.

2009 / 6 / 7

:Other Benefits
Released system capacity:
The effect of PF on current drawn is shown below:

Decreasing size of conductors required

to carry the same 100kW load at P.F.
ranging from 70% to 100%

For 3-phase balanced current

PF1 + PF2 + + PFn
av.PF =
n
For 3-phase unbalanced current, PF at certain time is

PFr1 I r1 + PFs1 I s1 + PFt1 I t1

PF1 =
I r1 + I s1 + I t1
PFn
av .PF =
n


500
:
:
:
-1 :

-2 : 10

0.9 0.9
%0.5 0.01 0.7

 0.7
%1 0.01 0.7


.


0.7
.
0.92
%0.5 0.01 0.92
0.95

 500
:
:
0.9
0.9 %0.5 0.01
0.7

 0.7
%1 0.01 0.7


.


0.7
.
0.92
%0.5 0.01 0.92
0.95


= 0.52
= Kwh63933


:
( 0.9 0.7 0.2
0.005 0.01 0.2
( 0.7 0.52 0.18
0.01 0.01 0.18

 :
:
)34% = 0.34 = (0.0124) + (0.00520
0.9 0.52
=

= 63933) 0.34../( ) 0.231 /..(
= 5021

Load in KVA

Effect of harmonics on waveform

180 Out
of Phase

In
Phase

When a waveform is identical from one waveform to the next, it can be represented as
a sum of pure sine waves in which the frequency of each sinusoid is an integer
multiple of the fundamental frequency of the distorted wave.
The sum of the sinusoids created by harmonics can be analyzed using the
Fourier series concept

Current waveform in a non-linear load

Smoothing
reactor

AC
Supply

3-phase diode bridge with smoothing reactor

Line
Current

Smoothing
capacitor
AC
Supply

3-phase diode bridge with smoothing capacitor

Line
Current

Distorted current waveform to PCs

Fourier series - spectrum of pc current waveform

(Total Harmonic Distortion (THD

Harmonic spectrum of a typical CFL

Three phase loads

Variable speed controllers, UPS units and DC
converters in general are usually based on the
three-phase bridge, also known as the six-pulse
bridge because there are six pulses per cycle
(one per half cycle per phase) on the DC output.
The six pulse bridge produces harmonics at 6n +/1, i.e. at one more and one less than each
multiple of six. In theory, the magnitude of each
harmonic is the reciprocal of the harmonic
number, so there would be 20 % fifth harmonic
and 9 % eleventh harmonic, etc.
A typical spectrum is shown in Figure

AC current to
6-pulse battery
charger

AC current to 6-pulse battery

charger

Different types of non-linear loads and THD

Evaluation of the increase in peak-value and

the RMS value of a waveform as more
harmonic components are added

Wave

Peak

RMS Harmonic

100%

100%

H1 100%

133%

105%

H3 33%+

168%

108%

H5 20%+

204%

110%

H25 4%+

Case study

Tr. 1

Tr 2

Power factor improvement:

According to the measurements of the
company loads:
Item

Average measured
power factor

Max. measured reactive

(power(KVAR

Transformer 300 KVA

0.719

102

Transformer 500 KVA

0.610

198

The following table represents the suggested

capacitor banks and its step.
Item

Suggested rating of
(capacitor bank (KVAR

No of steps
(rating(KVAR

Transformer 300 KVA

Transformer 500 KVA

100
150

25 3 + 12.5 2
25 6

pacitor bank for transformer 300KVA

apacitor rating =100KVAR.

oltage of capacitor =400 volt / 50HZ.
ontactor (3-phase).
RC fuses (3-phase).
eNo of steps rating =212.5+325 KVAR / 3tor to limit the current (3- phase).
ain C.B (3-phase).
egulator function of harmonic detection.

apacitor bank for transformer 500KV

Capacitor rating =150KVAR.

Voltage of capacitor =400 volt / 50HZ.
No of steps rating =625 KVAR / 3-ph.
Contactor (3-phase).
HRC fuses (3-phase).
Reactor to limit the current (3- phase).
Main C.B (3-phase).
Regulator function of harmonic detection.

Calculation of power factor

penalty:
The estimation of power factor penalty is
calculated as follows:
- Measured power factor =0.66.
- The factor represents the decrease of PF
from 0.9 to0.66 is:
200.005+40.01=0.14=14%
- The value of PF penalty is:
0.14 (804630 kWh/y) (0.231 LE / kWh)
= 26022 LE.



a.
24

-

1000.. , 380
) (1

 ) (1

 ) (1
2001

KWH 64936582
KVARH 64937070

) .(
489.6

2001
..
1010747.5

 ) (2






) (2 ) (8 :
) -V A KW KVAR P.F
- % -%
(%

 ) (2

) (3

 ) (4

) (5

 ) (6

 ) (7

) ( 8

Case study 2

Case study 3