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2010 jj - `g1431 U

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2010 jj - `g1431 U

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2010 jj - `g1431 U

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2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 12

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aVEG EG MCG H ODj dG
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J M ;FXdG e jdG fhG
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bdG IO``jRh ,GdG ``bhCGh dG H
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fCG EG Ho Y dG gCG ZQ : jG M .O
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dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:06:38 AM

`` ` `G

.HdG dG e GTD k ah dPh

j Ho ``Y dG EG : jh
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g CG QGdG jf QcdG cDjh
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Y ,G GH dG J eM
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QTCa ```G ``e d jOdG

e ``g ``` ` gCG CG EG ``` SGQ``dG
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,jdG LdG e SJh ,dG EG
dJ aJh ,```NG K
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Y : ```G ``e d jOdG
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G WCG OLh ,TG LdG
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GH d eRdG feEG aGJ Y
Y ,G Y G Y ,dG
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Y J dG SDe CGQ Y
SGQdG QTCa G e GdG
Y aGj HUCG e %67 CG EG
e %33 aGh H ,G e dG
je J aGhO cJh .dP Y
H J : Ho Y d SDG
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NdGh fEG IO``jR EG OD``j Ho Y dG : ``cdG ``dN .O

k ,fEG G OGaCG ac cQ``e ``H ,edG
HQ Y a
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2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 24

dG jQdG

24
1/31/10 10:06:39 AM

fjH CG ```k ``V``e ,``` ` G G``` d

fSCGh ,Ho Y %7^6 f H j
H ,%6 fCGh ,%3^6 djEGh ,%2^8
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eCG ,%14^5 Gdgh ,%15^2 jdGh
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H IQ`` `f IQ````c``dG ``V``````Jh
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%49 CH dP Y dJh ,G dG
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f ```d```dGh ```dG ``G ``j``
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d HjEG gG Y dGh
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Ff e x`c H bdG M Sbh
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25
Tadreeb #5.indb 25

,YCG AGOCG SCG Gg J dG

IjdG HjEG d Gk f fCG IcDe
Vh SDG Qb a Ho Y d
e aVEG J CG SGQO
.G Gg
IQGOEG H YG PSCG Jh
``jQCG IQ```c``dG W eH ``j``H``dG
Ho Y dG CG EG dG IM H
J j vJGSG GQk N UCG
f G LGJ dG G OY
e JQc dG e EG fd
OGM H WdG edG dG ba
cCG ``K ``K````fG IO`` `jRh Qh`` `G
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f ,gZ hO G We H
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eh Ho Y dG J LGJ dG
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fCG iJ dG eCG gh ,dG bM
d Le j GPEG S
FGdG Vh GPEGh ,dG ````UCGh
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dhO Q
dN QcdG Oj iNCG jhGR eh
e H dG gG Y cdG
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k ah j jdG OGaCd YCG dG

:eh UG LMG hP Ife

jdGh ``` ` fCG ``a``J IQh``` V
Y YCG SDe J ,eRdG
b ,UG LMG hP XJ
f H G gCdG SDe
eG fCG V Ho Y dG
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dG ```S ``` ` dGh ,``` U``G
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,```Ho ``Y ````dG ````SC`H ```H ``` ` dG
c AGOC gaGJ LGdG G jh
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de dG e CG EG jh
d GQk N J SQ SS H
je ``j`` ``e ,``` Ho ``Y ````dG
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Y dG gCG ``e ZdH ``fCG EG
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eh ,jdG dG ``NGhCG e dG
Y ```H```jEG Q`` KBG ``e ``` ` SCG G```d
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SQ H G j ``fCG EG
a ,HOCG e dEG J e M
J J Y SCG gCG e CG EG
HdG G Ho Y dG SCG
fGdGh jdG Z g jOdG

Ic fe j Ho Y dG : G HCG IQf .O
jQG e %49 CG dH ,G dG hO
dG jQG eh ,G e QGoJ jeCG
k G RG e QGoJ AdG
jC

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:06:40 AM

`` ` `G

J ,````G G``g d IQGOEG

,Ho ``Y dG d ee ```dBG
e YCG ie GSG EG aVEG
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Y G jQd gZh dG IQGRhh

d dG J gQhH dG
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dG SGQdG N eh Ho Y dG
TdG S H dU QcdG gGLCG
ij ```dG ``L````MG ``gCG CG Vj
AadG IQhV jOdG SDG hje
dG d dG dG MJE H
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Y SCG SGQdG CG EG jh
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: ``j````dG ``d```U Q``` c``dG jh
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Ho Y dGh G j Jh AGOCG
gCH jdGh ,fdG dG SQGe
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SGQdG YO c .Gh OdG eN
G G e hdG aBG a EG
Gh dG jQd edG SDG

d gCdGh jQdG eGdG J j : j``dG d``U .O

GP SdG G H dGh ,QU aH dG S d
dG J Ho Y dG GQN H bdG
2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 26

dG jQdG

26
1/31/10 10:06:41 AM

jYQ J L A``fEG bCG :``dG jQCG .O

gZh dGh ``YCG LQ YJh jQ``eh QaCG
J CG Y IdG c``dG Mh ,Ho Y ``dH
G Gg IFGQ
dG HUE Y O``G dGh
``e``Gh ````dG ```e ``e````dGh
Y ```dG dG h```Jh ,dG
dG Nh ,YdGh dSG
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.edG MCd
N jG IQcdG UhCGh
dG d MbG dG FdG
Ho Y dG SCG H Ho Y
``bCG Y j hc
UGh eG dG e c
,J K eh HdG Jh ,G
Sb Y g J CH UhCG c
e GTDG H fQ hG Gd
..dG e VfGh LfEG IOjR
````dG ``` Vh EG ``a``` VEG ,`` g`` Zh
hPh ICGG UNh QYG aG
Y dG Jh ,UG LMG
SDeh dG jfh Ad Ho
jJ EG ``a``` VEG ,``` ` ` dG ``j``YQ
gCH ``U``Gh ``e```G YdG
c ,d JYOh Ho Y dG
dH JG ILCG aH UhCG
,cdGh SG ILCG e Ho Y
G H ``Y dG aK fh
.OdG

dG dG fCH Ho Y dG jG
G kH e Xh e dN e iOD`j
e H d ````F``dG ``` G ``Y
Y Ke JHh ed dG MU
Gg W e XdG e AJ CG
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ac gOH FdG OQhCG c
Jh ,Ho Y dG J dG OdG
e ````dG ``` Lh ``e```dG ``H ``b```dG
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,dG MUh ,Ho Y dG FdG
,ICGh ,G ```Gh ,``e```dGh
dGh ,GdG aY c ,IdGh
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hT a dG dG ``eCG
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a gCdGh jQdG eCG ,BaGh
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dG Nh ,SdG dG
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dH Ho Y dG HQh ,jQOd
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jdGh HdG G NCJ
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cGe jOdG dG IQGRh AfEG EG
G We c Ho Y d UN
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J jW Y Y dhGe e ICG``G
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dG ,OGaCGh SDG id IjL Y
f J J CG fCT e
``YEG e IOSGh Ho Y dG
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QhO OLh IQhV EG IQTEG J h
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Y
CG jG M IQcdG VJh
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IaG jQdGh GAMEGh HCGh
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hP o dG ``G MCG j jG ``dG : QGdG ``jf .O

,``J eCG J FGY IY e ``dG e ``UG LMG
G dG d dH Ho Y dG e gCG fhGh
27
Tadreeb #5.indb 27

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:06:42 AM

dG jL

GQdG GQWEG Qf Yk GOh

(Airless Tires AGg hH GQWEG)

IQd hCG ``eCG Y gh jdGh IQdG H UdG Ig g GQ``WEG

: e e FXh IH Jh cdGh
.edH IQdG Rh M -1
.IQdG jd G IQb f -2
IQdG jE jdG e MG -3
.eGdG GSH
.IQdG LJ IYG -4
MGdG e c AL aJ -5
dG Y Sj eSCG cd
GRG``` gG ``e GAk `` L ```M
.cG b - IjH dG dG
.jdG AGSG Y Y dG
GQWEG QfG H GQdG OGM f INCG IdG OGORG bh
G d vMh .fCG hH hCG NGO fCG H dG AGS AGdH IAG
e jdG GQ``WEG YUh J G dG cdG eb
.ddG YdG Y UN
GQWEG QfG e M Y YJ dG G
k
Jh H IjL GQWEG MW M ;GQWEG YUh d Michelin e cT eb e QaCG g eh
SGe H e J dG VCG CGe Y j dG jG QWEG Y Tweel SG e WCG bh .AGdG e dN
.IQdG GQWEG QfG AGL J dG OGG Y AdG g GQWEG d SSCG IFdGh .Gh QWEG

SGhdG
Tread

HdG

Sheer Band

dG Hb Y
Deformable Wheel

G hdG T
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e e jG QWEG fe

iNCG FGa
: GQWEG d iNCG FGdG e
.fd LG Y -1
.dGh cdG dS -2
. d IOe -3
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.(Ge K EG Je WCG Gk Y j
.jdG e GOLEd aCG jRdG -5
.dG Y J -6
hCG dG IO```YE ```S```SCG dG G`````SG IO```YEG -7
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Y hCG) jdH FGdG G e OdG -8
.(jdG dG
2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 28

dG jQdG

28
1/31/10 10:06:42 AM

GQWEG e dG Gg GSG J dG FGdG gCG eh

: cdG GQS
/ e 50 ``Y YdG OGR GPEG Ic AVV h``M -1
.YS
.MGdH cdG QT Y -2
.dG hCG edG dG Y eGSG HU -3
:QWEd jQdG dG
jdH ```G e ``NG ,``jO``L dQJ : 1844
dGh (Vulcanized Rubber) fdh Jb IOjd HT eh
.GQWEG YU H a eSG
.AGdH j QWEG GNG S ,eJ dh HhQ : 1845
Pneumatic AGdH AG QWEG NG ,fO L : 1988
.LGQd Tire
H H Ra AGdH A Q``WEG GP ``LGQO : 1889
IAG GQWEH dG CGdG gG jGH Sh ,LQd
.AGdH
AGdH AG QWEG j T hCG ,e GQfCG :1895
dH j h ,IQdG
GNG H b jOL cH ,d jh H : 1903
S M jJ j dh Tubeless fCG hH Q``WEG
.1945
GSG ,IQdH cJ dG dG QX : 1904
e ZGa dM Q``WEG J FdG UCGh ,Q``WEG
.J hCG AGdG
.GFdG AGdH G QWEG GSG : 1906
QG P Q`` WEG G``N``H ``b ,dS ``fG``a : 1908
.jdH QWEG UJ d LQG
Y P Q``WEG GNH eb jQOL EG H cT : 1910
.G EG HdG aVEG jW Y WCG J
e j ch ,Lf QWEG hCG NG ShGS a : 1911
h jJ eOQg ShGS cT ebh .NGdG fCGh QWEG
.QWEG jH The Hardman Tire & Rubber G
G P Q`` WEG G``N``H eb jQOL cT : 1937
.YdG
dG Q``WEG G``NG H eb e cT : 1946
.Radial Tire
.OQcH fjO IQS fCG hH QWEG hCG cJ : 1954
e ee ,AGg hH QWEG GNH eb e cT : 2005
.TWEEL jJ j (G) dG

29
Tadreeb #5.indb 29

IQdH ce gh QWEG

Y (Tweel) IjG GQ`` WEG HH e eb

QWEG CG VhCG M ;IR FdG fch A4 iOhCG IQS
H cCG (Lateral Stiffness) VY HU d jG
.AGdH IAG jdG GQWEG e VCG

j jG QWEG Ea HdG QdG e VGh g c

Cjo fCh ,GG hCG GQdG AGS IOe J
,(jM hCG jU) bdG ceCG j fEa AGdH
.(SdG hd Y
m ) dY IAH jh
GG e dG Ic da jG QWEG KCG bh
YH J dG GQdG hCG jdG dG J dG
ed LM g J a dG d k ahh .b
AGdG ZV hCG ,HG GQWEG hCG ,Air Valves FGdG
J EG LM g J d c ,ObdG J
aJ CG dG d c ,dG H Repair Kits GQWEG
,dG Y GQd Gc
k eCG ie - gQfG M .GQWEG QfG H GQdG OGM e Jh

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:06:44 AM

GQHG

..IjH dG dG MG

dhQdG eG GP cG
cG d
Hydraulic Transmission Vehicle

``eh IQ``` ` G ``````e ``e````J

O``Y O``` e ``jG``J ``e Mj
,``G UNh
edG cG
k
Nh Obd cSG J Ea Gd
``cCG ``g e dG dG ```e
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``dG ``F```dG ````dG ``ZQh .``` c``G
Gj e fCG EG ,gG c M
CG j dG G e dG g
e aGJ d GQdG fU j
if Ggh .eQdG dG dG
j jG cG dM e
dH J IQe M fCG e
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AG``LCG ac J Y j UCG
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Gh G H f dc .FGOCG
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dG bdH J dG cG
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Gg Vf ```dG I````dGh
jd jW ``` SGQOh a f O```dG
dH cGh cG H H
Y QcdG e e IjH dG
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FQ GTEGh ,G h dG
2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 30

dG jQdG

30
1/31/10 10:06:45 AM

d jQdG dG cM jW ``Y j `` dGh

.dY YSh H d hCG eCd QdH
cG C ;UG MG hd dG Gg GSG
.G EG hCG eCd j j H Je
.Obd dG SG
2000 Y HK YS C ;G e G KG b
.bO / IQhO
FGhdG J dhQdG jdG V e IOSG
eGdG IFGOh dGh LdG IFGO e cH iNCG
.gZh
jhH j fC ; cG e CG G Vh feEG
.a dhQdG G
k `H) c AKCG cG jEG feEG
GSG e `
.dhQdG G GQhO cM H dPh (HG
BG ee J EG G dG ja jh
f ee e d AGOCG aCG Y G d
dH j CG dG ja j h .dhQdG cG
dG AYCG e hG Gg EG Y YS e d jG
.dG Heh

31
Tadreeb #5.indb 31

.G M SG dG
jdG cG f Y GSG IdG Jh
dhQg Y (YdG hUh HdG Y)
Uh dhQg h dhQg e e J
.iNCG GdG Hh jdG d eh
dG G H (jO hCG jH) IQdG j
d dG U EG fCG a jdG V aJ
dhQdG G EG G dhQdG jR aJ YH
100 RhJ YSh Y
m H IQdG j j QhH dG
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2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 32

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Tadreeb #5.indb 33

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Tadreeb #5.indb 34

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2010 jj - `g1431 U

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2010 jj - `g1431 U

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OdG Y GdG dH JCG G g Y c a .(5)
.HdG Z dH HdG Z dG Ha hGh
or o uHn CGo } : Og d Y J a Og b ``eCG
a .(68) GYCG IQS | lep CGn l U
p fn r o dn r fn CGn hn uHQn
p Spn Q
n
j dG SG H |l U
p f} : ed dG Y Og
Y Og dP b .fG ``Yh QGSGh dG Y
n n dn sfEGp } d Gdb fC dG
nep tn o n dn sfEGp hp m ngn Sn p G
Y G dG AL .(66) G``YCG IQS |n Hp Pp n dr G
dG : b HG b .Y gSh M N CG M HCG
.G g
GH GkO``g GUh .G N dG :``L``dG ``bh
l So Qn up dn hn l ngn Sn Hp n r dn p r bn jn n bn } Y OQ UdG
bh Y dG a ,(67) GYCG IQS |pn n n dr G usQ ue
G Nh Gh dG CG eh ,| lep CGn l U
p fn r o dn r fn CGn hn }
fEG Y fc GPEG J dG FGdG HdG dG e
dG Y GkO``g Og b Uh a ,ja U fC
UdH Og Hb dGh Gh G gh HdG dH
Uf a |l U
p fn r o dn r ``fn CGn hn } bh j dG d HdG
.j e
f
k
k
Sj b
dS H b c H b Y GhALh} : J b
k G bh ,(18) Sj |L a Gk `eCG fCG d
:jC
JCGh GH
k Cj HCG Lh Y dCa Gg H GgPG}
.(93) Sj |LCG gCH
n G
o
e HCG EG e e b
SQC
n dG Y Sj
H GhDh``L HCG `
C ;Jp NCG
p `M AGHG S
o g dG
n
o
k
Sj
MCa |c H b Y GhALh} dH e
GgPG} CGH M e HCG M jf J CG dG Y
G fGh H
G CGH da .|Gg H
m
.k Y dG nMCG NCG eCa .H
a
m

41
Tadreeb #5.indb 41

Qj dG FdG ``e jdH ```dG BG``` dG Nj

h .J dG IFdG Y dGh eeCG bdG H
..FdG g e GkOY f ddG QdG
Gh Ya
GH S iQCG EG G ``bh} fCT L ``G ``b
bh j h |G bh} b J fCG Mfh ,|S
(Ya) d Y j c e G CG e ,Ya
TY ``dG (dG eQ) Ya b OQh ch
Gg Y BGdG j GPa .dG Y Se Y
?Ya d G
Y (Ya) d j Gfc AedG jG CG K
Ya c UCGh dG e gh Y k e j e
k c e eCG ,Se
fEa JL H e dh Y NO
dG G c a e g EGh (Ya) LQO j
G Gg CG jQdG cDjh .dG Y Sj Y TY
dG eRCG e GM jdG SdG e c
.H fBGb Ie J gh .IHdG
Ogh f H
n
no Yr CGn hn r o dn o f
n CGhn uHQn p n Spn Q r o o uHn CGo } : J G j
q nep
.(62) GYCG IQS | no n r Jn n en G
dG H (o f
n CGn hn ) :dG Y f b S a
k W f dP b .fGh OdGh hG Y GdG
n n dn sfEGp } Fb Uh fC eb
IQS |m p te m n Vn p G
.(60) GYCG
Z b Gch ,G Y GhRh CN CG dG Y ALh
VGh CN Mf
k CG hj f a jG e MGh
rGho n nr J EGp n bn } e GhS a AG OLh hO dG U
.(38) Og IQS | nho n nr J n cn r o ep o n r fn sfEp an sep
|r o dn o f
n CGn hn } bh dV fOCG dG Y f a
CG Gg J G e CG bh GPEG fEGh
HdG CH Mf
k G``eQ a 0Y j M Jh
J dG dG dH (o fC
n G) H f Hb d
H jdG QH Gg cP .QGSG Yh fGh OdG Y

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:08 AM

AGdGh dG

..FGdG aVEG

IQhdGh IQG H
hdG MCG QW .O
dG J b - FGdG YdG PSCG
.IjH dGh AGd dG dG - FGdG

Y Hh vW J dG f IOG
H W J Y hCG ve J
G e Ha dHh ,vW fJ
ij ,``e`
k ` dG Yh .dhJ ``e
NG e FdG OGG CG hNBG
Fc OGe J gQOeh YGfCG
fcCG AGS H fEG L j
.e fc CG dG gQOe e
IjY SGQO Ff CGdG Gg Jh
UeGh OGG J e c g Y
J GP : GDdG j dh .h
k G OGG J
Gg Y Odh ?jZCd UC
OGG GSG HjEG Vf DhdG

OJ OG`` e ```FG```dG ``a``` VEG

,e ```FG``Z IO``e CG e J
cG M dG e eGSG CGH
,d ```G ``a```VEG ``FG``a ``` ` fEG
QK ```e ``HG``` dGh GQ``` ` dG ``d``ch
jj e k dM Ljh .(QG) fdG
jH jZCd J IOe dCG Y
dG GH Yhe Z hCG Yhe
OGe g OGG g CG HdG e .G
VGZCGh JJ NG EGh ,Fc
.G jZCd LCG e J dG
GSG ``M AGQBG jJ gh
H a OLh H ij PEG ,OGG J

: J dGh ,aG
d FGdG dG Y aG -1
.d SG OGG
.FGdG OGG J e dG -2
.AGdG MU Ia dWEG -3
.FGdG dG e jbdG -4
AGd G dG H -5
.dEG ...Wh d e
YH) AGd FGdG dG IOjR -6
.(UY e j
DhdG EG HjEG H fh
dGh ,aG OG``G S Y
: j a gRjEG
````dG ````H `````J ``` Y ````J -1
.AGdG IOLG
jgdG dG Y J -2
.FGdG dG M Y fk MCG
I``YG``e ``g``` ` ` dG EG OD` ` `J -3
2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 42

dG jQdG

42
1/31/10 10:07:08 AM

jd ``` G G``g ``v```Yh v

,iNCG Mf e aG OG``G QGVCG
dG G QJ OTSGh
.iNCG dG hO Jh G
MdG jd j CG :k``d``K
UG jdG QGUE gDJ dG
.jZCG aG OGG GSH
dG G CG j J
aG OGd G hCG jdH J CG
jdG SdG G g ,jZCd
dhDe gQhH QJ dGh HbdGh
H Te Se e eCd dP
SG dG S G
CG ```j ```G ``g .``` WC``c e
Ve M GGh GQdG HJ
H ````Gh e ``j``G ``a``` VEG
k
jZCG EG aVEH J Yh a
G````````d ``k ` ` W `` dP ``` hCG
CG EG f CG H .jQG HCG
dhDe Y J OcCG G
Ff Jh L e G YJ
SdG G EG dGh SGQdG

43
Tadreeb #5.indb 43

fh .G```gh ...``HQ````dG Y ``J

OG``G J GSG ``M DhdG EG
jd dP j g :jZCd aVEGh
CG ?Jh jZCG fEH j e
J b j e g G j
EG `` eCG ``j CG ?aQ hCG OG`` G
e ``gPCG Y j sCG j ?e L
e H Te Se e eCG Gd
a aj CG j Yh .AGdG hj
: ddG eG G H j
k G
jZCG H jGQdGh IG :hC
aVEG G Zj dG OG``Gh
.(Lh EG) OGG J QGVCGh d
SGQdH dG Y IQdG :kfK
e OG``G ``g eS i``e O`` dG
i dG dG Ff Heh Mf

Y GkOYG dG WGTG
.AGd OGe aVEG
AG```dG U ``e dG OD` `j -4
hJh Y bEG IOjR EG G
dG ``j``j ``e ,```e ``cCG c
dP h aG IOG e dhG
jj PEG ,UN WCG Y IQN
fG FGdG OG``G Y dbEG
dG hCG ,YUG G``dC` H
Ua e ja YUG f
.Y OGG J QGVCG QX
Y S KCG d aG OGG H -5
.jdG iG
aVEH G H j -6
OG``G J e H G Oh``G
.H QV Gg h
OG``G e jdG be g e
?jZCd aG
```dG G``` H e ``fG``b ```
jZCG GY bH Y jdG
dch jZCd J dG IOG SH
jdG Jh .aVEG e VdG
jdGh OG``G H e H ``c
c ``e H G Oh`` Gh H
QGVCG jd SGQO Y Ak H IO``e
Y j ``bh .OG`` G J SG
cP hCG QdG ```SG cH bdG
ReQ J b hCG ,FdG SG
c H G aG IOG Y J
M j M ,HhQhCG G g
e ae IOe CG Y dd (E)
jh HhQhCG GdG eGSH
k ,IOG f Y j bQ H
E201 a

dGh OGG d FGdG dG Y aG

,aG OGG FGa gCG FGdG OGG J e
AGdG IOLG dG H J Y dGh
dG gCG dG WGTG IYGe gdGh

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:11 AM

AGdGh dG

aG OGG hCG J CG dG G
dGh HbdGh jdG SdG G g ,jZCd
Te Se e eCd dP dhDe gQhH QJ
WCG UN G H
eGY g CG c ,HG dH
.AGdG Y Y fEG SJ iNCG
AGZ fEG SJ dG eGdG CG c
dUh feEG AGdG EG dUH
jS a h ,iNCG We e dEG
edGh ````dGh dHh ,
GSG ``g ````k `jCG ``` Gh ,``H````G
jhdG OG``G a G FSh
OGG ge Y eCGh .jZCd aG
G ``e ```SGh H a aG
jdGh .e dGh dG jG
e G g OG``G d UCG dG
jdG k dZ" bdG G FdG
dHh ,Y AdG hCG "``` YCGh
aG hCG AGdG MU Ia dWEG
f hCG T hCG W hCG AGdG d Y
ATCG HcEG hCG ,IOG ``gOh``M
J CG c .Y IjL iNCG
Gh YGQdG GG e G
.cSG Y AGdG V fGG
g G H ``G Ce EG
fCG Y ``a```VE`d FdG ````G
eJ AGdG Y jZ Fc ce
,d jd k dZ AG``` dG ``e
gQYGh jJ e jOe HQCG h
dG G e c Y dhDe
e G Gg be g a .IUG
?G
k G
``a``` VEG Q``` ` Y``H ``` dG :hC
AGdG CG j Fc OG``e jZCd
HGH dGh ,Fc ce f
AGdG CG gj AG```dG Y cJ

LfEG ``Mh Y O````YGh `` dBG

G jdG G`````SGh G``````H
.GG dGh QGQOEG Gh
YdG ``NOEG k M ``dP J e
dG ``F```Sh G`````SGh JGQHH
Ia dJ GHh .dEG ...G OGeh
Jh ,gJ EG dG e jdG
IOG UdG e jbd adG CGe
Qe dG Gg .JOHEG dh EG
j AG```dG Y d ````fEG
J e eGJ Me H EG e
.Jeh dG G Yf
a OGG J GSG GQe eCG
,H G eGdGh AGdG fEG bGh
Y G ``e `` ``eG``Y a

hQ dP j CG Y .iNCG L e
eh IQ``KEG Y G kH dG dhDG
dGh dG IQKEG EG Oj CG
K YYRh G id hGh
.eS Y dhDG H
!jQhV FGdG aVEG
GS LdG CG h```G ``e
fEG bd eRe
c aG OGG
k
EG dG JYb ``h dH
SG VG .IUe J
LM J JGdG O fEG
e Oh````G O````dGh `````dG ````G
AGdG H JYb fGh ,OGaCG
e Y G bJh Wh Yfh
G ````JG ``e .``M```G ``f``` eEG
jdG GAMEG JQGh YLG
```NOCGh ``k `cG``e ``JG``dG G j
d LQJ iNCG Ybh e
OG J e .FQ Ke Oe
AGdG eCd dG UY J
IOG dG UY aeh ,vc
QHG dP J .Yf
k AGdG d

2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 44

dG jQdG

44
1/31/10 10:07:12 AM

FdG G g G H G Ce
AGdG Y jZ Fc ce fCG Y aVEd
HQCG h ,d jd k dZ AGdG e eJ
Y OhOe G Gg CG EG jJ e jOe
aVEG J CG EG f CG
G H CGh ,e Ue ``bGh
HLE J e GPEG vbT S HLEG Y
dP e SCG j ``Qh .I
ee Z UN jDhQ OdG J g c
G JSD G Jh jNBd
jOdG GQG cCG r L j k be
Y .IcDG WG e eCe ak J
jQNG J G e OdG iG
e H jdGh IQhdG Y e
iG Y ``eCG . j ``eh
H j CG a YLG
G d VN g e Y bKe
GAG`` LEG V H e ``g ``eh
L QM j CG Od c ,```dhO
VdG TJh eG J e
.c FT dCe OTQEG

45
Tadreeb #5.indb 45

fOCG hCG a bCG GRhdG

.feEG
a OGG J IQhV Mh :k HGQ
MJCG OGG J CG Y NG j
edG eGY QM e AG```dG G``NEG
AGdG Uh j d H hOh .dGh
H j dG bdGh YdGh dH
id gh IQG AfCG k dM G
Ea HHh .jgL HjEG H
jNBG id j iNCG aVEG GSG
Gg e .IQhdG QJ vffEG kgaQ

dhJ H hCG dG d VJ Y
J ``` dh . ````c``H ``` j
aG OG``G J e Gc
k CG M
h ,BG M G e j
ZQ JGKCJh JaGfH DdG
bdG dG feEG J J
.VG
dG G W J :k fK
`` ZQ H ``` e ``b``` Jh
dG jYdG QJh G hX
dG YVG ``e CG ch .M
GSG Y vjL Qj dP CH
k G eGJ ``EGh ,``j``ZCG jhc
jC
bYh ```dGh Id eT J ``e
k G YVG e E`a ,H fEG
jC
k G g OGG J CH dG
UY e jC
k `` JQG `` g`` cCGh ``` ` dG
,``` ` fE``H ``W`
G`` KC` `J ``` ` ` cG ``H``` dG `` e CGh
NCe M EG OCG d S
.eGS
J OGG J CH dG :k dK
.YVG EG j b J hO
Me EG dUh CH dG Ea HH
cCJ GSG Jh edG MHEG
Jd e fh ed e
k G YVG fj
FG a .jC
GkOh j ``YCG dGh dG CG
dG dG W e Gh H
k G .G dj b e gh
H jC
YdG ``G SCGd C` H dG e
k ``fh ``aGhO
j Y ``KCG dH GP`
CG c .GSGh jdGh dG
e J HGVh GSG YGb

edG eGY QM e AGdG GNEG MJCG OGG

dH AGdG Uh j d H hOh .dGh
k dM G H j dG bdGh YdGh
jgL HjEG H id gh IQG AfCG

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:15 AM

AGdGh dG

..dG jYdG fl
e dG ch gQOe
dG Ye H dN
AGd dG dG - dG J b
.IjH dGh

cGeh dG GOdGh G e dG jYdG J

Jh .d M QOe e dP Zh dG GhOCGh ,dhCG dG jYdG
` g1420/1419 Y W dCG 25^5 f e JQG G J M CG EG GjdG
e e dG jh . 2004- `g1425/1424 Y W dCG 30^1 EG d , 1999 eCG j ,G IOjR fCG EG ,G dG MCG jW Y G g
dG IMdG NGO jJ e GAk H G g e `ed ee efH aJ
.SGh eBG FSdGh dH AfGh G cGe EG H GQk heh
dG jYdG IQGOEG dG IG SG Vj dG eCG gh
jYdG ``Y aG ``e dH `` EGh ,dG G``M``dGh H
.ddG QdG N e Y f e Ggh ,dG
(Health Care Waste) : dG jYdG jJ

20%
c`}A'f_p'
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80%
1%
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3%

15%

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dG jYdG f Vj T

:IG dG jYdG -2
KJ hCG Ke QOe e J dG G g
LEG e bCG Jh G hCG jhdG hCG jG eGdH
Gh OdG Y Gk N Jh dG jYdG
hCG f hCG jJ hCG dhGJ hCG `L hCG LfEG A`KCG dGh
: EG Jh (72) IQU c. `e dG
: fGGh jdG AYCG jHh AGLCG
,jdG AYCGh fCG Y dG G g
Jeh ``dGh fGG Lh, Gh G dGh

"dG jYdG " e GSG k jM TCG

k
G hCG "dG G" e e H
aH dG BG e IRG G G``fCG c d
L fCG Y dG jYdG J ddh .YGfCG
Y Gh dG jYdG Be e IRG G
dP G FGSh fGGh jdG AGLCGh jdG
,G ,KG HG ,jdG GRG``aEG ,Jeh dG
eh ddG `` `jhOCG ,``K```G IO`` G GhOCG ,``b```G
IG G OGG EG aVEG ,FdG OGG ,MdG
.dP Z e J e dG Y
: dG jYdG GfCG
,IN %20 e dG jYdG J
EG Jh.dG G c M EG J %80h
:Yf
: IG Z dG jYdG -1
jOY OGe Y J dG G L Y IQY gh
e G g Jh ,jdG G LJ dG e
BG ``NGO edG adG ```YCG ``eh `` jQGOEG bCG
jYdG LEG e ``cCG A``G Jh ,dG
.jdG G ee dG Gg ejh ,dG
2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 46

dG jQdG

46
1/31/10 10:07:17 AM

.G FGdGh
: jG G
f jG VGeCG e vjCG J b dG G J g
.jdG hCG .dG ,ShdG ,jdH KJ
: jhdG G
hCG dG jhdG OG``G Y J dG G gh
,LdG ,dG fCG e dG jRdG hCG FdG
.dG hCG dG GAGLEGh dG eG hCG ,IG
: IOG G
,bG e IOG GhOCG Y dG G g
LdG ,GdG ,TG ,```MG``G VG ,Q````G
.d G kNh hCG k b J b iNCG IOM GhOCG CGh ,G
: ( jhOCG) fdG G
hCG ,LdG hCG FbdG fCG e G G Jh
jhOCGh bdGh fdG GG h fEG Y
.MdG e hCG ddG
: G OGH KG G
KG jRdGh FdGh dG OGG L J dGh
Ua eGSG e dG G OGG "Gjf" `H
jh J GAG`` LEG h FGdGh jdG fCG
.LYh GQhCG
: WG GRdG GY
GYh ,JQdGh ,ddG hCG ZQdG GRdG fGSG g
.NdG h ,dG
:jGh d edG OGG
dh ,IQG IjT UN fU OGe g
eh ,G fe hCG jG fG e hCG b Y IQdG
f Mh ,WdG GfCG H Y eG OGG :
ee RGd CG G g J c ,AYCG
H LY j dG jG GRGaEG EG aVEH ,OGG g
.Y M YL NBG jQJ e SCG Mh OGG
: dG jYdG QOe
dG jYdG J dG QOG e OY g
: EG J QOG gh ,
k G
: dG jYdG FdG QOG : hC
dG Gh eG G : Jh : G
.G eh
jYdG eN :Jh iNCG dG jYdG SDe
,UGh ,dG jYdG ``cG``eh ,FQdG dG

IOG OGG

fdG G

jG G

G OGG

WG GRdG GY jGh d edG OGG

dG jYdG e P VJ QU

Z cGeh ,LQG GOdGh ,ddGh eeCG GOYh

SDeh ,dG GOYh ,hCG SEG fh ,dG
,dG f cGeh ,gdG QhOh ,IG dG jYdG
.jdG dG eGh
GG : Jh HCG cGeh bdG GP GG
LddG geh Gh ,G dG Gh ,dG
.dG dG cGeh ,(LddG) jG
``dG ```Hh ,G``` G ah ``` HCGh jdG ``cG``e
.dG Qd jdG QhOh ,dG L eNh
: dG jYdG jfdG QOG: k fK
AWCG Je : Jh IdG dG jYdG SDe
Gh HEG NdH G cGeh ,SCG W GOYh
.eG cGeh ,hdG ddH
GP BGh G dG jYdG SDe
,jdG gdG QhO :Jh d G fEG
.bG jYQ SDeh ,dG VGeCG eh
hCG jQh NOEG Y J dG dG Z fCG
hGJ ceCGh ,TdGh ,PCG d dG QhO : Jh G
.G dGh ,SEG h ,FG eN ,IQG bdG

47
Tadreeb #5.indb 47

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:22 AM

AGdGh dG

dG jYdG G GQdG Vj T

dG G J dG jhG ScCG J CG j c
Y bH Y jh ,be e f b MEH
M jhG hCG ScCG j dG G Y ee
.VG PdG
: dG jYdG e
dG jYdG e e FdG dG j
Ljh . M ``bC a IQdG eGdG e ``bEG g
jh f Y gQNG j G W e jdG
: g eGSG
dG g cCGh ,dG jYdG
k
e GSCH dG H aJ c ,QG G M
dGh ,jhG G eh ,cJCH dG
dG dch ,IG jdG Jh ,QdG GSH
H `` jhOCGh FdG OG``G e G
G W hCG ,eBG dc g Y d G g
Z eM OGe EG a iNCG OGe e Nh FdG
.IQV

dG jYdG jhMh ScC P VJ QU

: dG jYdG Ra
G G Yf jh (dG) RdG Y J
IQGOEG eh dG jYdG e dG d eCG
e SG dGh Gh dha ;jdG d ddG
d cCG jM ajh ,ddG j dG M G
,jdG e dhDe e k FGO RdG j CG jh .edG
jh ,jdG dJ e e e bCG j CGh
j CG h .dG A```KCGh jdG We Y aG
G AfCG ac G QSh k eh G kMe RdG f
.dG IQGRh Y Jh
jRH dG jYdG a jd jW fCGh
Yh vfd I jhM hCG SH ScCG Y G
.TCGh QdG c .jJ GQT
dG ICG NGO d hCG Ra H dP jh
ScCH ``` ``K ``eh ,Q`` `G ````dG ``b```dG ``j``W ``Y
Jh ,HQe dY Y J ZEG jhMh
aZ gh ;jdG aZ EG VdG Gd jhM
UG Jh dG jdG d N
I
k
,je `` LQO 20 ``Y ``j``J IQG`` `M `` LQO ``h ,``` d``Y
jdG eh d e cT SGH f jh
jMh OUQCd edG SFdG e Neh IG dG
.dG
: dG jYdG L
bCH IO bGe dG jYdG
G``dCG I ``jh``M VJh ,VG ````bCGh dG
IH dG jhG g Jh .G d k W
G jhGh ScCG Y jh ,VG Y
j c ,"jG G" QT dG jYdG
.W " jEGh HdG dH VGh H Y

dG jYdG jh P VJ QU

2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 48

dG jQdG

48
1/31/10 10:07:25 AM

``` e

?e CG HR QG
TGdG fi H TGQ .
.IjH dGh AGd dG dG

HR fCG Y QG e edG
?dH eJ Yb g c GPEG
h CG```J GD```dG G``g ``Y ``H``LEG
M dGh IOH WJQ J
i``eh G ``jQ```dG H bdG
jdG IQhd a MG MG
adG Nh Q``` Gh jdGh
dH Yb ieh YLGh
i``eh Q``Gh a dG ``dG
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jJh jQdG d e YdGh
.QGSH JGQeh aQe
eAe i``eh jQdG Gh
NGO jQdG FSdGh G d
.dEG ...jch gaJ ieh ICG
I`` NCG I`` YO ``g : ``e`
k ``N
edG dh jQdG edG
QYH QG e - eEG Qb d ``jQ```dG I``a A``` KCG ``fk ``HR
Ia H a IO``G Y e Y
.jQdG

49
Tadreeb #5.indb 49

``dP ``j```J ``dh`` hO ````jQ```dG

k
.e
QG EG a iNCG dG eCG
eH AL (Customer) HR fCG Y
d jQdG ICG EG ``JOGQEG
``eR``dG GQ``` Gh eG Y
k f j ``dG G
.dEG e
dG j g d HQa
GQGh eG e Q``b ``cCG Y
FSdG L e YdG jW Y
dG Gd UdG Y J dG
jQdG ICG NGO jQJ AKCG
M ``` Jh ,``` ` dEG G`````fG ``` dG
Y ``` ` G ``` ` jQ``` dG ``` ` ` ` dG
GHEd jdG d j dG gDG
d ````j `` `````dG ``` d``
JM QGe iNCG J MdG
LefG dS EG k aVEG dG
eS dG BGh dG aK
e XdG `` gDhh ```jh a
jQdH bY CG c dG
SSCG e jdG M J
.d
;dG H dG j S
Oj e fCG Y QG EG da
``jQ```dG jdG ```j```dG EG
``eCG a ``gD` ```k `j``N J ``` dGh
fCG Y Q```G EG dG e GPEG
J FdG G E` a ``HR
dG `
m ` Y e ```Y ````G
.IOGh
c : g f j dG GDdGh

e GPEG dG Y `` eCG j
j e Y k UN dP j fOGQCG
d HJ HQ Z jQdG f
VGh jDhdG J CG G eh dG
QG e edG jGH e IOh
eGY IH Je dGh IOG c
QH UG J gCG e d
.gOd G j dGh
edGh eG dG hO L
ah e edG jh QG EG j
j e a G jQdG f
J j (Product) nk e QG
jQdG ICH dd DhG`` ZEGh
jGh jOG aGG e K eh
gCdG e e LQO EG Ud
e .jQdG `` e e
dG Gg a hQhj jdG HQG
ZdG jd d ,jQdG fCG e
eG Y G h dG IOG
e j dG IQG cGh
MGd cd h XdGh G
GQeh ee e d j e Jh
d jQdG IdG Rhd
CG hO (IOdG) gDe Y jdG
JH Kh JQG jd j
``Y EG `` `dP ``gO````j `` ` `d`` Hh
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SQ ``e ````dGh Y jQJ
JgDe jdG d vY G
G ```d J GO``` ` T EG
jh a RQ Qe Y
G GQ``` e ``e Y jQJ

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:26 AM

IQdG J

b jQhV GOTQEG
cG AH
jL G GH GDk S CG Th
CG j e CG AfEG C ;dH
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EG Uh
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vFfEG - vjQe) eG G
.(AHdG - dG Mf e - vU j ``` M) ```S````dG G`` ` `TEG
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dG Hj ``dG G h``` G
.L H
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.(OGG - QdG)

HGG gGHEG jdG Y .

jQGh fG dG b FQ
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.(dEG.. - gO H)d
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: dG j bGdG N eh
J ZGdG e dG QNG
Y G b hG dRe
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g j M ;e eCG gh
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e jj ``eh G ``jDhQ hO
dG ``eCG ``gh .UJh J
N IOe e EG OD` `j
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j bh .G AfEG jW Y
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sA'

(G) J e AfG H
e c j .AdG NQ GSGh
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G Y d he Y hCG j
e dG dG j M ,a
Y d he Y RG UCG
J SCH h .dG e G
VdG Y j fC ;dG e c
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2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 50

dG jQdG

50
1/31/10 10:07:27 AM

J Y h``` Gh ``d``G Hc
e ```dG ``Y``dG aJ hO G
Y hG j ``bh ,fL
``Yh ``` ` G `````J I`` e ``a``` VEG
.aVEG IG Y eGH eGdG
dG H G EG ODj e gh
.hGh
dLEG dH G H L
e ,FH Zj dG d
;dG hCG dG J Mf
Y G AfEG NCJ j
.Y G YG
G``` TEG ``H ``` dG GQOEG ``Y
SG ``H ```j `` dG SdG
Hj ``dG G ``Hh ,G
Y Ujh ,dG dG
dG QGSGh ddGh OGG aJ
.G
dhd `` G H ``H`````SG
SdG GTEG Zj jdG
``Y ``W``` ` jh ,``d``` ` dG ``` Yh
Z eCG gh .Y e Vh
j G SG C ;G
J EG j G k``j`` Gk Y
.U IQH G
j dG dG e O``Y gh
G gCH j a d fG
: Jh ,AdG Y QhOh
H SSCG KdG ``g G
.hGh dG
FdG dGh UdG g G
.dd
j `` `dG Q``` ` G ``g ``` ` G
SG ```j ``e Y ``c``j CG
hG``L ``e j `` ,H
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``d``G ``H ``` U``` dG ``g ``` ` G
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.(G
,dG j CG j G
G M ```J``J ``` dG ``gh
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.FfE

51
Tadreeb #5.indb 51

d LdG hO G OQh
.(SdG G) G
```j `` `dG Q``` ` G ``g ``` ` G
UC k ah a OQh e H dG
G) Y j e Hh ,e

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:31 AM

``` e

hRhCG W LCG e k e hd
dG jdGY .O
dGh jd G G
.IjH dG dG - jQdG J IMH
O + O2 - O3

dG ``a ````TCG J
280 e LG dGWCG dG (UV-B)
dG e eOdG e ff 320 EG
A``L EG ``d````a hRhCG A``` H
M iNCG Ie cCG IQPh cCG
: dG YdG

Y vS KDJ dG e ff 280 a
.dG FdG AdG Y
V Ic hRhCG W J
dG e eOdG dG a TCG
%99 f hRhCG M VQCG EG
GP TCG UNh
,TCG g e
k
H hGJ dG IdG LG GWCG
dP jh ,(he e 320 h 240)
dG a TCG J eY
240 ``e ```L``G ``` dG``WCG ```dG (UV)
dG e eOdG e ff 280 EG
hRhCG W `````cCG A``` H
M IM cCG GQP EG a
:dG YdG
UV + O2 - O + O

```J``J I`` `G ``` ` ` cCG GQP

hRhCG AL d cCG jH
: dG YdG M

``H ``` ` ` ` J hRhCG ``````W

(Troposhere) ````S``Hh``dG ``Z
h (Stratosphere) SJGdGh
12 H e ``VQCG Y YJQG hG``j
dG g cG bh ,.c 40 EG
c hRhCGh .VG dG jGH
K e dCJh FGdG ge ffj
.(O ) cCG GQP
hRhCG O`` Lh ``` ` gCG ```T h
dG G jM G dH
TCG Uh e JdGh G```Gh
.`` VQCG EG IQ````dG dG ``a
VdG EG ioJ dG QG``` VCG ``eh
JQG dG a TCd TG
VEGh ,G WH HUEG f
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jdG IH J QGVCG EG aVEG
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3

UV + O3 - O2 + O

```j`` ````dG CG i`` f G````gh

AH IO`` YEG Hj hRhCGh cCG
jL OY j dHh , iNCG Ie
Y hRhCG W hRhCGh cCG
.e Vh
dG ``` SGQ``dG H ``` ` VhCGh
e dG UdG Ff Y jLCG
hRhCG OY VfG 1988 EG 1969
IdG f vjS %3 - 1^7 GH
k 64-30 VY N H dG
.T
``d``ch ```H ``e``b ```j``M ````SGQO h
OY CG ````VhCG ````j``eCG AdG
vjS %0^26 GH bj hRhCG
k 65 VY N H
.Hk L 65 h T
EG hRhCG W QgJ ``Yo bh

2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 52

dG jQdG

52
1/31/10 10:07:33 AM

k LQN fGSCG
AGdG f e H
Y fGSCG ``g e .``LQ``G
AG UCG e OedG dH gZ
.aG dG Ve g c dG
dc dG ```SQ```G ``eh
Ie WC jdG Sh e IOSG
k ;
EG eGSG H f e a
Sd jhJ Y H ,LQG G
(Refrigerant Recycling) jdG
Sh J a j dG dG gh
e d ``eG`````SG ```H ``j```dG
j ``d``Hh ddG FGdGh ``j``dG
hCG .iNCG Ie eGSG IOYE G kgL
jdG Sh USG Y AG``LEG
gh .(Refrigerant Reclaiming)
jdG Sh jhJ d He Y
M J cCG GH J dh
j M ``cCG Af Y jdG Sh
USG ```Hh .J ``K J
Th .H hCG eGSG IO``YEG
e dG FSdG g GSG CG
LQG ``G jdG Sh f
W EG QdG GQP Uh e j
SMG N gjh ,dG G
jh .Global Warming QG`` G
FSh Y GAG``LEG g J CG
hRhCG W Y QV d dG jdG
fC ;jdG jdG FSh J H
Y QGG SMG IgX J
.LQG G EG bWEG
g CG EG IQTEG J jdG
VfG EG OCG GAGLEGh bJG
Y %10 H G QdG GQP
VdG j CG AdG Qjh ,2008
e GPEG ,2050 H hRhCG W
OG``G ``WEG Y bdG QGSG
QdG C` H ``Y``dGh ,hRhC`` `H IQdG
LCG e k e hd .G j S
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53
Tadreeb #5.indb 53

h .hRhCG j a Ige Y
Gbhh ``dhO 43 f LG 1987 ``Y
hL Vh dG je bJG Y
FSh G`````SGh ``` fEG ``b``d ```eR
.QdG GQP Y dG jdG
JG dJ i``NCG YLG h
e jdG FSh ``WEG QYG Y
hQdGfHchQahQdG Y
e LQG G EG HchQahQd
c .``f``b ``Z 1992 ``Y ``jG``H
FSh ```fEG Y bdG Y ```JG
HchQahdG Y e jdG
FGH OjEG h ,1995 Y jf Y
e QdG GQP Y i`` NCG
R134a e Hc hQahQdG Y
.R12 `d jc GQdG G
```fEG ``Y ``b```dG Y ``` JG
Y e jdG FSh GSGh
Y jf Y HchQahQchQdG
dG h`` d ASG ``` Vhh ,2020
fG ``bh .2030 ``Y M ddG
a bJG EG jOdG HdG G
e Se L jfe cJhHh
dG M NOh 1992 Y 1 bQ
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dG SQG
hRhCG ````W Q``g``J ``e ````dh
dG dhdG bJG e fdh
LQG G EG jdG FSh WEG
Y dG SQG JG j
k .jdG FSh e edG
Y e
UY ``MC GSGh fU AG``LEG
I``FGO jJ j jdG f
fEa ZdG G`````SG e ``j```dG
k
G EG jdG Sh WEG e H
Sd IO`````SG ```Y ```j ``LQ``G
gh (Refrigerant Recovery) jdG
jdG Sh f dN e j Y
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dEG IG djOGdG jG Uh
cCG h ( OH) G chQdG e
( Cl) Q````dG GQPh ( NO) jdG
jGh GQ``dG ``g ( Br) h``dGh
WdG H hCG W H
FSh Jh .fEG H j dG
QdG GQP Y dG jdG
j `` dG Qd ````F``dG Q````G
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R11 e CFC'S Hc hQahQdG
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hQdG Y K hRhCG Y GQk V
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1974 Mario Molina h Rowland
hQ``` ahQ``` ` dG ``Y``` ``e %99 CG
W EG J G G Hc
.SJGdG
AL ej c (1) dG Vjh
W EG dUh Y hRhCG GQP QdG
QdG IQP OH ``dP jh .hRhCG
d (O ) hRhCG A`` L ``e ( Cl)
EG aVEH (O ) cCG A``L
j Qh``H dG (CLO) QdG cCG
jL e d ``NBG hRhCG A``L e
Y i``NCG I``e J dG QdG IQP
dHh .Ggh NBG hRhCG AL eJ
eJ CG QdG ``e I``MGh IQ``d
YdG G``g .hRhCG A``L 100^000
: ddG FdG OG M j
-

Cl + O3 ClO + O2

ClO + O3 Cl + 2 O2

H CGH VG dG fK h
j dG SQG e d ddG
eh ,hRhCG W QgJ QGSG e
Y dG DG ddG g TCG
Mh dhO 20 Vh a 1983 Y
bdG h jdG FSh e cCG

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:34 AM

dG S

be P
G dG jW
IG YCG cH dG e G jdG dG cDj Gg ..RdG jjh GHEG CGj G dG e
,UG hCG eG XdG Ghj d P g ..SGdG G Y L IU Yhe jGHh
IdG JBe UCG CG EG iOCG ;YCG LQ cH Gjh KCG Ua Y Gj CG GhQa
k G Jo Ic Yh jfCG
e d H fCh ..vHOCGh vjOe gSCGh Y Fd JOaEG Y a
dG jQdG HdG SGh IdG BG J ce QhO c a jGdG gYJ IN j
.IdG jQ eCG dG Gj M YOh dG ADg Ife VGh
dH Gh
k
fGbC k aOh ,jQ GRk GHEGh d k J ,dG ADg e P OY c VJ "dG jQdG"
.IFGdG HQH AGbG EG

2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 54

dG jQdG

54
1/31/10 10:07:35 AM

: SdG GH

UCG Y AYCG J CG
IdG jQG
dG Yh Te H dYCG Heh dGh QGUEH
.GQGdG PJG
j h ,YdG e LM eCJ EG GH jh
FY OG``YCG IO``jR ZQ ``G bdG ``NBG a aG
.Je IjGG Kh

55
Tadreeb #5.indb 55

dG SG g Gg "jG QG``fEGh ed SdG"

Yh fk GY d SdG G Y GH QNG
fc .```dGh H jh j CG j ``dG dG
e jG QGfEGh edG GhOCG HdG JN
ZQ JGN SG e dG hG Gg a d
aJ Y c bh .dG MGe N LGh dG dG
gCG eG FGhdG Hb dG JhdGh HQG ddG
QdG EG LhNh hG SG Y QGUEG CG EG dG
T dG SCG gCG e fc G dG gCH fEGh
.Yhe aG e eh QRCG e
``EG c QhO d I``G hP He CG ```Th
Gg G kcDe SdG Y Oj e Gg .IdG jQG
BG J ce fL e FGdG HG CG Q``WEG
dH Gh dG jQdG SGh IdG
hG hN c QhO d fc d eb dG GOTQEGh
.eCG H EG H QdGh QdG EG
k ``cCG fCH j G dG CG jo h
bk gQEGh V
H dG He IQhV H dPh ;XdG dG e
dG CH SMEG O hj gQEG Gg CG EG .Te
dG HQCG OjORG e dH IOdG OGOJh , a j
.hG gQj
eG G dhDG SdG G``H djh
UCG e G JhdGh AYCG J Y dH G
.G Gg VN Y dG d ;IdG jQG
FXdH dG H OdG dG EG f k Le
ac d S ``dG ``G dG S bGh ,G
dH dj c , EG bj dG MdG

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:37 AM

dG S

: GdG Uf

Y fGh JG NdG
Yhe HjEG gCG YCG
dG e 3 H j WG CG Ve
.bCG Sh dY
k
HjEG GkO`` .``j``NBG KG jQJ M OdG
HdG ``N``dG : f XdH ``fQ```e ``G dG
YCG ``Y ```fGh OdG e dGh ,IOjd
eG G dhDG e j c .dG UG
adG jW Y eM be CH YCG T YEG
k H YdG jQdG
jG ASCG YEG Y a
SDG K c ;eG FGhdGh adG NGO e
.e edG j dG Gh
OdG dG EG Ff GdG Uf jh
GbEG b jH dH G dG f LdG ZGdG
Y GdGh ,ICG Y dGh ,YdG W Y
k ,dG Y dGh
JCe SG f Y cdG Y a
BG J ce fj CG Y Hk e .YEG FSh
JBe Ad ``` VGQCG ```eG ``` YCG OGhQ IdG
.Y IdG

k de jh a j dG dH dW e M j
n
dG Y Od TQh EG j c dG dGh e TQd
dG e MQ fG H ;Mh G Y bj h .a
.WGd TQh aG e EG G h IHGh
gCH bG S bk Yh G kL J H ;Gj
k eCG j
fGbCG H dGh dG YSG CH jh G dG
OOj dG QGdG PJG EG jh G dG j GPEG
Ad Sh Y dG gh PJG dG e c OY
BGh .OhG NOh XdG ``JhQ Y IH Y IM
Uf j WGd TQh aG Y GYCG IY Qhe Hh
CG j dH H ,QGdG Gg PJG Y GdG S
dG G dG f Ljh G f dG e j
dG jW jGH Y dG jh G NdH j
.dG IG dGh
Uf Qb dG WG he jGH `g1427 Y ch
e ddG aJ Yh bG QNG ch ,j CG GdG
M ;jW Id J JM CG EG ,LGh dG dG gCG
jQdG SGh IdG BG J ce Lh
vjOe ``jEG k YGO fL EG dG Gh dG
,cG Y dhDG d eb dG GQSG jW Yh
Gh fGG OGYEH J e d IOaEG gcCG e c dGh
GOTQEG EG aVEG ,edGh eCG GAG``LEGh HG
aG dG hG CG EG GdG jh .IG jQGOEG
QL J EG iOCGh ,d dH dG he H c
.jGh jOG MdG e JM
j dGh aG dG WG f Ia Uf jh
IOH dG IOLd K b H dN e

2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 56

dG jQdG

56
1/31/10 10:07:40 AM

: NdG dG Y

a Heo h G dG
UdG GJJ
Ua QSH O`````dG `````dG ```N``dG jh
G G``g QSG" : jh ``G dG fG
UdG G``Y``J ``a c H ``H``eh ``` YCG ``e
."JJ

57
Tadreeb #5.indb 57

;GSG OhM Y BG Sd SQ bJ
UN BG Sd he aG dG EG QJ H
dG Yhe CG ZQh ,G f GS IY Y fCG
Gj (BG Sd `` ` `fEG eGhCG SDe) Y WCG dGh
e XdGh G dG H ST dG CG ij fCG EG k jM
dG OYG EG aVEG .AdG h SdG feEG M
dG dG gh ,IeGh QGUEGh dG Y G
eh HK ``NO GP XdG dG j M .dG
gj dG IOjdG j h dG bhCG j Mf e
.NGe dG
be OLh Y CG EG NdG jdG Y G Y jh
LGh dG FGdG gCG e c e QjEGh Se M
BG J ce CG EG ka ,hG J AdG Y
eG e jdG d ``b H SGh IdG
.IG HGh dG LdG :eh
ITdG ed dG ```j CG ```N``dG j h
J dG - G YQ - jdG eG ON IOH
dG UdG Gk e .G L FHCG Y
IdG jQG Vhb e hCG adG OGS NCH
Gg d JGQe jh ;dG AH e fdG dG EG
AdG EG ``L``J h````e C hCG dG :`k `F``b dG
,vjb j d hd jJh AY cGh SCdGh
CG j dG dG J N OGdG HU EG ODj
EG eG FGhdG LJ j CG j c . HQC k L J
YO j M ;YCG T jQe Y bG SJ
.cCG H

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:41 AM

``jQ``` dG AG``` ` S

:G dU G

aVEG HH SDG gG
G jQdG I Ic
gCG QG SGQdG S S N dhDd OdG ddG QSG CG G dG Y H dU G VhCG
e IdG JOSG EG k a ,WdG d e dG dH Gk jL j M d jh SGQdG MGG J N bJ aGhO
.FGdG YdG G fGh eG MCG Y WG N e JGH AJQG SCG dG QG SGQdG
jQd edG SDG e k e fjdG eG iMEH jZCG Uh eS LG SQj dG G VCGh
AGS dG eG Y d dGh ,dG QGG IQGOEG ch ,aG e edG AKCG bGh ICGG EG : Gh dG
f SDG fL e HG dG gCG EG k a ,SGQO Ia N cG dG HjEG gCG GDdG hCG WH
.G gJ dG YdG IdG e AGJ dGh Gh dG jQdG eG hdG GN

H SCG SGQdG g CG Th
``JG``Nh Je A``` JQG c
eG ``MCG Y ``WG ``N ``e
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dEG Uh e ``MCG dch ,FGdG
Y dGh ,J dG
Y Gj Ic GN hP IJSCG
.dG dG eG jEG
c gh ? fjH QNG c GP
g SDG EG CG ``d Me
k QNG
Gg Y ef gh ?QNG MU
?fCG c CG QNG
fjH QNG Y fCG : gCG SCG Id LG SGQd
WdGh vY eG h``dG e fCG
dG d J dG jEG dH
EG ```TCG CG OhCG c .hCG dG

Q``` c``dG ``a``` G ``` e ``` ` L``J

dG ``a``c ```d```H dG ```Y
HQG fGNEGh FHCG eCG HdGh
e hdG e jd Hd SDG
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bH Y dG Of jGdG
bh SGQdG Jeh dG
?d S
CG ,IjH je dGe e fCG jfdGh SGh FGHG SGQO
SjQddG SGQO cCG K ,IjH
J VjdH OS G eL
eG LJ Hh ,edG AdG
b jfdG MG jQdH Y
dGh AGd dG d fG
UdG JCG ``dP H ,I``j``H
eS J LG SGQd
Gh jg eL e jZCG Uh
.fjH IfOCG
Z Md k a S eCG
dGh ,dG G AJQd OhG
.LG SGQO FSh ``gCG e c

2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 58

dG jQdG

58
1/31/10 10:07:42 AM

 jQdG h dG G`` `Gh

gh AG dG Gg Y dH Oj
dH d ``L``JCG ``dG ````gG
.Y jdGh
k
dG aNG g CG T
J Y fjH G dG
ie CG EG ..G J dG
```H```jEG ``eh ?h``` dG ``g ``L``J
G``g ``` ` ` M `` ` `dG ``` ` ` ` ` dGh
?QWEG
G dG ```dG J eG dG e c M EG fjH
e jdG jd j M ;G
HG jG jQdGh jQdG W
dG e fjH ed
,YOh ,dG dG AGLEG Y
aJh ,jG VdG FSh GSGh
UdG dSh ,fhdEG G
HCG dEG Uhe NBG Y WGh
HjEH j a ``eCG .dG
SGQO AKCG Jh M dG
bGh ICG`` G a fjH
dG AYCGh aG e edG AKCG
c EG aVEG ,jQdGh dG
d dGh ,dG QG`` G IQGOEG
hCG ``W``H AGS dG eG Y
.GDdG
fEG Ie IN c
dG G`` `G ``e ..````` G``` H
b dG IdG N cG
H S GPeh ?BG M HG
?AdG Wh EG JOY

CG c .G ``Mh dG dG
IO``jRh jJ EG k FGO YJ SDG
cC SGQO N e HQG IAc
dG S e cGj J e
HdG d GkOGeG jh
,SDH jQdG dG bQ gj
Me J c a dHh
Mh ,``e```dG AdG ``S``jQ``d````dG
e dG Lhh UdG JCG
Y H LG SGQd dG IQGOEG
SDG J dG dG MCG

59
Tadreeb #5.indb 59

LQG Hd CG a T W Y J M ;I``j``Y ``FG``a

jQdGh dG IQeh IjL
G`` Gh Q``` G ``e ``j``j

AJQd Oh``G Z Md ``k c ``S

cHSCGfjHSGQdGh,dGG
MCG Y WG N e JGNh Jee IOjR
FGdG YdG G f``Gh eG

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:43 AM

``jQ``` dG AG``` ` S
eS J QNG a aCGh
.jZCG Uh
G h dG ``jQ```dG j
..```d``G I```dG ``N I```W G
jdG gG i``J c
e R``HCG ``eh ?````Gh dG ``jQ```dG
```H`` `` `N `` e `````J CG ```
dG ``jQ``J `` e d
?H Gh
dG jQdH fjH gG YdG IQdG h``H e ``c Gh
,Y SdG dG jH HhQhCG
jQdG bQh QJ c KCG d c
EG Mh .fjH Gh dG
YJ jdG eG O``N SS
eG hdG GN f EG
AG```J ```dGh Gh dG ``jQ```dG
gJ ```dG YdG I````dG ``e
e HG EG LdG c a G
bh ```Mh ```V``G ``` dG S
GG e IOSd ``dPh ;``G
HG j ```dG h`` dG ```dG
G e e Aj e fh dEG
.OdG
jOdG dG e c R``j
dG JGQb Jh G
H bk a g CG iJ g ..SGh
Ia N OdG ddG ie
?Qd KHG Nh H SGQO
OdG ddG SMEG CG T ,HdH Q````d ``K````HG I``a ``N
,ddGh GO``` dGh dG ``` NGh
k Gh
d ghCG dG dhDd QSG jC

aj dG ddG e j ,eCG Ih
cCG T
QG J S
k
h dGh ```SGQ``dG Y GQk G``` UEG
e A``L `` j d dG ac
e x M fEG jh ,LCG
dGh dhDH JQGL KE dG
.d eo dG
hJ hO jG CG
..jdG QdG JGge gCG
dG ``gCGh I```G jW ``Y GP```a
HU ``Lh gh ?g IG
?fjdG e edG
Y G IG J cCdH GOdG Mf e fjH IG
fa dG JH dh .ddGh
Sh G jd YJGh Y G
c Sh Y G U dG dSQ

fdh jd AGS e L JeJ

jdG dG Y ``eCG .Q``G
UNEGh IHGh jH a
e IOSGh bdG G``MGh dG
dG EG aVEG ,dH Oj
dG IG QeCH j e d dG
IOe fjH J c ,dGh
dd ```d````dGh GO`` ` `dGh ``f``j``dG
e hQ``` jh ej ``k `FGO JLh
.eh jO j

QSGh ,Gh fjH dG dG HJ

J S aj dG OdG e j dhDG
Vjh dGh SGQdG Y GQk GUEG cCG T
k QG
JQGL KE JGP Y
2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 60

dG jQdG

60
1/31/10 10:07:45 AM


61
Tadreeb #5.indb 61

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:46 AM

OCGh IQGOEG

ee hCG dG AGGo ee
:YdG gGj c QfG
dG jCG H Y
UdG fi H dU
.IjH dG dG Y

UQh ,b MG ``g ``jCG H Y jY ``bh

G Y J ,bdG jZ GQH Nh ,e
SSC
k G J H ,IdG jObGh YLG fdGh
cQGj EG dG VG VGYCGh dG ee d
HCG g fa .G QfG EG j a G
:eG KdG
q G OGQCG ``e GPEG
PdGhidGjgeQ m ````b P
cGdG ``Wh Y aGJ Hj a dG Y hCGh
2
FG Dd dG Dd hCGh HGJ N A``G N hCGh
a e USH ,HCG g Y AdG f CG hSh
Gg MCG fG ie id ,G bGH HQh ,ShQO e
.IQG Y e H Y dCG b TY dG YdG
?G e
q
LGdG K ,dG EG jODG G jCG H Y T
jG IQGOEG H - g jeCG M QhJ fCG iCGa ,QfGh
:b M ,aGdG Gah ,dSdG Z : q G OGQCG ``e GPEG
PdGh idG j geQ m b P

c AG``G ``Y `q `Y Gk e hCG Gk YT hCG k Jc ``YCG

k
ffEG dG g he
,1YdG Gg Y Y
k Tc ,MG GkO ,eh VGYC G kUGQ ,fGL
,HCG KK Rhj , xf dP c .HSCG Y
.Fb e Id N AL
,MdG U c ,jW Wb vd c ,YdG Ggh
c ``dG CG c ,dH aJG SCG L EGh
e J e H ,HdG dG g aG aj
.UJ
vb c jCG ,QU f
m GP fc dG gh
k
a e dG ,dG fG Y eYR J ,
NCj LGJ dG dG CG dP ;IAdG b hCG d
e e GU
T Y j dG,edG ``G T
m
;jOY e a e H SdG dG eh ,iNCG FdG
fG gd Ua j .gZh Gh c
k ah ,aCG EG Ud GvO``M HdG ``c H .GOdG
Sh ,QdG ``N e SQ dG dG e e
.KGeh gNeh FGe AGdG
EG G g H Gc
k J b dG g d
j ce c
jh ,fG e j ,jL f
m
m
FdG e GdG e c Al L NGh ,cCG cM
b
e
m
dM j dG dG dSd SSC
k G j c dG ,iNCG
Y j ,IFS J jeh IjL l b a .G
Adc ,J hCG H GYG hCG eYdG QNG SSCG
hCG NG b QNd G jG CG .PdGh Gh
JCGh ,AcCG Z AYR IjG jG Rd ,Gc
k V
d IjL m dSQ j e a d ,eGY IY YRJ
.dSQ a dG dG
2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 62

dG jQdG

62
1/31/10 10:07:48 AM

dG LCdG Gbhh ,L CG H hO ,H Z GWC

m G
.H UCG dP H LGe e jh ,G j
:j M
cGdG Wh Y aGJ Hj a dG Y hCGh
G ah ,dG AG``G ee CG``H a ! Y h
e G de NGJ eY ,LJ dG UdG
G id j CGHh ,Y FdG UTCG H de
UTCG fN J dG Gg CG :Oe ,jZ Ql T
!G dU J cCG e
? KhM S e
FG Dd dG Dd hCGh
HGJ N AG N hCGh
V hCG dG g ```eCG AfG V ``c GPEG
gh ,Od hCG IOG g CG C ;YdG ij c ,dG
eCG Ea ,JCf KGM e LJh a J dG SQG
dEG dG dG g fC ;IOdG g G
d veCG j dG YR c dh .OGaCG h YUh
Fb j 3idG j c ,dG e H gh ,(ORCG)
:4(GvT HCJ)
``bCGh ``J hCG WCG GPEG ``J``J `T b mY uCGh
J a ,Iu hCG pe J h ,dG g KJ d
jd ,S
m eDjh IQOG GkOG``aCG J CG
m H
Gg Ga H dPh .LCG e d OGSG
d UN GhOC
m G jdG G IOdG gh ,dEG
FfH G fhJ a ,dG IhL TEGh SG
GgCG L Qm eCG EG QNG Gg je LGJh ,gOGYEGh
LGG EG JCG aj dG a .FdG NBG dG G
e xc hQ G QdG OfR j dG eh ?dGh
dG cdG Gg e j ch !?OeQ EG d CG H
?jQdG Lh hj Il Ob
e GhDhJh eb N ,G jCG TY ,Ja wd ,eCG YT -1
.FGL Ic H
,Qeh UCG CG ,HGJ J H AG J jGH CG YdG ij -2
K ``eh ``Lh``dG QNH jdG ``Y ```dG V ``jG``H CGh
.eCG
dG dU ``e ,idH G ,ORCG ``ShCG ``H HK 1
.jOhG dG e ch .gG
MCGh ,gG AGT MCG ,dG HL H HK g GvT HCJ 2
S Vh hd N c c fCGvT HCH d .ddG IOb
...,Nh GvT HCJ :Ie eCG da HEG

63
Tadreeb #5.indb 63

;Gh bdG jZ dSdG Ga Y J c bh

Yh AGQBG Jh AGgCG J gh ,JdG KCG Y cQ M
G dP dSdH f EG fh ,MGh G Y JG
GgCG Jh ,G Y j dG ,d OG VGdG
G j ``dG bdG G dh ,Y QG
.jDhdGh dSdG H bj eY JGSG
J fCG e H G EGh GgCG j gCG Jh
,G kMGh kgG G OGaCG L LJ dG NGdG Udc
J hCG Q``eCG Y HJ eY e Oa
m c ej
Y dEG cj ``dG QG ``gh ,be hCG QG``b PJ
;FGdGh dG EG Lj cCG dEG Ljh ,NG
j dG YdG OLd WGh VdG Qj e Ggh
,AJ aNG Ea g eh ,fGd dG ``YPEG
AGgCG J e G j e Ggh ,IdG QeCG UN
d jh G j fCG c .YdG e QM dG
dEG QTCG dG PdG AGO e j
q e Ggh ,dG Gg
VS c ,dG dG MGe a K ,dG jf
.H a d
jG G JGSG G ```jh
cCG GkOL dj K ,jDhdGh dSdG ZU Ic GkOL
.H fEG Vh ,OGaCG L EG Ud
SQGG HJ a Ie ``EG Gg Ih``L J dh
e e c
Hh ,dG Ve ``W Y `` jQGOEG
m
,LG (Se) jf e ,LdG IOdG ee
e dG gG Qe eCG Gg GR h .jf e eh
.H f H j ja SQGe a ,MdG
.IdG dG g J j
,AGdG b TY dG HGYCG Gg CG g j eh
G IM dSdG OLh gCG QOCG b ,b c
,Ie SG IhL AHEG Y dG IQhVh ,OG``aCGh
.IQGOEG Y dG Y f
?G KM c
,cGG H G A``fh ,KQdG bh a ,GPEk Gh
M a ,GvL dG QeCG e VdG IOhe UCGh
CGH c Y CH iCGQh ,``eCG Gg YdG J d ?dP
,jGH G``MCG LGe Y G J eY G
h ,QeCG g Y aGj GUCGh ,IQOG fL Ghah
EG eCG QJ K ,NBG T
H j CH l eCG e xc Y
l
e JCJ dG hCG dG G bJh Vn n G cGdG e f
m

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:49 AM

cQe

j dG dG jG
e IQS AGT Y JYGe
Y ae j dG SSCG jG
.AGd G k e IQS a
g dcdG e IjL IQS AGT
e GPEG vjObG `` ahCGh aCG
YJ dG jOG hdG aJ
.dP Y
e SG IQdG QNG j
feEG h ISCG OG``aCG OY M
SSCG dG e ;jOG G
dPh ,dGh fdG dJh
hCG vej b bG ad k W
.vjS hCG vjT
jf j IQd SSCG dG
GH jOG S H hCG dG

N fM .O
.IjH dG dG - GQdG b

dH IQdG J CG H %10
J CGh .O VJ h IL

e IQS AGT CG j MCG

e j dG Q`` eCG ``MCG j
jdG UNh ,dP Y dG jbdG
e hCG ```G G``g I``N
GQdG e dG Gg AGT j
dG jG H dPh ;hCG Id
b dGh G GQdH dGh
feEG EG aVEH ,G cQj
ANEG FdG dh V G bh
dG IQdH LJ dG dG H
j b dG QeCG gh .H Zj
..aG ``Q h cG H Y
j G dP IdG d h
H ddG QdG Vf cG

2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 64

dG jQdG

64
1/31/10 10:07:49 AM

a dG df e G dH
d hCG aG dG IM
e GUCG J K - c 15 M k dZh .dG f IQGG JQG
``fC ````G ```Y ``dP j ``e
IQdG HH j - ddG .Gec N Y jJ a
J ca GO``` dG OY ``eCG
j M ;IQdH dG O
j IQdH jT ``QG Y
Y j H e YS Y
Y f dP jh iNCG YS
.dG J hCG GJG
,IQH AGdG J f QNG
MU e cCdGh H dPh
.d
GQ`` ` ` ` WEG ````M````U `` ` `LG`` e
``jQ``` ` dGh IA`` ` `VEG ``Y``` h
IQdG J e jJh ,TdGh
Yo ``e GPEG ```UE`d dJ ``e
hd ``dPh ;AGdG Y dG
K ``Y ``j``j```Jh Ff H
J ``dGh jdG IQdG
.jOG IQG e

65
Tadreeb #5.indb 65

jJ jR IHCG hN Me h
,Vh HdG J Y J e
SG - dH - dP Mjh
.GSG N jdG jR
``` U``dG ``` M``` U `` e ``cC````dG
j ``e hCG ``` e``eCG G
AG``LCG e gQYH ,"SdG"
J `` ` `dGh ,IQ``` ` ` d``H ``` ` G
hCG ``` UEG dM Ic de
G GQH UNh GSG
eS e cCdG h .``e``eCG
fH IQdG IOH UdG
..(GQh``dG) GQk j K k edG
W h fN GUCG QX Yh
k dP j SdH
Y Y dO
.MdG
GP fG H e CG EG fG
fdG ``` U``G SG
```````dG ``Y``` `` `` ``UEGh
Y Y j e g h FdG
kJGUCG QJ dGh ,fhdG ShJ
"hh R" IQ``` U W ``Z
ANEG h .YdG IOjH OGOJ
fadG jR H GUCG J

dCG 20 Oh``M YG aG
.ec
e % 10 H J IQdG b
b ``Y ``c ``Y SSCG K
GS N Ih ,dG S H
e (dG H J CG) de
J hCG L OGM OLh Y
,G e SSCG IQdG d
150 Oh``M dG ae Jh
.e c dCG
N H IQdG b J
d G GSG e GS
d SSCG K e %5 H
``Qh - ``d``G ``g h ..`` Y
H ```JG j - G`` MCG e
.bG S g Gh FdG
QGb PJG H IQdG a Y
e QeCG IY Vh j AGdG
: QeCG g eh .QYG
Y H dG IQdG AGT OSG
eeCG GQ`` WEG ``jGhRh eH
- dSG ``Qh - Hd Gk ``f
ae h ,dG J UEG
G``` fG ``` H ``e``` G ```M```U
GvOM ak GfG GQk j hCG k IQdG
IQdGh OG Y jdG aQ Y
,S/ 100 OhM YH J
hH HdG AGLEG b cCdG e
UNh GQ`` WE`` H AG``` dG V
.eeCG
e dH Vj ``` G a
FdG UEG EG j c GPEG
c GPE` `a ,``e``Y ``e (VdG)
dP ``j vjhS QRCG OdG ``d
```G ```j``J ``jR G```MG ```Y
Gk TDe j ;G``MG H
V e cCdh ,HdG J Y
G
j Jh HdG
p
G jJ jR Ae AZ H

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:50 AM

cQe

!!he f
jdG M H G Y
.H jQGOEG dG e

: NBG Gd dG
H j dG aK d EG
JGe AV gQjh j dGh
b EG fOj Gg Ea. FOeh bh
eR SSCG S j dG q dG
J EG : f NBG h .aK CG
JGe Y J dGh G aK
dG GdCG e fk d J FOeh bh
Ggh .dGh O```Gh GG d
gPCG Qhj e d d cDj eCG
dG ``M SdG ``e``Y ``e dG
dG GQOEG ``Yh d dG
.HjEG
H ``j``dG Q``` c``dG ``c``jh
cdG G CG" YCG dEG QG
JGd Ra JGd q J dG g
.``g``Z G`` ` ` `` e ``````Jh `` g
,J ,e YJ ,KGH a
IOaEG e QJh J ,J ,YJ
Y Lj H fEG GdG e
Af e bh Af e OQ ffEG
ah G``HEG SQ d J AG``LCG
"g aK

g G K HdG GdG J
CG``Hh ,dG cSG IQG
.f Lh e d J
J dG Gg dG c EG
KH VG MdG SGQO Qb
J Ga CG ,YVe jH
``gG```dG AGREG ``e```dG O``` G ``b``e
.Yhah ShQG
:dG BGdG dG O eh
:fCG IQS J G b
njsp dG oo p dn GPn EGp Gr o eBn G njsp dG n tjCGn jn }
en hn .Qn `` Hn Or Cn G o ogtdn Jo `n `an k Mr Rn Gr ho `n `cn
hr CGn nm p ud ak unn eo sEGp o n ` Ho Oo m p en r jn r pudn jo
uG nue m n n Hp AHn r n an m n ap n EGp G kunn eo
IQS) |`o ```p `n G Hh so n Ln o Ghn C` ` en hn
.(16-15 jBG:fCG
ak e EG : J WdG b
: ````dG ,```a EG G ke hCG d
a .AG``` ` SG L ``Y Gh`` dG
Z ``G j fL EG fL e
dG if GPEG G dch ,e
La H d G e a EG
k G e Z dG EG
.jC
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"" c H (LdG eh)
f ) "R````fG ``Y" CG ``a```VCGh
gce GcJ : ,"dG RfG"
:j ,jG UG (NBG EG
h``dG ``e ``j``a EG `````fG ``Y
a ,SdG A``L ch .ja hO
e "`````dG" c eSG
jDhQ Jh ,CGdG aGGh fG
.iNCG AGQBG aQ j ,e

JM Ie dG IgX EG
gCG e dG cQj ``bh T H
k MdGh dG
,SdG eY Y a
jJCG c jdG SdG ADg e dh
g GQOEG hO dh IgdG g e
Y QcdG e G dG CGb M
UH adG ```fCG" ``j``dG G
ch "dG `d Seh
SfG
k
k
dG dP GQOEG HH TCG jGdG
dG H c ``dG dGh dG
JAGb QGJh bYCG UdG H dh
IgdG ``gh G Gg C`H T
jfh cQf CG j bGh eCG (dG)
KHh JSGQO Wfh e
dG KhQe e j a G``HEG
Gd HJ ```f CGh ```jQ```dGh
,d j e d e NBG
GHEG Y a QOdG g fZ Cch
OQf fh Qj a cGh
Gg Y S e EG : AJCG a
WCS G Gg N eh ?VdG
.dG M QhG e GkOY QNH
:dG e
LGJ dTEG g dG b EG
dh SCH dG MH hCG SQGO c
,ddG dH fj a L J
jdG LGj HdG dG MdG EGh
f VJ CG h dG PdG e
.ah fGLh Y H Yh Y
e ```dh ,``JG``` d EG
```dG ````T ``e G`k `` c CG ``g ``M
CG``H ``e```SEGh HdG Y eh
bGh e HdG JG Y J
CG``Hh ,O``L``dGh fEGh jQdG

2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 66

dG jQdG

66
1/31/10 10:07:52 AM

c Y jN f L dG
eCG Y NBG e NCG e MGh
hO HJ f CG : hCG ;eh
ad d ``dh`` M h J
je ``` fh aK ``Y J
Y f CG : ``` dG .`` `NBG d
MJEG ``Yh G HdG G``HEG b
dG AGQh dH a d UdG
jd jL c Heh ,d Qj eh
hQ``e e dG hO a
T GHEd a Kh jO
Lh Y QGOEG ```G h ```G
.UG
:dG Ve e WdG FGa
dG Ve e WdG EG jCGH
d ``FG```dG ``e Y ``e j
:gCG
k
dG e Q``f eY : hCG
fh LGeh c CG```f f
CG```f .``` V``G G``` d ``g``dG h```V``M
q f dch JdG Gd GQOE`H
o f h ,FOeh aKh JGd k ah
J hO h``NBG j e OOf n eq EG
G J Y n Ho e Y Jh
GdHh ,OGh jdG M hCG
.IQGOEG J
VGdG GdG GQOEG : k fK
e dG L Hh IQGOEG
J c b e GdGh Yha
dGh SCGh OGh dGh jdG
.j e aCG gfYGh gfOOQ W
dG dG dG d j : k dK
Y - Gh ```dG f - f
G``d``Hh ```J`` ````dG G`` `HEG
L ``dG dG ch ,`` `jQGOEG
dG j e fh JS f
fh d ejh dGH d Zjh
dG dP d ej Ma f
dG dGdG J Y ae hCG aZ

67
Tadreeb #5.indb 67

GdH G jO feCj e gCG e

dG dP Hh ?dN e dGh H
dG ``fCG T h dG HdG
Oc ZU e a gAGQh
YdGh IdG dP eh da jQGOEG
.dGh adGh IdGh edGh
J NBG Gd f CG c
e Bm G g e d LdGh dG L
FdG QTh dP HdGh dG
CG EG f e ZdHh GHEG fCH Y
e g RdGh dG j eCG
Y H ``fC c H ``NCG ``Yh
.NBG Gh aK
dG Y ```f ``` Lh h
CG``dG dj b eG H
``` O``cCGh ``dhD```G H a
QG```UEG ```YCG ```fCG : ``gh eG
j Y dGh eG H e
d G k jEG d jQdG
dCG ?edG dG g GPa ,NBG
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k `H
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fC G``HEG j i``NCG H dG EG
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bh dG J e e cQj
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k f M HdG
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dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:53 AM

cQe

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k FHCG e jHdG dSCG dP eh ,UG JM
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2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 68

dG jQdG

68
1/31/10 10:07:54 AM

``` e

jQdG LMG j
ie ```Y ``````dG
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;jQdG dG J HGe M S e SSCGh
Y hCG dG SCH jQdG LMG Sb gEa
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69
Tadreeb #5.indb 69

H ,gCG d Gk fh ,IQGOEG G cQCG e jQdG

H Y OdG ODj M e Ue IQhV jQdG
JGNh ,Jee jh ,JGQe Qj Mh ,Mf e Veo
,f jQdG W Y dP c jh .iNCG Mf e
dG dN e J Ua j ,IdG aGgCGh
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k ``b `` cCG G ``eh
CG jQdG ``` ShCG `
CGh ,jQdG LMG LG j CG j jQdG
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RJQG Q gMh LMG g j CG c
dh .LMG g d jQdG eGdGh G Ad
H jo CG j IOG YdG jQdG j
dG LCG e dGh dG SGQdG j ,Og Y
eGdG J VH jQdG LMG Y bdG
jQdG LMG Jh .MdG jQdG GQh``dGh
Gh ,OdG KGMEG G GdG Y fCH
k Se ,JgGh ,cSh ,FGOCGh ,JGNh ,Je
dG Xh LGhh ,UNG AGOCGh ,Xh d
Y fCH jQdG LMG aYh ,dY IAH
AGOCGh G AGOCG H a OLh Y J dG GTDG
GQeh GQbh Qe f Hh OGaCd a ZG
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G N e jQdG efdG EG LG OJh
k G
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LM e cCG GQG e jQJ efH EG LM
J b dG dG Y CG c ,IO GQe EG
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M e G FXdG SGQO a G eCG
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dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:56 AM

IOG aBG

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2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 70

dG jQdG

70
1/31/10 10:07:57 AM

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k L j e dG d
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dG H G YdG JQG a Yh ,U ae VQCG
dGh d YOCG dP c c G e KhQG UCG
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dG e OdG e OdG dG G QdG J
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71
Tadreeb #5.indb 71

dG jQdG 2010 jj - `g1431 U

1/31/10 10:07:58 AM

I`` ` NCG

jQdG IOLh IOG jQJ

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2010 jj - `g1431 U

Tadreeb #5.indb 72

dG jQdG

72
1/31/10 10:07:59 AM