Phn mt : m u.

I.L do chn ti:

Cc vn lin quan n dy s l mt phn quan trng ca
i s v gii tch ton hc. Song khi nim dy s hc sinh mi ch
c lm quen trong chng trnh ton lp 11 phn m u ca gii
tch ton hc. Cc dng ton lin quan n ni dung ny thng l kh
i vi cc em.
Qua thc t ging dy chng trnh chuyn ton lp 11 nhng
nm qua, cng nh vic nghin cu ni dung thi hc sinh gii cc cp,
ti nhn thy mt dng ton kh c bn v dy s l bi ton tm s
hng tng qut. L thuyt i s v cc bi ton v dy s c
cp hu ht trong cc gio trnh c bn ca gii tch ton hc. Cc
phng php tm s hng tng qut ca dy s cho bi h thc truy
hi gn nh l bi ton c cp ti u tin. Tuy nhin vi nhiu ph-
ng php khc nhau bi ton ny thc s khng phi l d i vi hc
sinh.
Xut pht t cc l do trn ti chn ti: Mt s phng
php tm s hng tng qut ca dy s cho bi h thc truy
hi tuyn tnh. Qua ni dung cc v d trong ti nhm gip
cc em hc sinh lp 11 c thm kin thc, k nng tm s hng tng
qut ca dy s cho bi h thc truy hi tuyn tnh, phn no p
ng c vic hc chng trnh chuyn lp 11 chuyn ton cng nh
vic n thi hc sinh gii cc cp.
II. Nhim v ca ti:
Nm c nh ngha dy s, cp s cng, cp s nhn, phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh v mt s cc tnh cht c bn ca chng
c th p dng tm s hng tng qut ca dy s cho bi h thc
truy hi
Phn dng v phng php gii cho tng dng.
1
Bit p dng tm s hng tng qut ca dy s cho bi h thc
truy hi tuyn tnh.
III. i t ng nghin cu :
Mt s dy s cho bi h thc truy hi tuyn tnh m hc sinh
c hc trong chng trnh lp 11 nng cao.
IV. Phm vi nghin cu:
Ch xt cc bi ton tm s hng tng qut ca dy s cho bi
h thc truy hi tuyn tnh.
V. Ph ng php nghin cu :
Qua nghin cu cc bi ton c lin quan n dy s trong chng
trnh lp 11.
Qua qu trnh n luyn thi hc sinh gii cc cp.
Qua vic nghin cu gio trnh bi dng nghip v sau i hc
vo cc dp h v cc sch chuyn bi dng hc sinh chuyn ton.
2
Phn hai: ni dung
Chng I: cc khi nim c bn.
1/ nh ngha dy s:
Mt hm s u xc nh trn tp hp cc s nguyn dng N
*
c
gi l mt dy s v hn ( hay cn gi tt l dy s).
Ngi ta thng k hiu dy s
) (n u u
bi
( )
n
u
, v gi n
u
l s hng
tng qut ca dy s .
2/ Cp s cng:
*nh ngha : Cp s cng l mt dy s (hu hn hay v hn)
m trong , k t s hng th hai, mi s hng u bng tng ca
s hng ng ngay trc n v mt s d khng i, ngha l :
( )
n
u
l cp s cng
d u u n
n n
+
1
, 2
.
S d c gi l cng sai ca cp s cng.
*S hng tng qut : Nu mt cp s cng c s hng u 1
u

v cng sai d th s hng tng qut
n
u
ca n c xc nh theo
cng thc sau :
( ) . 1
1
d n u u
n
+
3
*Tng n s hng u tin ca mt cp s cng : Gi s
( )
n
u

l mt cp s cng. Vi mi s nguyn dng n, gi
n
S
l tng n s
hng u tin ca n. Khi
( )
2
...
1
2 1
n u u
u u u S
n
n n
+
+ + +
3/ Cp s nhn:
*nh ngha : Cp s nhn l mt dy s (hu hn hay v hn)
m trong , k t s hng th hai, mi s hng u bng tch ca
s hng ng ngay trc n v mt s q khng i, ngha l :
( )
n
u
l cp s nhn
q u u n
n n
. , 2
1

.
S q c gi l cng bi ca cp s nhn.
*S hng tng qut : Nu mt cp s nhn c s hng u
1
u
v cng bi q 0 th s hng tng qut n
u
ca n c xc nh
theo cng thc sau :
. .
1
1

n
n
q u u
*Tng n s hng u tin ca mt cp s nhn: Gi s
( )
n
u
l mt cp s nhn vi cng bi
1 q
th
n
S
l tng n s hng
u tin ca n c tnh theo cng thc :
( )
q
q u
u u u S
n
n n

+ + +
1
1
...
1
2 1
4/ Sai phn v mt s tnh cht c bn:
*nh ngha 4.1. Cho hm s
( ) x f y
xc nh trn R, t
kh x x
k
+
0
*
(kN
) vi
0
x R
, h
R
, bt k, cho trc. Gi ( )
k k
x f y l gi tr
ca hm s
( ) x f y
ti k
x x
. Khi , hiu s k k k
y y y
+1
:

*
(kN ) oc
gi l sai phn cp 1 ca hm s
( ) x f y
.
Hiu s
( )
k k k k
y y y y
+1
2
:

*
( N k
) c gi l sai phn cp 2
ca hm s
( ) x f y
. Tng qut, ( )
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
y y y y
1 1
1
1
:

+

*
(kN ) -
c gi l sai phn cp i ca hm s
( ) x f y
(
,... ,..., 2 , 1 n i
)
4
*nh ngha 4.2. Phng trnh sai phn (cp k) l mt h
thc tuyn tnh cha sai phn cc cp ti k.
0 ) ,..., , , (
2

n
k
n n n
y y y y f
(1.1)
V sai phn cc cp u c th biu din theo cc gi tr ca
hm s nn (1.1) c dng
0 1 1
... ( )
n k n k k n
a y ay a y f n
+ +
+ + +

(1.2) trong
) ( , ,..., ,
1 0
n f a a a
k
bit, cn k n n n
y y y
+ +
,..., ,
1 l cc
gi tr cha bit.
Phng trnh (1.2) c gi l phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh
cp k.
Nu
0 ) ( n f
th phng trnh (1.2) c dng:
0 ...
1 1 0
+ + +
+ + n k k n k n
y a y a y a
(1.3)
v c gi l phng trnh sai phn thun nht cp k.
Nu
0 ) ( n f
th (1.2) c gi l phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh khng thun nht.
Hm s
n
y
bin n tha mn (1.2) c gi l nghim ca phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh (1.2).
Hm s
n
y

ph thuc k tham s tha mn (1.3) c gi l

nghim tng qut ca (1.3). Mt nghim
*
n
y
tha mn (1.2) c gi l
mt nghim ring ca (1.2).
Chng II: Ni dung
Ni dung c bn: S dng phng php quy np, s dng tnh
cht ca cp s cng, cp s nhn v cch gii phng trnh sai
phn tuyn tnh xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s.
Phn loi:
5
+ D on cng thc s hng tng qut ri chng
minh cng thc y.
+ S dng cp s cng v cp s nhn .
+ S dng cch gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh.
Phng php 1: D on cng thc s hng tng qut ri
chng minh cng thc y.
Ph ng php chung: T mt vi trng hp ban u d on
cng thc s hng tng qut ri chng minh cng thc y.
Bi 1: Tm cng thc s hng tng qut ca dy (u
n
) c xc
nh bi :
3
1
u
v
4 2
1

+ n n
u u
vi mi 1 n
Gii:
Ta c :
1
2
2
n
n
u
u
+
+ vi mi 1 n
V
3
1
u
2
1
4
2
3
2
2
+ u
2 3
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
2

,
_

+ u
3 2 4
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
2

,
_

+ u
D on
1
2
1
4


n n
u vi mi 1 n (1). Ta s chng minh (1) bng ph-
ng php quy np.
Theo trn (1) ng vi 1 n .
Gi s (1) ng vi k n ,
*
kN tc l:
1
2
1
4


k k
u vi
*
kN .
Ta chng minh (1) ng vi 1 + k n , tc l :
k k
u
2
1
4
1

+
.
Tht vy, t gi thit quy np v cch cho dy s, ta c :
k k k k
u u
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
2
2
1
2
1 1

,
_

+ +
+
.
Vy (1) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
Bi 2: Tm cng thc s hng tng qut ca dy (u
n
) c xc
nh bi :
9
1
u
v
7 2
1
+
+
n u u
n n vi mi 1 n
6
Gii:
Ta c
2
1
3 9 u
2
2
2 4 7 2 9 + u
2
3
1 1 7 4 4 + u
2
4
0 0 7 6 1 + u

2
5
1 1 7 8 0 + u

2
6
2 4 7 10 1 + u
D on ( )
2
4 n u
n
vi mi 1 n (2). Ta s chng minh (2) bng ph-
ng php quy np.
Theo trn (2) ng vi 1 n .
Gi s (2) ng vi k n ,
*
N k tc l: ( )
2
4 k u
k
vi
*
N k .
Ta chng minh (2) ng vi 1 + k n , tc l : ( )
2
1
3
+
k u
k
.
Tht vy, t gi thit quy np v cch cho dy s, ta c :
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
1
3 9 6 7 2 16 8 7 2 4 7 2 + + + + +
+
k k k k k k k k k u u
k k
Vy (2) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
Bi 3: Tm cng thc s hng tng qut ca dy (u
n
) c xc
nh bi :
5 , 1
2 1
u u
v 1 1
2
+
+
n n n
u u u
vi mi 2 n
Gii:
Ta c
1
1
u
1 2 5
2
2
+ u
1 2 7 2 5
3
3
+ u
1 2 17 10 7
4
4
+ + u

1 2 31 14 17
5
5
+ u
D on
n n
n
u ) 1 ( 2 +
vi mi 1 n (3). Ta s chng minh (3) l cng
thc s hng tng qut ca dy s trn bng phng php quy np.
Theo trn (3) ng vi 1 n , n=2.
Gi s (3) ng vi
1, n k n k
, 2 k tc l:

1 1
1 k
2 ( 1) u 2 ( 1)
k k k k
k
u v

+ + vi 2 k .
Ta chng minh (3) ng vi 1 + k n , tc l :
1 1
1
) 1 ( 2
+ +
+
+
k k
k
u
.
Tht vy, t gi thit quy np v cch cho dy s, ta c :
[ ] ) 2 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 2 ) 1 ( 2 2 ) 1 ( 2 2
1 1 1
1 1
+ + + + + + +

+
k k k k k k k
k k k
u u u
=
1 1 2 1 1 1 1
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 1 . ) 1 ( 2
+ + + +
+ + +
k k k k k k
Vy (3) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
7
Phng php 2: S dng cp s cng v cp s nhn :
Ph ng php: Tch, nhm, lm xut hin dy s ph c dng l
mt cp s cng, cp s nhn. T tnh cht ca cp s cng, cp s
nhn ta s tm c s hng tng qut ca dy s cho.
Bi 1: Cho dy s (u
n
) c xc nh nh sau:

'

+
,... 4 , 3 , 2 : 2 3
3 ; 2
1 1
2 1
n n u u u
u u
n n n
Hy xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Gii :
Ta c
1 1
2 3
+

n n n
u u u
vi mi 2 n ) ( 2
1 1 +

n n n n
u u u u
(1) vi mi 2 n
t
n n n
u u v
+1
vi mi 1 n . Khi t (1) ta c
1
2

n n
v v
vi mi
2 n .
Nh vy
,... , ,
3 2 1
v v v
lp thnh cp s nhn vi q=2 v
1 2 1
u u v
=1.
Ta c :
1 1 2 2 1 1
) ( ... ) ( ) ( u u u u u u u u
n n n n n
+ + + +

=
2 ...
1 2 1
+ + + +

v v v
n n
=
1 2 2
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
+ +

n
n
q
q v
.
Vy s hng tng qut ca dy s trn l :
1 2
1
+
n
n
u
vi mi 1 n .
Bi 2 : Cho dy s (u
n
) c xc nh nh sau:

'

+

+
,... 4 , 3 , 2 : 1 2
2 ; 1
1 1
2 1
n n u u u
u u
n n n
Hy xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Gii :
T gi thit ta c :
1 ) ( ) (
1 1

+ n n n n
u u u u
(2) vi mi 2 n
t 1

n n n
u u v
vi mi 2 n . Khi t (2) ta c n n
v v +
+
1
1 vi mi
2 n .
,... , ,
4 3 2
v v v lp thnh cp s cng vi d=1 v 1 1 2
1 2 2
u u v .
Ta c :
1 1 2 2 1 1
) ( ... ) ( ) ( u u u u u u u u
n n n n n
+ + + +

=
1 ...
2 1
+ + + +

v v v
n n
=
[ ]
2
2
1
2
) 1 (
1
2
) 1 )( 2 2 (
1
2
) 1 ( ) 2 ( 2
2
2
+
+

+
+
+
+ n n n n n n n d n v
.
8
Vy s hng tng qut ca dy s trn l : n
u
2
2
2
+

n n
vi mi 1 n .
Bi 3 : Cho dy s (u
n
) c xc nh nh sau:

'

+
,... 4 , 3 , 2 :
2
2 ; 1
1
1
2 1
n n
u u
u
u u
n n
n
Hy xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Gii :
T gi thit ta c : 1 1
2
+
+
n n n
u u u
(3) vi mi 2 n
t 1

n n n
u u v
vi mi 2 n . Khi t (3) ta c
n n
v v
2
1
1

+
vi mi
2 n .

,... , ,
4 3 2
v v v
lp thnh cp s nhn vi
2
1
q
v
1 1 2
1 2 2
u u v
.
Ta c :
1 1 2 2 1 1
) ( ... ) ( ) ( u u u u u u u u
n n n n n
+ + + +

=
1 ...
2 1
+ + + +

v v v
n n
p dng cng thc tnh tng ca cp s nhn, ta c :
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+ + +

1
1
1
2
3 2
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
) 1 (
...
n
n
n
n
q
q v
v v v
Vy 1
]
1

,
_

+
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
n
n
u
.
Bi 4 : Cho dy s (u
n
) c xc nh nh sau :
1
*
1
2
,
1 2
n
n
n
u
u
u n
u
+

'

N
Hy xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Gii :
Do 2
1
u , nn suy ra
*
0 N n u
n
>
. V th t gi thit suy ra:

n
n
n
u
u
u
1 2 1
1
+

+
vi
*
N n
2
1 1
1
+
+ n n
u u
(4) vi
*
N n .
t
n
n
u
v
1

, th t (4) suy ra
2
1
+
+ n n
v v
vi
*
N n
9

,... , ,
3 2 1
v v v
lp thnh cp s cng vi d=2 v
2
1 1
1
1

u
v
p dng tnh cht ca cp s cng, ta c :
2
) 1 ( 2 2 1
) 1 ( 2
2
1
) 1 (
1
+
+ +
n
n d n v v
n
Vy
) 1 ( 2 2 1
2 1
+

n v
u
n
n .
Bi 5 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi :
1
1
u
v
2 3
1
+ +
+
n u u
n n vi mi 1 n . (5)
a) Chng minh rng dy s (v
n
) vi 1

n n n
u u v
l mt cp s
cng.
b) Hy xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy (u
n
).
Gii :
a) T (5) ta c
1 3 2 ) 1 ( 3
1 1 1
+ +

n u n u u u v
n n n n n
vi mi 2 n
3 ) 1 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 3
1
+
+
n n v v
n n
) (
n
v l cp s cng c cng sai
3 d
v c
s hng u
5
1 2 2
u u v
.
b) Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
... ... u v v v u u u u u u u u
n n n n n n n
+ + + + + + + +


[ ] [ ]
1
2
) 1 )( 4 3 (
1
2
) 1 ( 3 ). 2 ( 5 . 2
1
2
) 1 ( ) 2 ( 2
2
+
+
+
+
+
+

n n n n n d n v
=
2
2 3
2
+ n n
Vy dy s
( )
n
u
c s hng tng qut
2
2 3
2
+

n n
u
n
vi mi 1 n .
Bi 6 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi :
1
8 u
v
1
2 3
n
n n
u u
+
+ vi mi 1 n . (5)
Hy xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Gii :
t 3
n
n n
y u , ta c
1
1
8 3 5 y
1 1
3.3 2( 3 ) 3 2
n n n
n n n n
y y y y
+ +
+ + +
1
( ) l cp s nhn v i y 5 v cng bi q=2
n
y
1 1
5.2 5.2 3
n n n
n n
y u

+
Phng php 3 : S dng cch gii phng trnh sai phn
tuyn tnh (Cn gi l s dng phng trnh c trng)
I/ Ph ng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp mt :
Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp mt l phng trnh sai
phn dng :
10
*
1 1
, ,
n n n
u au bu f n
+
+ N
Trong a, b,

l cc hng s, a 0 v n
f
l biu thc ca n
cho trc.
1/Dng 1: Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin

0 ,
1 1
+
+ n n
bu au u
vi a, b,

cho trc, n * N .
Phng php gii:
Gii phng trnh c trng 0 + b a tm . Khi
n
n
q u
(q
l hng s ), trong q c xc nh khi bit

1
u
.
Bi 1: Xc nh s hng tng qut ca cp s nhn, bit rng
s hng u tin bng 1 v cng bi bng 2.
Gii:
Ta c
n n
u u 2
1

+
,
1
1
u
.
Phng trnh dc trng 2 0 c nghim 2 . Vy
n
n
c u 2 .
T
1
1
u
2
1
c
. Do
1
2

n
n
u
2/Dng 2:Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin
*
1 1
, . . , +
+
n f u b u a u
n n n

(Trong
n
f
l a thc theo n).
Phng php gii:
Gii phng trnh c trng 0 + b a ta tm c.Ta c
,
*
n n n
u u u +

trong n
u
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
0 . .
1
+
+ n n
u b u a
v
*
n
u l nghim ring ty ca phng trnh khng thun
nht
.
1 n n n
f bu au +
+
Vy
q q u
n
n
,
l hng s s c xc nh sau.
Ta xc nh
*
n
u nh sau:
a) Nu 1 th
*
n
u l a thc cng bc vi f
n
.
b) Nu 1 th
n n
g n u .
*

vi g
n
l a thc cng bc vi f
n
.
Thay
*
n
u vo phng trnh, ng nht cc h s, ta tnh c cc
h s ca
*
n
u .
Bit 1
u
, t h thc
*

n n n
u u u +
ta tnh c q.
Bi 2: Tm
n
u
tha mn iu kin:
*
1 1
, 2 , 2 N n n u u u
n n
+
+
Gii:
Phng trnh c trng 0 1 c nghim 1 . Ta c
*
,
n n n
u u u +
trong
q q u
n
n
1 .
,
) .(
*
b an n u
n
+
. Thay
*
n
u vo phng trnh ta c :
11
[ ] n b an n b n a n 2 ) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( + + + + +
Vi n=1 ta c 3a+b=2
Vi n=2 ta c 5a+b=4
1 , 1 b a
) 1 (
*
n n u
n
Ta c
*
( 1)
n n n
u u u q n n + + . V
2
1
u
nn
2 2 ) 1 1 ( 1 + q q
Vy
) 1 ( 2 + n n u
n
hay
2
2
+ n n u
n
3/Dng 3: Tm
n
u
tha mn iu kin

*
1 1
, ,
n
n n
u au bu n
+
+
(Trong
,
l cc s thc bit)
Phng php gii:
Gii phng trnh c trng 0 + b a tm .Ta c
,
*
n n n
u u u +

trong n
u
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
0 . .
1
+
+ n n
u b u a
v
*
n
u l nghim ring ty ca phng trnh khng thun
nht
n
n n
bu au +
+1
Vy
q q u
n
n
,
l hng s c xc nh sau v
*
n
u c xc nh nh
sau:
a) Nu

th
*
n
u
=
. n
A
.
b) Nu

th
*
n
u
=
. n
An
.
Thay
*
n
u
vo phng trnh, ng nht cc h s tnh c cc h
s ca
*
n
u
.
Bit
1
u
, t h thc
*

n n n
u u u +
ta tnh c q.
Bi 3: Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin:
*
1 1
, 2 3 , 1 N n u u u
n
n n
+
+ (3)
Gii:
Phng trnh c trng 0 3 c nghim 3 .
Ta c
*
,
n n n
u u u + trong
n
n
q u 3 .
,
n
n
a u 2 .
*

.
Thay
*
n
u vo phng trnh (3) ta c :
1 1 3 2 2 2 . 3 2 .
1
+ +
+
a a a a a
n n n
n
n
u 2
*

. Do
*
.3 2
n n
n n n
u u u q + .
V
1
1
u
nn
1 q
.
Vy
n n
n
u 2 3
.
4/Dng 4: Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin

*
2 1 1 1
, . . , + +
+
n f f u b u a u
n n n n

12
(Trong n
f
1 l a thc theo n,
n
n
f
2
).
Phng php gii:
Gii phng trnh c trng 0 + b a tm .Ta c
* * *

n n n n
u u u u + +
, trong n
u
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
0 . .
1
+
+ n n
u b u a
,
*
n
u l nghim ring ty ca phng trnh khng thun
nht n n n
f bu au
1 1
+
+ ,
* *
n
u
l nghim ring ty ca phng trnh khng
thun nht
n n n
f bu au
2 1
+
+
.
Bi 4: Tm
n
u
tha mn iu kin:
* 2
1 1
, 2 . 2 2 , 1 N n n u u u
n
n n
+ +
+ (4)
Gii:
Phng trnh c trng 0 2 c nghim 2 . Ta c
* * *

n n n n
u u u u + +

, trong :

n
n
q u 2 .
,
c bn an u
n
+ +
2 *
,
n
n
An u 2 .
* *

.
Thay
*
n
u vo phng trnh
2
1
2 n u u
n n
+
+
ta c :
2 2 2
2 2 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( n c bn an c n b n a + + + + + + +
Cho 1 n ta c 1 2 c a (*)
Cho 2 n ta c 4 c b a (**)
Cho 3 n ta c 9 2 2 + + c b a (***)
Gii h ba phng trnh (*), (**), (***) ta c
3 , 2 , 1 c b a
.
Vy
3 2
2 *
n n u
n
.
Thay
* *
n
u
vo
n
n n
u u 2 . 2 2
1
+
+
ta c:
1
( 1).2 2 .2 2.2
1ta c ( 1) 1 1
n n n
A n An
Chon A n An A
+
+ +
+ +
n
n
n u 2 .
* *

.
Do
n n
n n n n
n n n q u u u u 2 . ) 3 2 ( 2 .
2 * * *
+ + + +
.
V
1
1
u
nn
2
5
2 6 2 1 + q q
.
Vy
3 2 2 . 2 . 5
2 1
+

n n n u
n n
n
.
II/Ph ng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp hai :
Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh cp hai l phng trnh sai
phn dng :
*
1 1 2 1
, , , N n g cu bu au u u
n n n n
+ +
+

Trong a, b, c,

l cc hng s, a 0 v
n
g
l biu thc
ca n cho trc.
1/Dng 1: Tm
n
u
tha mn iu kin
13
*
1 1 2 1
, 0 , , N n cu bu au u u
n n n
+ +
+

Phng php gii:
Gii phng trnh c trng 0
2
+ + c b a tm .
a)Nu
1

v
2

l hai nghim thc khc nhau th

n n
n
B A u
2 1
+
,
trong A v B c xc nh khi bit 1
u
v 2
u
.
b)Nu 1

v 2

l nghim thc kp, 1

= 2

= th
n
n
n B A u ) . ( +
, trong A v B c xc nh khi bit
1
u
v
2
u
.
c) Nu l nghim phc,
iy x +
, th ta t

,
_

+
2
;
2
, tan ,
2 2


x
y
y x r
.
Lc
( ) sin cos i r +
v
( ) sin cos B n A r u
n
n
+
, trong A v B -
c xc nh khi bit 1
u
v 2
u
.
Bi 1: Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin:
*
1 1 2 1
, 9 8 , 8 , 2 N n u u u u u
n n n
+
+
Gii:
Phng trnh c trng 0 9 8
2
+ c nghim 1 hoc 9 .
Khi
n n
n
B A u ) 9 .( 1 . +
.
T
8 , 2
2 1
u u
ta c h phng trnh :

'

'

+

9
1
1
8 . 81
2 9
B
A
B A
B A
Vy
1
9 . ) 1 ( 1 ) 9 .(
9
1
1


n n n
n
u
Bi 2: Cho dy s
( )
n
u
xc nh bi :
1
2
1
1
3 8 1 (1) v i n 1
n n n
u
u u u
+

'
+ +

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

Gii :
T gi thit ta c
0 v i n 1
n
u >
T (1) ta suy ra
( )
2
2
1
3 8 1
n n n
u u u
+
+
2 2 2
1 1
6 9 8 1
n n n n n
u u u u u
+ +
+ +
2 2
1 1
6 1 (2)
n n n n
u u u u
+ +
+
T (2) thay n+1 bi n ta c :
14
2 2
1 1
6 1 (3)
n n n n
u uu u

+
Tr tng v ca (2) cho (3) ta c :
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
6 0
n n n n n
u u u u u
+ +
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
6 0
n n n n n
u u u u u
+ +
+
(4)
V
2
1
3 8 1 v i n 1
n n n
u u u
+
+ + nn
1
3 v i n 1
n n
u u
+
>
(5)
T (5) thay n+1 bi n ta c
1
3 v i n 2
n n
u u

>
1 1 1
9
n n n
u u u
+
> >
(v
0 v i n 1
n
u >
)
1
0
n n
u u
+

1 1
(4) 6 0
n n n
u u u
+
+
.
( )
1 2
1 1
u 1, 6
c xc nh bi
6 0 2
n
n n n
u
u
u u u v i n
+

'
+

Phng trnh c trng

2
6 1 0 + c nghim
3 8 +
hoc
3 8
.
Khi
( )
. 3 8 .(3 8)
n
n
n
u A B + + .
T
1 2
1, 6 u u
ta c h phng trnh :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3 8 3 8 1
3( ) 8( ) 1
17( ) 6 8( ) 6
3 8 3 8 6
A B
A B A B
A B A B
A B

+ +

+ +

' '
+ + + + +

1
0
2 8
1
1
8
2 8
A A B
A B
B

+



' '

Vy
( )
1 1
3 8 (3 8)
2 8 2 8
n
n
n
u +
2/Dng 2: Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin
*
1 1 2 1
, , , N n f cu bu au u u
n n n n
+ +
+

(Trong
n
f
l a thc theo n).
Phng php gii:
Gii phng trnh c trng 0
2
+ + c b a ta tm c. Khi
,
*
n n n
u u u +
trong
n
u
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun
nht
0
1 1
+ +
+ n n n
cu bu au
v
*
n
u l nghim ring ty ca phng trnh
khng thun nht
1 1 n n n n
au bu cu f
+
+ +
Ta xc nh
*
n
u nh sau:
15
a) Nu phng trnh c trng khng c nghim 1 th
*
n
u =
n
g
, vi
n
g
l a thc cng bc vi
n
f
b) Nu phng trnh c trng c nghim n 1 th
*
.
n n
u ng , vi
n
g
l a thc cng bc vi
n
f
.
c) Nu phng trnh c trng c nghim kp 1 th
* 2
.
n n
u n g , vi
n
g
l a thc cng bc vi
n
f
.
Thay
*
n
u vo phng trnh, ng nht cc h s, ta tnh c cc
h s ca
*
n
u .
Bit 1
u
v 2
u
, t h thc
*

n n n
u u u +
ta tnh c A, B.
Bi 3 : Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin:
2 ) 1 ( 3 2 2 5 2 , 3 , 1
2
1 1 2 1
+ +
+
n n n u u u u u
n n n
Gii :
Phng trnh c trng 0 2 5 2
2
+ c nghim 2 hoc
2
1

.
Khi
*

n n n
u u u +
vi
n
n
n
B A u

,
_

+
2
1
. 2 .
v
c bn an u
n
+ +
2 *
Thay
*
n
u vo (1) ta c:

[ ] [ ] [ ] 3 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 5 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + + n n c n b n a c bn an c n b n a
(2)
T (2) cho n=2, n=3, n=4 ta c h phng trnh:

'

11 4 12
6 3 5
3 2
c b a
c b a
c b

'

7
2
1
c
b
a
Vy
7 2
2 *
+ n n u
n
. Do
7 2
2
1
. 2 .
2
+

,
_

+ n n B A u
n
n
n
T
3 , 1
2 1
u u
ta c h phng trnh :

'

'

+
+
3
16
6
13
40 16
14 4
B
A
B A
B A
Vy
7 2
2
1
.
3
16
2 .
6
13
2
+

,
_

+ n n u
n
n
n
16
3/Dng 3: Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin
2 , . , ,
1 1 2 1
+ +
+
n d cu bu au u u
n
n n n

Phng php gii:
Gii phng trnh c trng 0
2
+ + c b a ta tm c. Khi
,
*
n n n
u u u +
trong
n
u
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun
nht
0
1 1
+ +
+ n n n
cu bu au
(vi A, B cha c xc nh sau) v
*
n
u l nghim
ring ty ca phng trnh khng thun nht
n
n n n
d cu bu au .
1 1
+ +
+
Ta xc nh
*
n
u nh sau:
a) Nu

th
n
n
k u
*
.
b) Nu

l nghim n th
n
n
n k u . .
*

c) Nu

l nghim kp th
n
n
n k u . .
2 *

Thay
*
n
u vo phng trnh, ng nht cc h s, ta tnh c cc
h s ca
*
n
u .
Bit 1
u
v 2
u
, t h thc
*

n n n
u u u +
ta tnh c A, B.
Bi 4 : Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin:
2 ) 3 ( 2 . 2 2 , 0 , 1
1 1 2 1
+
+
n u u u u u
n
n n n
Gii :
Phng trnh c trng 0 1 2
2
+ c nghim kp 1 .
Khi
*

n n n
u u u +
vi
Bn A Bn A u
n
n
+ + 1 ). (
v
n
n
k u 2 .
*

Thay
*
n
u vo (3) ta c:
n n n n
k k k 2 . 2 2 . 2 . 2 2 .
1 1
+
+
4 k

2 *
2 2 . 4
+

n n
n
u

2 *
2
+
+ + +
n
n n n
Bn A u u u
V
1
1
u
nn 1 8 + + B A

0
2
u
nn 0 16 2 + + B A

Ta c h phng trnh

'

+
+
16 2
7
B A
B A

'

2
9
A
B
Vy
2
2 9 2
+
+
n
n
n u
.
4.Dng 4: Tm
n
u
tha mn iu kin
*
1 2 1 1
, , ,
n n n n n
u u au bu cu f g n N
+
+ + +
(Trong
n
f
l a thc theo n, .
n
n
g d ).
Phng php gii:
17
Gii phng trnh c trng 0
2
+ + c b a ta tm c. Khi
* * *

n n n n
u u u u + + trong
n
u
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
thun nht
0
1 1
+ +
+ n n n
cu bu au
v
*
n
u l nghim ring ty ca phng
trnh khng thun nht
1 1 n n n n
au bu cu f
+
+ +
,
* *
n
u
l nghim ring ty
ca phng trnh khng thun nht
1 1 n n n n
au bu cu g
+
+ +
,
Bi 5 : Tm n
u
tha mn iu kin:
2 ) 4 ( 2 3 2 , 0 , 1
1 1 2 1
+
+
n n u u u u u
n
n n n
Gii :
Phng trnh c trng 0 3 2
2
c nghim
3 , 1
2 1

.
Ta c
* * *

n n n n
u u u u + + , trong :
( )
n
n
n
B A u 3 . 1 . + ,
b an u
n
+
*
,
n
n
k u 2 .
* *

Thay
*
n
u vo phng trnh
n u u u
n n n

+ 1 1
3 2
, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] n b n a b an b n a + + + + 1 3 2 1

( ) 0 ) ( 4 1 4 + b a n a
4
1
b a
Do
( ) 1
4
1
*
+ n u
n
Thay
* *
n
u
vo phng trnh
n
n n n
u u u 2 3 2
1 1

+
, ta c
3
2
2 3 4 4 2 2 . . 3 2 . . 2 2 .
1 1

+
k k k k k k k
n n n n
Do
1 * *
2 .
3
1
2 .
3
2
+

n n
n
u
.
Vy
* * *

n n n n
u u u u + + = ( )
n
n
B A 3 . 1 . + ( ) 1
4
1
+ n
1
2 .
3
1
+

n
.
Ta c
6
17
3
3
4
2
1
3 1 1
1
+ + B A B A u
(*)
12
41
9
3
8
4
3
9 0 0
2
+ + B A B A u
(**)
Gii h gm hai phng trnh (*) v (**) ta c:
48
25
,
48
61
B A
.
Vy
* * *

n n n n
u u u u + + = ( )
61 25
. 1 .3
48 48
n
n
_
+

,
( ) 1
4
1
+ n
1
2 .
3
1
+

n
.
18
Mt s bi tp t luyn:
Bi 1: Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
1
1
1
2 1 v i n 1
n n
u
u u n
+

'
+ +

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn

p s : u
n
= n
2
vi mi
*
nN
Bi 2 : Cho dy s Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
1
3
1
1
v i n 1
n n
u
u u n
+

'
+

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

p s : u
n
=
2 2
( 1)
1
4
n n
+ vi mi
*
nN
Bi 3 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
1
1
5
3 2 v i n 1
n n
u
u u n
+

'
+

a)Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

p s : u
n
=
( 1)(3 4)
5
2
n n
+ vi mi
*
nN
b)Chng minh dy s trn l dy s tng.
Bi 4 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
1
1
2
1
2 v i n 1
n
n
u
u
u
+

'

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

p s : u
n
=
( 1) n
n
+
vi mi
*
nN
19
Bi 5 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
1 2
1
1
2004, 2005
2
v i n 2
3
n n
n
u u
u u
u

+

' +

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

p s : u
n
=
1
3 3 1
2004
4 4 3
n
_
+

,
vi mi
*
nN
Bi 6 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
1 2
1 1
1, 0
2 1 v i n 2
n n n
u u
u u u n
+

'
+ +

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

p s : u
n
=
2
11 1
4
3 6 2
n
n n
_
+ +

,
vi mi
*
nN
Bi 7 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
0
2
2 1
2
3 8 1 v i n 0
n n n
u
u u u
+ +

'
+ +

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

( )
8 66 8 66
3 8 (3 8)
8 8
n
n
n
u
+
+ +
Bi 8 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
1
1
2
1
v i n 1
2 3
n
n
n
u
u
u
x
+

'

+ +

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn

( ) ( )
2 3
2 3 2 3
n n n
u
+ +
Bi 9 : Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:
1 2
2 n+1 n
1, 2
+ 2u +u =0 v i n 1
n
u u
u
+

'

Hy tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn

( )
3 3
2 2 cos 2sin
4 4
n
n n
u

+
20
Phn III: Kt lun
Qua mt s phng php trnh by trn, ti hy vng rng
phn no c th gip cho cc em hc sinh bit tm s hng tng
qut ca dy s cho bi h thc truy hi tuyn tnh. Ring i vi cch
th ba khi hc sinh lm bi ( khng phi bi thi hc sinh gii) th
ch l c s cc em d on cng thc s hng tng qut ri
chng minh cng thc bng phng php quy np ton hc (nh cch
1).
Trn y ch l mt vi phng php trong s rt nhiu cc ph-
ng php do n ch gip cc em gii quyt c phn no cc bi
ton thuc dng ny m khng phi l cha kha gii quyt tt
c cc bi ton. Rt mong s ng gp chn thnh ca bn b ng
nghip v cc em hc sinh ti ny c hon thin.
21
Ti liutham kho
1. Sch gio khoa bi tp i s v giI tch lp
11 nng cao.
2. Ti liu bi dng nghip v sau i hc h
2003.
3. Chuyn chn lc v dy s v p dng
( Chuyn bi dng hc sinh gii).
Tc gi: Nguyn Vn Mu, Trn Nam Tun,
Nguyn Minh Tun.
22
4. Mt s bi ton chn lc v dy s
Tc gi: Nguyn Vn Mu.
5. Mt s bi ton v dy s trong cc thi
Olympic 30-4.
Tc gi: V Giang Giai- Nguyn Ngc
Thu.
23