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0.4

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2000

4000

6000
Frame Number

8000

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1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

2000

2000

4000

6000
Normalized Distortion

8000

10000

12000

10000

12000

0.5

4000
6000
8000
Normalized Complexity (Rate * Distortion)

0.5

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Number of frame intervals needed to transmit the next 100 frames at average channel rate
160

150

140

Time (frame intervals)

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

2000

4000

6000
Frame Number

8000

10000

12000

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All video frames are
available in the encoder
buffer

Maximum admissible
delay for each frame

(A)
T3
R3

R3

T2

R2

R2

R1

td=0

T1

Bits removed by the decoder

R1
Time at encoder

t1tb + t1ch

Td

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The interval between video

frame arrival at the encoder is
constant and equal to tf

The interval between video

frame decoding and display is
also constant and equal to tf

Maximum admissible
for each frame is constant for each frame T
tf

(A)
T

R3

R3

tf

tf

R2

td=0

R1

R2
Bits removed by the decoder
R1
Time at encoder

t1

tb

+ t1

ch

Td

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