T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN

BNH KHIM
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THAM LUN
MT S BT NG THC I S v BI TON GTLN & GTNN
CA BIU THC I S TRONG CC THI C - H
Bt ng thc l mt mng kin thc kh ca ton hc ph thng, n thng xuyn
xut hin trong cc thi HSG cng nh thi tuyn sinh C - H. c rt nhiu tc gi,
nhiu ti liu cp v bt ng thc; hm nay, trong khun kh ca mt bui sinh hot
chuyn mn cm 6, chng ti xin c php gii thiu li mt s bt ng thc v bi ton
GTLN & GTNN ca mt s biu thc i s c ra thi hoc tng t vi cc dng trong
thi C - H trong nhng nm va qua .
I. Dng s dng bt ng thc Cauchy (AM - GM) cho 2 s :
a, b 0 :
a + b
ab
2
; ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi : a = b
V d 1 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha :
1 1 1
+ + = 4
a b c
.
Chng minh rng :
1 1 1
+ + 1
2a + b + c a + 2b + c a + b + 2c

(TSH - Khi A - Nm 2005)
Nhn xt : Vi x, y > 0, ta c 4xy (x + y)
2

1 x + y 1 1 1 1
+
x + y 4xy x + y 4 x y
_


,
Du (=) xy ra a = b
p dng kt qu trn, ta c :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + = + +
2a + b + c 4 2a b + c 4 2a 4 b c 8 a 2b 2c
1 _ _ _

1
, , , ]

(1)
Tng t :
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
a + 2b + c 8 2a b 2c
_

,
(2)

1 1 1 1 1
+ +
a + b + 2c 8 2a 2b c
_

,
(3)
T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + = 1
2a + b + c a + 2b + c a + b + 2c 4 a b c
_

,
Du (=) xy ra
a = b = c
3
a = b = c =
1 1 1
4 + + = 1
a b c

'

V d 2 : Cho x, y, z l cc s dng tha :

1 4 9
+ + = 1
x y z
. Tm GTNN ca biu thc :
P = x + y + z .
Ta c :P = x + y + z = (x + y + z).
1 4 9
+ +
x y z
_

,

=
4x y 9x z 9y 4z
14 + + + + + +
y x z x z y
_ _
_

,
, ,

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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
96
T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
BNH KHIM
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4x y 9x z 9y 4z
14 + 2 . + 2 . + 2 .
y x z x z y
= 14 + 4 + 6 + 12 = 36
Du (=) xy ra
1 4 9
+ + = 1
x y z
4x y 9x z 9y 4z
= , = , =
y x z x z y

'

x = 6
y = 12
z = 18

'

Vy : P
min
= 36 khi x = 6, y = 12, z = 18 .
Bi tp tng t :
1. Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng :
4a 9b 16c
+ + 26
b + c - a c + a - b a + b - c

2. Cho x, y, z > 0 v tha : xyz = 1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc :
2 2 2 2 2 2
yz zx xy
P = + +
x y + x z y z + y x z x + z y
Hng dn :
1. t : x = b + c - a, y = c + a - b, z = a + b - c (x, y, z > 0)
y + z z + x x + y
a = , b = , c =
2 2 2

Khi :
2(VT) =
4(y + z) 9(z + x) 16(x + y) 4y 9x 4z 16x 9z 16y
+ + = + + + + +
x y x y x z y z z
_ _
_

,
, ,
p dng bt Cosi , . . . (pcm)
2. t : a = yz , b = zx , c = xy (a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1)
2 2 2
a b c
P = + +
b + c c + a a + b

p dng bt Cosi , ta c :
2 2
a b + c a b + c
+ 2 = a
b + c 4 b + c 4
,
tng t :
2 2
b c + a c a + b
+ b , + c
c + a 4 a + b 4

Cng 3 bt trn v theo v, suy ra :
3
P . . .
2
. Kt lun : MinP =
3
2
x = y = z = 1
II. Dng s dng bt ng thc Cauchy (AM - GM) cho 3 s :
a, b, c 0 :
3
a + b + c
abc
3
; ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi : a = b = c
V d 3 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha : abc = 1.
Chng minh rng :
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 + a + b 1 + b + c 1 + c + a
+ + 3 3
ab bc ca


(TSH - Khi D - Nm 2005)
Tac :
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 + a + b 3
1 + a + b 3 1.a .b = 3ab 1 + a + b 3. ab
ab ab

Tng t :
3 3
1 + b + c 3

bc bc
,
3 3
1 + c + a 3

ca ca

Cng 3 bt ng thc trn v theo v , ta c :
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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
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BNH KHIM
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3 3 3 3 3 3
1 + a + b 1 + b + c 1 + c + a 1 1 1
+ + 3 + +
ab bc ca ab bc ca
_

,
(1)
Li c :
3
3 2
1 1 1 1 3
+ + 3 = = 3
ab bc ca abc
(abc)

, v abc = 1 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra : (pcm) . Du (=) xy ra a = b = c = 1
V d 4 : Cho x, y, z l cc s dng thay i. Tm GTNN ca biu thc :
x 1 y 1 z 1
P = x + + y + + z +
2 yz 2 zx 2 xy
_ _
_

,
, ,
Ta c :
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z x + y + z
P = + + +
2 2 2 xyz


2 2 2
x y z xy + yz + zx
+ + +
2 2 2 xyz
=
2 2 2
x 1 y 1 z 1
+ + + + +
2 x 2 y 2 z
_ _ _

, , ,
Ngoi ra :
2 2 2
3
x 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 3
+ = + + 3 . . =
2 x 2 2x 2x 2 2x 2x 2

Tng t :
2 2
y 1 3 z 1 3
+ ; +
2 y 2 2 z 2

Suy ra : P
9
2
. Du (=) xy ra x = y = z = 1
Vy : P
min
=
9
2
khi x = y = z = 1
Bi tp tng t :
1. Cho a, b, c > 0 v tha a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng :

2 2 2
1 1 1 1
+ + + 30
a + b + c ab bc ca

2. Cho x, y, z > 0 v tha : x + y + z 6. Tm GTNN ca biu thc :

3 3 3
x y z
P = + +
y + z z + x x + y
Hng dn :
1. Ta c : (VT) =
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
1 1 1 1 1 3
+ + + +
a + b + c ab bc ca a + b + c ab.bc.ca

2 2 2
1 9
+
a + b + c ab + bc + ca
=
2 2 2
1 1 1 7
= + + +
a + b + c ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
_

,
. . . .

2 2 2
9 21
+
(a + b + c ) + (ab + bc + ca) + (ab + bc + ca) 3(ab + bc + ca)

2 2 2
9 21 30
+ 30
(a + b + c) (a + b + c) (a + b + c)

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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
98
T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
BNH KHIM
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2. p dng bt Cosi , ta c :
3
x y + z
+ + 2 3x
y + z 2
,

3 3
y z + x z x + y
+ + 2 3y , + + 2 3z
z + x 2 x + y 2

Cng 3 bt trn v theo v, suy ra :
P 2(x + y + z) - 6 2.6 - 6 = 6
.
Kt lun : MinP = 6 x = y = z = 2
III. Dng s dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski (BCS) :
a, b, c, d R :
2 2 2 2 2
(ac + bd) (a + b ).(c + d ) hay
2 2 2 2
ac + bd (a + b ).(c + d ) ;
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi :
a b
=
c d
V d 5 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha : abc = 1.
Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
1 1 1 3
P = + +
a (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b) 2

Cch 1: t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
th x, y, z > 0 v xyz = 1
BT cn chng minh tng ng:
3
2
x y z
y z z x x y
+ +
+ + +
( BT Nesbit)

1 1 1 9
( )
2
x y z
y z z x x y
_
+ + + +

+ + +
,
( )
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 9 y z z x x y
y z z x x z
_
+ + + + + + +

+ + +
,
BT BCS ta c :9 = (1 + 1 + 1)
2
=
2
1 1 1
y z z x x y
y z z x x y
_
+ + + + +


+ + +
,
( )
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) y z z x x y
y z z x x y
_
+ + + + + + +

+ + +
,
Du (=) xy ra

x = y = z = 1

a = b = c = 1
Cch 2: Ta c
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + = b + c + c + a + a + b
a b c a b + c b c + a c a + b
_ _

, ,
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ + b + c + c + a + a + b
a (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b)
_

,
= 2(a + b + c).P
Suy ra P
1
2
1
a + b + c
.
2
1 1 1
+ +
a b c
_

,

3 1 1 1 1 3 1 a + b + c 3
+ + = =
2 a + b + c ab bc ca 2 a + b + c abc 2
_

,

Du (=) xy ra a = b = c = 1
V d 6 : Cho x, y, z l cc s dng thay i tha iu kin xyz = 1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc :

2 2 2
x (y + z) y (z + x) z (x + y)
P = + +
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y

(TSH - Khi A - Nm 2007)
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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
99
T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
BNH KHIM
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Nhn xt y, z > 0 :
2
y + z 2 yz =
x

(v xyz = 1)

2
x (y + z) 2x x
2
x (y + z) 2x x

y y + 2z z y y + 2z z

Xt hai bt ng thc tng t na, ta thu c

y y x x z z
P 2 + +
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y
_

,
t a = x x , b = y y , c = z z a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1.
Khi :
a b c
P 2 + + = 2S
b + 2c c + 2a a + 2b
_

,
Ta c : ( )
2
2 a b c
a + b + c = a(b + 2c). + b(c + 2a). + c(a + 2b).
b + 2c c + 2a a + 2b
1
1
]
[ ]
a b c
a(b + 2c) + b(c + 2a) + c(a + 2b) + +
b + 2c c + 2a a + 2b
_

,
(a + b + c)
2
3(ab + bc + ca).S . Suy ra
( )
2
a + b + c
S 1
3(ab + bc + ca)
. Do : P 2
Du (=) xy ra a = b = c = 1 x = y = z = 1
Vy : P
min
= 2 khi x = y = z = 1

Bi tp tng t :
1. Cho a, b, c > 0 v tha : a + b + c + 2abc 10 . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
8 9b c a 8 9c a b 8 9a b c
+ + + + + + + + 6 6
a 2 4 b 2 4 c 2 4

2. Cho x, y, z > 0 . Tm GTNN ca biu thc :
3x 4y 5z
P = + +
y + z z + x x + y
Hng dn :
1. p dng bt BCS, ta c :
2 2 2
2
8 9b c a 2 2 3b ca 4
2 + 18 + 4. + + 2. + 3 2. + 2. = + 9b + ca
a 2 4 a 2 a 2

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
8 9c a b 4 8 9a c b 4
24. + + + 9c + ab , 24. + + + 9a + bc
b 2 4 b c 2 4 c

Cng 3 bt trn v theo v, suy ra :
1 1 1
24.(VT) 4 + + + 9(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca
a b c
_

,


4 4 4
+ a + + b + + c + (2a + bc) + (2b + ca) + (2c + ab) + 6(a + b + c)
a b c
_ _ _

, , ,

4 4 4
2 .a + 2 .b + 2 .c + 2 2abc + 2 2abc + 2 2abc + 6(a + b + c)
a b c

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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
100
T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
BNH KHIM
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72
= 12 + 6(a + b + c + 2abc) 12 + 6.10 = 72 (VT) = 6 6
24

2. Ta c :
3x 4y 5z
P = + 3 + + 4 + + 5 - 12
y + z z + x x + y
_ _
_

,
, ,

( )
3 4 5
= x + y + z + + - 12
y + z z + x x + y
_

,

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 3 4 5
= x + y + y + x + z + x + + - 12
2 y + z z + x x + y
1
_ _ _
1


1
, , ,
]

2
1
( 3 + 4 + 5) - 12
2

Kt lun : MinP =
2
1
( 3 + 2 + 5) - 12
2

y + z z + x x + y
= =
2 3 5
IV. Dng s dng tnh cht ca hm s - phng php hm s :
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn K (K l mt khong, mt on hoc na khong)
Hm s f(x) gi l ng bin trn K nu : x
1
, x
2
K , x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) < f(x
2
)
Hm s f(x) gi l nghch bin trn K nu : x
1
, x
2
K , x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) > f(x
2
)
Cho hm s f(x) c o hm trn khong K . Nu f

(x) 0 , x K (hoc f

(x) 0 , x
K ) v f

(x) = 0 ch ti mt s hu hn im ca K th hm s f(x) ng bin (hoc nghch
bin) trn K.
Lu : Khong K trong kt qu ny c thay bi mt on hoc mt na khong th
phi b sung gi thit Hm s f(x) ny lin tc trn on hoc na khong
V d 7 : Cho a, b l cc s thc tha mn : 0 < a < b < 1.
Chng minh rng :
2 2
a .lnb - b .lna > lna - lnb
(TSC - Khi A, B, D - Nm 2009)
Ta c : (pcm)
2 2
2 2
lna lnb
(1 + b ).lna < (1 + a ).lnb <
a + 1 b + 1

Xt hm s :
2
lnx
f(x) =
x + 1
vi 0 < x < 1
2 2
'
2 2
x + 1 - 2x .lnx
f (x) = > 0 , x (0; 1)
x(x + 1)

f(x) l hm s lun ng bin trn khong (0; 1)
Khi : 0 < a < b < 1 f(a) < f(b)
2 2
lna lnb
<
a + 1 b + 1

V d 8 : Cho a b > 0. Chng minh rng :

b a
a b
a b
1 1
2 + 2 +
2 2
_ _

, ,

(TSH - Khi D- Nm 2007)
Ta c : (pcm)
( ) ( )
a b
b a
a b
ln(4 + 1) ln(4 + 1)
4 + 1 4 + 1
a b

Xt hm s :
x
ln(1 + 4 )
f(x) =
x
vi x > 0

x x x x
'
2 x
4 .ln4 - (1 + 4 ).ln(1 + 4 )
f (x) = < 0 , x (0; + )
x (1 + 4 )

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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
101
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f(x) l hm s lun nghch bin trn khong (0; + )
Khi : a b > 0 f(a) f(b)
a b
ln(4 + 1) ln(4 + 1)

a b

V d 9 : Cho a > b > 0. Chng minh rng :
a + b a - b
>
2 lna - lnb

V : a > b > 0 lna > lnb lna - lnb > 0
Ta c : (pcm)
a
- 1
a - b a
b
lna - lnb > 2 ln - 2 > 0
a
a + b b
+ 1
b

Xt hm s :
2(x - 1)
f(x) = lnx -
x + 1
vi x > 1

2
'
2 2
1 4 (x - 1)
f (x) = - = > 0 , x (1; + )
x (x + 1) x(x + 1)

f(x) l hm s lun ng bin trn khong (1; + )
Khi : a > b > 0
a
b
> 1 f(
a
b
) > f(1) = 0
a
- 1
a
b
ln - 2 > 0
a
b
+ 1
b

V d 10 : Cho hai s thc x, y thay i sao cho : 2(x

2
+ y
2
) - xy = 1.
Tm GTNN v GTLN ca biu thc :
4 4
x + y
P =
2xy + 1
Nhn xt : 1 = 2(x
2
+ y
2
) - xy 2.2xy - xy = 3xy xy
1
3

1 = 2(x
2
+ y
2
) - xy = 2.(x + y)
2
- 5xy -5xy xy
1
5

V :
2
2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
xy + 1
- 2x y
x + y (x + y ) - 2x y -7(xy) + 2xy + 1 2
P = = = =
2xy + 1 2xy + 1 2xy + 1 8xy + 4
_

,
Khi , t : t = xy , k :
1 1
t ;
5 3
1

1
]
Bi ton a v tm GTNN v GTLN ca hm s :
2
-7t + 2t + 1
f(t) =
8t + 4
vi
1 1
t ;
5 3
1

1
]

2
' ' 2
2
t = -1 (loai)
56t - 56t
f (t) = ; f (t) = 0 56t - 56t = 0
t = 0 (8t + 4)

1 2 1 2 1
f(- ) = , f( ) = , f(0) =
5 15 3 15 4
Vy :
2 2
1 1
- ;
5 3
1
x + y = 1
Max P = Max f(t) = . . .
2
4
xy = 0
1
1
]

'

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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
102
T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
BNH KHIM
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2 2 2 2
1 1
- ;
5 3
2 2
x + y = x + y =
2
3 5
Min P = Min f(t) = . . .
1 1 15
xy = xy = -
3 5
1
1
]




' '





Bi tp tng t :
1. Cho a, b tha mn : 0 < a < b < 4. Chng minh rng :
a(b - 4)
ln < a - b
b(4 - a)

2. Cho a, b tha mn : a > b e. Chng minh rng :
b a
a < b
3. Cho a, b tha mn : a > b > 0. Chng minh rng :
5.lna - 4.lnb > ln(5a - 4b)

4. Cho x, y 0 tha : x + y = 1. Tm GTNN v GTLN ca biu thc :
P = (4x
2
+ 3y)(4y
2
+ 3x) + 25xy
(TSH - Khi D- Nm 2009)
Hng dn :
1. Vi : 0 < a < b < 4 . Ta c : (pcm)
a b
ln - a < ln - b
4- a 4- b
Xt hm s:
x
f(x) = ln - x
4 - x
vi 0 < x < 4
2
'
(x - 2)
f (x) = 0 , x (0; 4)
x(4 - x)
v f

(x) =
0 khi x = 2
f(x) l hm s lun ng bin trn khong (0; 4)
Khi : 0 < a < b < 4 f(a) < f(b) (pcm)
2. Vi : a > b e . Ta c : (pcm)
lna lnb
b.lna < a.lnb <
a b

Xt hm s:
lnx
f(x) =
x
vi x e
'
2
1 - lnx
f (x) = < 0 , x (e; + )
x
m f(x) lin tc trn
[e; +) f(x) l hm s lun nghch bin trn khong [e; +)
Khi : a > b e f(a) < f(b) (pcm)
3. Vi : a > b > 0 . Ta c : (pcm)
5
5 5
4 4
a a a a
ln > ln(5a - 4b) > 5a - 4b - 5 + 4 > 0
b b b b
_


,
t :
a
x =
b
, x > 1 . Xt hm s:
5
f(x) = x - 5x + 4 vi x > 1
Lp BBT, d dng kt lun : f(x) > 0 vi mi x > 1 , suy ra : (pcm)
4. Bin i : P = 16(xy)
2
- 2xy + 12
Khi , t : t = xy , k :
1
t 0;
4
1

1
]
Bi ton a v tm GTNN v GTLN ca hm s :
2
f(t) = 16t - 2t + 12 vi
1
t 0;
4
1

1
]

' '
1
f (t) = 32t - 2 ; f (t) = 0 t =
16

1 25 1 191
f(0) = 12 , f( ) = , f( ) =
4 2 16 16
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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
103
T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
BNH KHIM
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Vy :
1
0;
4
x + y = 1
25
Max P = Max f(t) = . . .
1
xy = 2
4
1
1
]

'

;
1
0;
4
x + y = 1
191
Min P = Min f(t) = . . .
1
16 xy =
16
1
1
]

'

V. Dng s dng min gi tr tm GTLN & GTNN :
V d 11 : Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s : y =
2sin cos
sin 2cos 3
x x
x x

+ +

HD: TX: D = R
y =
2sin cos
sin 2cos 3
x x
x x

+ +

(y 2)sinx + (2y + 1)cosx = 3y (1)
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi: 9y
2
(y 2)
2
+ (2y + 1)
2

5
2
y
5
2
Suy ra : maxy =
5
2
v miny =
5
2
V d 12 : Cho hai s thc x, y tha mn x
2
+ y
2
= 2(x + y) + 7 . Tm gi tr ln nht , gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
P =
3 3
( 2) ( 2) x x y y +
HD: Gi T l tp gi tr ca P. Ta c m

H sau c nghim
2 2
3 3
2( ) 7
( 2) ( 2)
x y x y
x x y y m
+ + +

'
+

(I)
+ t u =
3
( 2) x x , v =
3
( 2) y y , ta c u =
2
3
( 1) 1 1 x , tng t v 1 .
+H (I) tr thnh
3 3 3
7 ( ) 3 ( ) 7 u v u v uv u v
u v m u v m
+ + +

' '
+ +

3
7
3
m
uv
m
u v m


'

(II)
u, v l hai nghim phng trnh
3
2
7
0
3
m
t mt
m

+ (1)
+H (I) c nghim

H (II) c nghim (u, v) tha u 1v v 1

Phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim t

1
, t
2
tha 1
1 2
t t

1 2
1 2
0
( 1) ( 1) 0
( 1)( 1) 0
t t
t t

+ + +
'

+ +

3
2
3
4( 7)
0
3
2 0
7
1 0
3
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

+
'

+ +

3
0 28
2
0 1
m
m
m m

<

'

<

3
1 28 m
Do T = [1,
3
28 ] . Vy minP = 1 v maxP =
3
28
V d 13 : Cho x,y l cc s thc tha mn 3x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
= 11. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu
thc
P = x
2
+ 2xy + 3y
2

HD:Gi T l tp gi tr ca P. Ta c m

H sau c nghim
2 2
2 2
3 2 11
2 3
x xy y
x xy y m
+ +

'
+ +

(I)
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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
104
T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
BNH KHIM
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+Nu x = 0 th h tr thnh
2
2
11
11
33 3
y
y
m y m

t

' '


+Xt trng hp x 0 . t y = tx ta c h
2 2
2 2
(3 2 ) 11
(1 2 3 )
x t t
x t t m
+ +

'
+ +

2 2
2 2
(3 2 ) 11(1 2 3 )
(3 2 ) 11
m t t t t
x t t
+ + + +

'
+ +

2
2
( 33) 2( 11) 3 11 0
11
2 3
m t m t m
x
t t
+ +

'
t

+ +

(II)
H (I) c nghim

H (II) c nghim x 0

(m 33)t
2
+ 2(m 11)t + 3m 11 = 0 (1) c ngh
+Nu m = 33 th (1) c nghim t =
1
2

+Xt m 33, khi (1) c nghim

'
t

0

(m 11)
2
(m 33)(3m 11) 0

2m
2
+ 88m 242 0

m { } [22 11 3, 22 11 3] \ 33 +
+ Kt hp cc trng hp trn ta c cc gi tr h c nghim l m [22 11 3, 22 11 3] +
Do T = [22 11 3, 22 11 3] + . Vy minT = 22 11 3 , maxT = 22 + 11 3
Bi tp tng t :
1: Cho hai s thc thay i x 0, y 0 tha mn xy(x + y) = x
2
xy + y
2
. Tm gi tr ln nht
ca biu thc:
A =
3 3
1 1
x y
+
( H khi A 2006)
2: Cho x, y l hai s thay i tha mn x + y + x
2
+ y
2
= 8. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc: P = xy(x + 1)(y + 1)
Hng dn :
1. T l tp gi tr ca A. Ta c m

H sau c nghim x 0, y 0

2 2
3 3
( )
1 1
xy x y x xy y
m
x y
+ +

'
+

2 2
2 2
3 3
( )
( )( )
xy x y x xy y
x y x xy y
m
x y
+ +

' + +

2 2
2
2 2
( )
( )
xy x y x xy y
x y
m
x y
+ +

' +

(I)
t S = x + y, P = xy, S
2
4P ta c h
2
2
2
3 SP S P
S
m
P

'

(II)
H (I) c nghim x 0, y 0

H (II) c nghim (S,P) tha mn S

2
4P

m { } (0;16] \ 1
Vy maxA = 16
2. T l tp gi tr ca P. Ta c m

H sau c nghim
2 2
8
( 1)( 1)
x y x y
xy x y m
+ + +
'
+ +

+ t u = x + x
2
, v = y + y
2
, iu kin u, v
1
4
. H tr thnh
8 u v
uv m
+
'

.
Khi u, v l hai nghim phng trnh t
2
8t + m = 0 (1)
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Mt s Bt ng Thc i s v bi ton GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc i s trong cc thi C - H
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T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
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+ H c nghim

(1) c nghim t
1
, t
2
tha mn
1 2
1
4
t t
1 2
1 2
' 0
33
( 1/ 4)( 1/ 4) 0 16
16
( 1/ 4) ( 1/ 4) 0
t t m
t t

+ +
'

+ + +

Vy minP =
33
16
, maxP = 16
Tam K, ngy 10 thng 03 nm 2011
T TON - TIN
THPT CHUYN NGUYN BNH KHIM
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T TON - TIN , TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN
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