Tadreeb.

indb 1

1/6/08 11:07:58 AM

Tadreeb.indb 2

1/6/08 11:07:59 AM

MaG

hCG QG ..dG jQdG

M Y H gZh dG
jQdG jh .XdH k dZ J
aH dG e G h dG
S e Heh YH jQdG JGMh
H QH H a ``eCG G ``eCG
QcdG eCG Ff S h jdG Y
jdG Y H OS H e H a
jQd edG SDG ``H J ``eh
e e Heh LH Gh dG
gd G j aG
H ```eG``dG Nh ,jQdG
dO Jh Y ee hd HQG
aG f Y ``FG``dG UM Y
.HQG FHC
gCH SGdG YdG e k bfGh
SJh f QhOh eYEG dG
jQdG gCH YdGh G adG
g QGUEG G J a jdGh
hCG OdG bCG fCGh j h , G
h dG aGH JCG CG EG G e
cQG gS e d jdG
G`` bG hCG CG``d``H AG``` S G ``g
A``e``dG cdH ``` NCGh HdG hCG
YGdG h H edG bdG IMh
H Y) G d SdG
jCG Ue dG h (jQCG jMh
e je EG h cQG IYdG
YCG g e cQG h UGdG
jQdG QJh e J dG
.G h dG

dGh dG jQd edG SDG

dH dhCG Gk QN dG dG j CG
`````jh ,``e````dG ``j``f``` dG ``` j``
````J``G ```````dG `````f `` dP ``` Y
dG L eG ````dGh
OG H AL YdG gh G
N e SDG dH dG eYEG
XdGh ``jQ```dG ```M ``e M
FXdG WJ M cQeh
d ```U``a G e ``` dGh
dG SDG J eJ e bGh Y
L ``e ```d ````dG ``L``Mh ```L ``e
.iNCG
h `````dG ``jQ``` dG ````jh
dG RHCG MCG dG G
12 Y j ``gh UN G
d J c H e jQJ IMh
dG ``jQ```d J Y ``g```eh
GY ,G jQdG cG aVEH
k
dG jQJh gCJ k FQh e
e `````J ``eG``H `` N ``e
UGdG ``N ``e e ``c ``e AG```S
hCG jQdG G``M``dG ``NGO ``O``cCG
gCJ YJ dG YG fCG EG
VQe cQe e HQG jQJh
QGHCGh YGh GH J Y
jh HjEG IQH dG dG
``eCG efH ej ``e O```G ``g
OL e jdG Y H QH H a
dG jN e dG jQJ

WdG S H Y .O
Gh dG jQdG FQ
dG

LMh G Gg gCH e fEG

e ITdG eM Sh ,d G
G jQdGh dG dH egCG
``Y``dG ``eh .I`` `NCG G`````dG ``N
SDd ``dh``dG eJ ``dG dG
dGh Gh dG jQd edG
geh dG dG OGYCG OjORCG
GdG Ic IQH G jQdG
,````gG G``g Y ```dO EG I`` `NCG
k a IdG jQJ f Ld aVEG
e ``g```eh c ``N ``e
d AL LdG Gg CG cCdHh
k G
LMh G d G LM hC
Wh jCH JLMG d dG S
.Gk e Y jQJ HQe
b ``e ``` ` gG G`` g `` `KCG `` bh
OLh dG dH G M dhdG

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 3

dG jQdG 3

1/6/08 11:08:01 AM

ITG YGQdG jGe jJ

QhdG YGQR fCH Direct Seeding ITG YGQdG J

Gg j h .IQdG be d HS KGM j HJ
dG f CG no till jCG J M e e cCG jdG
aNG OLh H e KGM U CG zero tillage hCG KGM
dY feEG aJ YGQdG WG H h .H H
.G VGQCG h jdG QeCG aH dP h YGQdG fEd

dG Gh dG jQdG Y QJ jS f

: dG G
WdG S H Y .O

: jQSG dG
G H Y .O
dG dU H GY .O
G gGHEG H jR .O
UdG H dU

dG YU a

hCG G hCG d k c AGS e e c j

J hj dd VdGh MGdH a j CG dH jj dG
VH e dG j bh e VdGh Xh AGOC G Gg
Cj e g dh H eG GdCGh OGG QNGh QJ
d IGh IAdG G Gg a d
.dG g J Y GTEGh HG dG

Tadreeb.indb 4

G g IQG OG``G
CGQ ``Y IQh````d``H ```J
Gh dG jQdG
.dG

G h YVG jJ
GQY j G ``g
.a

1/6/08 11:08:02 AM

dG Gh dG jQdG Y QJ jS f

: jdG FQ
dG GY H Y
: jdG je
G M H Sj

: jdG ISCG
dG H a
dG dU H Sj
dG H S
dG dU H GY
MG dU H S

: SGG

YEGh edG bdG IMh

dG jQdG
TM_000@hotmail.com

(06) 3250071 - 3250091 : Jg

150: ca - 106 : j
: dG IQGOEG

Aqlam Publishing

YEGh d bCG QGO

IjH - 1359 . .U - dG
(06) 3834557 : ca (06) 3834556 : Jg

Tadreeb.indb 5

!hdEG d G

eRe hdEG dG jQG gCG Y jG UCG

gCG jQG f hdEG dG Y jd
a fCG dG QdG IOaEG ZQh e hdEG J fEG
fH JG dG OGYEG e VG Y Ie de e Gk AL j
Y j dGh IQaS G cdG iMEG je
k G f bh hdEG dG je
ge a ec
.jOdG HdG H dGh HdG IQGRh e IQOdG

3 ............................................... MaG
6 .......................................... G QNG
10 ................................................ jQe
12 ................................................... G
23 .................................................. e
24 ............................................... GQHG
28 ...................................... e T
30 .......................................... AGdGh dG
37 ................................................... e
38 ................................................SGQO
42 ...........................................IQdG J
46 .................................... hdG jQdG
52 ....................................... JGh J
54 ......................................... jQdG bGe
56 ................................................. MS
62 ......................................... OCGh IQGOEG
64 ........................................ jQdG Ya
66 ..................................................
68 .............................................. cQe
72 ............................................IOG aBG

1/6/08 11:08:04 AM

G QNG

FQ j QH H a eCG
dH dG jQdG

jQdG CH G QeCG H Y
.dG Gh dG

dGh adG d S h
AdG N jG QGO dP H ,Y

Qj dH dG jQdG
k `HQe (570) e cCG
H Y QcdG dG Gh dG jQdG FQ ``cCG
e dG e d HdG jQdG GMdG CG WdG S
dG N jQJ L (268) k HQe (570) HQO b (geh c)
.dG jQdG
kJ (25) jQdG GJ b HQG ADg CH WdG QcdG VCGh
G jQdG e EG aVEG SdGh IYh IjH e c c k Me
OL Y WdG Y QcdG G FQ KCGh .IY a YdG
e fdj eh d HdG jQdG GMdG h G jQdG Y FdG
e OY dG S LM d QG IAch jQdG i AJQd OL
.jQdG N L d SDG J FGO W gh dG
dG IQhO dG d dG VG ebCG fK L e h
`g1428 VG eQ 15-14 e IdG N dG
Y QcdG dG Gh dG jQdG FQ dP cP
d fedG fCG V JCJ IQhdG g CH VCGh WdG S HG
( 45) HGb EG j jdG VG ach dGL e OY IQhdG M bh
. ch GL H e

eCG G dG MU SG
``eCG jdG Y ``H QH ``H a
S e dG e
FQ IOS IjH j IQeEG GjO
Gh dG jQdG
AeRh WdG Y QcdG dG
gG jeh dG dG AGY
.H G
AdG A```KCG G FQ ``bh
``HQ```G OG`` `YCG ``Y d Gk ``j``` J
IG jQGh jQdG GMdH
.G GMdG d

Qj dG
WdG dG
Gk Q```````SG
`` g `` ` `` `gC` `H
AMGh SG
`` `` ` dG G`` ` ` ` `H
b a dG
jQdG
Gh dG
dG
I``M``H `k ` ` `
c QG```UE`H ```YEGh edG ``b```dG
d dhdG YO J SG g Y
gJ dG jQG R``HC Gk UQh dG
.G SDG
SDG GMh Y dG jRJ bh
G H EG aVEG geh c e
.UG dGh eG
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 6

dG jQdG 6

1/6/08 11:08:05 AM

QH H a eCG efH Ff jQSG

Ye GQhO j efdGh ,jQd
ah efd dG G``gCG Vh -2
.efdG GgCGh jDhQ
.FdG eGd jdG G SQ -3
hCG YLG dG LG ``bh
H IQ``f I`` eCG dG MU SFH
- dG e eCG M OS BG
efdH FdG jQSG dG FQ
LN bh ,dG AYCG L QH ICGG jJ gJ dG SG UdG
.d dG `` ah gCJh jQJh
dG N efdG f iNCG L e
jjdG GQh``dG e GOY 2007 OG
e f eb ,dG
c OY gMh G HQG R``HCG
.AdGh LdG e

a eCG G dG MU QUCG
dG e eCG - jdG Y H QH HG
H Gk QGb efdG IQGOEG FQ SFH efd Ff jQSG
BG H IQf / IeCG dG MU
OY jYh dG e eCG M OS
M .CG :gh OcCGh G e
- jdG ig .CG - jG Aah.O - G
Wa .CG - SdG Ag .CG - eG Q.CG
G e .CG - jdG ig .CG - VdG
if .CG - HGdG IgG .CG - G eCG .CG GdG if. CG - G bQ .CG - gdG
: dG e ```Jh . dG jR .CG gCdGh jQdG ``eG``dG G`` bG -1
.FdG

2007 Y N efdG gf eGH

G
cQG OY
IjH
Gk je 18
IjH
Gk je 12
IjH
Ije 28
IjH
k HQe 41
IY ` ` IjH
k HQe 56
IY ` ` IjH
k HQe 75
IjH
k HQe 22
IY
HQeh k HQe 47
IjH
k HQe 708
IjH
HQe 357
IjH
k HQe 641
IjH
HQe 388
IjH
k HQe 766
IjH
HQe 457
SdG ` ` IY ` ` IjH
dW 683
SdG ` ` IY ` ` IjH
dW 376
HQeh k HQe 4675

7 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 7

aG dG
eG dG Y hje
UG dG hje
eG dG Gje
UG dG Xe
eG dG Xe
eG dG Xe
UG dG Xe
Af ` ` LQ
LQ
Af
LQ
Af
LQ
Af
( dG IRLEG) W
( dG IRLEG ) dW

efdG SG
jG OY .O JGSG IOdG
jG OY .O JGSG IOdG
dG OGOh .O QGOEG dGh GHEG
eCG SGG
jG jQJdG
jNBG e edG GQe
dG GQe
e J c
dG S .O fGh H K
jdG d . CG J N
YSEG jdGY .O d k Me 15
dG OGOh .O M e JGhP jJ
gW Ie .O dG MQ jGH
gW Ie .O dG MQ jGH
jEG d ` ` BG SM
jEG d ` ` BG SM
G

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:06 AM

G QNG

:dG e gCG jQdG

Qe 4700 e cCGh ,gCG jQd Gceh Ge 33

jQJ d SDG ``g h dG WdG QOGdG e dG S SDH gCG jQdG IQGOEG J
gG OY Uh bh , d Dc Jh NdG ee Jh .gDG G ``jQ```dGh dG d edG
IQGOEG Y J dG gCG cGGh Be ``L``h jQdG dG ````f ``` Y G`` ` `TE`` H ``` ` ` ` d``H
G``c``eh G````e 33 dG jJ EG aVEH ,gCG jQdG dG a e G jQdG
``` a``h `` e R``` J ``jQ``` ` d OjE GhOCGh GAG`` `LGh fCG jQdG QSd ```YOh ``` gCG
.G jQdG dG d HjEG H LMG d jdGh gCdG
`g1429/1428dG e IQGOEG Y J dG cGGh gG OH FMEG
jdG
SCG
FGdG
fG
SdG
IY
IjH
aG/jG
1
1
2
1
2
8
18
cGGh gG OY
HdG M `g1428/1427 d HQG OH FMEG
138
jG HQG OY
345
G HQG OY
gCdG GQhd `g1428/1427 d HQG OH FMEG
1634
jG HQG OY
2256
G HQG OY
`g1428/1427 d jjdG GQhdG OH FMEG
22
IG GQhdG OY
366
HQG OY

: dH Gh dG jQdG GMh

Qe 5000 e cCG bh jJ
d dH Gh dG jQdG jN O``Y H
k J 14 e cCG Y YRe Qe 1932 `g1428/1427 jQdG
ee GHQJh dG e e Gf CG H dPh gGh dG
d Jah dG BGh ILCG MCG Y ggeh Jc TQhh
aGhdG gCG e IMGh J dGh Gh dG jQd edG SDG
dG Ie G PEH gS dG gDG dG QOGd G
e Qe 3640 OG HQG OY Uh M ,dG dG Gd
.G jQdG ge Qe 633h ,dG dG Qe 2827

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 8

dG jQdG 8

1/6/08 11:08:07 AM

..N jGdG
dG GY H Y
jdG FQ

(dG jQdG) dG G g QhU aGJ K jGH

jG dG dG jGH e hCG gQhU jGH eGj M
IOG SDG d jG dG AH e k aGe `g 1429
MdG Nh jQdG JGeh JGAH k ehO
GY G jdG eG O``N aGe JCJh jQdG
jQd edG SDG J Y G j jdG Y HG
Y G gYQ dhdG LJh UM cDd jG G dG
eSG G``gCG d Heh dG Gg jJh YO
dG Gg dG N e bOh VGh H TJ dGh
WGe e G GAH FGO dCG AG dG
k
.Afh LQ
!!FHCG e G ADH cCGh WdG Gg a
e GcQTh GgS jdG edG dG c dG
dG cdH fh HdGh GbGh CGdH G g AGKEG
JG jQdG GMdG jeh Y G``ch jQSG
jQdG g AYCG e d jCG Ue dGh H
.G H fGORG dG jGhdG Y aGh
dG e G d YGdG IYd Y AKh T
dGh cQGh cGdG ie Hh k ehO j dGh UG
dG S SGh G IOL gh jS f dG G
ch.........G hdGh UGdG e je Ea LG d
.N jGH

9 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 9

: j dH Gh dG jQdG

HQd gCdG IQhdG

`g 1428 d OG
G ``HQ``G ``WGh ``jQ```dGh jdG gCH ``f``EG
Lj e ``ch jG jQdG ``W Y SDG jM
d e OY j - H WG dSQ AGOC jG QG
gCdG eGdG e OY ebE G jQdGh dG dG
G jQdGh dG dG NG M ,OG HQd
S dG dG MCc efdG ``e``bE dG
efdG Q OG HQG e OY TJh efdG a
ebEG dG e S fCH k Y dG
.VG dG IQhdG
eYEG dG
dG jJ jW Y ``dPh eYEG IQh``dG J
.hdEG SDG be jW Y dch
G
dG FQ IOS QH IQhd eG G bCG
jdG ce Y je IOS h dH G jQdGh dG
jdG c NGdG eGdG FQ dch SDH jQdGh
h ,H jQdGh jdG IMh Heh SDH jQdGh
T GOT jRJ dch HQd IQhdG AfEG GOT jRJ
.IQhdG edGh HQd
jJh T
dH dH G jQdGh dG dG j
IQdH Q```XEGh efdG ``EG gS e d jdGh
: gh HG
.IjH dG dG -1
.(dG) Md dG dG -2
.dG e feCG -3
.IY a jH -4
.(hCG IdG) OdG jdG -5

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:07 AM

jQe

: dH Gh dG jQdG

e e cCH IjL jQe 6

jQ e Nh MGh h
k Ze G ah e J
ON eM b e dG YdG e
H GY G jdG eG
b ``dGh G j jdG Y
Gh dG d dGh dG
jQe e dG f eh G
ah We e OY KJ
M ``Y``dG G`` g ``` f ``g `````G
S ``eh dG fGG A``L

``e``G O`` `N ``` aG``e `` JC` `J

Y ``H G````Y ``` G ```j````dG
SDG J Y G M jdG
G gYQ dhdG LJ cDd jG
He jJh dG Gg Yd
aGjh jQdG G``gCG e Sj
dG Gd MdG dG N e
.AG
dG Gh dG SdG AL bh

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 10

dG jQdG 10

1/6/08 11:08:08 AM

d dG dG G ()
.jQ e 123^886^258 H
: Y YRe
IjH d dG dG G
.jQ e 55^476^729
`````d ``` ` ` dG `` ` `dG ``` ` G
68^409^529 IY a
.jQ e
H G jQdG cGe ()
.jQ e 15^529^881
: Y YRe
MG) G ``jQ```dG ``c``e
``` ` ` H I`` ` `j`` ` `H (`` `` ` f`` `` ` dG
.jQ e 11^608^108
IjH H G jQdG ce
.jQ e 3^921^773
/ J e jQe gh
.jdH jQdG e
.SdH G jQdG e
.IY a dG dG

: f
H d dG dG (CG)
.jQ e 112^430^062
: Y YRe
H IjH j dG dG
.jQ e 61^636^288
``S``dG a dG dG
.jQ e 50^793^774 H

O ```YGO Ve fGe ``e

jQdG I``Y``b SJ SDG
dG jQdH AJQG Y dGh
k ah HSG bdG IOjRh Gh
.dG S L
e Gk O`` Y k dM SDG Jh
e Gh dG jQG
YhG g J M dG
k dY Gk eh d dG c)
(G jQd Gk geh d k J
.jQ e 251 e cCH
jQJ H jQG g aSh
G e dG gCd LP
dG dG k eh k J
SDG Jh dG S Lj
BG ``j```Jh J Y I``g``L
jd Ije JCJ c jQdG
SDG MJ dG jQdG eGdG
M jQdG JYb ``N ``e
GP ch Yf f EG dP ODS
f jQdG L dY IOL
.G dG d e J CG k ehO
``` dG ``jQ``` ` G O`` Y ````j
dLEG H jQe 6 dG
.jQ e 251^846^201

11 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 11

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:09 AM

dG jQdG j c
aK e kGAL G h
? G

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 12

dG jQdG 12

1/6/08 11:08:10 AM

``eG``dG ``g ``` bh ``Y```J `` LQO ```Y H ``b```dG GP ````jQ```dGh dG ``eG``dG `` j

jQJ ``Y MdG ``e dG jT EG LJ dG jQdG ``eG``H CG ``eh ,FGT aH G ``e
CG EG XdG UdG Y aGh dG S ``N``H d J e Y d gDj e
Yb L ``e Te SH Vj Gg hCG Jj iG jGh G JGMH dG jQdG
FHdG ILCG e IQdGh Gh G G OG``aCG L Lj dG I```LCGh GhOC``a G
jQdG eGH ``L`` e SQ CG Vj dG dG H MUEGh fU JJ dGh
AbUCG fCH dG G UCG e gZh QGh Gh QdGh fGh da ,Gh dG
dG jQdG eGH e (UG dG) dG S jj GPe Af dG g e .Y Z h SdG
?JLMGh G aK e kGAL j CG Gh dG jQdG j ch ? Gh
.AGQBG e G H LNh G h G e OY Y VG Gg MW

13 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 13

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:11 AM

G
UG dG
`````` ``` ` ` G hCG Q`` ` `G
jQdG eGH e dG S LMGh
H a .O e ``fCG``H Gh dG
ad dG eCG G dG Y
dG dH YdG jQdG
: ddG dH dG S e
Y fH IYb GSG
H dJ dG jGh UGG
j a cdGh SDG
,`````G ``` H ``` e``` dG i````dG
Y ``` ``Y``` e
,```G i````G Qh`` h UY
,bH Je ``jQ```G ``j`````Gh
YG TdG dG dGh
HjEG dGh dG adH
dG ``` S C` `H jh .A`` ` dGh
WGH dG Q``d Se LH
dG Od Y dGh hCG
g dh UG dG I``FGO
dG aK Y bCdG UdG
ddG WGTH j b
g cCdG OhCGh .fMCG dGh
eAGG IQhV Y fG Gg
fL gh CG SSCG T H
.dG fLh dG
c GjJh GTDe USG
dG GdG Yf h c O
aG hCG G YG AGOCG
.dG H IFdG
eG I``` LCG ``e ``c ``jh``J
`````G G`` ` ` WCG `` a`` ch ``` ` ` G
,G````dG FNh G```TD```H

jQdH jd IOe Ye
EG aVEH gCGh Gh dG
e GQYG G LdG IOe GQOEG
IO``G ``g d SG MG
Uah dGh jd Sh
Ge ``g``Gh ``` G jd
dG LdG LJh d
eCG eJ YH ddG Gg Nd
G``g ``M`` ``U``a R``` j `` dG
.G
Fb Hd a efH J
QOGdG jQH G J Y
dG ``e IO``` ` ` SGh ,``` ` W``dG
.Icd HdG QdGh
H efH GSG
hCG ``g``` ```K `` ``` ` SGQO ```e

dG iG OGYEG d
.GdG g
Y cQG I``Y``b SJ
dG ``eG``H OG`` `YE dG
``F```Sh ``a```H `````dG ``jQ``` dGh
fSGh Gh``` d``H ```UG```dG
j c eCG .gZh GDGh
j C` H Gh dG ``jQ```dG
JLMGh G aK e Gk AL
Y We ``dC```G CG X a
a ,dGh HdH FdG JY
gCG Y cCdG j QWEG Gg
G``M``H ````Gh dG ``jQ``` dG
d SSCG c dG dG
LdG Gg UCJ N e WdG
eGH Y Y ``dPh AdG i``d

G ``dG feEG dG H : G ``a .O u

.YVG a``VEG ac eCG Me j dG dG jJ dBG
dG hdG ``dBG Y J G``Je aJ G e ``j ``bh
u dG S e e dG dG L
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 14

dG jQdG 14

1/6/08 11:08:12 AM

LG g J CGh ,dY dGh

e Y i fEGh MG S
dG e bJ LGh .``` JEG
eCG d j CGh Yj CG UG
N e gCdGh jQdGh XdG
d j CGh dG ``SCGQ Y jQdG
.Se Je
jQdG SDe k a j eh
H G J g Gh dG
Y Qe AT Ggh a eGdG
jQdG dhDe eCG ,dG hO e c
dhDe ``e a ```gC``dGh dG
LG g Lj dG UG dG

k VG Y jDhQ a
:Fb
S LMG ``Y ``j``G Y
Gh dG jQdG eGH e dG
,VG Fb fc LG CG
,```V``G ``b``dG ```F``b G```J h
jW Idh G Fb Sh
VGh N g j CG edG e
Y dhDG G H JEGh G
``Hh ````Gh dG ``jQ``` dG ``eG``H
XG G g dG ,UG dG
.IGh
ie j CG bj UG da
dG ``jQ``` dG `````SD`e ``L``

jQdG dhDe : G``dG eY .O u

dG dhDe e g gCdGh dG
HQjh LG g Lj dG UG
u e jh aGgCG j gDjh

15 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 15

jQdGh dG eGH bJ
Q``G hCG ``NG``dG AG```S G
```e````H ``` ` ` SGQO ``````S
.gGh
jdG dG g IOYEG
GG e Sj dG d
G AfEG) NGdG YLG
SSCG dG jJ - cdG
AGG jJ ,MdG fCd
fdG) LQGh (dEG...GQGh
bd jdG QOG - LdJ
.(dEG...JG ILCG G GQSG gCG EG"
G SCGQ GQSG g d
."YGdG dG
VGh N
GdG GY H eY .O ``eCG
Y dG G dG SGQdG Y
HCH dN G eH dG c

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:13 AM

G
.dG S
dhdG CG dG SG jh
aQh jd ee JGSG J
SSCG Y WdG jdG OQGG IAc
YCG UCGh dhdG H cGdG
J H HQGh jQdG SDeh
:ddG dhDG W c Y
SdG SQ Y dhDe dhdG .1
``j``h ``` ` ` JG``` SG `` ` `Vhh
.gJh jdhCG
jJ Y dhDe YCG UCG .2
Ua aJh JSD edG
Md GG jQdGh XdG
.Y Y
Y dhDe jQdG SDG .3
LMG j dG jQdG aJ
MdG MW jh dG S

dG ```Gh dhd HdG dG

J Qh`` e hCG QG CG J
iG Y JSSh jdG OQG``G
``V```dG ``H ``fRG``e ```Y ``g `````dG
jOdG edG i```dG Y dGh
ddG jOdG ddG ``MEGh
VdG e J bh jOdG Z
CH dG iG Y edG idG e
S dNO bG jOdG OGYCG
e (5^1) EG j S dG
Gk c k V j b 2020``Y
.HS OdG ObG Y
LEG CG EG GA````MEG J c
e ````dG ```S EG O`` G ``` NG``dG
S ,jQdGh dG f jN
f Oj ,Oa dCG (760) GM
EG OG NGdG LEG e (%93)

jh aGgCG j gDjh HQjh

L e Gk c CG Mfh .e
dG ZJ Gh dG jQdG
eG dG Jh UG dG
XdG `` eCG ````eh I``j``Y ``` ` SC
dM b dG ddG JGh
dG CG e ,eM Y Y dM
G ``e d G ``g ``U``G
bdG g XJ Gk c Y jh
jN j CGh H ddh HdG
j CGh Gh dG dG SDe
.dG ``d``M Sjh ,````dG
dG N
dG GY H Y SG eCG
CGa dG `````SCG ``c```T ``j``e
JGSGh N e k e cQe
N EG j M G dG

dG Lfl ``H eAGGh ``dG LQO IOjR : ``dG ``Y . u

fGG GQjdG e ``dG N e dG ``S eh jQdGh
HG ``dG a ``bO ``e AGLEGh UG dG B``
u dG J eh

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 16

dG jQdG 16

1/6/08 11:08:14 AM

JMe Y ec IQU dG
.jG M
Gh dG dG U CG .6
d bH ShQe je Vh Y
Ua AGLEG V eh dG
.G dG e AJ W
Gh dG dG U CG .7
.d dY je Vh Y
dG dG b e cCdG .8
e SJ ``` dGh fZj ```dG
bGeh G G JJ
.jQdG AKCG bH dP
dG dG Q e IOSG .9
c H UG dG j dG
jJ dhh e jG Y
.G dG jN H IdG
dG jQdG cGe e IOSG.10
UG dG j dG dGh
jJ ```Y ```JQ``b ````KCG ``` dGh
k J gDe T
.k dY gC
ZdG Y ``fCG cDf CG O``f Gk ``NCGh
jG Y MG H OLh e
SEG cT CG EG ,dG dG e
OdG dH Gk ``L J dG
dG dG jN e jd j dG
jd CG GKCG jdGh G dGh
jdG dG h dG Y dY GQb
YCG cdGh XdG GdGh
k Ua e edG dG cdG
Jh cdG XdG Qd IOL
QhO d UCG H eg dhD

dG f
jj e dG Y SG jh
dG jQdG c e UG dG
:ddG dH Gh
H ``eAG``Gh dG `` LQO IO`` jR .1
eh jQdGh dG L
e dG ``N ``e ````dG ```S
dG B ```fG```G GQ``j``dG
a ```bO e AG`` `LEGh ``U``G
J eh HG dG
.dG
eGd dY IO``L Y aG .2
O````YGh ````Gh dG ``jQ``` dG
e IOSGh Y e je
eG hd jdG G``G
.G g
GH j HQe SG .3
dG OQGG eCJh dY GQeh
.d dGh
eGH HQG YO Y UG .4
dG JGQe d IQe
``dPh BG ```S``Gh ``j````EG
.G d G M
HQd dG f MCG T .5
JdhDeh JLGH Yh IOjd
dH ```b````dG ```Y ```b```Mh
IYO N e dP j CG jh
jdG OQG``G GQGOEG dG
GA``` d ````d ``U``G ``` ` dG
Gg M Ie H GVh
dhDG AYEh dG VG

OdG LMH ```jh Y ``Y

YCG Y HQG edG idG e
.IOGh IAdG e ie
jJ dhDe dG Y J .4
dG Ge cGeh fCG
dGh FeR EG JGN fh
SDG ```L```fEG IO``j``d O`` G
O``G ``````Sh ```H `````j ``` dG
e Sj `` dG ``jQ``` dG d
JfeEGh JGOGSGh JGQb
dG S IaG FXdG Jh
k G eGOe
.WdG J jT YC
gCG YdG CG ,a T h
e H OGORG b jdGh jQdG
dG ``` XCGh I`` `NCG G`````dG
LMG ``e Gk ```c k ` Hh`` ``U``G
Jh dG d Gh dG
dG MdG IO`````dG N `` YOh
``F``X``dG IO``` ` ` d `` dh`` dG ```````J
G````dG CG EG .``U``G ````dG
jQGOEG gG e jdG jdG
jdG GQ``` ` dGh ``jO`````bGh
Y k L cDj ,dG YCGh dG
QdG Gd jdG cGG IQh```V
HdG H jdG idG jhJh
k G jOdG
GQe e j hCH hC
e IGhG b Y eeh
H G``gh eG h`` dG FGf
N ``j``h ``j```J Yj ```T
dhd HdG gCdGh jQdG eGHh
.UG dh

``dG EGh ``e ``jdG G``b O``jEG : ``jdG ``dGY .O u

,Pathways ``dG ``dGh ``dG ``dG EGh ``e h ``dG
``G Gg G ``e kGA``M dG ``jQdG `` Q``aCG ``gCG
dG IFGdG dGSG HdG eh QdG e jdG
u dG dG e bdG dP j M ,dG
17 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 17

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:16 AM

e Gk c Gk Q``b J UG dG
jh ,Gd HSG YdG
G Y Ic LQHh UdG Gg
gCG Y ``cD`j ``dG `` eCG ,dG
dGh G jQdG eGH UG
gh ,GG M adG fhH
gh eg dC f CG Y Lj
H J dG fhG LQO H e fCG
fEa dGh G jQdG e
GQdGh GdG Me J
eEG j CG e SCG a dG
d M h ,idG G g g !H
GQe eO a J Z f
eGdGh GQG YGHEG dG
ddG QGe Sj GHEa ,jQdG
jJ ``H J Y IQ``` dG jh
jj ``dG bGdG AV J e

ZdGh ```Gh `````fGh jc

G Gg .dP fh G``dG jJ
Gk c J SQ fCH YCGh N
c d c hj jG j b ,d
k LQ"
k
k
Y Qj "c
hCG "de W"
J dG dG SDGh !! AT
,b Hd dG G dP cEG
a G eL g gP e RHCGh
fGh da ,O```Gh hd
eCG ,jN dG J U
hDhj a ,SGh Gk jJ cCG dG
.j NBG EG hCG dG e SGQdG
G IdG
cQe jdG QcdG hjh
Ne H "G IdG" b
,``U``G ``` ` dG ``````eh dG
fCG H J ```dG ejda

.cdG dG MdG a
Se
Y ``H G``` Y Q``` c``dG ````h
YG P````SCG ``j``dG MdG
k jG dG eL
: Fb
f GPe Y f fYO AdG
,Va e g ?UG dH
e Ye ee EG j ```M
e jOCJ j dG jObG fCG
ah M J e b
J dh ,JJGSGh JQGOEG
IO``G Jh ``HQCG d S
dG M SJh JeN
dGh dG FH ````MGh
.e jH
"Se" dg CG Y cDj S e
e ````dG ``dP ``L````M
jQdG L eh ,jdG OQGG
LGJ dTEG gh .dGh G
LGJ H ,Mh dGh G jQdG
fCG EG .gCdGh dG SDe L
dG LMG NG dP e
UGe K CH dG UG
MCGh ,dG ``dP d j eY
EG UGG J J d fCG
dG G G :``g fe KK
QG e ``fOCG G``M j CG j
EG j dG QG Gh ,SSCG
L dG FdG GQ```G O``Lh
NBG e dgh ,J hCG G g
M eY hCG Q fCG MCG
hCG "HdG Y" RLG jG
f G G``gh ,"jGdG e"
dG ``g``G jh gL
JGP EG Jf dP jG id
gh dG f JgG EG aVEH
hCG dG e j ``dG dG e g
dG ``e Hj ``j``dG ``` dhCG ``e
dG dG e dH Jj ``eh

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 18

dG jQdG 18

1/6/08 11:08:16 AM

dG jdG eGH e L EG k L
G FGT ac H j Gh
G ``g gCH YJh Ld
UdG HUCG eh FGMG IQhVh
Wh b g dG CG Jh ec
WdG k Kh WJQG JJ
ObGh eCH Gk Te ``KC`J ``KD`Jh
. aKh
e ``X h ``fCG Y j a
.eT YS e fOH J
aJ e J eOdG MG Ea
e dh G J UCG e Fg
m c
eh WdG dU e h G
``jCG Y O````YG j CG ``F```HCG
G LM d G J e IaGdG
S e d dP ;dG Sh
CG gCG Qf g e G Y J
cCG Gh dG jQdG eGH J
dG jdG M J CGh dT
.OTQEGh YdGh dG EG Gh
G RGdG
G a QcdG j M
`````fCG `` Y ``` ` J ``` ` ` ` G CG
H RG``` dG d `` dPh ,````
Hh OdGh WdG dG e
.jOdGh WdG ``f```eEGh OQG`` G
jdG OQG`` `G J ``` J ``K ``eh
jQdGh dG ``eG``dGh ,eH
O LMG Y UH
.LMG ``g ``YGO d VH
jQdG eGH EG dG g e
k ah ,H a aSG EGh dG
``KCG fG CG EG ,IO`` LM

gDe jH OQGe aJ Y IQdG

.Gh dG G d
jH OQG`` `e ``a``J ```Y IQ````dG
je e ie c d gDe
.XdG
UG dG jj e YCG Ggh
````Gh `````dG ``jQ``` dG ``eG``H ``e
jQdGh gCdG Mf ``e H
dG aK SZ gCG dP EG VCG
gjhJh jG id Gh dG
JG G bNCG Y YH
dG UNEGh feCGh dc H
G``MGh G QG``` SCG c ``Yh
.gZh jNBG
G h jQdG
OdG Gd b e dG QG
G jQdG eGH bY M cJ
G ``FG``` Th ``Y````H `````dGh
j c GDdG AL M ,G
Gk A``L j CG Gh dG jQdG
CGjh ? JLMGh G aK e
H Y QcdG GDdG Y HLEH
SdH dG dG Y jdG
: j dG
I``e j ````dG ``` S ``c GPE` ` a
dG jQdG eGH J CH I``MGh
GQb ie aQh jJ Y Gh
d k Jh k a ``` G J ````UCG
e `````Gh `````dG ``` JGQ``b ``cG``` J
J dGh gGdG MG e
.YQeh jM eh J IQK
CH Ie e j dG S Ea
J jYJh J eGH g j

gdG ``fh````H ``a````JG ``N ``e

h .dUCH ``Qh jdG bdGh
edG IG EG TCG dG G``g
jQd edG SDG JJG dG
H he QG``bEG dGh G
YGHEG dG GQe eO j
,dG d jQdG FG
,hG dP J aT bh
``FGQ S ``L```dG ``dP ``` j ``bh
e,bEGhHdGiGYSDd
.jb QdG hG dP ij CH FLQ
XdG SS
dG dU H GY .O jh
IjH dG dH jQdG g Y
jQdG bY Qe e cQe
: a XdH
Sh dG H bdG CG T
`` k ```S``M `k `e``Y J ````dG
M ,dG S XdG SS
fG Gg gCG jdG HOCG cDJ
Gk fh .WdG edG idG J
QG Gh dG jQdG d
Gd dG S e ij dG FdG
ASG H dG hO L cQ a
cDj PEG .``jQ```dG ``e ```dG G``g Y
dG bdG gCG Y dG AG``N
G jQdGh dG dG H HJ
dG G``g j G``` dh dG ``` Sh
YdH Kh ``HGh``d dG e
YCG Gdh .YCG UCGh ,G
Oj CG eh J jQJ CG CG
LMGh JL H bdG AV
:FQ jQ N e ,dG S

Gh dG dG aK SZ : ``dG d``U H dGY .O u

H JG ``G bNCG Y YH ``gjhJh jG i``d
GMGh G QGSCG c Yh dG UNEGh feCGh dc
u gZh jNBG
19 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 19

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:17 AM

G
dG H CG EG .SSCG Y eGdG
jJ dBG G dG feEG
ac ``eCG Me j dG dG
G e j bh .YVG aVEG
hdG dBG Y J GJe aJ
e dG dG ``LO``` ````dG
:dG dG Y gh dG S e
dG dG
a jdG G Y QcdG eG
e AL VdG DhdG Gg W CG
j C j dP CG MCGh ,G
H EG IQTEG h ,H Yhe
Y J dG FG Q``` aCG
dG e c ,dG G ``dP
:e H gdG

G e H aGdG dBG
dG dG L IOL G
G iG e MG FGdG Hh
.eGdGh dGh OQGGh dGh
OdG dG S d dHh
HSG ````dG Y ```j `` dG
OGh ,WdG GQH dG d
edG SDG H J dG jjdG
d G jQdGh dG d
eGdG CG PEG ,gCdGh jQdG d
cQ GNDe gOGYEG dG jQdG
``` Lh ``` ` dG ``` S ``````G
e H JCGh UG d SSCG
SDG eb CG H dPh JLM
U ``K ``eh G ``j```G H

H dG g Y JK OJ jQdG
QG YdG ge e e g
ffEG I```G gL ``dG
QSG e jG Y jh ,G
,FXdG WJh XdG Ua IOjRh
Y e jdG OQG`` `G a
j e gCG g dG jQdG eGH
GQG adG e G Y
WJ LGJ dG dGh Q```Gh
a YdG ``dP Q``WEG h .FXdG
dG ``jQ``` dG ``eG``Hh G ``H
G G QdG jJ
e j e gCG dh HZh bT
HOCG H eh ,QdG J Ff
EG UdG ``g G ``` O``cCGh

``eh WdG d``U e h G e dh : jdG Y .O u

LM d dG G e IaGdG jCG Y OYG j CG FHCG
u dG Sh G

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 20

dG jQdG 20

1/6/08 11:08:18 AM

JG hCG jQdG AG```S) ``` dBGh

e ,gJ dG (G bNCH
ah e UNh eM g b
MCG ,IO`` GAG``LEGh HGV
fh ``CG Y fG Yf f
.dG S OGaCG cQe
hdG ie Y VdG GRe d
``Lh ```Y G h ``e```Y ```H```dG
Gh dG jQdG EG j UG
OGaCG H b e fhO YLGIf
GQYG IY EG dP Oj bh G
dG dG gCH YdG b :gCG e
,Gh O``` dG ie Y ````Gh
jQdG ``e ``` dG G``g A``` YEG `` Yh
aVEG ,G dG MGe gCG
eSZYhGOTQEGfEG
id SEH Gh dG dG gCGh
AdhCG a j dG Ggh dG
SDG dch YEG FShh QeCG
.``jQ```dG ``e ``` dG G``g Y FdG
dG jQdG a G```dh
OdG G aK e GAL Gh
J EG j eCG Ga JLMGh
eGH ````dG Y dGh dG
Ie Me Gh dG jQdG
dG GH Jh ,dG e
GdG JSDe SGh ,dG
G OG``aCG jQJh gCd FG
JZQh JGQd ah G e
Y jCG j ``eCG G``gh deh
.GQhdG g LMh jdG G
gJ j SdGh eGdG gh
dG M aK SZ dP j e

`` ``` ` S``` SCG GQ`` ` `G ````

e jG dG e jdh ,J
c ah IAGb e fOCG c
,ILCG e aG dGh fdG
dG k e k T ``j``j c
Yh JY Y IG dhDG Qjh
fGG g e Rf CG G e Ea
.Gh dG jQdG eGH
YdG LJ
a dG G Y QcdG eBG
k GDdG Y
jQdG d :Fb
G aK e Gk A``L Gh dG
e jdG EG TCG CG MCG JLMGh
HGdG e O``Y PJH eb h``dG
e GAL Gh dG jQdG
:gCG ``e JLMGh G aK
,```dG dG e OG``e ```NOEG
d Ib e GQhO Yh
jQJ ``eG``H h ,i``` dGh ``G
hdG H fGb f c ,HQG
J CG Y e Hdc YdG
Y J CG j OGaCd G GQG
gOGSGh JMW AV MGe
YdG LJ EG aVEG JgGh
GdGh dG QdGh dG Sh
hda .WdG ObG dG
S J YU eG
GAL Gh dG jQdG L
SQ JLMGh G aK e
H ,SdGh JGSG G``gCG
jJ dBG IQH Te H dhJ
N e dPh ,dG f Sd
G ``e ee Y OYG

dG dH UN ge QGbEG
e Gk A`` H ``` dG dG Me
.FGHG MG
dG EGh e jdG Gb OjEG
dGh dG dG EGh e dG
G G``gh ,Pathways ```dG
eh QdG e jdG
dG IFGdG dGSG HdG
`` dP ````j ``` M ,``` ` ` dG
.dG dG e bdG
Y dG dG ``LG``J J
GdGh eGdH ``YEG WQN
.G
WG ac dG OGdG ebEG
Y ``` ` ` dGh `` ` `WCG ``````Jh
.fCG GfG
e U Jh OG``YEG
Y UG e G dG
.IG IOd FG ZdG
e dG GAdH FdG dG
.IOe dBGh Gbh eGH N
`d `
m ` ` ``` J``g ``N ```````J
."dG idG"
EG g G d ,Ic QaCG
Y dG K eh ,M H dCH
,fCGh SDG jGT gj
!dH j eCG gh
jG dG
``S````G ``cD` j ```f``L ``e
dG dG Y dG TGQ H
GAdG N eh fCG IY a
,YLGh G YCG LH
jN EG j dG S CG J

GQG ``jN EG j dG ``S : ``dG fi . u

c e jG ``dG e jdh ,``J ``SSCG
u ILCG e aG dGh fdG c ah IAGb e fOCG
21 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 21

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:19 AM

,G d Gh dG If Jh
e ZQ if fCG dP Y dj h
d dG b e IjTh
gh G h AHdGh JG
d djh dG He h``J``j
OdGh G IT dG hjh
dG G dch e hCG c hO
d G dG fe edG
aheh VGh SC ``dPh jh
hG cT ASCG e fCG gh
NO Jh bee S GP g
.bM h k je
T ,QaCG a g CG YRCG h
j e dh e aCG dG g CG
AH j H fCGh UN SG
.AdG e AH dG g Y j dh

dG H e MW S b dG
e c J S bh jGh
J G d Hf OjEG a ,hdG
dG id G j e
j dG SDG dch cdGh
TQdG h fd e bdG
.aGh G YdG WG
dG QaCG V e k jCGh
dG IQGRh J CG JQHh SGQO
g SCH e i``NCG L hCG
SSCG Y J ge cT hCG
dG gDG L SG
YdG WG J d cj G
OY jdhCG d j dch TQdGh
.dGh fdG
je if S fCH LCG GHh

MCc G OG``aCG H Gh dG
.eSEG OG
jQdG a
``` M``dG ``` Y P`` ` `` `SCG ``` ` jh
d dG dG ch dG
M ``` jDhQ ``S``dG a ``HQ```G
k VG
:Fb
Qh`` J a ``jQ``` dGh d
eL e G H j e a
gh jQJh J SDeh
OcCG gCdG G G``gCG
H d aG d Gh
.G jdG
a G g e AL fh
W VdG j ``` MCG H
e J gDG SG
`` jQGOEGh dGh jdG c
H CG EG ,dG G Hh dGh
L b e IOL bh EG G
dG dGh jQdG L Z iNCG
.gCdG Y SSCG ee cJ
ge ``cP SG ``e j a
Gc CG ``gh ..``j``G QG``e G
jQd edG SDG jN ``e
jQJ b jdG gh Gh dG
dG G d j e
YdG hCG AdG AGS edG
G L fdG hCG YGQdG hCG
dG EG G Y j ADgh
gDG b e ahY g CG Mfh
Sh OLh d dG HQCG b eh
.H UGd Se
QaCG H AOEG e fe Gd

j e J dG d Hf OjEG : dG MdG Y u
j dG ``SDG dch c``dGh dG i``d G ``
G Y``dG WG TQdG fih f``d e bdG
u aGh
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 22

dG jQdG 22

1/6/08 11:08:21 AM

YdG IOS
EG UGG dH jdG eG ON IOH ITdG eM eb d
jCGh jdG idG J eG eG V e ch YdG dG eN
.dG Gg IOdG GgCG h edG
e G jQdGh dG dG geh dG gGh dG dG Jh
Lh cCG Y gQhH eb a UG dGh eG dG jJ aGhQ gCG
bCG OdG dG e Ic Gk OGYCG k eY 30 e cCG N LNh
H dG S Lj b e H G dG TEG h dGh
GPh ?dG ADg g jCG dh ,dEG ....,fe ,AHc ,cS) dG
Mh ,a dGh H Geb IOGM hCG IQ TQh hCG a ee Y hCG ?Y f
LH UN H FGdG YdGh Y H YdG dG NGO IOdG EG
edG jOdG f J dG Gg a ,k Jh k J cCG If EG
dG G dG e LG d Gk f Je H dG H
.GL dY H jaGdG e edG f JJ H YdG g e YJ
dG Y YdG dG IOdG f J CG j G bGh CG h
e d eRdG G aJ j dG YdG UN ,BG Y g ``dG
jh HQEG e c
m Qm b EG ODj b ( FGdG YdG fCG) WGG
IjL e Vh j Gd ,FGdG YdG YhG g e c J
J dG S LM e SGQO Yh YdG dG IOd
jh ,gH dJh fGe EG h SGQdG g AGOCG UNEG Y
GH e dGh HG G d dG UCG LMG IYGe
IG IO eR N ah IOdG Y QdG IQhV j c ,UG
eh MG H OG``YEGh aVEG e fG d dG jH GdG hO
edG J Gj dG S YdG dG J IQhV
gCJh jQJ H dPh dG Zjh dG MGe iMEG e GHJh
GSG e h dG J HjEG Ff EG Ud e YU e Y
I jQH b dG G id dH QG G``dEG j c ,IaGdG ddG
.gH J d IO eR
jQdG g G dG H GSG bCG fEa G Gg eh
UdG MJEG e (G h jd) FGZ YU jQdG cGeh G
jQdG feEG aJ Y dG gCdG gH YdG dG UC
AfEGh ,MG gGh dGh fG H ce jQJ eGH Y dG
jG H Uh M d G jG e dGh Xd Je
H XdG jGG jdGh hdG dGREG Y dG EG aVEH dG UCGh
fRGG d hG d hG LCG CGe Jh UGh dG YdG
eCH WGG QTE dG eCdGh YLG eCdGh YdG fCG H
.dG GH dG Y bEGh YdG dG XdG

23 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 23

G gGHEG H a
jQCG jMh H Y FQ

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:22 AM

GQHG

:YGQdG UG jH e RL

AGjdG jdGY dU .

jGe jJ
ITG YGQdG

dBG cM bYEG e YGQdG AKCG ITG YGQdG dBG eCG cGJ UG jH -3- T
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 24

dG jQdG 24

1/6/08 11:08:23 AM

Direct

Nd HdG a AKCG jdG Y UdG j (Hair Pinning) IgX -1- T

.IQdG d G OhNCG NGO

IQdG h HdG H dG edG HdG S Y UG jH LGJ -2- T

IQdG fE G

25 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 25

I```T```G ``YGQ``dG ``` J

HJ QhdG YGQR fCH Seeding
.IQdG be d HS KGM j
e e cCG jdG Gg j h
dG f CG no till jCG J M
KGM U CG zero tillage hCG KGM
h .H H aNG OLh H e
feEG aJ YGQdG WG H
aH ``dP h ``YGQ``dG ```fE`d dY
.G ```VGQCG h jdG Q```eCG
``J ```Y ``` ```dG `` ` `VGQCG h
cCG HdG J %50 e cCG IQe
.dG h Gd VY h J
fEG e j VGQCG e dG Gg
UG jH CG c GL dY G
J QhdG ZCG h GQhCG h S e
V EG J fEG H Ic Jc
.ShQG G Rh
GG GL da jdG g
dY ``H``dG ``e dG `````dG
MS EG dG YCG e HG
`` ` `VGQCG ``` ` V ``W``` e ``` `
FGa aJ jdG g CG c .YGQdG
iG Y HdG HN IO``j``d L
HdG UeG e jJ c jdG
G ObdG h bdG e J h Ad
h HdG OG``YE YGQdG dG
dP e h .FG J YJ
AKCG YGQR ce J jdG a
AGOCG ``e NGJ a ,``YGQ``dG Y

H``dG ``SG u
GMEG ``e ``M IY
YGQdG Ye b ``jdG
jdG g e b h
Y S QKBG e d
u dG

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:24 AM

GQHG
BG S J h ITG YGQdG BG
G UdG Lda .YGQdG
ITG YGQdG BG SGh IQH
UdG j eY Ic ce LGJ
NGO Nd HdG a AKCG jdG Y
,IQ``` dG d G Oh`` `NCG
hair pinning J I``g``` dG ``g
HdG S N Y J h -1- T
T Qhd AOQ fEG QhdG e
eCG cGJ UG jH CG c .-2e YGQdG AKCG ITG YGQdG dBG
.-3- T dBG cM bYEG
SG ```a G `` g ``
e YGQR e M I``Y HdG
YGQdG Ye b jdG GMEG Y
QKBG e d jdG g e b h
H jJ c ,dG Y S
d h YGQdG BH J dG ILCG
G ``` VGQCG d e
j Hd dY IQ``KEG J h
a Gd .ITG YGQdG jGe H
G ``g ``M Y dG G``g ``b
IGOCG QNG h jJ SGH
bdG jW ``YQG``J UG jH
.dhQdG
``dGREG Y RG G``g Ia cJ
dG jdG ``e UG jH
ITe UdG dG eCG J dG
h e b P S SH

RG Gg I``a cJ u
UG jH dGREG Y
dG dG j``dG e
``UdG dG eCG J
S ``SH I``Te
S h e b P
u dhQg QhJ

BG SGh IQ``H ``G ``UdG LdG u

UdG j eY Ic ce LGJ I``TG YGQdG
G OhNCG NGO Nd HdG a AKCG jdG Y
u IQdG d

dG GQhO G h cG G Vj Rd VJ SQ -4- T

GQhdG AKCG cdG h SCG VJ Rd fL IQU -5- T

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 26

dG jQdG 26

1/6/08 11:08:26 AM

h -4- T dhQg Qh`` J S

k c jCG j dG .-5- T
``G dG IQGOE k ````dhQ```g
j .YGQdG dBG cM ce
dG EG UG jH aH dG
d RGe
h SCGQ H QhJ dG h
m
,bO / d 2500 J dY YH h
```MGREG h jdG H dG a
H UdG dG jW ``Y
.dG fL Y (windrowing)
B`H e IGOC` `c RG G``g j
``eCG cJ I```T```G ``YGQ``dG
.UdG LdG
IQb j fEa ,RG Y AKCG
YGQdG KGG e Ie dhQg
h ,ITG YGQdG dBG H J dG
Y Y G IQdG Sb b
Ic c Y j M RG
kg/ha 5828)) YGQdG G e
MGh fe M e bCG H M
QGe dhQdG jd aJ e Y
500 QGe V h bO d dL 6
GQhO YS h HG UdG Y WQ
.bO d d 2500 gQGe d
M ,M RG QNG b h
G J e je KK OM
EG J h ,UG
Se h kg/ha 5830 dY J
h kg/ha 1200 e h kg/ha 2650
fEG IOjR RG SG M b
dY ``` G %65 ``` Qh``` dG
``YGQ``dG H fQe Y dG
M c ,ITG YGQd jdG
%22 ```fE``H IO``jR R```G
``M ,dG Se ```G
G G ha CG Mj
.-6- T dG ac
YGQdG dG dG jQdG g Y

27 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 27

dG QhdG OY
HebdJdG
jdG jdG
jG RG

jdG jdG
jG RG

dG Y

dG Se

dG e

7
20

14
18

19
21

fields

g d G f dG IYCG ,fEd G SGQdG Ff -6- T

H je ha

dG AKCG Rd M IQU -7- T

IOjR RG ``SG M h M RG QNG u

dG dY G %65 QhdG fEG
u ITG YGQd jdG YGQdG H fQe Y

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:27 AM

e T

..dG M

YdGh G jQdG IcGP

IY
YdGh G jQdG cj
IcGdG EG YGjh EG IY a
VCG M ,dG S H M
IH G SQH k Je SG Gg
Lda....YdGfdGHk Mh
G ``jQ```d``H ````dG Q``` NG ``dG
..fhdEGh AHdG dGh
jQJ GQhO Y G ``H``Kh
Oj CG OGQCG ...fCGh djEG ee
"IY" ```SCGQ jdG e Gk A``L
k
JGOTh deCGh JMH
Oa
A``eR ``e O``Y ``e d ``JG``Nh
G jQd hCG IQ``` dG SCJ
dGh ..IY a dGh
cCGh `g1363 Y "IY" dh dG
,a SGh FGHCG MG SGQO
YdG SQH `g 1384 Y dEG
Hh ,AHdG Jh VjdH
YdG SQG IOT Y dM
fCG EG eGQCG cT dH dEG
dEG ``EGh ,cdG jW j
Sh ,YdGh dG dG H
jQJ IQhO Y ````G Ua ``d
``jOG``dGh fhdG SGQd ee
Hh ,GS 3 I djEG jdGh
YdG SQH SQe Y JOY
G aG Yh ..`` `g1389 VjdH
SQe Y VjdH YdG G

UTCG e dH G Gh dG jQdG jGH jQJ j

dGh jdG c Y GjYh jGdG HU dJ GgS jdG
...Gh dG jQdG eGH LGh dG
g OJ
ASQEG gd gLh bh dH dG dG Y jd dG
.G dGh G jQdG SDe SJh

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 28

dG jQdG 28

1/6/08 11:08:28 AM

jL c e IOaEG Y jdG UM
jh ,`````dGh ``j``H``dG ``` G
J dG jQdG Ua QSEG dP
fEG H dGh G H hCG d
feEGh GQ```dG jJ gCH e
.G jQdGh dG dG j

..G dGh YdG dG

d ```e GdG ``g W ``ch
SQe ````VCG M ``FG```dG G`` `MGh
h ..H e MdG e j
e ````d``H ``````dG ``` ` dG I``` S
Y Y a IG ``jQGOEG dG

`g 1390 dG h ..jdG H a
i``NCG ee jQJ IQh``H dEG
e JOY Hh ..S I HdG fEG
G AHdG d FQ Y IQhdG
..VjdH dG
T `g1394dG CH dG h
,dG dG Ie SM f
e EG IO``` dG Q``b ```dG G``g a
dG IQGRh e k He "IY" ```SCGQ
SQGh SCJ Y GTEd
SCdG AfEG Hh ,IH G
d Gje dG qYo `g 1395 dG
G G H a d dG SQG
SG ``bh ..IH YdG fdG
Gje A``eR jOj c (dN ``HCG)
edG dG Zd YJ M d
KKh S dH e ` ` g1423 ``Y
Nh ..Gh dGh AdG e eY
N e dG gS GdG g
Ic OG`` YCG jJ d `` `JQGOEG
Y aO GgS jdG gDG e

AeR Gj c dG
eGRh H HQe fUY
HQcd HG c edG e Y
G Cf HQc GTeh Ufh
.adGh dH G
dG M H GY / LQ eY 23 W eGR d
T b N L Ga
UNEGh Gh dG aG gh
.fCGh VGdGh
G gGHEG a ``` ` j `` ` `e ``` a `` ` `jCGQ
Uc dEG chCG a feCG IYGe
.cCGh J
dG Qe -

29 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 29

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:29 AM

AGdGh dG

j.."G HEG M" h "jOdG IdG"

Fb EG IjH YGQdG dG HQeh He
YdG dG cGe

TdG dG IOd dH eCG

EG j CG) FGdG IOG jPJ a
(G IU Gb hCG PGPQ
EG FGdG IO`` G j Y .``T``dG
S Me e jj IU Gb
Y QJ EG ODj S e jh
AGdG QJ SGH GdG g J
.b mG``K YSh NdG
AGdG IQG``M LQO JQG e ZdG Y
b CG EG dG G NdG
FGdG IOG j dG Ia
IQGd SG Jfe UNh JOH
.dGh dGh edG e
FdG G GfCG j
e SdG he hCG ec M) G
ITe (HEG hCG YG hCG ZCG hCG QHCG
k cJ H hCG TdG
b
.jdG e
USG j HdG IdG dM
A``G Z H FGdG dG OG``G
dG ```e ``eR``dG ``a````G ``a``` VEGh
gN e cCd TJ j K .gZh
dP H jh . FGP Z U OGe CG e
.TdG

gGh YH G jR QcdG IjH

````Gh `````dG ``jQ``` dG ```` ````FQ
EG Gk e ,WdG Y QcdG dH
J b NGO b HdG g CG
HQG jCH dG FGdG dG
J SSCG Qh``dG d ``c jdG
GTEHh ,UJ aH HdG J
dG ````jQ```dG dG ``e Te
Jh ,SdG Qe SG SFH
,G ie Y hCG HdG ``g
GP G W dG J Sh
Y VY K k Y G d bdG
.AGd G cdG

G ie Y I``e hC
I``j``H j ```YGQ``dG dG dG
e hCG ``J``j``L ```H`` J
(IQO``H) e EG ``HEG M jH
FdG ```H```dG I````dG ``j`` ```f```dGh
GYdGh dG dEG e (ahG)
bh CG GSd IgL IQO``H EG
Saudi) jOdG I````dG J h
Y e Ae aVEG O ,(Coffee
dG Yh ,GSG S ``gh
YU h ...jW Id h ,jS
dG id jL J RL GSH G
.(TQ ) Y jh
e QGR `` ` `dG ``jQ``` dG ```
dH ``FG``` dG dG J ````b
```H````dG ``` ` ` J `` ` `dBG ``` Y ``` ` WGh
``d``` ` S ``` g``` ``````dG `` J`` j`` G
,jdG dG Yh ,G`````SG
dG ````ch ,```j``W I``` d ````h
e Ae aVEG O IQOdG J
Saudi) jOdG IdG R ,Y
fCH TdH j dG (Coffee
J CG g L e ch dG jS
AG dEG Jh ddG e b c
d IgL Jh ch NdG
.adG e e b mGK
YGQdG dG dG Y OTCG bh

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 30

dG jQdG 30

1/6/08 11:08:31 AM

fEG h dG
jG dU S
dG J b ,IjH YGQdG dG c

dG h QGdG YGQRh ,LQN h G NGO gG

Jh UeH J JdG g EG M .JdH
Ze dG GUCG UeGh ,jRdG KG e G
.d dL H fCG EG aVEH ,a
gCG f HdG SCG eh .hdG H hG Ic -5
G IOjR EG OCG dG VG bdG dG KG
?dG Y af d f GP``e Gk PEG .dG dG
.....j AT c b
.dG gCH YdG IOjR .1
.d G fGdG J .2
.dG dG dG J .3
.G QN h NGO YGQdG J .4
.dG dH FdGh dG jdG e dG .5
.jG bdG FSh GSG .6

31 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 31

jCG g e k ej j b edG Gg h bdG Gg

dG SdG hCG G g dG) d Gk ``cP S ``bh EG
e hCG G ``YEG FSh AGS ,(fEG a j
e dG dG G NG H dG Y dhDG H
:H QGG SMG
HdG Y H h fEG j dG YdG Ih``dG -1
,U M Y c dh M fc Sh C`H O``G
e j dG k ej G dG FSh j a
edG G``MG Y f HdG cCG hCG Co RZ
e i``NCG GR``Z EG aVEH ,GQdG Heh Obd
.iNCG YU h SCG h GG h ISCG fe
dH IOLG UdG OGR YdG d fh
Y J e BG ahe Fc UY 105 Y
.iNCG Fc UY cG EG AjdG h AdG
d AG``` dG ``a``J j ``dG dG O``Y IO`` jR -2
ISCG GSG j ``dG G YGQdG GSH
.IH Geh
ObG Nd AGS JdG AdG dGREH QGSG -3
hCG d ce Ad VQCG e Me ad hCG hd
.dH eMORG h G JG H dG d
h FGGbh ,``G Q``N jT ``e``MCG ``YGQR ``Y -4

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:33 AM

AGdGh dG

:HEG f IgX

!H j e
MdGY S .O
dG jQdG g Y

gHh a YS ``K ``VG``YCG

dGh SGQdG Hh .``HEG J
Y AG```MG ``Y dG G
.dG ``e G`` `fCG ``K``K ```Y ````dG
jedS ``c``e ``g hCG dG
eS Q```KBG Y ``J``J ```dGh ````dG
jdG MCG OLh EG aVEG IN
Y OLhh jSEG f e edG
dG DhdGh .dY H edCG
JCG jCG e gPCG EG QOJ CG
Uh ch edG dG OG``G g
d jd ``YCG EG OG``G g
OCG dG SCG EG fOd MG
.KQdG QX EG
g ``d``` ` dG) : hCG ``` ` MG
EG ``` ` ` dG ```g ``` ` Uh (``` ` ` dG
e S dG jdG H YCG
M QSCG ``aQ EG O```dGh QdG
TH QdG b K dG dG X
Gg Y AdG H H YCG
jEG j GP dh .dG dG
AGLEc eGdG e GG dG H
G SCG Y bdG M RGMG
dG dG c AYSG j GPh

``HEG OG``YCG ``H``bGh G`` MCG ``dG``Jh

ebh .`` SCGQ BG ``K``K ``e adG
``NCG fSH IQGR`` dG
GSCG dG HEG YCG e Y
``eh (``` ` dG) `` G ````M ``bh
H ``HEG ``e i``d dG `` YCG
dPh adG HEG e Yh
GG H e dGh jd
ddG AG```LE G eG
jdG dch YCG d eRdG
UdG VY .adG HEd bdG
VJ Y d HEG d jdG
AG``LCG AH e GQf ``HEG eOCG
cj QdG CGh .S iNCG G
NGdG G ``SCGQ AG``LCG V
IG IjT jdG H H M
ac dG ``` ` YCG j ``e ``gh
Y G a G Y YRG
AT j ec H dP ``KCG
g J h VQCG Y S L CG

ZCG IG CG YCG
QGdG Y g 2007 dG CG VG
HV dG dG QGdG OY CGh
b jS KQc e e JQG dG
dG dG G``g d 2007 dG
He ``KQ``c HQCG EG H j
Y Gh fdGh HGhdGh UYCG
QYEG EG L e S b ``Lh
h G AfCG V idGh HEG f
CGH .W d fC IG CG J
`g 1428-7-26 G j ``eRCG
e SCGQ 150 f eY eG e
K QHCG e OYh L KKh ZCG
OGh e G AfCG GMCG dGJ
.gZh WdG Mh fQh SGhdG
IOLG ddG CG Y ``YG h
e YCGh ee fGG Y
"hdG" IG Cd YGQdGh jZCG
AL c HEG f S ddG CG
.`g 1428/08/21 KEG WdG U

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 32

dG jQdG 32

1/6/08 11:08:34 AM

j dG CG OGSG e
f i``NCG LQN G```SC Je
J J ``fQh``` dh YVhCG
HhCG hCG VGeC VJ a G```SCG
.IOQG YdG Oa EG ODJ e
hO e j e IOY OGSG CG c
d G``` G ````dG ``Y IH
I G EG J M INdG a
M h d FdG VJ b jW
Ae e AL hCG IAHe INdG fc
dCe E`a AHe A e hCG AHe
EG G G```SCG EG dNO
MG Gg Lj ``dGh .jW bh
MG fa a G QGJ g
1428-8-25 Hh Me GJ KdG
Yh MG g e vjCG Lj `g
``cCG YV G EG f CG
VG bfh fL dG fh
``Y G``` ` H I```j``` ``` ` ` Y I``` ` H
jdGh ``` e``YEG G``````dG
```O``cC`c ```M ddG
bh MG G EG UdG
e H O``````Sh e e
.G g
YCG Jh fEG fe AfEG .1
dd UN H IOh``G fGG
G``G hH fSG e eG
.eGIJSCGeUNhdG
d ``H```dG edG f `` G .2
h HdG GdH dG IdG
QGdG H Odh dG A```YCG
IOQG FdG e J dG FHdG
.GGh fEG Jh
H e QG``W N OjEG .3
.QGdG g e
dG dG ee A````fEG .4
ae ``Y ``dhD```e d GQGR`` ` dGh
.G a j dG MGG
dG fCG MCG J .5
hCG " S " dG e YCG J
.Z

33 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 33

g OG``` ` SG) :``d``` dG ``` ` MG

.(dG
fa ```H````e ``` bGh ``K``M
M 2005 `` Y ``e R`` ```d``j ``a
c fa ``fG```G ```e f
IQGRh db h - (R``jhQ) dch YCG
cG fEG M fdG YGQdG
Y e jOY Z je O``Lh
Y ``` ` ` ` dG `` `Y `` ` `eO`` ` `dG
dG e gOGSG dG fGG
c Y dG iL b fEG aVCGh
eb dG cdH IOLG YCG
ddG e jG AG``LE OGSH
J J fEG IQGR``dG dbh.Y
EGh QG``G EG cdG e ``YCG
GAGLEG ac J jdG dG
j dG fGG OSG e cCd
``a```VCGh .``` eO``` dG J ``` fCG
YCG e W 11 H fEG IQGRdG
b j W 41 IQOe M
JG UH Lj G Gg.H H
YCG e T OLh dMG EG
AL . eGSG jh IOQG
`g 1426-12-1 MCG VjdG IjL
YCG fe H OGSG j fCG
G YCG EG aVEG J dG
j dG jdG a c e
gh LQCGh jeCG e OGSG
j dG ``YCG ae e jdG
GMCG c Y .QG e gOGSG
OQG dG g g G c AGS
gh ``MGh Ma dG fe hCG
MG EG H OD` j G``gh OGSG
dG dG edG OGG CG gh ddG
iMEG EG YLQ ddG JXCG
Jh .``gOG````SG dG dG

g ddG CG d dh .dH H
iOC KdG dG O``Lh dG
HEG ch Wh c HUEG EG dP
HUEG e a edG HUEG dh
dG UdG MCH GG dG
Y `` YEG ``dG ````e``dCG e
GcH dG HUEG jCG G eh
iNCG K UY e e
YGQdG G ) dG MG
.(dG g YCG IOLG
-11 G VjdG IjL AL
fGG ``YCG YU Y ` `g1428
e YGQdG G H e G
jQH dG IjL jCG AL .dG if
G H NO Y `g1428-12-18
fe Gh dG if e YGQdG
dch G fGG YCG
.dG GQhCGh QG`` G H
G dG ``` HCG H ````KCG
G d FdG ddG Y
dG UdG Y gACGMG YGQdG
dG HCG g MG UhCGh edG
c YGQdG G GSG H
GG ``dGREG GH H) fGd
YGQdG G H GSH YGQdG
Sh GdG dU H Y Qcd
dG f ``bh MdG Y
OdG edG G LddG dG
jQL 378 EG 374 U e (3)
.(2005 ``Y ``e ```e```SEG cH
IOY HEG eO ITG HUEG
UdH dG ``M `` e
jCG dMG g Ea dHh dG
G dG Fd Gf Mhe
HUEG gOeh YGQdG IQGRh e Y
.G bH hO edG a HEG

H``UCa ,HEG f ``S g OG``SG j Q u

YCG ``e ``T OLh dMEG EG ``J ``JG
u OQG

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:35 AM

AGdGh dG

:jdG dG

N LGhdG YU
Y M cR fi .O
edG dGh jZCG LdHhe Y
IjH YGQdG dG c

N ehdG b e ``SCGQ dCG e

G g hd jGdG g c SCG
.Y cCG Y IQH
a IQGh MG eGh
S WdG HC dhdG dcdG
HjEG gh eg M cDJ (1975)
jdG `````dG g ``H ``b```dG
WS ```Mh (``````c``J``aCG)
``g Q``` J ``bh ,``` ` fEG ``a ````dG
G ``e ``j``` dG ``a ``` M``G
M ,jG dY IQH fdG
Y ``````G ``F``` ` dG ``` ` L EG
``b```dG `` ` cCG `` ` `SGQ`` dG `` g ``e
``j``ZCG ``` J ``Y ````T```dG ``` ` G
WdG M hMh cJaCH
FdG WSh gjGJ i``eh dG
.AeCd gO h
```e```dGh ```M```dG ```JG ``bh
J CG ```Y ``j````dG `````dG ``
fEG AG``Z ```UCG LJ KG
dG RG jW Y dEG Jh
j ``` ` fEG E` `a ```d``Hh .```S```SCG
ITe ``eEG jdG d VY
Ke ```YGQR Y jH

jdG Y CJ dG h (JLQCG)
g jdH G dG AGZ Y
QhO gCG G d dG jGdG
.jdG dG
ShQ e iNCG jQJ g ch
cj IG jdGh dGh HdGh
h```J ``Y `````dG `` VG`` YCCG H
e T hCG b ``e e N
.(QGRdG)jH
dG VG AHdG Ea eY Hh
S GEG a ehdG jdG UCG
e ``cCG f ``a J ``dGh 1960

U FGZ H e
jfK Gf jdG dG
OG``G Y jdG f e f
Y IeG IQdG gQKBG dh FGdG
FdG ``g Ch G``` Gh ````fEG
dG IOLe (jdG)bdG
jJ E` a ,I``` G Y ``Lh e
KCJ e dP j eh jdG dG
EG fEGh GG U Y
.IG Y
MG jQdG CG ``dP cDj ``eh
``M ``Y ````Y ``H````dG ``` dG ```e

d G jdH He IQdG M VJ IQU

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 34

dG jQdG 34

1/6/08 11:08:36 AM

.jdG dH Ke FY dhJ H YG R J d M Ld QU

dG K ``e ```NCG ``e dh

YG RL Y G gKCJ jdG
e ``f 300 ``e ``cCG cG ``bh
acG dGReh,jdG dG
.GJ
jObG FN ``dP ``Y ``h
`````d``H ``` ` dG ``Y ````f ``MO``a
EG GOSG gjJ j jdG
f Jfeh jZCG TG dG
Te dG dG jCGh MdG Y
VLGh dG f JQ LGdG
AGdG e IOSG ee VfGh
eh LGdGh fG IhdG J dG
.fEG U Y QKBG e dP Y j
fGdG jJ j CG j dd
```dhG``J h ``` G OG``` ` S G
UN h dG e iNCG k YGfCG d
fdG j CG h A1 cJGchCG
cJaCG f j bO cCG
Heh d bCG Gh (B1-G1)
QhdG dGh jJh G hGJ
Q``KBG ``e d `` jdG dG Y
Y GGh fEG U Y Iee
.AGdG

35 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 35

jH ITe Z hCG jdG dH

M) fGM e Y fEG
``fG```M ``e ````f (`` - H dH Ke YCG Y jJ S
.jdG
jdH dG OGG J jh
IQ```V Q```KBG ``e ``K`` ``eh eSh
e G``MGh GGh fEG U Y
YU ``LG``J ```dG ``j````dG ``` NCG
e c GG fEGh LGhdG
.hdG

ja H Ke FY dhJ H e GM c a jdG e WG jG VJ IQU

d G jdH He IQdG M VJ IQU

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:37 AM

AGdGh dG

fdG jZCG J
Nanotechnology Food

Nano

SdG gGHEG H Qe .

``j``ZCG J J Jh
J e jG cCG e Packaging
dG cdG e OY BG gh .fdG

FGdG dG J b FQ
IjH YGQdG dG c

``c````dG ``e ``j``Y ``` J ```c .AG`` ` `dG

IQO`` b J OG`` e ``j````H ``` e``Gh
J dM d J AYEG Y
hdGh dG eH J c AGdG
OY gh .KhM Y dG OGe
J OGe jH J dG cdG e
FdG Y Jh cCG cP
jjEGh fdG e Vd G
dG GdG gaJ bj h ``c
.eOdG

,fdG J GSH ,J OGe J

MU Ia IO``jR EG OD`J fCH R
eS ``e h
q ``Hh````Gh ``j``ZCG

GSGh SGQO Y fdG J J

ff ``MGh) Gk L IU MCG GP OGe
(G ``e ````G ```Y `` MGh h````j
FN OGG d CG Ie e Jh
hjDj e ijh .fdG ie Y
J
q fCG dG g GSG
bh fh eSh Jh ``j``ZCG
J dG H c .jhdG
d J dG jZCG) XdG jZCG
aVEH Gg .(YJ j dG hCG jhOCG
.J e Jh fEG jJ fCG EG
fCG VG dG GdG Nh
GQh`` dG e je ``j``ZCG YU
.gjJh fdG H G HCG
jZCG eS M G TdG dh
GSG AH EG iOCG JjJh fdG
.fdG J jZCG

a GOdG Y ..GQG Y
:

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 36

dG jQdG 36

1/6/08 11:08:38 AM

NGO jQdG ge if e
?YdG G
b G e LG O h ,jQdG
.fG g MGh ZQ M jQJ
gG ``g Y ``bQh G`` HEG jh
J GM h fh IOe k FGO fc
GR``EG M b J dHh ,e
fd ;ae gd i``NCG
GHh ,ITe fG LM Jh Me
.MGh BG jQdGh dG j
aO ``Mh```G ````dG ``g Jh
;Y bEG IOjRh G d dG
AKCG gQfH IgL FXh e hS
dG HdG gG H ,jQJ Hh
.dG H FG XdG Qd J
S c H ``eCG Gg gdh
geh UG dG H IOLG IdG
dG FXdG IOS e OGR h ,jQdG
LM ch ,``U``G dG Gh
Qd ;dG G H dG id dG
NGO fCG jQdG Ye Y gh dG
ee e CGj A``Lh fG ``g
JGQe IO``jR Y j dG dG
jQJ I``Y````Gh ,dGh G
J J dG G Y TG
jdG gG Qe Y Y ,fG
h ,G JGQe H J ``dGh
.jQdG adG UdG NCj
NGO IjG gG g Gh
UG dG ge CG YdG G
Y dG AD` g e jQdG
Y TCGh QT fd d dH IQOf
k
e
gAn H f dHh ,jQJ
.fOH YdG aO Ghjd
``G ``e ``j``` dG ``` ` `````G h
J dG IdG jObGh YdG
aS ``G a ,A````fEG i``NCGh
SG SG GPEG G e dBG e
.dG ADg gCJ IOYEGh d eCG

37 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 37

dG Y j dGh ,dG UCG

dG SCG e gZh ,gG g NGO
.gcd G j
VH - gG J L dP a
UC Gk Te k `a``g d - ``G
jdG OLhh ,YdG G fG
``eCG OGR NdG LCG ddG e
.! Gk J
dG dhh dTEG ``g ``h
feh I``j``L Y ``U``a O``` jEG ``Y
UCG LG Ea G dG ADd
be ``NGO ``jQ``J ``cG``e AfE e
UG dG hZh ,YdG G
cCG AfEGh - dG U EG - gQGO Y
hCG ,G YU je c e e
.YU
Gh dG jQd edG SDGh
G ``cG``Gh ``g```G G````Y ```j``d
,```G G``g G YdGh
G ``eh We L IGh
H
m f a ,dG d aVEH
G ``jQ```dG ``cG``eh gG ``g ``e
``G ``NGO EG jQdG ``TQ``dG f hCG
S ddG a Qj H YdG
iNCG ge AfEG Y dG e ,ec
dP Ea YdG G NGO e
Y dG IOjR Y KCG dH d S
T jH gjh SDG L
jJh ```aQ IO```jRh ,```d``Y IA``` c Y
.jd jQdG
IjG G gG g AfEG jh
UG dG e edG SDG cQ
jdG OQG``G J hU e YHh
dGh dG IQGRh e Te GTEHh
.jQdG
fG i``d QG J j H
Ye Y ``gh j ICae Dh``` YEGh

jdG dU H fi
mohamad133@hotmail.com

G jQdG ge I``c ``ZQ

aG YdGh JJ NGh
c IH jdG SCd fCG EG ...Y
G YdG dG be Y dG
,YdG ``G Gh ,``fO``H
H SG GPEG ,YdG ``cG``Gh
dG j b dG IOh```G gG
VdH J dGh fe NGO UG
.OG
j dG e Gk c CG ``bG``dGh
cGc - jdG - jQdG ge e
UdG j a ,..gZh G jQdG
dP Ojh ,UG dH d SG
S H IdG IdG EG hCG LQdH
edGh G gd gG Jh dG
JQb Yh ,dG S eh bGh Y
.YCG e a j e cGe Y
jN gDe V dP EG VCG
UdG FYEG ``Y f gG J
G jQdG jQJ adG
dH J i``NCG SCGh ,J
Y JG cGh e edGh UG
hTh ,Y Ua Y dG e ``dP

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:39 AM

SGQO

Y j OdG dG f g
S ICGG SEG IOjR
? G dG
G fi H Y.O
IjH dG dH jQdG g Y

jGdG Y a ,Y Y MdG jOdG OGYCG IdG IOjdG OCG

M dG dH XJ dCe J CG feEG EG ,kjS bG gOY
Ak GS : dG ZGdG jOdG SG Y dG S IQb Y QGSG
XdG b gCG YJ dP Y kSCJh .UG dG hCG dG dG
dHh ;H Gh QGdG U egG Fb YCG kfe d dG
eGdG WdG Gh SdG N e IOL e J e gQYG
IOaEH dPh G JCf Ua e dGh FdG G g M EG
HGK QWEG ,edG hdG Hh eG GdG G jdG dBG e
.dG eSEG jdG YGb e Tj h OdG G

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 38

dG jQdG 38

1/6/08 11:08:40 AM

jdG j dG A``dG h QLCG dC``e u

IOjR CH Nh dhdG SS d gCG ZQ
u OdG dG H jOdG ICGG cQe
.SGQdG J AdG QJ
G Gg Ea ,dP Y k SCJh
,aSG SGQO UN VS
fCG QhO Ya J ITe IQH
J jOdG dG jJh
Nh dhdG SS hX
ICG``G cQe e IO``j``d eGdG
,dG Gg .dG H jOdG
aVEG ,Qh KK VG hJ
Q``WEG Y TG dG eG EG
.d dG
fCG M hCG QG a
ICGG H bdG GP jdGh
d d Gk ``dPh H
dhG OG ``gQhO da i``e
cQe ``` e IO`` jR ``LCG ``e
UN Hh .OdG dG S
Y ``b``dG EG `````dG G`` g ````S
dG jGh jGH G Jj
edG ICGd fCG J c
OdG dG S LMG AV
ICGG edG dG eh
CG EG QG Gg N bh . dGh
XJ d gGdG fdG VdG
- Te H - j jOdG ICGG
dGh dG f e c Uf H
1389) H IdG N Gk af c dG
1426) jG dG fh (`g 1427 h
,`g 1427/3/25 Pf CGH dG (`g
1421) YLG eCdG ```fh
,(`g 1397) fG eG fh ,(`g
,(1993) `` `G ``Y``` ` dG `` ` `fh
YVG QG Gg VSG M
.f c FdG
k``V``Y ``` dG Q``` G `` b H
S UdG J e

39 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 39

gCG Y dG JGSG SSCG

dG S jOdG ICG``G cQe
be dGREGh JGQb jJ N e
.aG ge e
`````G i`` `LCG ``` ` ` dG G`` g
dG SGQdG e Gk O``Y ICG``G hDH
,jOdG ICGG XJ Ve dhJ
CG gOe f EG Nh
aJ Y J dG XdG Y
gCG ,eJ IQH J eGY IY
EG ``eG``dG SdG QG```dG :
```WG``G : ````fEG ``W ``H ``dG``` dG
dG jJ h fh ,dG MUh
Gk OSG dG GWCG bY dG
fh ,e ``c ``` LGhh M EG
G adGh ,WdG dGh jQdG
AGOC HGh dG dBGh ,G id
.UdG J e c
f YG SGQdG J H
be e Gk MGh OdG dG
jOdG ICG``G SEG IO``jR SS
T Q SG Gg ; dG H
SdG ````Y ``e``b `` `dG ``` J``G
HdG dG N e d jdG
IQh``` V ```Y ```cCG ``` dG (```H````dG)
UG dH dG f LGe
,H dG e e eAG
(``` e``` dG) ``` d``G ``````dG ``` Nh
QGSG Y cCdG sJ dG
,I``j``G fCG S" GSG
SJ jh j e adG jJh
,"ObG dG AdG cQe
,SG SdG e OY N e
dGh fCd SGQO AGLEG eh
jJ EG e j e Hh IadG
CG Y d e jG GbG hCG

dG N GREG VGSa
,(``g 1430-1390) dG G
XJ jb dhdG gG CG JG
ITe IQU j CGH jOdG ICGG
-1400) ddG dG N jGH e
G ``jG```dG J dG (`` g 1405
```e````SEGh ICG`` `G ```X```H ````g``d
G Q```TCG M dG dG
ICG``G Y ```Y cdG EG VH
Jh ,MG dG YJh
ICG``G e bG SEH WGG
.dG GgCG
dhG OG e ZdG Y d
JOM dG GgCGh JGSGh
ge IOjd G dG N
N dG ```S jOdG ICG`` G
1390) VG S KdGh G
ICG``G ge f CG EG ( ` `g1425
fe dGR e dG S jOdG
idG LEG e % 7^5 iJ M
CG Mj HHh ,H edG
H dG S ICGG ge f
,edG QbCG Hh eG h``dG
Gg RhJ HdG h``dG ``dP
.Ic k aVCG G
e ``J CG dG ``Y Zh
WdG G G J GREG
H jOdG SH j a
HdG G N H dGh dG
dG dG IQb EG aVEG ,%7^5
jN e a % 50 SG Y
k , `g1424 d edG jfdG
CG : e
ddGh ,HdG G Ie jf b
b ,jN ``dCG 120 e ``cCG gOY
dG d G OdG f Q``jo
,Y ``Y MdG V gH ``eh
k Vh uon GTDe gQYGh
k
k jS NJ
j k be QYG
G N dP j a ,d
1425) [```gG``dG] edG G
G g cCG,k jf ?(`g 1430

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:41 AM

SGQO
EG dG LM : g ,FQ jeCG
dH k UNh FL d dBG J
EG LMh ,dGh dG d
M jOdG ICGG fb J
,jSCG ahd SG jOQdG QNG
Gg .dG d dH k UNh
.L e
EG dG UJ ,iNCG G h
14271389) dGh dG f CG
dG ````H ``dG`````SG `` dG (```g
N c b `g 1427 /3/25 jG
M da ``bCG Gk QhO j Pf Ia
dhdG SS d hdG J
dG H ICGG cQe IOjd eGdG
dH k UNh ,``U``G dH
jQJh ,JGRLCGh ,jOdG QLC
,dWCG ``j``YQh ,fh ,Q``` d``H
FdG ```dB`d Q``` ` aG ``Y `k ```a
XdG bM MEG Y IQO```dG
a AHh ,G Je jMh
XdG eCG j Y
dH dG S QN g e jh
.UG dG SD
jG dG f CG EG UJ c
1427 /3/25) Uf Pf CGH dG
M Uf jdG T b( `g
jOdG ICGG J VGe ICGG Y
h ``b``dG d dGh GR`` `LCG e
h Q``LCG dCe ``eCG .```WCG fM
jdG j a dG AdG
dhdG SS d gCG ``ZQ
ICG``G cQe IO`` jR C```H Nh
dHh ,OdG dG H jOdG
j Y J CG jQhV UCG
```VhCG ``` SGQO UJ ``e eOdG
G fL OdG dG S
ICGH dG GP dG f UH
SG Ff EG aVEG ,jOdG
dH edG jOdG ICGG Fe
a GfG ZGdG hCG UG
dG QG``` UEGh OG`` YEG ``MG``e ``jG``H

K dG fCG Uf
G ``U`````dG : ``g ,``Y```
G UdG ,dG d Nd
SCGQ Y jOdG ICG``G QGSG Y
Y e dG UdGh ,dG
f ``Y Gk ``` ``U``G dH
.dG dG
dG dG QG G``g fG ``bh
f EG SGQd dG OdG
ICGG Y jJ Uf CG gOe
e ``c QhO da J jOdG
dG : FdG dG Yd k ah
.UGh
fG eG f CG JG a
I ffb GhOCG j eY IQH
dHh ,eG dG ICGG d
eG dG jJ QhO CH : dG
ICG```G ```X``J ``U``a J l ``` a
QGSG Y d l eh jOdG
K Ua aJ e M Xh
bGh . iNCG YdG k e
eG f Y S dG MG
Y jOdG ICG``G Y CH fG

ddG AH eSEG Jh e c
bCG dh .c dG Qhd deCG
YVG e ``LQO
a ,ffdG UdG J Jh
jGh SCG jH QG Gg CGH
:gh ,dG Y dEG SG dG
Ufh ,SdG YdG YGdG
,```````H `````d ``` S``` SCG ``` ` dG
e IOjd dhdG Nh SSh
QdG Hh ,jOdG ICGG XJ
XdG `` ```L```dG ``` dh``dG
ddG f ```` `` dG `````dG
dG gGh ,``d``YEG ```eh
Ffh ,WdG fGdG jJh LGe
jOdG ICGG XJ SGQO UJ h
b C Gk fh .ffdG dG GP
EG ``` Y ``Y IQ``` Y ```X```dG
Meh Xd OG``YEG Me e c
bH dGh dG e SQ
Y XdG J GQN dP
dG k UNh ,GQ```G J aJ
,G ``` ` dG ``` S ``Y``` b ``H
a ,eG jf Me EG aVEG

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 40

dG jQdG 40

1/6/08 11:08:42 AM

h```J ```M ;``U``G ````dG ``` S

Jeh Q``LC``H dG GP VGG
VH dG jQdGh ,XdG
e q Gh ,UG dH d dG
dG XdG dBG Jh ,GSG
adG GP UG YdG H
.(dGh dG)FdG XdG
UdG ```dG A``G J H
uG ffdG fGG jH G
dG SCGQ Y jOdG ICGG AH Y
G``bG TG M ,``e```G ``Z
SS Y JJ fb SSCG Vh
IdG M d ee Wh
UG dG f dG / fhdG
,aGh dG G H SQh
Yd jOdG ICGG SG Jh
eY FdG ahd SG dG
LGeh ,k e ``jOQ``dG f j
IG M e d G GR`` LCG
.G AdGh dGh
h``` J ``` a ,``d````dG A`` `G `` ` seCG
ffdG fGH G UdG
QGSG jOdG ICGG ZJ dG
M ,UG dH dG SCGQ Y
eT LG Me Y TG
dG GP fGL ac dG d
dG ``Y ``` ` h ```X```dG H
Me Ak G``` S : k ``H```jEG eG
Me hCG d SQGh OG`` YEG
FGY ``N ``e ``e``G jf H ``e
J c .```Y````LG ````eC``dG
dBG J Y NCG AG Gg UJ
N e k JGP jOdG ICG``G XJ
UG IdG YhG SCJ
IQhH JUJ AG Gg fCGh .H
d jQhdGh MG LGG AH
```SGQ``dG UJ Ff Y dG
EG aVEG dGh ICGH bdG GP
GP GdG H dG f ee
ddGh fdGh jObG hdG
.G VhCd HQG

41 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 41

eCdG f AL u
(`g 1421) YLG
jOdG ICGG d
dG jGG e jdG
eCdG bM J
jOdG ICGd ZG
S GfG
u UG dG
YH dG H jOdG ICG``G
.UGh dG
k
AGQh Sh ,OdG Gg
RG``` dGh YVG ``e Q``b ``cCG
Gg CGH a ,dG UJ ee
dG G```J``G jH ``NCG Q```G
GQdG Vh dEG OSG
.MG
k
AV h ,FcdG J Y SCJh
Uf e H VGdG jdG
``jO`````dG ICG`` `G ```Y ```j````Jh
dG Y eh dG dG
jJ UJ W iL a ,UG
.IM Y f c QhO Jh
f CH UdG T M
````dG ``dC```e ```Y ``` f``G ``e``G
fG Veh ,GRLCG Oeh ,FG
,G YdGh ,d dG e ICGG
YdG QNH jOdG M Jh
jOQdG f j eY d SG
,NBG fG h ,L e Gg, k e
H G UdG W iL a
dG jOdG ICGG Y f QhO
Y ``K k ``s```eo ``U``G
dG ````H ```X```dG ``MG``e ```
A``G sJ ,``d``d k ` ` ahh .``U``G
fGL dG jJ Me hCG
Nd jOdG ICGG J EG aOdG

e c CG j Ggh .jJ hCG jG

Me e HdG dG Y OQh
jG dG CH Fb J
GR e dG GRLCG Ve dP
a ej Y N LhR Y aG
OQh dG bdG d dG Veh
UJ hCG dBG hO d jG dG
MdG GO````LG ``e t` ffb
MCG f Lh ``ah JFL d
c eY G g c ,dG GWCG
WEG Y k ag d UG dG
.WGGh WGG Xd
jG dG Gg e dG Y
1421) YLG eCdG f AL
e jdG jOdG ICG``G d (``g
eCdG bM J ```dG ``jG``G
GfG jOdG ICGd ZG
SCGQ Y JCjh ,UG dG S
G eQCG M : G J Fb
,LhR Teh f Y Te H
ZH Y YdG T bSGh
,dP ZHh .Gh eG S
LGe EG j ````dG G``g E` `a
,jG dG f e ,jS i``NCG
e Td Uf J VH
M dhdG SSh G LJ
Ie J j H jOdG ICG``G
ICGG b e gaJ RdG GTG
d YdG Te S edG
k
a
;G YdGh ,fdG dG
aG OJ dBG J IQhV Y
e G YdG fh dG Gg H
Y jGH Y jOdG ICG``G j
e dEG fG hCG UG dG
.eG dG
dG ```M``Gh FdG A```V
Y fCG Y ```dG Q```G S
```SGQ``dG Qh`` ``d``K TG ,ICG`` `G
fCG jd MG e OY Y
M ``gQhO Jh dG jJh
cQe ``` e IO`` jR h`` X J

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:42 AM

IQdG J

:d NGdG dG

dG YU a
dH jj dG hCG G hCG d k c AGS e e c j
VdGh Xh AGOC G Gg J hj dd VdGh MGdH a j CG
H eG G``dCGh OG``G QNGh QJ VH e dG j ``bh e
d IGh IAdG G Gg a d Cj e g dh
.dG g J Y GTEGh HG dG
UY e H j eh NGdG dG Y Y AdG f j ah ..
d SSCG AiOGh SCG EG f c G JGKCJh GdCGh OGeh
e H NGdG dG

jG dU jd GY
IY a dG dG
jQG h fG dG b

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 42

dG jQdG 42

1/6/08 11:08:43 AM

.VQCG
.(GQG) FGG
.SCG
.IAVEG
.KCG
````YCGh Q`` N`` dGh ````fG```dG
.G
aGf) fCGh IQdG YCG
.(GHCG
.G jG YCG
.dG ILCG
dG SCG gCG k jCG jd dc
-: gh NGdG
.IMdG
.GJG
.`dG
.SdGh dG
.JGdGh ZdG
.Gh dG
.dGh G

43 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 43

...H ceCGh Jh ATCG g

SG QNG d j d
IjdG ``FG```dG ``H ``e M d
.MG
j ``````G ````H ``` g
k
H SJ b k fGdCGh e M
ceCG SJ b dh ceCG
Jh MG J M iNCG
...GSG jW Jh XdG
H G j CG j dd
jdG Y IQdGh fhGh G
k SQGO j CG j c ...QHGh
RG```d``c G R``` d``H k ` ` ` eh
fH ..dEG ...ehdGh YdG
a (hO`` `G) jG dSCG
.dP eCG j
NGdG dG Y Jh
GGh ZGdG SGQO fcP c
fG Ud SG G Vhh
-: UdG J gCG j ah ...d

NGdG dG
IQY fCH NGdG dG j
Vhh GGh ZGdG SGQO Y
fG Ud SG ``` G
IAH Xh jOCd Jh d
GdCG QNGh OGe GSH
.Se H Se
NGdG d iNCG jJ gh
-: j a gCG OQf
dG HdG Mh e a g
GdG cG LGJ
Gg j e GSG j H
a Gh ``KCG e GdG
.GhdGYjk Vek je
jOCd G J Y IQdG g
bCH LCG e G XdG
. O
SH ``` G `````e ``a ``g
jH ``M``` G ```U````dG ````L
YJh MGdH QdG Y YJ
.dG Y
Z M QHG Y IQ```dG ``g
Q``` ` NGh ````G ```S```J ``j`````J
fc k ` jCGh SG G`` dCGh OGd
dG d G jQdG
JH J a ```NG``dG
```dG f EG ``fO``` Jh I`` `MGh
e ``` NG``dG ```````dG `````jh
```EGh ``YG``dG GQOEG G
aeh UJh jQG QeCH
geh ``e``Gh OG````H SGh
eGSG ch FNh
G JLQOh G``dC``H ``jGQOh
QNG M aQ hPh gKCJh
I``Gh ````dGh ```G Y e
jRJh IAVEG dch HdGh
G ``KCGh Jh QgdGh
...GQGcEGh FdGh Gh
QSCG ae EG aVEH ...gZh

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:44 AM

IQdG J

:Rd NGdG dG

NGdG IQdG a eN G SG
G Sj
jdG je

(3D MAX efH) NGO Qe

(3DSMAX) efH G Gg gcP

VG GdG N jCG QJ ``dGh
.c H
``j``` dG ``` Y `` ` `dG G`` `g ``` ` ` jh
CINEMA4D) `` ` `e `` ` eG`` ` dG `` `e
.(AUTODESKVIZ
YEG Y RM b hCG CG hj d
fhe e d NGdG G ``cCG
jQGh SdG TCG e edG
.....c dG AGOCGh IdG
YdH ``FG``` f ```Y ``` J `` fCG ```c
e fQe Se S e jdGh G
.IdG H NBG efH
efH SJ dG G Yj fCG c
e j Oj dGh (AUTOCAD)
.HdG Y e Se

hH dG dP QG QdG S
.k e e GHEGh ec eSEG
H X a jG dG eCG
QaCG e ``NCG dG jdG ``SQG``G
.Y QWh dG SQGGh
SdG ````dG ````fCG a
GQG ``c e ec H Gk e
hCG ``j```J `` jCG A``` ` VEG h`` H ```H````dG
dG ``Y Q`` N ``fC` ch I``j``L Q``` aCG
``L``` SCG ``j``j ``fC``c hCG ``` a ``g `` `dG
QdG jQe ZGH VG
.``NBG ``eR EG ``eR ``e LG dH
k ` HQO S ``NBG dGh
edG dH k de ``NBG
IUG I``` G Sj ``
M ``` ` W``` ` Hh ``g``` ` ` Jh
````````G `` ` `G ``` ` J
J OJ hCG Q``N``dG Jh
J jZ G``dCG GSGh
.b e jdG H ee
``` ` ` SG RCG ``````a
QXE FGdG GhOCG fEG
QdG Y eJ Mh QaCG
Y S k HQe k J T FYEGh
RGe Hh dG Qa bGdG
G UCa HSG OdG QJ
QXEG bH X c dY YH
GhOCGh ```T````dGh ``` dG ```V``dG GP
H LQG cGhdGh Ydc GNEG
VGbEG bGdG EG dG G
H JH M dG hCG
I``c```G ``eG``dG
Y J MCG H dG
k SQ fc GPEG dG
.bGh M CG k HSM
H Y M dP bh
dG Gg G
.dG Ggh dG Ggh
Q``` j `` ` `dG `` `eG`` `H

jOCd G J g NGdG dG
VQCG G``g jh L bCH FXh
.GdGh SCGh GQGh
MG hCG GdG e a) jCG gh
UY L J jH gOHCG ach
dG Y Yj L f Y dG
.G NGO
Gd dG e fCH f CG h
Jh fEG dG SQ G
fEG G`` eh Sd IQ```U aCH
.bhP QJh
hCG ```NG``dG dG ``a Q```J ``bh
fEG aK Qd k J NGdG IQdG
Qd k cGe c jCGh Yh h
.dGh LdjjEGh adGh dG
HQhCG dG Y fa c a
IQdGh IQdG OGhQ g G S Y
jDhH gZa . edG dP NGdG
.H a dL
UYh Y G`` ` `NOCGh
````jDhQh dG gQ k J ```a```VEG
eSEG IQd ff d eCG .dG
dG GQH AdG KCJ fCG a
H eb K eh e MG
Mf eSEG db dGh QaCG
k G
j M edG IQdG hC
e EG f K fehdG IQdH KCdG
eSEG QG dG SG QJ e
O``Hh HdG ```G ``JhQP j M
IhQP Y f CG dGh dfCG

(3D MAX efH) LQN Qe

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 44

dG jQdG 44

1/6/08 11:08:44 AM

bOh MG d bdG dG
dGh G G HJ
N fi dN .O
IH dG dH V PSCG
(Me J : jQGh fG SdG b)
dH SGQdGh dG ce e

H dGh BG SG EG MG RG e fdG
g jJ j dP H K HG bdG EG Ud eRdG
e f dHh eG f efH EG G fdG
.( -1 dG) dGh G G HH bdG
Y fG fdG IYb Ad IOG bdG dG : 1 dG
.bdG d aGG eG f J AfEG

ArcGIS (www.esri.com) efH EG G fdG j .

45 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 45

.Polaris (www.softstrada.com) efH fdG e .CG

jQG J Y SSCG IYdG MG dG j
dGh fG SdG UHh SdG
G NGO dG T eh dG G) GdG
dGh GG dG Gg JEG QhdG e dd .(Hh
jQG ``g R``EG A```KCG ``Gh G af M bO ``e
.WdG ObG jJ ITe Z jH gG dHh
MG ILCG SH MG adG bO e dG KEG
IG eGdGh (Total Station) edG G e bdG
j (Least Squared Method) HG bCG jW Y
aGG eG f eGH EG fG fdG j
a j M (Geodatabase) fH IYb jd
jdG H d UNh YdG g Y OYG H
QGdG NCG Y eCG jf Yj dGh SGh
H VY hf ILG dG g .IQhdG Y CG
H Y je IOG bdG dG e G
.IY a jH e hdH dEG UJ dG FdG
OYGh edG G SGH adG U e dG a
j j (Geodetic points) Le jjOL f Y

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:46 AM

hdG jQdG

: jQdG QOe h hdEG QdG ce

,k HY hdEG ifi aCG

Je bQ IFL hCG cGh
G dU H dN : OGYEG
jQdG
QOe h hdEG QdG ce Y
Y Qe QG

dG VjdG

Y Qe QG

Xh S

Y Qe QG

idG fhdEG

Y Qe QG

Sb

Blackboard
Blackboard
Blackboard
Blackboard

:iGh cd hdEG bG
e www.elearning.edu.sa hdEG bG TJ
h G``gC k YJ `g 1423 ``Y jf cG AYCG b
:j dN a .cG MW

OL IK c M ``g1422 Y jGH cG SCJ

h```dEG dG J ``NOE jdGh dG dH
G jQdGh dG d edG SDG G``Mh EG
jQdGh dG Y ffEGh BG SG GSH
IdG OGYCG e M jG dG g gS PEG
JGQe IOjR EG Lj jdG HQGh HQG e
.G T
k
:cG NGO fhdEG IQG GQG
h ATutor Y Qe QG
cG be jW Y dEG UdG

SG T

h ATutor Y Qe QG
cG be jW Y dEG UdG

bQ FGhO

h ATutor Y Qe QG
cG be jW Y dEG UdG

J f

h ATutor Y Qe QG h AHdG SSCG

cG be jW Y dEG UdG
fhdEG
c h (eArts) cT b ``e gjJ ge
Y bdG h GTEG Qh``H cG b b h SDd k c
:JOL
Y Qe QG

YCG IQGOEG Oe

Y Qe QG

AMEG ee

Y Qe QG

dG jdG AjdG

Blackboard
Blackboard
Blackboard

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 46

dG jQdG 46

1/6/08 11:08:47 AM

e 2005 bQ IFL hCG cG eG J h JG IQGRh b

.jOdG HdG G

e 2006 bQ IFL hCG cG eG J h JG IQGRh b

.jOdG HdG G

V HdG G ie Y dG
h MdG h MdG e Fg Y
gS G dG QOG
G dG h G OdG
.dSh j H G Gg
:cG Y M dG FGG
d dG dG IFH RdG ``dhO FdG ge h eG
World Summit Award) dG
h```dEG i aCc (WSA
.HdG hdG ie Y

h````dEG dG aK f .HdG G
.fhdEG GQG f dG d GQG Y jQJ .dG IQGOEG f GSH dG
.dG YdG J ``jQ``` dG h ``````dG ``cG``e `` HQ .H hdEG
Q`` ` `dG `` c`` ``` ` S``dG `` b`` G
jQdG QOe h hdEG
``j``` ` e ```b``````H `` ` ` CG `` ` `c
www.) h````dEG Q``` d``H UN
d c (elearning.edu.sa/forum

Aqlam Publishing

jQdG
jj
- `g1429
47()dG
( )2008
-
- .. -

Tadreeb.indb 47

1/6/08 11:08:48 AM

hdG jQdG

..SCORM

je

!hdEG d G
dG G`` NG f ```d
dG ``j``` G `` MCG ``e IO``` ` ` SG
NCG dG h QS je e FdG
.VG HQCG GdG N QfG
e aM LJ ``g QS c h
Sharable Content jEG dG
Object Reference Model SCORM

f LG PdG :J dG h
je h .(G) cQdG iG
e Y ``K Y IQY QS
(````UG``G hCG) jG h ``j```G
e G (edG e J) cGdG

jQG gCG Y jG UCG

jd eRe h``` dEG dG
`` f h``` dEG dG ``Y
hdEG J fEG gCG jQG
dG Q```dG IO`` aEG ```ZQh e
Y Ie de e Gk AL j a fCG
je fH JG dG OGYEG e VG
IQaS G cdG iMEG
dG ``j``` e `` Y ``` ` j `` ` dGh
k G f bh h```dEG
ec
HdG IQGRh e IQOdG ge a
.jOdG HdG H dGh

HG S H SL.O
jherbish@yahoo.com

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 48

dG jQdG 48

1/6/08 11:08:50 AM

: hdEG dG UGeh je
SG N e jQdG L
.AICC GdG YU Y BG
d ``````F``dG ````G `````bG
aJ Y (www.aicc.org) G
Y dG jGh ``dOCGh eG
SG N e jQd G dG
T N e jQdGh (CBT) BG
.(WBT) ffEG
: AICC hdEG SG e
edG YG e J
www.) ``fh``` dEG SG e
jJ Y ieee.org) IEEE LTSC
f ``dOCGh SQh J je
GhOCGh ,BG ````S``G `` eG`` H
dG dG dSCGh LddG
Jh fUh QfGh jJ J
e jQdGh dG fCGh fe
.BG SG ILCG N
dG O dG IQGOEG f
:IMS dG
www.) dG IQGOEG fQj
````UG``e imsglobal.org) IMS
J dG dG fCG d Me
iG be j e ffEG T
,G J Heh ,dSGh HdG
GSGh ,G AGOCG Ff jRJh
``jQGOEG fCG H G S
.G
:ADL G dG jRJ IQOe
Y e hCG jJ T
jdG adG IQGRh eb 1997
HCG dG e h jeCG IG
IQO``` e ``WE` H ```L``d`````dG `````d
jhJ H ADL G dG jRJ
OGh IL Yf P H G
L dH gaJ jQJ
CH Iae J CG Y ,OdG G
JGh ,G ``j``j ```eh ``bh

49 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 49

.cG SdG h jdG

.VdG FGG
dTCH ```b``dG i````G ``a``J h
dG Y c QhV G
ij Gk RL d iGh .hdEG
g H ,j K j M j h
gj h edG e j e cGJ
h G e c OY YJ h
gG j Wh IhK g h .jHdG
dG AfEG h J h jYQ h H
J dG h .dd G QhdG h
e cGJ h e jd hdG
cCG j C J h ,bdG iG
Gg .HQG h G e jT
gG Y G M j h
dG GhOCG Qd Gk f ,dG iG
.eGSG dS h IOG FSd

edG GG e h u
J fCG QS j
iG F Y
UCG Jfe EG bdG
e Qd Hb L h
jdG h dG N
dG e a h
u dG
: hdEG dG je QJ
dG I```c SDe ```Y
hdEG dG QX b ` jW bd
d UGeh je OjEG Y `
ARIADNE SDe fa dG
IMSh ALCC h IEEE SDeh ,HQhCG
jd J jeCG IG jdG
JJ IOe Gd jeh UGe
gCG Y f BG YOh . dG H
jJh OjEG Y J dG SDG

J dG h dG G
iG d k a k Le Y
dG YG h .dG bdG
:g
``` b``dG i``` ` G ``` ` P`` `
.(Aggregation Model Content)
Run-Time) ``` d``` G ``` ` ` dG
.(Environment
Sequencing) dG h HdG
.(and Navigation
QS j edG GG e h
bdG iG F Y J fCG
Hb L h `````UCG ``J``f```e EG
jdG h dG ``N e Qd
Y h .dG dG e a h
iG AH Y QS je J
e fEa dG bdG
:ddG GG
h) ```b``dG i````G f ```f```eEG
i IQGOEG H C``H (``J```F``L
.dH (LMS)
h) bdG iG GSG feEG
Ge eGSG IO``YEG h (JFL
.IOe TCH h IOe
QJ h G AGOCG He feEG
h dG ``dP `` `` O`` cCG
.gZ h d RdG bdG
G iG FL V feEG
P J bQ i Y d
.dGdFeJhHJ
dG bdG iG j h
e (Q`` ` `` `S ``j``` e ``` ` ` H)
g h ,ddG SSCG FG
h NGe H Ua jRJ d
:jRdG h d Hb
.HG UdG
QdG h ```M````jEG ``e``` S``dG
.aGZJdG
.JdGGKDGhJdGdG

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:51 AM

hdG jQdG
JG FSh LdJ e YdG
``f``fEG `````T GQ`` `bh ,IO``` ` G
.cdG dG
:ADL SCORM QhO
G SCORM P`` q ` ` j
VGe J f eg hCG IN
j VGe O`` fc ``e dG
Y SCORM Jh ,k gJ
J VG dG FSdG jhJ
L G EG J CG
SCORM QhO j .dG dG
H YdG ````UG``G eJ ``Y
.AICC h IEEE h IMS
``Y``` `` e SCORM ``dC````J
dG OGe UJh jd UGe
e ``c EG i`````G ```d``Y ``jQ``` dGh
,A````j ``` eh `` bh CG ```L````j
d H SCORM id ajh
.dG Jd SSCc ee
IO``G jJh GSG IO`` YEG h
,jh dH J dG dG
AGLE U IOe J fCG EG aVEG
J IOe EG jh Y dG
Q```eh G ``L``M ``e ``aG```J
eGdG g Jh ,dG eGdG
I``` LCG ``e ```c ``` J ``Y dG
Th ,JG fCGh BG SG
Ic ``j``` J `````Jh ,`` f`` fEG
fCG ``N ``e eGSG IO`` `YE

J CG Y JG T CG
aj S .G OLdG M EG
IYb G hG Gg e jJ
jhJ Y J dG YVd
VGG GP dG eGdG VGh
,Z ee QO iG ddG
J e OjEG jJ Y Jh
J GH G Oh``J IjL
Hbh GSd `````Uh ce
.d UG LG ah OGYEd
eGH cDJ CG Y IOdG L d
,dG ``eG``J ```Y ```H ``Y `````dG
bh dG G e Gg jh
Y h````H ``` fCG ``e ``Z``d``H ,`q `` e
Y ADL SDe cDJ M ,G
H ,eGdG EG LG Y
LG hO bGeh dG UJ
bhh e e G EG
.e
q
G dG jRJ J J
Jh ,BG SG Y G dG

k jOb Gk QhO G dG jRJ IQOe

Q```eh eG ``H ```JG Ad
Y IQOG Yh ,YdGh eGdG
CG dG LddG J jJ
G YS ``ah e CG h ``bh
IOdG QhO ADL NCG .dG Y
SDG eGd jG jG j
dU Y P Vhh dG
hP PdG Gg Y bh ,GSd
bdG h (SCORM) G iG
SDG L k ` ` e h````J `` G
jJ Y jGh VGH G
dG dTCG (SCORM) P``
.Gh
:ADL G dG jRJ SDe jDhQ
dG ``jR``J SDe J
e aJh OjEG Y ADL G
M ad h`` `hCG
,jRJh ,Jh ,dG VGe
``g ``a``` J CG ``` jh ,``` d``` ` ` ` SGh
hCG dG ffEG T Y VGG

e jJ ``aj ``S u
``G h``G G``g
dG YVd IYb
``VGh jhJ Y ``J
GP ``dG ``eGdG
iG ddG ``VGG
u Z ee QO``
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 50

dG jQdG 50

1/6/08 11:08:52 AM

e SCORM dCJ u
jd UGe Y
dG OGe UJh
iG dY jQdGh
Lj e c EG
u Aj eh bh CG
SCORM SDe UGeh je e

Hb J be jH ejh
, fCG Y QG Sd
MdG e iG dY be k jCGh
dG GgC eGSG YdG
J IO`` `YEG ``` h ,``jQ``` dGh
,d jOdG ``L``G Sd
T Y eGdG g aJ CG jh
dEG UdG H ``f``fEG
Zj c CG h e CG h bh CG
.G a

51 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 51

:SCORM eGH H bJ
SCORM eGH H bJ j
KK ````jh ``` ` JGh ``` dG ``` dO
,``eG``dG Jh ,``` dG ``g ``f```e
.fdG Ph
:GQNG
G dG jRJ SDe eb
e H QNG efH jH ADL
aVEG .ffEG T Y ADL be
QNG jH SDG J dd
dG eGdG Y aG SDG
.X Y GOT e e
:SCORM SD G iG
G SDG ```J ```S
c Xj jL J P`` jH
,J J e SDG dEG UJe
dG jG dG GQdG cGjh
.Gh
UGGh jG aCG jJ H
Qe L E` a LddG d
j S hdEG dG be

eG G .Ye IjY
.SCORM
:SCO cQd Hb i VGe
SCO cQd HdG iG
dSG dG QO kie fOCG
CG M LMS dG fCG b e
cQd HdG dG i VGe
UG PdG J J VGe g
cQd ```H```dG `````dG ``j````
:Assets GOLG .SCORM
HdG iG VGe A```H j
U e QOe GSH cQd
,dEG ...fdG QdG eh. dG
e J CG dG QOG gh
c g YJh ,iNCG i VGe
.cG QOG hCG G GOLe
:dG Ve
kYVe dG Ve j CG j
k
,e J i gh ,k JGP e
,UN J ``g d j
IU AGLCG EG dG Ve jh
J VGe J CG ``g``Mh
VGe e eGSG .e
LMh e LGd i``NCG J
.e e h e bh e e
:iG d SCORM P
Pd FdG ```dG j
aJ i````G d SCORM
IOYEG J i eY FSh
J QOe e cQeh eGSG
k PdG jh ,i``NCG
jd dO
i EG jh QOG h
SCORM P j , J
jGh UGG ``e Y EG
,k H H e NGG LddG
BG SM eGH fEG ZdG Yh
GdG a PdG Gg e aGJ
k `eG```dG P````dG ``j```eh ````UG``
.k eJ

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:53 AM

JGh J

:JdG

SEG NCG dG dG QGSCG

QdG e e
Bluetooth

NdG gGHEG .
SG b FQ

.G RG Y Jh dG
G Sd : G S a
e Sh ,k e j CG JdG hCG
dG f k e Bluetooth
.JdG hCG G SH UG
Bluetooth e j e IOYh
SM bc U b Y IQY
(Bluetooth e :1 TfG)
``` G ``b``` ` dG `` g ``` V``J ``` M
gh .G RG d G
e j dG I```LCG e jdG
j ```UCG a Gk O``L``e Bluetooth
e Sd ``j````dG ``` LG``dG ``HQ
LGh ``N e Bluetooth e
Ik OY j M ,HCI Gh G
f ``e Bluetooth e `` HQ
SdG dBG iMEG SGH G
H bH e .``G /NdG d
IdG Y G NGdG JG
PCMCIA (Peripheral ````b``dG
Component

,(Interconnect

Microchannel
Architecture

e : jY EG
P````dG hCG) Bluetooth `````eh
J (Bluetooth d ``jOG``dG
HCI (Host Gh G LGh
``` LGh (Controller Interface
Gh G ``e ``c ``H I``M``e
xc J 1 T Vjh .Bluetooth
.Bluetooth eh Bluetooth e
kjCG Bluetooth e j
Je Ik OYh Sd dG dG fCH
J Y Hh ,dG IOLe
f hCG dG efH V e
dG ```V``Jh .`````G J
b Bluetooth d fG
IOLe Ik OY J M ,cJhdG

Bluetooth d QX hCG c
dG g dG c M ,1994 Y
ddG JGdG ILCG Hd J Y
ILCG Ud SCG GSG hH
J Y dG cJ ch ,H e
ILCG Ud jOGdG Le J
SG h b Hh H ``e
e hCG EG M .jQd G``L V
H .Ericsson cT dG GH CGH
EG Ericsson cT fG ``dP
Toshiba, Nolia, cdG ``e ``c
The Bluetooth Gd Intel, IBM
(Special Interest Group (SIG
H `````G ``` U``G ``Y``` ` G)

bH `````fG G`` J ``K ,(``J``` ` dG

.cT 9000 ba M cdG
`H dG g J S
Bluetooth

Mh Mh ,OG TdG dG
hCG Harald Blatand cdG G
dH j c) Harold Bluetooth
jhdGh dG e c (jEG
Hh H IQdG MJ EG iOCG
g cG Hh ,d IQhG GdG
g MJ C YG eCJ fc dG
JGh SG YU dG
H G SG a ,jCG JdG
Bluetooth g dG d YG
.Harold Bluetooth G EG f
Bluetooth Se H
Bluetooth cJhH Se j
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 52

dG jQdG 52

1/6/08 11:08:54 AM

.ILCG IQb
``d``G `` g : Sniff Mode .2
,SJ dSQ d j HdG
K IO``` ````eR I``` d ``` j ``H
FSQ dg g a H j
d ``L``j ``K !? CG I``j``L
IdG ``JC` J M Y ``f ``d``M
.iNCG
j ``e```Y : Hold Mode .3
FdG ``H Se fH dg
a .``d``G d j HdGh
T ``e Jd Gk ``M HdG a
jd SG Y hCG iNCG IU
dh ,```U``G IdG T
GdH k dG g j
AM-) FdG RH Hj dG
.(ADDR
j ``d``G ``g :Park Mode .4
dG e YCG f HdG a
ILCG Id j ,(3) HdG
.FdH J CH
ILCG fY
Bluetooth
gh GY d Bluetooth RL c

:bCG KK EG J jhdG
Bluetooth (BD_ RL G```Y .1
H k H 48 e jh :(ADDR
. 802 IEEE fY
`` d`` ` `` `dG A`` ` ` ` `` ` `YCG G`` ` ` ` `Y .2
KK e jh :(AM_ADDR)
Ggh ,Active Mode d H
da I``` LCG S d j
``NC`J ``` dGh I`````dG dG
H ,(111 - 001) e jhdG
d ``````j (000) G``` ` dG
A`` ` `` `YCG ``` ` L `` H ``F````S``dG
.(Broadcast)
PM_) bG A````YCG G```Y .3
H fK e jh :(ADDR
j `` ,Park Mode d
.RL256 d

53 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 53

.dSQEG
CG i``G j RL ch
Frequency j OO`` H O`` j

``Z `` ` ` ` `dG `` ` `` `` `` `` `Gh `` `` ` S`` `G

UART (Universal `` eG`` ` `G
Asynchronous

ReceiverdG dG Gh (Transmitter
.(USB (Universal Serial Bus

Hopping Spread Spectrum

OOH Ib 79 i``MEG Y ,((FHS
.1MHz

Jee U ``F``` dG ```S``a

.OdH b dG HdG e eGd
Fd (ID) jJ bH HdG Oa
.H GbG d
jL OO``J H FdG Sa
jG HdG Hh H HGdG d
.(FHS)
iNCG Ie jJ bH HdG Oa
.jG dG Y (ID)
b G`` ` bG C` ` H ``F``` dG ``` S``a
``````SGh `` ` `SQEG `````Yh
f `` ` `SQE` `H `` ` dPh ,I```g```L
.(Poll)
fCG d Null H HdG Oa
.BG M
JG M
SQEH Bluetooth I```LCG J
(Inquiry) Sd ``jOGQ Le
,H d G``e J I```LCG ``Y
iNCG LCG Hh H GbG GPEa
ILCG d k FQ j CH dP dj
```J ``` dG I```` `LCGh ,(Master)
d k J J SG Gg Y OdH
M HQCG e dM dg .(Slave)
RH ```e ``gh dG Y ```j
:FdG
k cQe HdG j :Active Mode .1
k
CH dPh IdG dG a
,(Listening) ``````j : ``` j
j h (Transmitting) Sj
.``f````dG `` M (Receiving)
FdG RG dG ``gh
``` SQE``H QhO H ``` j C
eGdG Y d HdG EG
j ,(Synchronization)

e ``e x` `c J CG `` ZQh
e Y J Bluetooth eh
H k e O a ,I``` LCG
j h ( SCGdG YS) e ILCG
.HCI LGh GSG
e ILCG JG c
dG H
dG Bluetooth ILCG Y
T J dG H fe J
IdG dG g ,Pico-net IU
h ,Master FQ hCG ``F``b d ```j
h .2 T Slaves (A``` ` YCG) J
CG J R```L ``c MdG f
Ggh .iNCG IU d k FQ j
T e cCG dg j CG EG ODj
bG dG gh be IU
.3 T Scatter-nets J

2 T

3 T

JG Y
``j``jOGQ Le FdG Sj
ie jJ bH fH eM

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:55 AM

jQdG bGe

: dG Gh dG jQdG

jcG Jh dSG H
d HdG jQdG GMdG
dG dG
.IjH YGQdG dG c.1
.IjH dG dG.2
.IY a dG dG.3
.SdG a dG dG.4
dG `` gG
.IjH G jQdG e.1
.SdG a G jQdG e.2
.FGdG a G jQdG e.3
.fG a G jQdG e.4
.IYaYdGGG.5
dGh IQd G jQdG e.6
.AGG VjQ a
HdG IfG jQGOEG GMdG
d
.G feCG .1
.dG GTEG IMh .2
.G jQdG IMh .3
.YEGh edG b dG IMh .4
.hdEG jQdG IMh .5
.jQGOEGh dG hDdG IMh .6
.HQG hDT IMh .7
.IOGh QGOEG jdG IMh .8
.BG SG ce .9
.jQdG Ife ce .10
.jQdGh jdG ce .11
.IdG BG J ce .12
``jQ``` dGh `````G ``e``N I`` `Mh .13
.G
.gCG IMh .14
.jQdG g IMh .15
.fdGh jQG IMh .16

eH J S dG G jQG
dG dG jQe eh G AHCG
jQeh ,SdGh IYh IjH e c
IjH d dG ``` dG G
G jQdG e heh ,IYh
.IjH
dG dSG H
IFGQ GN SDG N
hCG jdG FcQ e dh jdG
d k ehO SDG S dG
dSG H) g MhG GH
HdG g J bh (dG
ee RHCG eh (ILh dG) dG
Y dG SFQ a dSEG g
G FQ QYGh dG dG IOY
jQdG dG S Y k eY ae
JG jQdG GMdG ``jQGOEGh
SDG GQGOEG h``a e O``Y Vh H
g dh ,G e G
e Ze JCJh jdG f hCG IN
e jG J SDG J e
AGQRdG aGe CG H jJ
.Y bG
d hdEG be
UGdG gCH G ``e k ` f``EG
TJ a LQG dH JGh
H Kh hd d hdG be
IMhh eG Jh SG JMh
H ``YEGh edG bdG
e G e UGdG HGdG Gg
.JG GdG N
Jg ` 51431 : IjH 1144 .``U
:ca ` 063250091 ` 063250071 :
hdG bG 063260668
www.qtvtc.edu.sa

HGh dG GTEH G j
G``M``dG ````jQ```dG dG ````d
jQd edG SDd HdG jQdG
dGh dG e Gh dG
L G`` M`` dG ``H dG ```Y
SG G OjEGh jQdG G
GbGh GMdG g LGJ dG FGd
aEH jQdG GMdG SdG N
J jJ hCG IjL J
jh ,dG S e Sj Fb
SDG fCGh eGH jdH G
edG SG cQGh JGMhh
G ``eCG SDG h G
.H UG dGh eG
AG```Y jY G ````jh
FQ SFH G gG AGQeh dG
aVEG ,WdG S H Y .O G
e ,IfG GMdG H je EG
jQdG I`` Mhh ``HQ```G hD` ` T I``Mh
I``Mhh ```gCG jQdG I``Mhh G
I``Mhh G jQdGh G eN
.dG GTEG IMhh IdG BG
e jdG GSEH G b bh
QhH J dG IjG GQGOEG
SG cG IQGOEG e G Ie
IO``Gh QGOEG jdG IQGOEGh BG
GQGOEG e gZh jQdG g IQGOEGh
.k dM Fb g e EG aVEG
Md k ah FQh G jh
Jh YGb e Tj d MG
G ajh Gh dG jQdG d
Ff EG JYLG V e IQH
.LdGh WEd jQdGh d aG
G jQe
e ``j``` dG ```H``` `````G ``` j

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 54

dG jQdG 54

1/6/08 11:08:57 AM

: dH jQdG Ife ce

dY IAH jQdG GdG fU

QU cG Ge H

cH jJ
dG He J d HJ jQGOEG IMh cG
jQdG GGh ILCG eS V N e jQdG
.jQdG GMdG e hdH d FQdG fdG AGLEH
jQdG Ife ce aG
Y jQdGh d aG Ff IOS aGe
dG ce eh jQdG Ife cGe e OY aG
fdG jQJ IQhO SDG He e OY J H
`g1424 Y G QN UEGh
SSCG cG e
.GMdG jQdG Gd hdG OG .1
.jQdG GdG fH IYb AfEG .2
a j CG j dG jQhdG fdG Y GTEG .3
.jQJ IMh c HQG
.jQdG Gd FQdG fdG YCH dG .4
.GMdG dG OG cQG .5
``jQdG GMdG cG Y j dG dG bCG

55 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 55

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:08:57 AM

MS

!gQGSCG Y p r Jn Pr EG dG
..Gh Gh GLdG Y h ..IjG b
e j f `` fJh dG d I eg `` J M dG e I`` cGdG h `` WQG `` HJ
.LCG L ZJ dG deQ h Fe H JJh L
..NGhdG j U AGg ..HY e ..Ie f ..f eQ
adG M `` Y Jh .IQd dG `` MQ J ..Ihf h IQ`` h UGJ h `` c `` e `` N `` gCG
jG fOj eYh ..BG `` M dG gC `` S X Ic IQd SCG `` dG `` JLQ `` G h
,FGdG ,fG ,`` jdG ,SdG ,IY ,I`` jH" ddG G J `` dG G Y f `` a `` dG `` Y
cCJ d HdG cGGh idG fL EG "..SdG ,AGG Y ,SCG ,AGG VjQ ,fdG
.T MJh dG IMh Y

IjH - ae a
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 56

dG jQdG 56

1/6/08 11:08:59 AM

IjH QdG S

GP JjH j `` dG ``H```dG
H ````` dG ``j``Y``` dG Q`````dG
V a bdG L eCG ,HdG
.HSdG VG
..dG
dG e ````S O`` Y ```H
Mh ,f 322^167 ` `g1394 ``Y
GM H `g1425 d dG OGdG
Oj e CG f e 1,016,756
Hh ,G S ```LEG e %4^8
f dCG 817 jOdG dG OY
S LEG e %80^6 GM
%37^5 GM cjh ,dG e
.IjH je G S e
..IcGdH KGJ bGe
G UGdG aK bGeh
.bGd
CG ..dG dG Y f g
VdG ``Y CG ..dG dG ``Y
dL EG jG CG ..jdG
Jh J dG edG fch be
.jH QdG
``gQ````b `` Y `` j`` G ``` ` fo CG

57 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 57

W N H h k VY 2r8 h 3r4 H J
.4r5 h 4r1
2c 70333 EG J Me
UY ``V``j``dG e ```H ``` h
jG eh jOdG HdG G
.FMh IQG
.. dG jQJ
Q`` dG ``` f ````V dG ```J

.. kjQJ dG
k
Y Gk S
dG MG
e dH ``Y ````JQG PEG ``jQ```dG
``` fCGh k ``U````N ,``F``b``dGh G`` ` MCG
gS HdG IjG k be MG
,GMCG S c gLGJ
H" HdG FdG e dG S
b .."``` H h Y H h ``` SCG
..Hh SEG
d j k fe IjdG ge Xh
AG c GS Y dgCGh FdG c
.! H ObG Oj
..edG OGh
..dG T
..AGH Y QGO
..fHCG L
gUY ``` dG ``bG``G ``g I``` c
bGeh G``MC`H e TYh jQdG
e e dGh SH OLe X
.jQdG OGeH jM QWEG
..dG aGL
..HdG IjG b
..dG J .. b H
VdGh dG ``FGhOh HH

(G) fG S

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:09:00 AM

MS
..dG fLe
..dG MG
jT QGe Yh dG a
U fL dG e
``eG``dGh ``a``` G ``e ``j``` dG ``
SJ ``` dGh `````a``dGh ````jh``dG
.dGh FGdG
adG ddG e dG Jh
.LG Ie N HOCGh VjdGh
EG dG YS e k ej CGJ dGh
.ej Hh dG e
je c J dGh MG ``gh
gGh UGJh jYH oJ M Y
e Hh Md dG dG e
.aG ah G IQeCG
..AdG MG
``f``L```e ``````dG `` e ````J
.AdG a I
M adG Le f IjH
M adG hY LCG G
, Y G e edG fJ
MdG ee c g LGJ

d d
``HOCG dG O``f O``Lh CG c
YLG dU ``HG ``c``eh I``j``H
```a````dG ``c``G ``g``` S I`````H
e h ,ch a H d
edG G iMEG IjH OS G
.H

FGdG

G``J dG JHGH Y hCG ..dG

J dGR e dG YQGe hCG ..bGe
.GShGSYGGdhd
aGd FQ c dG beh
H G OH e Gh QdG
gS IQ```G jGh eG e
bGe Jh IOe aK jJ
.jQdG Y
e jdG OLH dG R c
Gk aGQ T dG G TCGh G
e UGJ k UN ..d k jQ
``gCG H ``b dG jQdG MdG
."dG" dG
dG dH gCGh G JG c
."HHEdScCG"HEHgGh
dG dG ``cCG CG c
d dG adG e Gk AL J
VCG M ``f``G GH ```h ``H
.cCG dG GG Y j FGdG
jdG G`` `dG G``g ``e `k `` UG``Jh
dH IG fGL T
UdG ``e Gk ``` c k ``fh`` `````G
.G e H NGdG KGdG

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 58

dG jQdG 58

1/6/08 11:09:01 AM

dPh !!..YS 72 e cCG Jah

EG IQ``j``dG J dG ``bG``G Od
..H fG aG YJ fL
e dG MdG MG e Gd
.g ..d UdG G
``e``d``a ``j``dG `` M`` dG IG``` d
dH adG hY gdG
IQjd q e e d HdG
J dGh G H SGh
.G gC e
dMdG e fG M "b" IH
MdGh UG IGgh dG gCGh
..dG jdG MdG dL Y
M b AG j M IY Z
dG GT Y dG ejh
dG h QdG bd FGdG

SdG - fdG H

59 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 59

jdG

Y eh IY Z
je T T adG
``Y e ``` Jo h I``j``H
k Se k fe k jCG adG
c ````ah Sd
dG IGg eQ
``cG``e ``` ` a ``L``j ``` c
jQdG ``LGQ``dG LCd
.Gh ,jhGdG
"aU" e ``` Jh
k ` ah``` eh k ```S```e k ` f``` e
``jhG``` ` ` dG ``` V``j``` d
.``` ` V``j``dG G`` ` ` ` MCGh
ahe G ```J ```c
M dG ```SQ```
gdG edG dG
aJh .SdG MGh
dG HdG SCG be
je `` Z ``` ``T `J
MS L e IjH
.edG fc
..dG YS 72
f dG J

..``H``HO ``LC`Jh I``g``L ``e

.bG jLGd VGSGh
kjT k fLe IY f c
,"dG Le" e Y WCG
.Gk gH k M M bh
..QdG Le
LQdH `` YGQR H dG C
Gd ,QdG ``YGQR Gk jh ..hCG
Le S Hh G J
dGh QdG Se jGH Ia QdG
.dG a e Ia j
G``fCG GSCH VJ ah
G H J dGh QdG fEG e
Ih dG S EG H ,H Jh
e aNh fKhdGh jOTdGh MdG
gSCH G e EG Uh Q
S ac R```e EG Uh CG H
.G
..dGh edG
We e Gk O``Y dG
e : e jhGdG ```V``j``dG
a ```T J ```dG "aU"
Gh MGG eh ,``f``G

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:09:02 AM

MS

IjH QdG S

g dG c N GS a dG
VCG K eh ,d IQdG SSCG
..G gCG U RHCG MCG IQdG
``G d j ``` WCG M
QG G```SCG AGdGh dG Y
ge G``gh ddG h QdGh
HdG fEG ,d a Hh GSCG
R```d `````dGh A``` ` cG ``S``` SCG ```Y
.G
jdG YdGh G
TG dG G GHCG YU
gCG H eG H G H
IGd k e Z M aG g
dRe jJ Y dGh G``dG
. YUh G IL GHCH
fG Q``N``d``H ```j``G G`` `HCG
k `H``L adG ```G ``cCG ``e
.G
``FG``` dG ``` ` H ```` IRG`` ` `G
YU ``gh IRG``G a GMH
YU CG EG dG Hh G
H GR h dG Y HQb jMCG
.dG H ej OGaCG

fdG H SdG a
.IQjdG j dG
..S AGU
..Z QGeh
``` fEG `` e`` dGh ````G ````Y ````fEG
.dG
dG dG M f c
IQGh IQdG M dG j

``d``Gh .`````dG Q`` f ```Y ```dG

gLh SGh
.jd
IH e dH SCH OQe b
.dG
.SCG e OQe S
50 h 40 H hGJ dG SCG Y
.QeCG g Y H Gk H
HN X j dG b L
U ```` O```Lh ``f``L EG
..IQjdG j ..G e
.b IH e dH gh
b g AGG Y a
be ..Ab IH e k jb IY
.IQjdG j KGJ
j e g jdG a
LGdGhjdGIQeghIQjdG
.IQ``` ` dG ``a e J ```M
AG``G ``V``jQ a CG c
ah jQJ e g AG``Gh
e ```J ```M ````L Q``` ` e
je dG dG AG``G
jJh ``` G Q`` HBG ``e eH
.RG Y jRJh

dG IM ` AGG Y

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 60

dG jQdG 60

1/6/08 11:09:03 AM

IjH QGT RHCG X eh YdG

YU fc ,YdG QT ``gh
.``dGh dG Qhd aGMG
dG d e gh ``dG Q
dO gh c U RHC dG
.IdG
Y dG C OG HO
Gk c k c j GR h e bh
Gg aGQ ,YdH G e
GhdG OL e IOSG gG
jh O``` G ``Z``HO C```f G``d
UG ```dGh c
.H
MdH UG LMG L
M dG g dG Wh
``g ``c Q````HG ``a J
IQdH J AG```S eG
``VG``ZC` H hCG ```M```d G
.iNCG jdG MdG
.G e dG RG AH
IFG ShY dG Q"
"eQ
jG j dG Y jG
.QdG YGQR fEG H R e cCG Y
BG e J aG Z M
WCG IdH O dG ..dG e
.fCGh

(dG S) OdH GQd Ic IQU

AGG jdG j e f gh ``N ``H O`` `` dG dG ```K
.Mh R W GP dG Q`` ````VCG ```M dG
L" GG bh hCG cDJ ..MdG
..Gh G e ac He
."G IdG N dG QdG fEG OGRh
..AGdG Hh fdG adG IOjd VG
cDJh dG L TCG dG NCJ
.d jdG gG
.c
: ddG QdH dG Jh
..fKhdG WEG Y QdG TCG ..dG
..jOTdG He gh dY b EG gS j H
..ffdG CG Uj jdG jG e IH
..Y f ,dG SG d QJ

IY Q

61 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 61

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:09:04 AM

OCGh IQGOEG

UdG fi H dU
HQG d dG ch
IjH dG dG

dG H (OG)
N
p e jQGOEG Gh
gL Yd
m Ib
m

d j fe CG EG - YT e cCG EG f EGh - IdG

:aWeHffYa.MHGJIQGOEGeem e
:OGh l NU
k
k
k
ij e j ,eG YdG MCG GjY eR YCG
;dG UJ aH WMEGh ,IGh ,dGh ,UNEG
,JEGh xL EG m e c dEG SCG dG FQ K Ve L
Veh ,FeR e jd
mM Ve dG g H c Qh
m
.UG gj k ah gQj e JJ Ghj jNB Qm J
j ,LdG e GH a ;JOY Y j h edG Gg Hb
HBc S Y dCS bh , Y gQKBG J CG EG HCG k eg
dc afa ,dG e e k e Gk S a Ca WMEGh
QhJ ,Y W e J fc Qm ``eCG Y j ,Q``G
dG IdG UdGh ,JY Y J dG IdG AYCG M e
X b dG dG - d jGh - fc K .Z Y j
ASG HU H ,SGQO m d TJ FQ aQ gh ,dG
.UdG J Y dG eR M K ,IdG J N Y dG
GWCG dN e j ,C H Y M Im RLEG BG gh
GPEG EG ,f hdH Y EG OS fCG YCG h ,G f
:(e) LhJ eY edG hP H e MEG e H b c
q f a
q w`e S a `````Sh x`e H P
jb Ph
!MQdH dG TCG e
d HEG Y ZCa ,fc H S ,Ie Y H H H IV c
,Ie Y H QG H MCG k SCH gTCG ch ,ghSGh gCG a
MCG c PEG L HG WCa1(k M) Y IV Y HEG GhOQ a
Gh :bh ,MQh HEG NCGh a MS EG MCG a ,N b
:bh ,hO HG Y l e gh ,FH M Y bh Gk HCG IV cS
n ` ` No CGn h m P
o `p `` jn `` dG `n ``o ```pU``f `
p Hp nr dn h p N
rp CGn (o V) j
`o ``n ` `Lr Cn G o ` ` p ` n ` dG `` fCn ` `a `o ` o ` `` `ep CGn h o o r n n SGr GPEGp CGn p sjsdG g
n ` ` ` `br Cn Gh `o ` o ` `` `dEGp t` ` ` `Mn Cn G `` fCn ` `a `o `o `r ``n ``TCGn Ik s` ` en o ` Fp G``s` ` dG GPEGp h
n S
(o nr L)
o Yrn jo (o r G)
o jo GPEGh dn `` ` `Yrn OCGo l ` n ` j``cn o`` o ` `Jn GPEGp h
`o ``n `YCGn p `s```p`n `dG `n `r ` Jp Y `r `o ``ap ``p ` en ``bEGp h ,k ` s` ``p` bn `n ```d `l ``n `Yn
n n```c rEG p sCGo ``p `r `n `H Qo ``` s` ` dG `o `co o ` r ` n ` dn G`` g
!o CGn h GP

:W ee
hCG ,```MG``dG ``` MCG jW Y AGdG ``F``cQ M d
b e aj OdG FU Oq Sh ,AGeCGh e
m e MnG
dG G e k Seb KQGj GdGR eh .J hCG IdG g
j QaCG bJh dG OJ GPEG M ,Th gdG Y cCG
:H d h ,Gk KCG MGd
Fc`
`
d
G
QhU
e

x
e
HQ
Y
`
`

a G Q`` H ``LY sN
rJ p
Mh MU eeP J hCG LCG e g`` Y G jj k LY
dGReh ,IOdGh dGh dG Y Kj gh ,jQGOEG bCG
,dG eh dG S Lh m H ,GJ ``jQGOEG jdG
k
fGG g e fL
NCGh EG e l jhGR h .
l H a
ihJh ,k H bh QeCG g SG GPEG M .QdG e f
dGh jNBG d Im jL Y fgPCG J ,G a
dP Z hCG dG Sg hCGIOH j NBG e
k fh ,Y
fch ,Y Y k SCGQ je IM b dG dG jdG e
?jdG dh d e ... rd .J hCG G g k S
a j k Ja k VQCG OJQG e c Mj dG G GDdG Gg
H f k H EG dGh OGdG e j ,HEG a Jh ,dG
(edG GP) MU (U) bQa c ,f EG IKCG bf
:hdG g e
k
Gg `` gCG g ,jG GgCG
dSQ Y `` ` ` dG HCG CG
l ` `e `` `d
G`` `dG e `
m ` `
o ` ` ` U cJ a
OJQC ,dG BG e aG G f cQCS fCG Y
e ,``j``NBG hO H QSG ``MCG Yj ce We
c ;dG e a
m hCG ,dG e Y ahCG KH L
k
k
k IQGOEG
cj Se HGQ Jjf ``MCG J dh ,e
IOdG Ve H CGH ch .OQT e
m hCG ,IFS H
k FdG U fc a ,IQGOEGh dG H FNh
e
CG b dG DheG bW dG ,cG YVG d k NQU
.(eCG) c (ae) a dDj
jY jT Y j Gj NBG Ve Y YCG GP fCG gh
dG EG ``bCG ``gh ,a MdGh IQGOE``H G e
gL l YT dhJ ,jdG g G b b
l d ,fe
k
k
gh ,jW GY Gh eCG IGhQ dhGJ ,IQe Im b
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 62

dG jQdG 62

1/6/08 11:09:05 AM

(OG) d iNCG l H QGOEG dG

M j bh ,Y k jZ HdG dG Q``KBG J b
cCG ISdG dG W Ea EGh ,G dH Gk e OdG
(OG) d k N k Je J iNCG H g d ,dP e
k G IYG Z dG g a ;QGOEG dG H g
Y UC
j dG QdG EG jdG hQ AJ ,Uh GQG J
e Gk L Gk Q``b jO OG`
m `aCG Y OYG EG GOdG
: U Y OGaCG A Dgh ;jG K Ve Gfd ,jG
G`` fCG CG`` ` `SCG `` gh ,(`` `HhDh`` `dG A``` ` ZCG) `` ``e `l ```U
IQGOEG AGN c a ,a IQN dG Ggh ,XG
l
,jdG EG `k ``UCG j U
``gh ,2Gk Q`` a H dj
Q``KBG ``f``c EGh ,Q```eCG ``e``H k j CG g ``L `` EGh
GgCG EG dh GAG``LEG J Ie H J dG
;g k Hh g Ik QhO j CG j fEa ddh .JGP H
EG Gk ```c j ``dh ,`k `` UCG Seb d f jJ C
dh ``c``J ``e j j e Y ``a``N C ;GR`` ` LEG
fEa ``d``dh .```M````dG jJ ``e Gk ``` c jh ,d
J h Q`` eCG H J dG ,(O``` G) H k e d
.d k T
l
,XG GfCG OLCG gh ,(dG AcPCG) e Uh
M Y
m CG acCG Y j jdG ,IQGOEG AGN j c
MCG GPEG cdG ee G Vh Y hQOdG gh ,OLh
k J G dG g d ,dSGh g
k H b
fh ,JMW j T d Jh AYCG ac fC
H hCG IQhd TJ Y IjT Ik fe fj fEa bG Gd
fC d ;HZ bJ dG Y C ;RLEG W M hCG
QGSCGh dG jRJ j gASDhQ C EGh ;jdH eDj
EG dG hCG ,jd dG OSEG eCG ,T e cCG Y dG
k dG
j bh ,``MCG e V da FXdG e H
k G H GS b hjG ADg
G (OL) J gh .UC
,eeCG ``jQGOEG FGY h ,g hCG g Ua e j e c
eCG !?bGH KCj a ,gOLH dG KCj `k ``UCG fC
EG G J EG eCG H a (dG AcPCG) ADg
fCG Y j hCG ,JbW Jh g iNCG
MG b cf gh ,Jh cCJ L
m EG Ie H djh
:G hH

J hQ``dG Y Je dG HG e Th ,Je f
?QdG ```j e ;k je Q` Ql ```L t` ` ` jo ;``J``e ``` f
Q````b `` ` `bh`` ` `G `` `` ` ` ` dGh ```MQh ``fh``Z EGh ``J``e ```f
,G dG e l f G 1
eCG .c cPh ,f cPh ,f Zh ,eN Z :HQCG XG" 2
,QhV Y CG dEG J h fe YO ..e N a eG dG
IFa YCH dM eh f j a Gk Qa aa dG dG eCGh
Sh LdGh G YCG c dEG SCa dG cdG eCGh ,e
k FGO S fC bH a dG cdG eCGh ,Lh cCG Y gj
.CG Hd
l de ."dG H ej dM e c d SdG
m

63 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 63

:OG (OG) fEG

,gG dG jhG NU YdG Gg WCG eY
T
e ,dG d KM k T e dj c
m
bdG ,dG OQGH KCj c (L) SG b e
q ``fCG N Q``j h ,A```YCG ``Z j ``dG
k e j
q

WD
j fCG hCG ,Y dCG H ``jQGOEG G S
m
e mjL ,dG e jL
m Y H a S jL
dG H HS e J dG ,(OG) fEG ,G
!QKBGh
,eR b dG Y M dG dG XG Ga
G SG I``j``L m b ```X ,``j``L (`
l ```L) ``g
j CG hCG e c ``dG (G) Y Mh ,`` jQGOEG
.gQJh gQGSGh G g AH Qm hH j e Y
Jb
m KCm G CGh ?jQGOEG Je NGO (OG) e c iJ
bf ch ?dEG j eh G g jGT J
e c EG ?FOeh dG SCG G g Y FdG
h``H dG ````fEG j ``b !`k `` UCG jd Gk O``L``e dG
.dgE Z Cajh ,Wf bj CG j d ,ICae
? dG EG `f GP
``j````dG Y ````H ``` dG ``````dG Q`` ` `aCG ``e ``f``YO
k dh ,``g``Zh (x y ,````S``e) dG dG
b
S dG hH fCG gh ;GG Gg G Wd
i```NCG `````G EG ```Hh```H ```eEG ;Gk `` ` MGh Gk `` ` MGh ````j``a
,a jG h`` dG ``J``eE`H `` eEGh ,```d k ae ```J ``b ```dG
!dP H gAMEG UCG eh ,Ie dGh dG EG fcQh
dG d hCG dGdG
k - k Fb ,d Gk e k ef f b
IQGOEG Y - e
dGdG e fOCG G Y aG EG f dh ,GgCH
d c
m JGP H Ggh ,He Jh ,LGdG jRJ
,AGOCG e e
Qm H G Sh ,VdG e fOCG G Y
m
k
e j b AGOCG e iG Ggh ,k aJ Gk Qb d d
l
,WH
UG G d ,eG G
LGe adG gce Y aG cdG J a
Y - dG g CG EG .idG bH dG J cT
UdG jRJ Sh ,(Od) k N k Je J d - JY
.d IOQW Ik GOCG dGH
(OG)d H `TCG QGOEG OdG
hCG e L ihS d f dG jG e EG
dG Ea ddh ,QGOEG OdG a j m H CG ,LGe
XG CLj dh ,(OG) Qf H fCG g ISdG
,FGOCG ie cQjh ,aG M faj k T hj eY
EG Y j ,UdGh aGG e H
Z e j
m
dG dG EG ,AH j d Jb wS Ga ,hOG XG
,aGG e jOG XG eM g dG f j
G e J dG gh .dG XG Gg eC aUh
Y GbEG b ,QL H
m OdG LG e q H H ;FG
.dG G IN CG

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:09:06 AM

jQdG Ya

OTQ fi jdG Y .O
FHdG dG b FQ
IjH dG dG

eGdG d .H d J
Y ``WG gCG IdG
aVEH .e Ve jL eC
m G
jQdG SdG e dP EG
L ``e G``` T``H I`` G ``j``W
jQdG a e
e ``H G`` `MCG ``c h .`````dG
a jG e jG Y UG
JGdG YdG Y OYG k ac
c .jdG Y UMh Qd
QG O j CG j fCG
j jQdG efdG RL
e G d ``e ``dP
Y j dhDG e AL .JEG
A``G ```dh ``e``f``dG e ``J``Y
``jQ``J ``e````e ``` Y ``` j `` `cCG
QJ CG j dG f HQG
hP e Heh ae d
dG ac dG IG
j QNG QhO d j
Y gJ ``e ``cC``dGh ``eG``dG
e k H CG f .G dG
dh e LQH k dM dH j dP
T GOLG Y OYH
.VGh ee V dh
G````G OQ`` ``e G`` ` `dEG IQh`` ` `V .2
aH ``TQ``dGh ed I``j``G
`
m `c Od G jQdG

..sgDn eo uQn eo f
a jQJ LCG e
.ddG g dhf dG gh
`k `e``M ``` j CG Q````d j
- jQhV fc EGh - e IOd
Uh f CG h .sk gDe j c
:WT QG aGJ GPEG "sgDG"
dGh Se SGQO IOT g hCG
jdG ``d``Hh .``` dG ``jQ```dG ``g
k f Gk `` eCG j `` ngDn ` o G Uh E` a
.edGh G H j k ejOh
:CG j Ggh
`k `gD` e j ``b ``HQ``G `H
.NBG e
m gDe Zh e e
m
Gfj d k dM gDG HQG ``c
.M H gDe
IFa M k aN g CG ``XCG
e Qd dG iH A``` JQG
Mh YCG GOT Y G N
GQcdGh LG EG H Uh
ddh .Y Z jjJ a Gd
Y Gk e j a jG S
a RdG dG jQdG Y
FG H g VYCS .HQG
:dG EG UdG d
jLh H A``` JQG ````gCG ``e .1
jQdG eGdG e c .jQdG
jY Oh``M ) Ib dG
jQd ac Z j (YS
hO J k dZ fCGh UNh Y

gG fh Y P c j
dG jQd G dhCG dG dG
VGdG fGL e MGh dGh
dP iOCG bh .IdG dG GOYG
dG AfEG e Z SJ EG
jG ac jQd dG gGh
Jh .IjL J GSG e
``g ``e IO`````SG c e
EG UdG LCG e IRG feEG
.AcCG jNh HQeh a jQJ
dG GJ hHh WH
Qe g KK jQdG Y UY EG
f c GPEG eCG .jQJ Hh Qeh
:UdG J J dG jQdG
Hh ``gDn ``eo Q```eh Se Q``` e
WdG iQG```J gh .ee jQJ
jh dG Jh dG jh
CG k ce j bh H k U dG
LQN eGY NJ k M M c
dG f jQdG Y Y
g Ggh !!KdG UdG LQO
GQdG H dG jQdG e G
k He O j dG jdG
a
.(!!NBG jM Ggh) a cQG Y
Y j KdG UdG JJ EG
.bGdG Y J dGh gCG ``LQO
BG jdhCG CG YCG C YO e Gg
gDn o G Qd g - f Lh e -

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 64

dG jQdG 64

1/6/08 11:09:07 AM

SG g i``NCG Me .H
dG k dM jQdG CG ``gh
eM ``HQ``G a j dG
hO SjQddG e bCG gDG
e ``fEG Fb j ``b .e Q``e
dG ``g Y ```j CG VG
``dP ``KD`j .dG gG
EG G jd o G LMG
jQd SG dG j
j Qh````dG ``e j ```gh
.VGh H J
AfEG f VdG Gg jf h
HQG jQd SDG UN IQGOEG
QGOEG dG Y ``gQhO j
I``G ``` NG ``e ````jQ```dG ``eG```d
eGH J dc J dh Gh
e SDG HQ k N e
hCG SDG QOGc e IOSG feEG
.LQN I GH fSG

65 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 65

GOdG dG e ``j``dhCG
Gg aGJ Y dM h .SGQdG
efH OGYEH SDG J dG
Y O``G HQH UN jQJ
dM d ``MG``bG HdG dG
.LQN hCG SDG NGO jQdG
eGdH dd HQG J .5
LQO Jh .Jje H jQdG
.Jeh efdG gCG Y dG
h Ye dG Gg FSh
a Njh bGdG Y AH SGQO
.XdGh Gh O``G dG
Y HQG jQJ j CG H .6
```J``gD`e ```H d I``````e
dHh .IGQ``` c``dG eM ```Mh
dG M eGdG J CG j
jQJ a .``jQ```d``H aG
NG f CG dG e a
G gDeh N dG

GG ``g GSG dS
INCG GdG Mj .jQdG
k
Uh
jQdG i VfG
YS IY Y QbG Y
Y Gk OYG S jQd MGh j
jQdG OY jdG dG Y
.jQdG Ieh ieh W Y
BGh SDG H UGJ a .3
HQG IQ``YE IdG YdG
EG dP j dH .IO I
BG g J dBG Y JG
d dch hdG Gg e Y
.``dP ``e IOSG Y HQe
ie Y OS jdG IFdG
e HQe cG f jG
.jM M GN
GG hP HQG J J .4
AYEH dP jh .KG dG
J ``Q ``LQ``H AD` ` d ``j``dhCG

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:09:07 AM

fEGh dG bGe fDhHCG

dG a , dGh ObG dG MhG jdG gCG e UG dG Be WdG ddG XJ b J
XdG UdG f e jCG LGJ , eG ddG OGYCG IOjR EG e LMG dY jObG G VG bdG J
dG g jh , Xh Ua Y J dG WdG ddG e IjGe OG``YCG a , OdG dG e jd
Q g dP ``ZQh.. SG jGG eh jOdG XJ Y j fCH FGO j dG UG dG e IY G``WCG
Y AdG f dG dG Gg .. OdG dG SGh WdG ddG XJ UG dG Be d be
.ICG MU CGQ NCf c dG GG FHCG AGQBG Y fh , dH jQCG H Y XdG I H
UG dG H
UG cdG Y J dG dG
OdG dG AGQBG
.aCGh eCG f eJ dGh a jG MCG eS / XG eCG
XdG dG SCGQ
b jQCG Y dH dG fEG dG ``e ``` J CG `` `fOQCG ``jG``` dG
bGG HG OH H OS jh
CG SG bh ,GS dG Qje YH ``X``G ```j M O`````dG
dG fEG jQCG Y dG e h IOe GQeh GN cG dG fCH G S H
ec Yb Y UG dG dH dG sje
p e cG H ,dG GS HQG b jQCG Y dH
Yd ``e`````fG ```Y ````e ```M AbUCG Meh LJ e Hh e Lh bh ,`g 1424 Y Gjh
dZ Lh bh ,GS N e cCG L TfCG G g N eh .AedGh ,A``b``` UCGh `` gCG ``e J ``jG```dG
faj hCG faj jdG AGS FHdG CG Y Y j jdG dG FeR ``Lh a QG `` eCG Y Hh
.G YdGh dH fhQOj Gj CGh UG dG dG GHj e AdGh dG c YdG e dG
fEa ,``jG```dG HU ```f``gPCG JYS dG SCG e gh FHdG
e ``LQCG fEG Fb HG jh
e R``dG C` H eDj CG OS T c K jh Qjh jh dG e CGj d f ``Yh ,QG`````SG Y
dG Xh CH j CGh ,dG Q eeCG jdG j K eh ,e edG dG fCG : G j OdG
GN jh f j d UG bGe EG bdGh dGh GHEd Me d Jf Jh ge H
jh f jJ EG j CGh GQeh ,H j ``dG dG dY Xh d j dG Ga ,UG dG
,aCG Y dGh bdG dG jd Y H UG dG dGh bJh O``Lh ```KEG HGh O``G
CG gh eg f EG TCG CG OhCG c j ``d``a ,OdG d Ua da ,jeh de jGe Y Gh
JG c d M dG b dG OOj LG GPEGh j S fEa k aGgG gP QXEGh OLdG KE Se dG Gg
k jGdG jh QdG S fEa XdG FGOCG
.jdGh dG GQGh GQdG
dG e CGj MGdG C ,b

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 66

dG jQdG 66

1/6/08 11:09:08 AM

:jQCG Hfl edG

UG dG dGh bdGh ,FHdG e dG fLh

M H UN AfE G``HCG dG
j CG dG Yh ,H ``c d
dG Qb Y a dG UdG
.JM T j CG hO
bdG Ua
G NdG GY dG cDjh
Z e aCG UG dG dG CG
```KEGh ``b``dG ``U``ah ``jG``G Mf ``e
G e je EG j dP d OLdG
dG Lh fEG : e ,gdGh dG
.FHdG e gGh
dG L G NdG jh
Y h``H AdGh G SG Y
AGS Xh C` H dG Y CGh
.UG hCG eG dG

.eG dG J Xh
e bGeh FHdG YfG Yh
bGe EG dG jf j Y
H dh jDe dG eh jDG a
aVEG ,IHGh dH J a G
FHdG e HjEG CGdH LHG EG
jOS HT GHb GPEG Ma hj jdG
.UG dG j MW
j OdG d f Yh
T ``c EG dSQ `` LhCG ```dG ``j``f
hCG SGQO ```cEG ``G dj
Y j C` `H eM ````Xh ``a``j
dG K OLh e b CG Y Ua
j CG Y bOdG dGh UGh
Gg dG ``d j a ````fh H

a f jJh dH efG Mh
XdG dG SCGQ jCG e j j
UG dG C jd j dG ICG
.Hh j dG dH EG j
dG MU
H EG : a ```dG ``j``f ``eCG
` `g1419 ``Y EG OJ UG dG
Q````G `` e ``` ` dG ``` d``N ``` ` ` ` cG
UG dG dG Seh ,GQGh
MU gCGh Ic SCG Y bJ
,H dG Kh dG Wh ICG
Y gCG Ea UG f Lh eh
da dG MU g ``eCG Gg
d ICe e L Y ``H aj ``dG
Y M j ``fE`a dG SG

:G a
dGh G eH Xe Y af
d YOh Y LGh jCG fEG K ,iG jW QSG
g f H, G Ya AYCG Gfj d dG JM
IYGh dG d fh AdG Y dG f ``jQCG
M GDS Yh...dEG jS GR``LEGh je de Bae e
EG G dG b e gQGSG Y a c
Y Jh dG eh G eH j dP
e dG MU fCG dG e j LQO EG dhDG
e a "eG jdG" dG Y G LJ e dH
jh j S edG MU e G edG dG Lh
j T CG h MGdG jdc f g a dG
.H j dG G g Ggh ICd IASEG g Y
: G j jQCG Y edG jOdG OY Yh
edG OY e %25 iEG j YG k dM LGG OdG EG
Gh %75 EG jCG e j J CH G fh
G dG N e MW bh , jOdG Xd e
.jOdH T Zf Xh 250 ecCG GNDe

67 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 67

edG OdG dG e O``Y AGQBG SG CG Hh

LQ YG MU ``e jH f `` jQCG Y
jGdG dCS dG G gGHEG H a dG YCG
,dH eGdGh LfEG ieh OdG dH jCGQ Y
WfGh LfEG ieh OdG dG GdG EG : a
dh ,G dj a dG Gg H j eh GL FGQ
QGSG Y g UG dG OdG dG e
Ea dP eh ,iNCG EG ICe e dGh XdG QGSGh
H j fEa Gk LCG dh dG MU fCH j M dG
Yh MGdG jdc f jQCG Y g fh fh
.fh dG ADg jW
IOdG IG BG e jQCG Y CG Hh
SdG Y G dG dCS WdG QOGdG XJh
LCa jOdG XJ YG J dG GGh
Y Wh LGh gh e LM jOdG XJ EG : Fb
g jOdG XJ Ea jdG h Ce h Y U c

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:09:09 AM

cQe

dG e J g
!?UG Yhe

dG G Y jdG Y
IdG
BG IMh FQ

.eCG d GPEG AdGh

dP Rh`` J : I`` G b -2
Id He he dG N e
ed eRdG IG c e
.bGG H e
``Y `` ` `HG : `` `` ` ` ` dGh `` ` ` ` `dG -3
Je J CG h`` M ,``` L``` dG
dG CG k ``FGO ``c``Jh H A````dGh
gh J ZQh J Y j
.dG e J
e dG : A`` c`` dG ``` TD` e IO`` `jR -4
,IU jQe J Ga IbdG
Se hCG b e dG HG h
e Ic GhK GYSG AcdG
da IU CG``H dG jQe
.AcdG e de LQO j
J b cGdG : kjT ``LCG -5
jdG J GPEG JGP H e
b bdGh dG Y Gd ,SG
OJ CG h``M ,SCGdH SCdG j CG
jcP Ld AGQ``dG EG JcGH
AfG hM K eh aJ dG
.JGQbh T J e
:jGYhfSUaLCG -6
Vh EG f fCG k L e
W EG f CG hCGh ,BG dG
M aCGh ,JGe h dG Gg
e ih``G SGQO OG``YEG dG d
.e T

eh ,cQG H ``ZEG b I``NCG

.G dG SG ``dP
Gg AGQh CG (``gG``L ``H) ``` VCGh
eEH Ic Yb dGh OOdG
:dG dG Y e
e ````dG ````j : ``` ` dG `` KG`` M -1
eY CG k ZQ ,jdG H dG
g j a ,eCH bY d d dG
g j b ,dGh dG dG
,JGQbh H jNBG bEG Y
c T e J CG dd M aCGh
aG eCG d Nh dG

jG MCG ,e fCG ,OOe fCG

j GQdG J ,d bdG e
AfEH dG Y dG ``e c
f dGh OOdG a ,UN he
dG H R dG ICG``Gh G
``FO J UN jQe ``W Y
?bG d L Se g gh a
`` `H) i`` ` `j `` ` ` ` `G ``````f
iH OO`` `dG CG ( 2005 ,`` gG`` L
GhXCG LdG e jda ...!``N
e ``` g `` H I``` c OO`` `J `` e`` Y
dG UdG H GTG Qb

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 68

dG jQdG 68

1/6/08 11:09:10 AM

jG dGh SDG QJ
QdG fi H MCG
IjH
G jQdG e je
EG aVEH jG dG J
eGSG Y QO``b QO``c gCJ
.jG jQdG dG
IjG FGdG J CG H f
jQd edG SDG d G
GAc UG GaM Gh dG
dG dG A``` ` YCG ``e `````SD`G
``` fEGh A````dG ``e ``j`` `` ` jQGOEGh
e jG SG Y eh
Lg g c QdG Ie UG
.SDH QGdG fUh dhDG

QOGc gCJh OGYE jQdG SD

e edG Y IQO``b eh J
G IG GQdG
.dG Ge cG
Ije Y h``dG e J
SDe OjEG Y Jh QdG Gg
GS G Gg U e
Yd da jQJ Jh FSh
EG ``` U``` d ``` ` jQ``` dG ``` ` ` ` dG
e IOSd ``dPh dY je
eh eG Jh JG IQ``K
f IO`` Lh YS ``e Y JJ
.eG
jQd ``e```dG SDG Jh
SCH `` NCG Y ````Gh dG
`` MCG ``` ` J `` H ``` j``G ``` ` ` ` dG
dG O``` G V `` dPh ```J``j``dhCG
dG ie A```JQ``d dJ
GSG e Ij jQdG

``e``G O`` ` N ````aG``e `` JC` `J

jdG Y H G Y G jdG
J Y - G j - OS BG
Gh dG jQd edG SDG
Yd G ah ``dh``dG LJ cDd
d Heh dG Gg jJh
dG N J ah aGgCG
X AG dG Gg MdG
.G gGdG dG
J jOdG HdG Gh
T YQe G``h Gk ```c Gk ```J
dG jQdG b eh G
e Oh`` dG YdG H Gh
- jdG ``e``G O`` N eM
jQd edG SDd - G j
bEG Y f Gh dG
ge e jQdG GMh Y jGG
FSh MCH g dGh ch
SSCG dh H d jQdG

jQdGh jG IQGOEG
OGaCG GQb jJ EG J Ieh h e Y fCG Y jQdG j
j JLJh JcS Jh QH gjhJ N e XdG gGe aQh
.INBG M Nh fdG c IM h LfEG dG
gh fEG UY ``gCG j ``fC jQdGh jdH J GQGOEG H CG a
N e SDG AGOCG aQ H G Gg Ic de H Jh dG dG
.XG AGOCG aQ
J H dH gCG fG Gg J GQGOEG e NBG dG Ea SCdh
e XG IOSG Y hCG jOG feEG b hCG ac IOLG GQdG CG hCG dG
dG Y G S KDj c Ggh HQd aGG OLh Y hCG HdG GQhdG
.cCH G Y dHh LfEG
eGdG AfGh jQdG eCH Yd G H SDeh OGaCc Y j Gd
.d IFdG d SG bdG h SG Xd SG

69 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 69

fdG Y Sj
H G eN e
IH YdG G

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:09:11 AM

cQe

UGdG GY H UGh .
IjH dG dH jQdG g Y

hDTh ..eG J
AGdGh ..XG
..GG

Cch ..LGe Y GQhO QMh ..UN JGhQ S hjJ

..fY OGd fCG ICG
e VH ..dG Lh jd ..LG dJ gh
jJ L H hCG XG hDT Hh eG J H
eG J VJ d ..XG hDTh eG J H
OG Qd g dGh ..jJ dG Y W
JSSh Y W ..XG hDT j dh ..dG
YdH gJh gRh j dG ..jQdGh XdG
..eG J gjJ dG
eGb LdG CG h - fCJh dCG cJ QYH - YCGh
..eG J Y dG d XG hDT Ga ..AdG Y
IjG jdGh ,YLG GdG e Q dh
..VdG j ..ICGH J dG G GAGdGh ..IQGOEG
..YCG H ..gdG eBG Vh ..eG J CGJh
..G dGh ..jJdG
a e j" ..- M Ad k jCGh ..M Ad - jU
dG QeCH M ..j e Gk c fEG .."M e MCG M
..HLEG e JCGh ..k eCG cCG CG hMCG Gd ..a aCG
gGHEG MG CGQ Y aN d fCch ..H QOa
.."jCGQ jQCG" ..TGdG
EGh ..QGH ZQ d ..QGH CG``HCGh ..G``b SCG
dh M ..LQCa ..jj e SC ..T e k cGJ
eHG HCG gHh .."Y d" eda ..UdG QOCG
CG ..j e dh ..RC` G Gg e H k Ma ..AGU
jh ..``jCGQ a ....QRCG FdG JdG ..Y j
e Cch eeCG hHCGh ..jQ HCGh QYCa ..CG LhCG
jM GMG e H h ..jCGQ Gg" d bC ..WdG QGG
e dG" Gg e eCG dG bh Y ..M a .."CGdG

..GG AGdGh ..XG hDTh ..eG J

..eSG GP hCG Ge e Y dCJ ..jGdH
CG MCGh ..INCG GDG fYEG JLh ..g ..C
.eGSG cQf
k
..H e bC ..d OYCG ..VG UCG CG bh
:(MCG ..MCG) Jd HS H K
..XG hD``Th ..eG J Xe H bdG
..Gj e Y d
fCG Y ..XG hDT ij ..eG J Xa
..eG J W j h ..Hhe Z ..H
R``E dG J dhh ..jdG dH J dG
UG GdG J e dP j eh ..YH G
eG J cGe Y UGh ..dG
.jd
Y ..XG hDT Oj ..``NBG fG Xe Yh
e ..SdG e Y g ..eG J CH ..dG J
GhRhjh ..ICG fCG a Ghj CG hjj ..dG H
..JjZ d cQ S ..YCG dhL
SS ..eG J Xe ea ..IM TdG jjh
J X J h J a ..QdH XdG
k ..HG fhH J h ..eG
JGhdG Ge a
GQd QYG fOCG hH ..ICG SGh ie Y Vj
IQH J Q dGh ..eG J Xe dG
EGh ..AdH XG AGZEG Lh e dP j eh ..gOLh
jQda ..G```G f Yh ..ge Qj sYn S
d G f g ..k eR eG J X G
..eG H fQe ..dG AH NBG
..dG hjJ a fCG ..Gdd ..XG hDT ..Qjh
2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 70

dG jQdG 70

1/6/08 11:09:12 AM

dG feCG
G Y H fi
jdGjQdGh
jdG e
dG Ea ,fG Y Y fOCG c j feCG e c GPEG
G U dG d a Gdh ,FGOCH j e c j H ,e QU j
k e L IjY U a aJ b fCG Y dO ,eCH Sh Y
j C gD
.eCH - Gk Oe
kjb CG ah MCG eEG gGhQ dG gG dG AH j b
G Ve H M a : hG``dG j OSCG G j a GNG
Lh e iAGj Oj LdG SCGQ e fQMCG Sh g GPEa MCG G ij h
GLG :Gda .f f : hNBG bh .f f : jb e H a .LdG
Sh Y G U G SQ Aa dG e j LQ hCG : Gda .M H
[e] MGf Gaa fH YO K K Va d Gda .eCG cJCG : Gda
f a dG feCG Y K GPEGh .Sh Y G U g Va
H hd - - e H dG QeCG e Y fgPCG
,H Y J CG QeCG g CG H NCG e ,feCd G
.jdhCG IYb EG QeCG e gc J d
?jf EG GhdG jGH GdG hCG g ? dG hCG g a
?dG IOL g CG ?fEG M hCG CG CG
?ASDhdG H hCG edG H H j gZ CG
L CG H NCG e ,eGdG g e je dG e feCG
J e TCG gh ,NBG Y gMCG j CG H h ,ddG Qe IMGh J
.jdhCG J CG VG e c bh ,k bGh GG H
H eCHh ,FGOCG O dG AGOCH dj CG e MCG G QdGh
G SQ b : b Ijg HCG a ,AH ``eCG Gg j YdG UdG
Hb EG j dh dGeCG h cQU EG j G EG" : Sh Y G U
LJ EGh KCG Lh hdG Lh Ea hQ d IOdGh e GhQ ."dYCGh
M Y Jj dG dG GOdG e dGh ,H j e TCG G c
.dG LCG dP ah QdG Sh dG MGQh JGdG
g feCGh UNEGh dGh AdH J hQ hO dG XG IQUh
k G if e Gk ch ,OdG dG H J e TCG
INa Jeh dL TC
hCG e LC He V fCG jCGQ GPEG Y ceCG IQe ILCGh
.Gg MCG
SMEGh NGO EG RGh g H ,jH fCG EG J G bGe EG
dG H eh ,Jjh f a j c jODj M Y j gh
,dG JEG e HG LQdG EG J CG fCG EG OGhQh HGV e
d ,dG H LGh e Y e ODj bh ,bdG W XG j a
SMEGh ddG hdH EG - He bCG Y hCG - de IQH dG j CG
.cJ b CG (GfGh QG aO) `d j a Mh ,feCG jOCH
rp hn Vp Qr G
C r n hn Gp hn n sdG n Yn n fn en G
C r n n Vr n Yn sfEGp }
nr n Tr CGn hn n n r pr jn CGn rn Hn Cn an p n G
k o Ln k eo Xn ncn o sfEGp of
.72GMCG |
E r p n n n Mn hn n r ep
n G

71 dG jQdG
Tadreeb.indb 71

.."MCG Y
JCa ..OC``j fCH ..Z jj d
....jQdG f d JQS dG e
hCG JN hCG ..eP ..j fCG T CG M
AH Ljh ..c Q hCG ..dG JQb
..LGMEH PdGh ..jJ Y fG e
fCG ..FbUCG Qh ..jU ..e
..k e U J CG H GQGdG CG j
fCch ..%100 fe Ff J CG H h
a ..bGdG dj Ggh ..HPc eT jYO
H EGh M ..c J EG GQGdG e
e AT Hj CG H ..e SGQO
..dG FdG
..dG HdG LdH ..SCG dh
ZQ ..Gh G GDS Y ``H``LEG Y
CG EG ..Gk c KCG a CGh .. Y
CG EG IQTEG fCch ..Sd ae k jCG a
..U %100 J ..GQGdG Ff
Ifd ..k fh k bW ..g CG ..U
dG QGdG d dh ..QGdG PJG
e Q Ggh ..UCG QGdG EGh ..dG
..(Jg HCG EG f) ..jJdG cQj
..QeCG HCG M ..hOOj g jdG
..G b hj fC eEGh ..k aN eEG
GJj M ..jOOe a ..j d Ggh
..k e U QGb Y k H ..UCG QGdG
..j d SCd d
.."OO`` `dG h ..I````G" G``d``b k ` ``bh
U J h "e EG G gJ " Gdbh
Y ah ..aR f a C EG ..IeG
..QeCG fc dh ..k e U Fd bJ
M e e ..MCG ..FdG U
QGd J dGh ..SCG IW Hq EG
..G bRj ..(fEG qW)
p EGh ..SGQOh
..fCG N c EG TCG ..G bh
Y Y bRQGh" e ..dG Y
."TdG
``Th ```Y Gh````TCG ````J ..GO`` ``dG ``` bh
???JCG

2008 jj - `g1429

1/6/08 11:09:12 AM

IOG aBG

IOG aK SJ f
GQhO ``` X``G ````H `` `NO `` Y
.G de e SJ jQJ
hCG ,H eDj XG J
H j a f Lh g
.AGOCG
e ShQG Zh jdG GQGdG
G ```J dG IO``` ` dG ```b
bJ Qh edG Ich ,jQGOEG
.fGG H
```j```J `` `Yh ``` ` dG ``j``c``G
`` `jQGOEG ````bC`d MdG
e cdG dG Y IQdG gj
(bG NG) H G GG

.3
.4
.5

.6

.Contingency Approach

G IOSG IQGOEG Y .7
dG FGY f XG ``e
.FXdG H G
deh jH OQG``e aJ dG .8
``e ``` dG Yd Se
.IOG
A``` YCG ```LG``e ```Y IQ``` dG V .9
IOG eGH d IdG ffdG
.edG
CG ```Y ```M```dG ``e O``Y `` cCG ``bh
( IO`` `G ``a```K) ``j```Jh J
SSCG OHCG MCG G J
,a JGSG IQGOEG J d
,YL dhDe IO``G dhDe CGh
dhDe J GQGOEG L CG CG
,````NG``dG d ````G ```Y``f IO```L
GQGOEG edG H LGG A```dEGh
.H ````a dG IO`` ` jRh ``````G
jQGOEG eh
Ua J ,dG XG j GPEG
IO``G IQGOEG d ``dh`` CG ``
IOdG Gj CG ``H G```d ,edG
H HjEG J C J OGOd dG
.G

,dG gj dG LddG GQdG

edG IOG aK J e d H Gd
.dP Zh dG
adG Y AH X IOG e
YdG hdG H LddGh YdG
ch fEG IOL bGe H eG
S Y Gh ,Gh dG K
aK ``c``J ``` d``Hh `` ` jQGOEG IC````G
G Yd ReGh dG Y IOG
(L ``JQ``H) j Gd ,`` CG
TQM (Total edG IOG IQGOEG e
He) :fCH (Quality Management
,(e MCG EG gRhh HdG bJ
JjJ ``MCG aa (GhTEG) ``eCG
dG ,IFa cCGh jObG cCG H
G j dHh ,ehO G Vj
J dG HG IO``G ge jH
dG j gh ,VQ h JZQ
jdG jG L AVQEG HdGh
T dh JZQh gDhGgCG J
,Ye YLG d jh ,
IOG IQGOEG EG dG j fCG jCGQ h
Y J ``jQGOEG a fCG Y edG
H SDG EG J dGh dG e
a HZe HjEG GJ GME eT
jJh SDG NGO AL c hH dPh
,aCG IOL EG Ud ZG dH
.d e IQH CG f a J
H g cf G Gg Y AHh
IOG aK QV EG OCG dG SCG
AfG V EG iOCG G J
:eh H XG
dGh dGh dG b .1
IO``G ``eG``H ``jQ``` dG ``
.edG
G d G H QT .2
dGdG ``e```e H ```H
.Organizational Justice dG

G gGHEG jR .O
zeidlolo@hotmail.com

hCG YU e C d j
Gk QV j CG eN hCG jQ hCG YGQR
Y H ,a dEG j dG H
..d Gk e j CG - dP Y Ik O``jR EG dG e fQfCG q f CG a
..q YdG EG dfG eh HjEG
M Y aG d ``j``G EG
dG H ,IcGQ cS IM ,G
IG G Y aG e dG
ch ,dGh dH IA IM
``NC`d `` h `` ``a ,ddH
```fEGh ddG b IM ,edG
h ,dG ``e `` fOCG ``G aK SJh
O``Lh ``gh ``NBG dh G G``g ``e
AfG V Y J dG GTDG H
f M G J d G
H KCG ,JL IOL H dP
dG SCG gCG e Ggh o G Y S
YdG e e c V EG OCG
.G eGh G
Jh (IO`` G ``a```K) SJ EG
J JJ H Qh``` V ``eCG FOe
JeNh Je Yf d G
LGJ ``dG `` cCG ````dG gQYH
cGf dh ,dG G``g JSDe

2008 jj - `g1429

Tadreeb.indb 72

dG jQdG 72

1/6/08 11:09:13 AM