0
= NSB l sut in ng cc i.
8. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu, gy bi ba sut in ng xoay
chiu cng tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha tng i mt l
2
3
1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
e E c t
e E c t
e E c t

+
trong trng hp ti i xng th
1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
i I c t
i I c t
i I c t

+
My pht mc hnh sao: U
d
= 3 U
p
My pht mc hnh tam gic: U
d
= U
p
Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: I
d
= I
p
Ti tiu th mc hnh tam gic: I
d
= 3 I
p
Lu : my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi nhau.
9. Cng thc my bin p:
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
U E I N
U E I N

10. Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng:
2
2 2
os
R
U c

P
P
Trong : P l cng sut truyn i ni cung cp
U l in p ni cung cp
cos l h s cng sut ca dy ti in

l
R
S
l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in bng 2 dy)
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: U = IR
Hiu sut ti in: .100% H

P P
P
=
t r r
v c v
P P U
H
P P U

.
II. BI TON CC TR
1. Hin tng cng hng:
iu kin cng hng
2
1
0
L C
u
i
Z Z
LC
th min Max
min
I
U U
Z R
Z R

.
Suy ra
2
2
min
cos 1
Max M M
U
P I R UI
R
R
Z

. Ch
0 0
0 0
R
U U
U I
uuur uur
uur uur
2. Khi in tr R thay i cn cc i lng khc gi khng i.
* Cng sut P t cc i khi :

2 2
R
2 U
suy ra ; cos khi oU =
2 2 2
2
L C M
L C
U U
R Z Z P
R Z Z
* Khi P < P
max
lun tn ti 2 gi tr R
1
, R
2
cng sut tiu th trn mch bng nhau, ng thi tho mn k
( )
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
1 2
2
L C
R R Z Z
U
P P
R R

'
* Cc gi tr I, U
L
, U
C
t cc i khi : R = 0.
* Gi tr U
R
cc i khi : R =
.
* Khi R = R
1
hoc R = R
2
m cng sut trn mch c gi tr nh nhau th P
max
khi : R =
1 2
R R .
Nu cun dy c in tr r th : R + r = ( ) ( )
1 2
R r R r + +
3. Khi gi tr in dung C ca t thay i, cn cc i lng khc khng i:
* Hiu in th
2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) 2
1
C C
L C L L
C C C
U U
U IZ
R Z Z R Z Z
Z Z Z

+ +
+
t cc i
Khi :
'
+
2 2
2 2
max
L
C
L
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
U R Z
U
R
v
( )
2
ax ax 2
0
m m
C L C
U U U U
* Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
m cng sut P trn mch bng nhau th P
max
khi :
1 2
1 1 1 1
2 C C C
_
+

,
* Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
m U
C
bng nhau th U
C
t gi tr cc i khi : C = ( )
1 2
1
2
C C + .
* Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
m cc gi tr : I, P, U
R
, U
L
nh nhau th :
1 2
2
C C
L
Z Z
Z
+
* Cc gi tr P, I, U
R
, U
L
, t cc i khi mch xy ra cng hng : Z
C
= Z
L
4. Khi gi tr t cm L ca cun dy thay i, cn cc i lng khc khng i:
* Hiu in th
2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) 2
1
L L
L C C C
L L L
U U
U IZ
R Z Z R Z Z
Z Z Z

+ +
+
t cc i khi :
. Khi :
'
+
2 2
2 2
ax
C
L
C
C
Lm
R Z
Z
Z
U R Z
U
R
v khi ta c :
( )
2
ax ax 2
0
m m
L C L
U U U U
* Khi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
m cng sut P trn mch bng nhau th P
max
khi : ( )
1 2
1
2
L L L + .
* Khi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
m U
L
c gi tr nh nhau th U
Lmax
khi :
1 2
1 1 1 1
2 L L L
_
+

,
.
* Khi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
m I, P, U
C
, U
R
nh nhau th :
1 2
2
L L
C
Z Z
Z
+
* Cc gi tr P, I, U
R
, Uc, t cc i khi mch xy ra cng hng : Z
L
= Z
C
.
5. Khi tn s gc ca mch thay i, cn cc gi tr khc khng i.
* iu kin ca U
L
max l :
2
2 2
ax
2 2
2
2
2
4
m
L
LC R C
UL
U
R LC R C

* iu kin ca U
C
max l :

2
2
2
ax
2 2
1
2
2
4
m
C
R
LC L
UL
U
R LC R C
'

* Khi =
1
hoc =
2
m P, I, Z, cos, U
R
c gi tr nh nhau th P, I, Z, cos, U
R
s t gi tr cc
i khi : =
1 2
1
LC

6. Lin quan lch pha:
a. Trng hp 1:
1 2 1 2
tan .tan 1
2
+
b. Trng hp 2:
1 2 1 2
tan .tan 1
2

c. Trng hp 3:
1 2 1 2
tan .tan 1
2
+ t .
7. Hai on mch AM gm R
1
L
1
C
1
ni tip v on mch MB gm R
2
L
2
C
2
ni tip mc ni tip vi nhau
c U
AB
= U
AM
+ U
MB
u
AB
; u
AM
v u
MB
cng pha tanu
AB
= tanu
AM
= tanu
MB
8. Hai on mch R
1
L
1
C
1
v R
2
L
2
C
2
cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau
Vi
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
Z Z
R
v
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
Z Z
R
(gi s
1
>
2
)
C
1

2
=
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+

Trng hp c bit = /2 (vung pha nhau) th tan
1
tan
2
= -1.
VD: * Mch in hnh 1 c u
AB
v u
AM
lch pha nhau
y 2 on mch AB v AM c cng i v u
AB
chm pha hn u
AM

AM

AB
=
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
AM AB
AM AB
Nu u
AB
vung pha vi u
AM
th tan tan =-1 1
L C L
AM AB
Z Z Z
R R

* Mch in hnh 2: Khi C = C
1
v C = C
2
(gi s C
1
> C
2
) th i
1
v i
2
lch pha nhau
y hai on mch RLC
1
v RLC
2
c cng u
AB
Gi
1
v
2
l lch pha ca u
AB
so vi i
1
v i
2

th c
1
>
2

1
-
2
=
Nu I
1
= I
2
th
1
= -
2
= /2
Nu I
1
I
2
th tnh
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
R L C M A B
Hnh 1
R L C M A B
Hnh 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
III. BI TON HP KN (BI TON HP EN)
1. Mch in n gin:
a. Nu
NB
U
cng pha vi i suy ra ch cha
0
R
b. Nu
NB
U
sm pha vi i gc
2
suy ra ch cha
0
L
c. Nu
NB
U
tr pha vi i gc
2
suy ra ch cha
0
C
2. Mch in phc tp:
a. Mch 1
Nu
AB
U
0
L
Nu
AN
U
v
NB
U
to vi nhau gc
2
suy ra ch cha
0
R
Vy cha (
0 0
, L R
)
b. Mch 2
Nu
AB
U
0
C
Nu
AN
U
v
NB
U
to vi nhau gc
2
suy ra ch cha
0
R
Vy cha (
0 0
, C R
)
CHNG : SNG NH SNG
1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng.
* /n: L hin tng nh sng b tch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai mi
trng trong sut.
* nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc
nh sng n sc c tn s xc nh, ch c mt mu.
Bc sng ca nh sng n sc
v
f
l =
, truyn trong chn khng
0
c
f
l =

0 0
c
v n
l l
l
l
= =
* Chit sut ca mi trng trong sut ph thuc vo mu sc nh sng. i vi nh sng mu l nh
nht, mu tm l ln nht.
* nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm.
Bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,38 m 0,76 m.
2. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng (ch xt giao thoa nh sng trong th nghim Ing).
* /n: L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp trong khng gian trong xut hin nhng
vch sng v nhng vch ti xen k nhau.
Cc vch sng (vn sng) v cc vch ti (vn ti) gi l vn giao thoa.
* Hiu ng i ca nh sng (hiu quang trnh)

2 1
ax
d d d
D
D = - =
Trong : a = S
1
S
2
l khong cch gia hai khe sng
D = OI l khong cch t hai khe sng S
1
, S
2
n mn quan st
S
1
M = d
1
; S
2
M = d
2

R
L
C
X
A N B
R
L
X
A N B
R
C
X
A N B
S
1
D
S
2
d
1
d
2 I
O
x
M
a
x = OM l (to ) khong cch t vn trung tm n im M ta xt
* V tr (to ) vn sng: d = k ;
D
x k k Z
a
l
=
k = 0: Vn sng trung tm
k = t1: Vn sng bc (th) 1
k = t2: Vn sng bc (th) 2
* V tr (to ) vn ti: d = (k + 0,5) ( 0, 5) ;
D
x k k Z
a
l
= +
k = 0, k = -1: Vn ti th (bc) nht
k = 1, k = -2: Vn ti th (bc) hai
k = 2, k = -3: Vn ti th (bc) ba
* Khong cch gia n vn sng lin tip nhau l l :
( 1) l n i
* Khong cch gia m khong vn lin tip nhau l l : l mi
* Ti v tr M m
: Van sang th
1
: Van toi th( 1)
2
x
k k
i
x
k k
i
'
+ +
* Khong vn i: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip:
D
i
a
l
=
* Nu th nghim c tin hnh trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th bc sng v k/vn:
n
n n
D i
i
n a n
l l
l = = =
* Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu v khong
vn i vn khng i.
di ca h vn l: 0
1
D
x d
D
=
Trong : D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn
D
1
l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe
d l dch chuyn ca ngun sng
* Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t khe S
1
(hoc S
2
) c t mt bn mng dy e, chit sut n th h
vn s dch chuyn v pha S
1
(hoc S
2
) mt on:
0
( 1) n eD
x
a
-
=
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng L (i xng qua vn
trung tm)
+ S vn sng (l s l):
2 1
2
S
L
N
i

= +

+ S vn ti (l s chn):
2 0, 5
2
t
L
N
i

= +

Trong [x] l phn nguyn ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x
1
, x
2
(gi s x
1
< x
2
)
+ Vn sng: x
1
< ki < x
2

+ Vn ti: x
1
< (k+0,5)i < x
2
S gi tr k Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm
Lu : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
cng du.
M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
khc du.
* Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn sng.
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th:
1
L
i
n
=
-
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th:
L
i
n
=
+ Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th:
0, 5
L
i
n
=
-

* S trng nhau ca cc bc x
1
,
2
... (khong vn tng ng l i
1
, i
2
...)
+ Trng nhau ca vn sng: x
s
= k
1
i
1
= k
2
i
2
= ... k
1
1
= k
2
2
= ...
+ Trng nhau ca vn ti: x
t
= (k
1
+ 0,5)i
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)i
2
= ... (k
1
+ 0,5)
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)
2
= ...
Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vs ca cc bc x.
+ Cch xc nh s vn sng trng nhau trong mt khong L:

- Tm khong cch ngn nht gia 2 vs trng nhau : x
min
.
- S vn sng trng nhau : n = 2
min
1
2
L
x
1
+
1
]
* Trong hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng (0,38 m 0,76 m)
- B rng quang ph bc k:
( )
t
D
x k
a
l l D = - vi
v
t
l bc sng nh sng v tm
- Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh ( bit x)
+ Vn sng:
ax
, k Z
D
x k
a kD
l
l = =
ax
k
D
.
S vn sng :
ax min m
ax ax
k
D D

Vi 0,38 m 0,76 m c bao nhiu gi tr ca k th c by nhiu vs , k Z
+ Vn ti:
ax
( 0, 5) , k Z
( 0, 5)
D
x k
a k D
l
l = + =
+
S vn ti :
ax min
0, 5 0, 5
m
ax ax
k
D D

Vi 0,38 m 0,76 m c bao nhiu gi tr ca k th c by nhiu vn ti , k Z
- Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k:
[k ( 0, 5) ]
Min t
D
x k
a

ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
+ Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i vi vn trung tm.
ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i vi vn trung tm.
*. V tr vn sng bc
1
k
ca bc x
1
trng vi v tr vn sng bc
2
k
ca bc x
2
:
1 1 2 2
k k
* . V tr vn sng bc
1
k
ca bc x
1
trng vi v tr vn ti bc
2
k
ca bc x
2
:
1 1 2 2
1
( )
2
k k +
Ch : Trong khng kh (chn khng):
c
f

; trong mi trng c chit sut n:
c
v
n
v c
f nf
'
Ch : Khong vn trong khng kh l i ; trong mi trng c chit sut

n
khong vn
mt
i
i
n
III. QUANG PH
1. My quang ph:
a. nh ngha: My quang ph l dng c dng phn tch chm sng c nhiu thnh phn thnh nhng
thnh phn n sc khc nhau.
b. Cu to:
+ ng chun trc l to ra chm tia song song.
+ Lng knh phn tch song song thnh nhng thnh phn n sc song song khc nhau.
+ Bung nh l knh nh t ti tiu im nh ca thu knh
2
L quan st quang ph.
c. Nguyn tc hot ng:
+ Chm tia qua ng chun trc l chm tia song song n lng knh.
+ Qua lng knh chm sng b phn tch thnh cc thnh phn n sc song song.
+ Cc chm tia n sc qua bung nh c hi t trn knh nh.
2. Quang ph lin tc:
a. nh ngha: Quang ph lin tc l di mu bin thin lin tc, quang ph lin tc ca nh sng l di
mu bin thin lin tc t ti tm.
b. Ngun pht: Cc cht rn, cht lng, cht kh c t khi ln nng sng pht ra quang ph lin tc.
c. c im, tnh cht:
Qp lin tc khng ph thuc thnh phn ha hc ca ngun pht m ch ph thuc vo nhit ca ngun pht
+ nhit
0
500 C
, cc vt bt u pht ra nh sng mu ; nhit 2500K n 3000K cc vt
pht ra quang ph lin tc c mu bin thin t n tm. Nhit ca b Mt Tri khong 6000K , nh
sng ca Mt Tri l nh sng trng.
3. Quang ph vch pht x:
a. nh ngha: Qp vch pht x l loi quang ph gm nhng vch mu n sc nm trn mt nn ti.
b. Cc cht kh hay hi c p sut thp b kch thch pht ra.
c. c im: + Cc cht kh hay hi p sut thp khc nhau cho nhng quang ph vch khc nhau c v
s lng vch, v tr, mu sc ca cc vch v sng t i ca cc vch.
+ Mi cht kh hay hi p sut thp c mt quang ph vch c trng.
4. Quang ph vch hp th:
a. nh ngha: Qp vch hp th l mt h thng cc vch ti nm trn mt nn mt quang ph lin tc.
b. Cch to:
+ Chiu vo khe ca my quang ph mt nh sng trng ta nhn c mt quang ph lin tc.
+ t mt n hi Natri trn ng truyn tia sng trc khi n khe ca my quang ph, trn nn quang
ph xut hin cc vch ti ng v tr cc vch vng trong quang ph vch pht x ca Natri.
c. iu kin: Nhit ca m kh hay hi hp th phi thp hn nhit ca ngun sng pht ra qplt.
d. Hin tng o sc: mt nhit nht nh, mt m kh hay hi c kh nng pht ra nhng nh sng
n sc no th n cng c kh nng hp th nhng nh sng n sc .
Ch : Quang ph ca Mt Tri m ta thu c trn Tri t l quang ph hp th, B mt ca Mt Tri
pht ra quang ph lin tc.
IV. SNG IN T
Loi sng Bc sng Ch
c
f

Vng : 0,640 0, 760 m m
Tia gamma
12
Di 10 m
Vng cam : 0,590 0,650 m m

Tia Roengent
12 9
10 en 10 m m

Vng vng : 0,570 0,600 m m
Tia t ngoi
9 7
10 en 3,8.10 m m

Vng lc : 0,500 0,575 m m
nh sng nhn thy
7 7
3,8.10 en 7,6.10 m m

Vng lam : 0, 450 0,510 m m
Tia hng ngoi
7 3
7,6.10 en 10 m m

Vng chm : 0, 440 0, 460 m m
Sng v tuyn
3
10 trlen m
Vng tm : 0,38 0, 440 m m

1. Tia hng ngoi:
a. nh ngha: Tia hng ngoi l nhng bc x khng nhn thy, c bc sng ln hn bc sng ca nh
sng (
0,76 m >
).
b. Ngun pht sinh: + Cc vt b nung nng di
0
500 C
pht ra tia hng ngoi.
+ C 50% nng lng Mt Tri thuc v vng hng ngoi.
+ Ngun pht tia hng ngoi thng l cc n dy tc bng Vonfram nng sng c
cng sut t 250 1000 W W .
c. Tnh cht, tc dng: + C bn cht l sng in t.
+ Tc dng ni bt nht l tc dng nhit.
+ Tc dng ln mt loi knh nh c bit gi l knh nh hng ngoi.
+ B hi nc hp th.
+ C kh nng gy ra 1 s phn ng ho hc.
+ C th bin iu c nh sng in t cao tn.
+ C th gy gy ra hin tng quang in trong cho mt s cht bn dn
d. ng dng: Sy kh sn phm, si m, chp nh hng ngoi.
2. Tia t ngoi:
a. nh ngha: Tia hng ngoi l nhng bc x khng nhn thy, c bc sng nh hn bc sng ca nh
sng tm (
0,38 m <
).
b. Ngun pht sinh: + Cc vt b nung nng trn
0
3000 C
pht ra tia t ngoi.
+ C 9% nng lng Mt Tri thuc v vng t ngoi.
+ Ngun pht tia t ngoi l cc n hi thy ngn pht ra tia t ngoi.
c. Tnh cht, tc dng: + C bn cht l sng in t.
+ Tc dng rt mnh ln knh nh.
+ Lm pht quang mt s cht.
+ Tc dng lm ion ha cht kh
+ Gy ra mt s phn ng quang ha, quang hp.
+ Gy hiu ng quang in.
+ Tc dng sinh hc: hy hoi t bo, git cht vi khun,
+ B thy tinh, nc hp th rt mnh. Thch anh gn nh trong sut i vi cc
tia t ngoi
d. ng dng: Chp nh; pht hin cc vt nt, xc trn b mt sn phm; kh trng; cha bnh ci xng
3. Tia Rnghen ( Tia X) :
a. nh ngha: Tia X l nhng bc x in t c bc sng t
12
10 m
n
8
10 m
(tia X cng, tia X mm).

b. Cch to ra tia Rnghen: Khi chm tia catt p vo tm kim loi c nguyn t lng pht ra.
c. Tnh cht, tc dng: + Kh nng m xuyn rt mnh.
+ Tc dng mnh ln knh nh.
+ Lm ion ha khng kh.
+ Lm pht quang nhiu cht.
+ Gy ra hin tng quang in cho hu ht cc kim loi.
+ Tc dng sinh l: hy dit t bo, dit t bo, dit vi khun,
d. ng dng: D khuyt tt bn trong cc sn phm, chp in, chiu in, cha bnh ung th nng, o
liu lng tia X
CHNG : LNG T NH SNG
I. HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI.
1. nh ngha : Hin tng nh sng lm bt cc eletron ra khi b mt kim loi gi l hin tng q ngoi.
2. Cc nh lut quang in:
a. nh lut 1 quang in: Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi bc sng nh sng kch thch ( ) phi
nh hn bng gii hn quang in (
0
) ca kim loi :
0

.
b. nh lut 2 quang in: Cng dng quang in bo ha t l thun vi cng chm sng kch
thch:
~
q askt
I I
.
c. nh lut 3 quang in: ng nng ban u cc i ca cc electron quang in ch ph thuc vo
bc sng nh sng kch thch v bn cht ca kim loi, khng ph thuc vo cng chm sng kch
thch:
0 0
0
( , )
M
M askt
W
W I

'
.
II. THUYT LNG T
1. Gi thuyt lng t nng lng ca Plng.
Lng nng lng m mi ln nguyn t hay phn t hp th hay pht x c gi tr hon ton xc nh, gi
l lng t nng lng. Lng t nng lng k hiu l , c gi tr bng : = hf.
Trong h = 6,625.10
-34
J.s l hng s Plng, f l tn s ca nh sng c hp th hay pht x.
2. Thuyt lng t nh sng.
+ Mi chm sng l 1 chm ht, mi ht gi l 1 phtn, mi phtn c nng lng xc nh = hf.
Cng chm sng t l vi s phtn pht ra trong 1 giy.
+ Phn t, nguyn t, electron.... pht x hay hp th /sng c ngha l chng pht x hay hp th phtn
+ Cc phtn bay dc theo tia sng vi tc c = 3.10
8
m/s trong chn khng.
3. Phng trnh Einstein:
a. Gii hn quang in:
19
0
; 1 1,6.10
( )
hc
eV J
A J

b. ng nng:
2
0 0
1
( )
2
M M
W mv J
c. Phng trnh Einstein:
2
0 0
0
1
hay
2
M M
hc
A W mv
+ +
hay
2
0 ax
2
M
mv hc
hf A e
l
= = = +
Ch : Phng trnh Einstein gii thch nh lut 1; nh lut 3; thuyt lng t gii thch nh lut 2.
4. iu kin trit tiu hon ton dng quang in:
>
0
0 ; 0
q M h h
I W eU U
5. Dng quang in bo ha:

bh
bh
I t n q
I n
t q

: S electron bt ra trong thi gian t.
I
bh
= n
1
.e ( Trong n
1
l s e bt ra trong 1giy)
6. Nng lng chm photon:
E
E N N
: S photon p vo
7. Cng sut bc x ca ngun:
=N . ( )
E hc
P W
t
. N
l s phtn n K trong 1 giy.

8. Hiu sut lng t: .100%
n
H
N
9. nh l ng nng:
0
vi
cos

F
F
W W W
W A
A Fs

'
ur
ur
* Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i V
Max
v khong cch cc i d
Max
m electron chuyn ng
trong in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng thc:
2
ax 0 ax ax
1
2
M M M
eV mv eEd = =
* Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, v
A
l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, v
K
= v
0Max
l
vn tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th:
2 2
1 1
2 2
A K
eU mv mv = -
10. Nng lng tia X :
'
X X
X
X AK
hc
hf
W eU
Bc sng nh nht ca tia Rnghen:
W
Min
hc
l =
Trong
2 2
0
W
2 2
AK
mv mv
eU = = + l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc)
U l hiu in th gia ant v catt
v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt
v
0
l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v
0
= 0)
m = 9,1.10
-31
kg l khi lng electron.
* Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B
, = ( ,B)
sin
mv
R v
eB
a
a
=
r ur
Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v
0Max

Khi sin 1
mv
v B R
eB
a ^ = =
r ur
Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn
tc ban u cc i v
0Max
, hiu in th hm U
h
, in th cc i V
Max
, u c tnh ng vi bc x c
Min
(hoc f
Max
).
* Bn knh qu o khi electron quang in chuyn ng trong in trng u c
E v
r
r
.:
2
mv
R
eE
III. MU NGUYN T BOHR

1. Tin Bohr:
a. Tin 1: Nguyn t ch tn ti nhng trng thi c nng lng hon ton xc nh gi l trng thi
dng. trng thi dng nguyn t khng bc x nng lng.
b. Tin 2: Nguyn t thi thi c mc nng lng
m
E
cao hn khi chuyn v trng thi dng c mc
nng lng
n
E
thp hn s gii phng mt nng lng
mn mn m n
mn
hc
hf E E

v ngc li.
c. H qu: nhng trng thi dng cc electron trong nguyn t
ch chuyn ng trn qu o c bn knh hon ton xc nh gi
l qu o dng:
2 0
0 0
; vi 0,53
n
r n r r A .
Ch : Trong nguyn t Hir, trng thi dng l trng thi c
mc nng lng thp nht (ng vi qu o K), cc trng thi c mc nng lng cao hn gi l trng thi
kch thch (thi gian tn ti
8
10 s
).
Nguyn t (electron) ch hp th hoc bc x nng lng ng bng hiu nng lng gia hai mc.
2. Nng lng trng thi dng:
0 2
13,6
( ); 13,6
n
E eV E eV
n

3. Bc sng:

19
2 2
1 1
13,6.( ).1,6.10 (J )
m n
hc
E E
n m

hay:

7 1
2 2
1 1 1
( ) ,vi 1,09.10 : Hang soRitber
H H
R R m
n m
4. Quang ph nguyn t Hir:
Cc electron trng thi kch thch tn ti khong
8
10 s

nn gii phng nng lng di dng phtn tr v cc
trng thi c mc nng lng thp hn.
a. Dy Lynam: Cc electron chuyn t trng thi c mc
nng lng cao hn v trng thi c mc nng lng ng
vi qu o K (thuc vng t ngoi).
b. Dy Balmer: Cc electron chuyn t trng thi c mc
vi qu o L (thuc vng t ngoi v vng nhn thy).
c. Dy Paschen: Cc electron chuyn t trng thi c mc
vi qu o M (thuc vng hng ngoi).
Ch : Bc sng cng ngn nng lng cng ln.
Lu : Vch di nht
LK
khi e chuyn t L K
Vch ngn nht
K
khi e chuyn t K.
- Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt
phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L
Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
+ Vch H
ng vi e: M L + Vch lam H
ng vi e: N L
+ Vch chm H
ng vi e: O L + Vch tm H
ng vi e: P L
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
hf
mn
hf
mn
nhn
phtn
pht phtn
E
m
E
n
E
m
> E
n
Lu : Vch di nht
ML
(Vch H

)
Vch ngn nht
L
khi e chuyn t L.
- Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M
Lu : Vch di nht
NM
khi e chuyn t N M.
Vch ngn nht
M
khi e chuyn t M.
Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:
13 12 23
1 1 1

+
v f
13
= f
12
+f
23
(nh cng vct)
III. HP TH V PHN X NH SNG
1. Hp th nh sng:
Hp th nh sng l hin tng mi trng vt cht lm gim cng ca chm sng truyn qua n.
a. nh lut v hp th nh sng:
Cng ca chm sng n sc khi truyn mi trng hp th, gim theo nh lut hm m ca di
ng truyn tia sng:

0
d
I I e .
Trong :
'
0

I lacngocuachumsangti moi trng
lahesohapthucua moi trng
d odai cua ngtruyentia sang
b. Hp th lc la:
+ Vt trong sut (vt khng mu) l vt khng hp th nh sng trong min nhn thy ca quang ph.
+ Vt c mu en l vt hp th hon ton nh sng trong min nhn thy ca quang ph.
+ Vt trong sut c mu l vt hp th lc la nh sng trong min nhn thy ca quang ph.
2. Phn x (tn sc) lc la nh sng:
Cc vt c th hp th lc la mt s nh sng n sc, nh vy cc vt cng c th phn x (tn sc) mt
s nh sng n sc. Hin tng c gi l phn x (tn sc) lc la nh sng.
Ch : Yu t quyt nh n vic hp th, phn x (tn sc) nh sng l bc sng ca nh sng.
IV. LASER
1. Hin tng pht quang:
a. S pht quang: C mt s cht th rn, lng, kh khi hp th mt nng lng di dng no th c
kh nng pht ra mt bc x in t. Nu bc x c bc sng nm trong gii hn ca nh sng nhn
thy th c gi l s pht quang.
c im
Mi cht pht quang c mt quang ph c trng ring cho n.
Sau khi ngng kch thch, s pht quang ca mt s cht cn c duy tr trong
mt khong thi gian no .
+ Thi gian pht quang l khong thi gian k t lc ngng kch thch cho n lc ngng pht quang: Thi
gian pht quang c th ko di t
10
10 s
n vi ngy.
+ Hin tng pht quang l hin tng khi vt hp th nh sng kch thch c bc sng ny pht ra nh
sng c bc sng khc.
b. Cc dng pht quang:
+ Hunh quang l s pht quang c thi gian ngn di
8
10 s
, thng xy ra vi cht lng v kh.
+ Ln quang l s pht quang c thi gian di trn
8
10 s
, thng xy ra vi cht rn.
Ch : Thc t trong khong

8 6
10 10 s t s
khng xc nh c ln quang hay hunh quang.
c. nh lut Xtc v s pht quang: nh sng pht quang c bc sng nh hn bc sng nh sng kch
thch:
< >
aspq askt aspq askt
.
2. Laser:
a. c im:
+ Tia Laser c tnh n sc cao. sai lch
15
10
f
f
.
+ Tia Laser l chm sng kt hp, cc photon trong chm sng c cng tn s v cng pha.
+ Tia Laser l chm sng song song, c tnh nh hng cao.
+ Tia Laser c cng ln
6 2
~10 W/cm I
.
b. Cc loi Laser: Laser hng ngc, Laser thy tinh pha noim, Lasre kh He He, Laser
2
CO , Laser bn
dn,
c. ng dng:
+ Trong thng tin lin lc: cp quang, v tuyn nh v,
+ Trong y hc: lm dao m, cha mt s bnh ngoi da nh tc dng nhit,
+ Trong u c a: CD, VCD, DVD,
+ Trong cng nghip: khoan, ct, ti, vi chnh xc cao.
CHNG : THUYT TNG I HP
1. Cc tin Einstein:
a. Tin I (nguyn l tng i): Cc hin tng vt l din ra nh nhau trong cc h quy chiu qun tnh.
b. Tin II (nguyn l bt bin ca vn tc nh sng): Vn tc nh sng trong chn khng c cng gi tr
bng c trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh, khng ph thuc vo phng truyn v vn tc ca ngun sng
hay my thu.
2. Cc h qu:
+ S co ca di: di ca mt thanh b co li dc theo phng chuyn ng ca n:
2
0 0 2
1
v
l l l
c
< .
+ S dn ra ca khong thi gian: ng h gn vi quan st vin chuyn ng chy chm hn ng h gn
vi quan st vin ng yn:
0
0
2
2
1
t
t t
v
c
>
.
+ Khi lng tng i:
0
2
2
1
m
m
v
c
. + ng lng tng i:
0
2
2
1
m
p mv v
v
c

ur r r
.
+ Nng lng tng i:
2 2 0
2
2
1
m
E mc c
v
c

. Ch :
2 2
0 0
2 2 4 2 2
0
1
2
E mc mv
E mc p c
'
3. i vi photon:
+ Nng lng ca photon:
2
hc
hf mc

+ Khi lng tng i tnh ca photon:
0
2 2
2
2
1
m hf h
m
c c c
v
c
, suy ra
2
0 2
1
v
m m
c

M
v c
nn
0
0 m
.
CHNG : VT L HT NHN
I. HT NHN NGUYN T
1. Cu to ht nhn:
'
+

'

'

27
19
27
1,67262.10
proton
1,6.10
c tao nen t
1,67493.10
( - ) ntron
0: khong mang ien

p
p
A
Z
n
p
m kg
Z
q C
X
m kg
N A Z
q
2. n v khi lng nguyn t (
u
):

'
27
1,007276
1 1,66055.10
1,008665
p
n
m u
u kg
m u
3. Cc cng thc lin h:
a. S mol:
23
A
; A: khoi lng mol(g/mol) hay sokhoi (u)
: khoi lng

N: sohat nhan nguyen t
;
N 6,023.10 nguyen t/mol
A
A
A
m
NA
n
m
A
N
N
mN
n
N
N
A
' '
'

4. Bn knh ht nhn:
1
15
3
1,2.10 ( ) R A m
II. NNG LNG HT NHN

1. ht khi:
0
0
( ) : khoi lng cac nuclon rieng le
p n
m Zm A Z m
m m m
+
'

( m l khi lng ht nhn)

2. H thc Einstein:
2
E mc ;
2
1 931,5 uc MeV ;
13
1 1,6.10 MeV J
3. Nng lng lin kt, nng lng lin kt ring:

a. Nng lng lin kt:
2
E mc
b. Nng lng lin kt ring: : tnh cho mot nuclon
E
A
Ch : + Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th cng bn vng.

+ Ht nhn c s khi trong khong t 50 n 70, nng lng lin kt ring ca chng c gi tr
ln nht vo khong
8,8 / MeV nu
III. PHNG X.
1. nh ngha : Hin tng mt ht nhn khng bn , t pht phn r pht ra cc tia phng x v bin i
thnh ht nhn khc gi l hin tng phng x.
2. c im : Hin tng phng x hon ton do nguyn nhn bn trong ht nhn gy nn, khng ph thuc
vo cc yu t bn ngoi nh : nhit , p sut, in t trng.
3. nh lut phng x:
'
0
0
0
0

ln2
2
; vi : hang sophan ra
( )

2
t
t
T
t
t
T
N
N N e
m T s
m me
* S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t :
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
N N N e
l
-
-
= =
* S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht ( hoc e
-
hoc e
+
) c
to thnh:
0 0
(1 )
t
N N N N e
l -
D = - = -
* Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t :
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
m m m e
l
-
-
= =
Trong : N
0
, m
0
l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u
T l chu k bn r

2 0, 693 ln
T T
l = = l hng s phng x v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m
ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca cht phng x.
* Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t :
0 0
(1 )
t
m m m m e
l -
D = - = -
* Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
0
1
t
m
e
m
l -
D
= -
Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
0
2
t
t
T
m
e
m
l
-
-
= =
* Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t :
0
0
(1 ) (1 )
t t c c
c c
A A m
A N A N
m A e m e
N N A
l l - -
D
= = - = -
Trong : A
m
, Ac l s khi ca cht phng x ban u (m) v ca cht mi c to thnh (con)
N
A
= 6,022.10
-23
mol
-1
l s Avgar.
Lu : Trng hp phng x
+
,
-
th A
c
= A
m
m
c
= m
4. phng x H: L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x,
o bng s phn r trong 1 giy.
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
H H H e N
l
l
-
-
= = =
H
0
= N
0
l phng x ban u.
n v: Becren (Bq); 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy
Curi (Ci); 1 Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).
* Cng thc phng x:
0
0
10
0 0
ln2
; vi : hang sophan ra
( )

2
; ( ); 1 3,7.10 Bq
t
t
T
H
H H e
T s
H N H N Bq Ci
'
* Th tch ca dung dch cha cht phng x:

0
0
2
t
T
H
V V
H
, Trong : la the tch dung dch cha V H

Chu k bn r ca mt s cht
Cht phng x
12
6
Cacbon C
16
8
Oxi O
235
92
Urani U
210
84
Poloni Po
226
88
Rai Ra
219
86
Radon Ra
131
53
Iot I
Chu k bn r 5730 nam T 122 s T 8
7,13.10 nam T
138 ngay T
1620 nam T
4 s T 8 ngay T
5. Cc tia phng x:
a. Tia
:
4 4
2 2
lahat He .
* Nhng tnh cht ca tia :
+ B lch trong in trng, t trng.
+ Phng ra t ht nhn phng x vi tc khong 2.10
7
m/s.
+ C kh nng in ho mnh cc nguyn t trn ng i, mt nng lng nhanh, do n ch i c
ti a l 8cm trong khng kh , kh nng m xuyn yu, khng xuyn qua c tm ba dy c 1mm.
b. Tia
:
%

+ +

+
'
+
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
( ): +

( ): +
lapozitron e p n e
cohai loai
laelectron e n p e
,
+ B lch trong in trng, t trng nhiu hn tia
.
+ Phng ra t ht nhn vi tc gn bng tc nh sang.
+ C kh nng in ho mi trng, nhng yu hn tia , tia c kh nng i qung ng di hn
trong khng kh ( c vi m ) v vy kh nng m xuyn ca tia mnh hn tia , n c th xuyn qua tm
nhm dy vi mm.
* Lu : Trong phng x c s gii phng cc ht ntrino v phn ntrino.
c. Tia
:
* Bn cht l sng in t c bc sng cc ngn
11
10 m

< , cng l ht photon c nng lng cao.
+ Khng b lch trong in trng, t trng.
+ Phng ra vi tc bng tc nh sng.
+ C kh nng in ho mi trng v kh nng m xuyn cc mnh.
IV. PHN NG HT NHN
1. Phng trnh phn ng:
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + +
Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, eletrn, phtn ...
Trng hp c bit l s phng x: X
1
X
2
+ X
3
X
1
l ht nhn m, X
2
l ht nhn con, X
3
l ht hoc
2. Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn.

+ Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
4
+ Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z
1
+ Z
2
= Z
3
+ Z
4
+ Bo ton ng lng:
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 4
m m m m p p p p hay v v v v + = + + = +
uur uur uur uur ur ur ur ur
+ Bo ton nng lng:
1 2 3 4
X X X X
K K E K K + +D = +

Trong : E l nng lng phn ng ht nhn; E = (m
1
+m
2
m
3
- m
4
)c
2
= ( M
0
M ) c
2
.

2
1
2
X x x
K m v = l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X
Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
- Mi quan h gia ng lng p
X
v ng nng K
X
ca ht X l:
2
2
X X X
p m K =
- Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh
V d:
1 2
p p p = +
ur uur uur
bit
1 2
, p p j =
uur uur
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 p p p p p cosj = + +
hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 mv mv m v mm v v cosj = + +
hay
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 mK m K m K mm K K cosj = + +
Tng t khi bit
1 1
, p p =
uur ur
hoc
2 2
, p p =
uur ur

Trng hp c bit:
1 2
p p ^
uur uur

2 2 2
1 2
p p p = +
Tng t khi
1
p p ^
uur ur
hoc
2
p p ^
uur ur
v = 0 (p = 0) p
1
= p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A
= =
Tng t v
1
= 0 hoc v
2
= 0.
3. Phn ng ht nhn
* Nng lng phn ng ht nhn : E = (M
0
- M)c
2

Trong :
1 2
0 X X
M m m = +
l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

3 4
X X
M m m = +
l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Lu : - Nu M
0
> M th p to nng lng E di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
3
, X
4
hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
- Nu M
0
< M th p thu nng lng E di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
1
, X
2
hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
- Mun phn ng xy ra th phi cung cp nng lng di dng ng nng ca cc ht A v B. Nng
lng cung cp cho p bao gm
2
0
( ) E m m c v ng nng
d
W
ca cc ht mi sinh ra :
d
W E W +
* Trong phn ng ht nhn
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + +
Cc ht nhn X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
c:
Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
.
Nng lng lin kt tng ng l E
1
, E
2
, E
3
, E
4

p
ur
1
p
uur
2
p
uur

ht khi tng ng l m
1
, m
2
, m
3
, m
4

Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn : E = A
3
3
+A
4
4
- A
1
1
- A
2
2

E = E
3
+ E
4
E
1
E
2

E = (m
3
+ m
4
- m
1
- m
2
)c
2
4. Quy tc dch chuyn ca s phng x
+ Phng x (
4
2
He ):
4 4
2 2
A A
Z Z
X He Y
-
-
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi gim 4 n v.
+ Phng x
-
(
1
0
e
-
):
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
- +
+
+ So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
+ Thc cht ca phng x
-
l mt ht ntrn bin thnh 1 ht prtn, 1 ht electrn v mt ht ntrin:
n p e v
-
+ +
Lu : - Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x
-
l ht electrn (e
-
)
- Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khng khi lng (hoc rt nh) chuyn ng vi vn tc ca
nh sng v hu nh khng tng tc vi vt cht.
+ Phng x
+
(
1
0
e
+
):
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
+ -
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
+ Thc cht ca phng x
+
l 1 ht prtn bin thnh 1 ht ntrn, 1 ht pzitrn v 1 ht ntrin:
p n e v
+
+ +
Lu : Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x
+
l ht pzitrn (e
+
)
+ Phng x (ht phtn)
Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E
1
chuyn xung mc nng lng E
2

ng thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng :
1 2
hc
hf E E e
l
= = = -
* Lu : Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x thng i km theo px v .
5. Hai loi phn ng ta nng lng :
- Phn ng nhit hch :
+ Hai ht nhn rt nh c (s khi A < 10), nh Hidro, heli hp li thnh ht nhn nng hn. V s
tng hp ht nhn ch c th xy ra nhit cao nn phn ng ny gi l phn ng nhit hch.
V d :
1 1 4 1
2 3 2 0
H He He n + + ta nng lng khong 18MeV.
+ Ngoi iu kin nhit cao, cn phi tha mn hai iu kin na phn ng tng hp ht nhn c
th xy ra. l : mt ht nhn
n
phi ln, ng thi thi gian t duy tr nhit cao (c 10
8
K) cng
phi di. Lo-sn (Lawson) chng minh iu kin
14 3
10 / n t s cm
+ Phn ng nhit hch trong lng mt tri v cc ngi sao l ngun gc nng lng ca chng.
+ Trn Tri t con ngi thc hin c phn ng nhit hch di dng khng kim sot c.
gi l s n ca bom nhit hch hay bom H
Nng lng ta ra trong phn ng nhit hch ln hn nng lng ta ra trong phn ng phn hch
rt nhiu. Nhin liu nhit hch c th coi l v tn trong thin nhin.
- Phn ng phn hch :
+ Mt ht nhn nng hp th mt notron chm (notron nhit) v thnh hai mnh nh hn (c khi
lng cng c). Phn ng ny gi l phn ng phn hch.
+ c im : Sau mi phn ng u c hn 2 notron c phng ra, v mi phn hch u gii phng
ra nng lng ln. Ngi ta gi l nng lng ht nhn.
+ Phn ng phn hch dy chuyn : Cc ntron sinh ra sau mi phn ca ca urani li c th b hp th
bi cc ht nhn urani khc gn v c th, s phn hch tip din thnh mt dy chuyn. S phn hch
tng ln rt nhanh trong mt thi gian ngn, ta c phn ng phn hch dy chuyn. Trn thc t cc notron
sinh ra c th mt i do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nn khng tip tc tham gia vo phn ng phn hch.
Thnh th, mun phn ng dy chuyn xy ra ta phi xt ti s notron trung bnh s cn li sau mi ln
phn hch (h s notron).
+ Nu s <1 th phn ng dy chuyn khng xy ra.
+ Nu s = 1 th phn ng xy chuyn xy ra vi mt notron khng i. l phn ng dy chuyn
iu khin c xy ra trong l phn ng ht nhn.
+ Nu s> 1th dng notron tng ln lin tc theo thi gian, dn ti v n nguyn t. l phn ng
dy chuyn khng iu khin c.
gim thiu s notron b mt i nhm m bo 1 k , th khi lng nhin liu ht nhn cn phi c
mt gi tr ti thiu, gi l khi lng gii hn
th
m
.
6. Cc hng s v n v thng s dng
* S Avgar: N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
* n v nng lng: 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1MeV = 1,6.10
-13
J
* n v khi lng nguyn t (n v Cacbon): 1u = 1,66055.10
-27
kg = 931 MeV/c
2
* in tch nguyn t: e = 1,6.10
-19
C
* Khi lng prtn: m
p
= 1,0073u
* Khi lng ntrn: m
n
= 1,0087u
* Khi lng electrn: m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg = 0,0005u
CHNG : T VI M N V M.
I. CC HT S CP
1. Ht s cp: Cc ht s cp (ht c bn) l cc ht nh hn ht nhn.
2. Cc c trng ca ht s cp:
a. Khi lng ngh
0
m
: Phtn
, ntrin
, gravitn c khi lng ngh bng khng.

b. in tch: Cc ht s cp c th c in tch bng in tch nguyn t
1 Q
, cng c th khng mang
in. Q c gi l s lng t in tch.
c. Spin s: Mi ht s cp khi ng yn cng c momen ng lng ring v momen t ring. Cc momen
ny c c trng bng s lng t spin. Prtn, ntrn c
1
2
s , phtn c 1 s , pin c 0 s .
d. Thi gian sng trung bnh T: Trong cc ht s cp c 4 ht khng phn r (proton, electron, photon,
notrino) gi l cc ht nhn bn. Cn cc ht khc gi l ht khng bn v phn r thnh cc ht khc.
Notron c 932 T s , cc ht khng bn c thi gian ngn t
24
10 s
n
6
10 s
.
3. Phn ht: Cc ht s cp thng to thnh mt cp; mi cp gm hai ht c khi lng ngh v spin nh
nhau nhng c in tch tri du nhau. Trong qu trnh tng tc c th sinh cp hoc hy cp.
4. Phn loi ht s cp:
a. Photon (lng t nh sng):
b. Lepton: Gm cc ht nh nh electron, muyon ( ,
+
), cc ht tau ( ,
+
),
c. Mzn: Gm cc ht c khi lng trung bnh, c chia thnh mzn
v mzn K .
Barion: Gm cc ht nng c khi lng ln, c chia thnh nuclon v hiprn.
Tp hp cc mzn v barin c gi l harn.
5. Tng tc ca cc ht s cp:
a. Tng tc hp dn: Bn knh ln v cng, lc tng tc nh.
b. Tng tc in t: Bn knh ln v hn, lc tng tc mnh hn tng tc hp dn c
38
10 ln.
c. Tng tc yu: Bn knh tc dng rt nh c
18
10 m
, lc tng tc yu hn t/ tc hp dn c
11
10 ln.
d. Tng tc mnh: Bn knh tc dng rt nh c
15
10 m
, lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c
2
10
ln. Tng tc gia cc harn.
6. Ht quark:
a. Ht quark: Tt c cc ht harn c to nn t cc ht rt nh.
b. Cc loi quark: C 6 loi quark l u, d, s, c, b, t v phn quark tng ng. in tch cc quark l
2e
;
3 3
e
t t .
c. Cc barain: T hp ca 3 quark to nn cc barain.
II. MT TRI H MT TRI
1. H Mt Tri: Gm 8 hnh tinh ln, tiu hnh tinh, cc sao chi.
Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi
Vng tinh,
+ o n v gia cc hnh tinh ngi ta dng n v thin vn: 1 150 vtv trKm .
+ Cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mt tri theo chiu thun trong cng mt phng, Mt Tri v cc hnh
tinh t quay quanh n v u quay theo chiu thn tr Kim tinh.
2. Mt Tri:
a. Cu trc ca Mt Tri: Gm quang cu v kh quyn
+ Quang cu: Khi kh hnh cu nng sng, nhn t Tri t c bn knh gc 16 pht, bn knh ca khi
cu khong
5
7.10 Km, khi lng ring trung bnh ca cc vt cht trong quang cu l
3
1400kg/m , nhit
hiu dng 6000K .
+ Kh quyn: Bao quanh Mt Tri c kh quyn Mt Tri: Ch yu l Hir, Heli. Kh quyn c chia ra
hai lp c tnh cht vt l khc nhau: Sc cu v nht hoa.
- Sc cu l lp kh nm st mt quang cu c dy trn 10000km v c nhit khong 4500K .
- Pha trn sc cu l nht hoa: Cc phn t vt cht tn ti trng thi ion ha mnh (trng thi plasma),
nhit khong 1 trieuo. Nht hoa c hnh dng thay i theo thi gian.
b. Nng lng Mt Tri:
+ Nng lng Mt Tri c duy tr l nh trong lng n ang din ra cc phn ng nhit hch.
+ Hng s Mt Tri
2
1360W/m H l lng nng lng bc x ca Mt tri truyn vung gc ti mt
n v din tch cch n mt n v thin vn trong mt n v thi gian.
+ Cng sut bc x nng lng Mt Tri l
26
3,9.10 P W .
c. S hot ng ca Mt Tri:
+ Quang cu sng khng u, c cu to dng ht, gm nhng ht sng bin i trn nn ti do s i lu
m to thnh: vt en, bng sng, tai la:
Vt en c mu sm ti, nhit vo khong 4000K .
Bng sng thng xut hin khi c vt en, bng sng phng ra tia X v dng ht tch in gi l gi
Mt Tri.
Tai la l nhng li phun la cao trn sc cu.
+ Nm Mt Tri c nhiu vt en nht xut hin c gi l Nm Mt Tri hot ng. Nm Mt Tri c t
vt en nht xut hin c gi l Nm Mt Tri tnh. Chu k hot ng ca Mt Tri c tr s trung bnh l
11 nm.
+ S hot ng ca Mt Tri c nhiu nh hng n Tri t. Tia X v dng ht tch in t bng sng
truyn n Tri t gy ra nhiu tc ng:
Lm nhiu hoc mt thng tin lin lc bng sng v tuyn ngn.
Lm cho t trng Tri t bin thin, gy ra bo t: bo t xut hin sau khong 20 gi k t khi
bng sng xut hin trn sc cu
S hot ng ca Mt Tri cn c nh hng n trng thi thi tit trn Tri t, n qu trnh
pht trin ca cc sinh vt,
3. Tri t:
a. Cu to: + Tri t c dng hnh phng cu, bn knh xch o bng 6378km, bn knh hai cc bng
6357km, khi lng ring trung bnh
3
5520kg/m .
+ Li Tri t: bn knh 3000km; ch yu l st, niken; nhit khong
0
3000 - 4000 C .
+ V Tri t: dy khong 35km; ch yu l granit; khi lng ring
3
3300kg/m .
b. T trng ca Tri t:
Trc t ca nam chm nghing so vi trc a cc mt gc
0
115 v thay i theo thi gian.
c. Mt Trng v tinh ca Tri t:
+ Mt Trng cch Tri t 384000km; c bn knh 1738km; c khi lng
22
7,35.10 kg; gia tc trng
trng
2
1,63m/s ; quay quanh Tri t vi chu k 27,32ngy; Mt Trng quay quanh Tri t vi chu k
bng chu k quay ca Tri t quanh trc; quay cng chiu vi chiu quay quanh tri t, nn Mt Trng
lun hng mt na nht nh vo Tri t; nhit lc gia tra
0
100 C , lc na m
0
150 C .
+ Mt Trng c nhiu nh hng n Tri t nh thy triu,
4. Cc hnh tinh khc. Sao chi:
a. Cc c trng c bn ca cc hnh tinh
Thin th Khong cch
n Mt Tri
(vtv)
Bn knh
(km)
Khi lng
(so vi Tri
t)
Khi lng
ring
(10
3
kg/m
3
)
Chu k t
quay
Chu k chuyn ng
quanh Mt Tri
S v tinh
bit
Thy tinh 0,39 2440 0,052 5,4 59 ngy 87,0 ngy 0
Kim tinh 0,72 6056 0,82 5,3 243 ngy 224,7 ngy 0
Tri t 1 6375 1 5,5 23g56ph 365,25 ngy (1 nm) 1
Ha tinh 1,52 3395 0,11 3,9 24g37ph 1,88 nm 2
Mc tinh 5,2 71,490 318 1,3 9g50ph 11,86 nm > 30
Th tinh 9,54 60,270 95 0,7 14g14ph 29,46 nm 19
Thin Vng tinh 19,19 25,760 15 1,2 17g14ph 84,00 nm 15
Hi Vng tinh 30,07 25,270 17 1,7 16g11ph 164,80 nm > 8
Dim Vng tinh 39,5 1160 0,002 0,2 6,4 ngy 248,50 nm 1
b. Sao chi:
+ Sao chi chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri theo qu o elp; c kch thc v khi lng rt nh. c cu
to t cc cht d bc hi nh tinh th bng, amoniac, mtan,
Ngoi ra c nhng sao chi thuc thin th bn vng.
III. CC SAO. THIN H

1. Cc sao:
a. nh ngha: Sao l mt thin th nng sng ging nh Mt Tri. Cc sao rt xa, hin nay bit ngi
sao gn nht cch chng ta n hng chc t kilmet; cn ngi sao xa nht cch xa n 14 t nm nh sng (
12
1 9,46.10 namanhsang Km ).
b. sng cc sao:
sng m ta nhn thy ca mt ngi sao thc cht l ri sng ln con ngi ca mt ta, n ph thuc
vo khong cch v sng thc ca mi sao. sng thc ca mi sao li ph thuc vo cng sut bc x
ca n. sng ca cc sao rt khc nhau. Chng hn Sao Thin Lang c cng sut bc x ln hn ca Mt
Tri trn 25 ln; sao km sng nht c cng sut bc x nh hn ca Mt Tri hng vn ln.
c. Cc loi sao c bit:
+ a s cc sao tn ti trong trng thi n nh; c kch thc, nhit .. khng i trong mt thi gian di.
+ Ngoi ra; ngi ta pht hin thy c mt s sao c bit nh sao bin quang, sao mi, sao ntron,
Sao bin quang c sng thay i, c hai loi:
Sao bin quang do che khut l mt h sao i (gm sao chnh v sao v tinh), sng tng hp m ta
thu c s bin thin c chu k.
Sao bin quang do nn dn c sng thay i thc s theo mt chu k xc nh.
Sao mi c sng tng t ngt ln hng ngn, hng vn ln ri sau t t gim. L thuyt cho rng sao
mi l mt pha t bin trong qu trnh bin ha ca mt h sao.
Punxa, sao ntron ngoi s bc x nng lng cn c phn bc x nng lng thnh xung sng v tuyn.
Sao ntron c cu to bi cc ht ntron vi mt cc k ln
14 3
10 g/cm .
Punxa (pulsar) l li sao ntron vi bn knh 10km t quay vi tc gc
640 vong/s
v pht ra
sng v tuyn. Bc x thu c trn Tri t c dng tng xung sng ging nh ng sng ngn hi
ng m tu bin nhn c.
2. Thin h:
Cc sao tn ti trong V tr thnh nhng h tng i c lp vi nhau. Mi h thng nh vy gm hng
trm t sao gi l thin h.
a. Cc loi thin h:
Thin h xon c c hnh dng dt nh cc a, c nhng cnh tay xon c, cha nhiu kh.
Thin h elip c hnh elip, cha t kh v c khi lng tri ra trn mt di rng. C mt loi thin h
elip l ngun pht sng v tuyn in rt mnh.
Thin h khng nh hnh trng nh nhng m my (thin h Ma gien-lng).
b. Thin H ca chng ta:
Thin H ca chng ta l thin h xon c, c ng knh khong 90 nghn nm nh sng v c khi
lng bng khong 150 t khi lng Mt Tri. N l h phng ging nh mt ci a dy khong 330
nm nh sng, cha vi trm t ngi sao.
H Mt Tri nm trong mt cnh tay xon ra Thin H, cch trung tm khong 30 nghn nm nh
sng. Gia cc sao c bi v kh.
Phn trung tm Thin H c dng hnh cu dt gi l vng li trung tm c to bi cc sao gi, kh
v bi.
Ngay trung tm Thin H c mt ngun pht x hng ngoi v cng l ngun pht sng v tuyn
in (tng ng vi sng chng 20 triu ngi sao nh Mt Tri v phng ra1 lung gi mnh).
T Tri t, chng ta ch nhn c hnh chiu ca thin H trn vm tri gi l di Ngn H nm
theo hng ng Bc Ty Nam trn nn tri sao.
c. Nhm thin h. Siu nhm thin h:
+ V tr c hng trm t thin h, cc thin h thng cch nhau khong mi ln kch thc Thin H
ca chng ta. Cc thin h c xu hng hp li vi nhau thnh tng nhm t vi chc n vi nghn t / h.
+ Thin H ca chng ta v cc thin h ln ln thuc v Nhm thin h a phng, gm khong 20
thnh vin, chim mt th tch khng gian c ng knh gn mt triu nm nh sng. Nhm ny b chi phi
ch yu bi ba thin h xon c ln: Tinh vn Tin N (thin h Tin N M31 hay NGC224); Thin H ca
chng ta; Thin h Tam gic, cc thnh vin cn li l Nhm cc thin h elip v cc thin h khng nh
hnh t hon.
+ khong cch c khong 50 triu nm nh sng l Nhm Trinh N cha hng nghn thin h tri rng
trn bu tri trong chm sao Trinh N.
+ Cc nhm thin h tp hp li thnh Siu nhm thin h hay i thin h. Siu nhm thin h a
phng c tm nm trong Nhm Trinh N v cha tt c cc nhm bao quanh n, trong c nhm thin
h a phng ca chng ta.
IV. THUYT V N LN (BIG BANG)
1. nh lut Hubble (Hp-bn): Tc li ra xa ca thin h t l vi khong cch gia thin h v chng
ta:

'
2
1,7.10 m/(s.nam anh sang)
v Hd
H
;
12
1 9,46.10 namanhsang Km
2. Thuyt v n ln (Big Bang):
+ Theo thuyt v n ln, v tr bt u dn n t mt im k d. tnh tui v bn knh v tr, ta
chn im k d lm mc (gi l im zr Big Bang).
+ Ti thi im ny cc nh lut vt l bit v thuyt tng i rng khng p dng c. Vt l hc
hin i da vo vt l ht s cp d on cc hin tng xy ra bt u t thi im
43
10
p
t s
sau V
n ln gi l thi im Planck.
+ thi im Planck, kch thc v tr l
35
10 m
, nhit l
32
10 K
v mt l
91 3
10 kg/cm . Cc tr s
cc ln cc nh ny gi l tr s Planck. T thi im ny V tr dn n rt nhanh, nhit ca V tr
gim dn. Ti thi im Planck, V tr b trn ngp bi cc ht c nng lng cao nh electron, notrino v
quark, nng lng t nht bng
15
10 GeV
.
+ Ti thi im
6
10 t s
, chuyn ng cc quark v phn quark chm cc lc tng tc mnh

gom chng li v gn kt chng li thnh cc prtn v ntrn, nng lng trung bnh ca cc ht trong v
tr lc ny ch cn 1GeV .
+ Ti thi im
3 t phut
, cc ht nhn Heli c to thnh. Trc , prtn v ntrn kt hp vi
nhau to thnh ht nhn teri
2
1
H . Khi , xut hin cc ht nhn teri
2
1
H , triti
3
1
H , heli
4
2
He bn.
Cc ht nhn hir v hli chim 98% khi lng cc sao v cc thin h, khi lng cc ht nhn nng
hn ch chim 2%. mi thin th, c
1
4
khi lng l hli v c
3
4
khi lng l hir. iu
chng t, mi thin th, mi thin h c cng chung ngun gc.
+ Ti thi im 300000 t nam , cc loi ht nhn khc c to thnh, tng tc ch yu chi phi v
tr l tng tc in t. Cc lc in t gn cc electron vi cc ht nhn, to thnh cc nguyn t H v He.
+ Ti thi im
9
10 t nam
, cc nguyn t c to thnh, tng tc ch yu chi phi v tr l tng
tc hp dn. Cc lc hp dn thu gom cc nguyn t li, to thnh cc thin h v ngn cn cc thin h tip
tc n ra. Trong cc thin h, lc hp dn nn cc m nguyn t li to thnh cc sao. Ch c khong cch
gia cc thin h tip tc tng ln.
+ Ti thi im
9
14.10 t nam
, v tr trng thi nh hin nay vi nhit trung bnh 2,7 T K .

Tong Hop Cong Thuc Tinh Nhanh Vat Ly 12 Hot

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Tong Hop Cong Thuc Tinh Nhanh Vat Ly 12 Hot

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Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 1

H THNG HO KIN THC VT L 12 V CC CNG THC

vi S l qung ng tnh nh trn.

Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 2

Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M

Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0

* bin dng ca l xo khi vt VTCB vi con lc l xo

lc hi phc lun hng vo

Trong : m (kg) l khi lng vt rn

* Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li:

Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M:

Lu : * Vi x l khong cch t M n u nt sng th bin :

* Vi x l khong cch t M n u bng sng th bin :

III. GIAO THOA SNG

c trng sinh l c trng vt l

* My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s: "

* My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s:

Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 12

Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c

uur uuur uuur uuur

Ch : Khong vn trong khng kh l i ; trong mi trng c chit sut

Vng cam : 0,590 0,650 m m

Vng tm : 0,38 0, 440 m m

(tia X cng, tia X mm).

l s phtn n K trong 1 giy.

III. MU NGUYN T BOHR

II. NNG LNG HT NHN

( m l khi lng ht nhn)

3. Nng lng lin kt, nng lng lin kt ring:

Ch : + Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th cng bn vng.

* Th tch ca dung dch cha cht phng x:

, Trong : la the tch dung dch cha V H

Trng THPT Ty Tin Hi Gio vin : Nguyn Th Yn Trang 30

, gravitn c khi lng ngh bng khng.

, chuyn ng cc quark v phn quark chm cc lc tng tc mnh

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