Thuydien 1

Bi ging Thy in 1
CHNG I
KHI QUT V THY NNG V NGUYN L KHAI THC.
1-1 THY NNG V CC DNG THY NNG. Thu nng l nng lng tim tng trong nc. Mn thu nng l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu s dng, khai thc cc ngun nng lng nc. Nc trong thin nhin mang nng lng 3 dng: ho nng, nhit nng, c nng. Ho nng ca nc th hin ch yu trong vic to thnh cc dung dch mui v ho tan cc loi t i ni trong nc sng. Nhit nng ca nc th hin s chnh lch nhit gia cc lp nc trn mt v di y sng, gia nc trn mt t v nc ngm. Hai dng nng lng ca nc ni trn c tr lng ln, song phn tn, k thut s dng cn nhiu kh khn, hin nay cha khai thc c. C nng ca nc thin nhin th hin trong ma ri, trong dng chy ca sng sui, trong dng nc v thu triu. Dng nng lng ny rt ln, ta c kh nng v iu kin s dng. Trong cc dng sng c ngun nng lng rt ln v khai thc d dng hn c. Nng lng tim tng thng ngy b tiu hao mt cch v ch vo vic khc phc nhng tr lc trn ng chuyn ng, ma st ni b, bo mn xi l b sng v lng sng, vn chuyn ph sa bn ct v cc vt rn, cng sn ra vn chuyn khi nc. Nc ta vng nhit i, ma nhiu, lng ma thng t 1500-2000 mm/nm. C nhng vng nh H Giang, dc Hong Lin Sn, Ty Cn Lnh , Ty Nguyn lng ma n 4000-5000 mm/nm nn ngun nc rt phong ph. Nng lng khai thc t ngun nc ch yu l c nng ca dng chy mt (sng, sui), ca thu triu v ca cc dng hi lu. Tuy nhin mn hc thy in I , chng ta s ch tp trung nghin cu c nng ca dng chy sng sui. Tr lng thy nng trn th gii rt ln. Theo nghin cu v cng b ca B. Xlebinger ti hi ngh Nng lng ton th gii ln th 4 (Lun n - 1950), tr lng thy nng trn th gii c thng k trong Bng 1.3. Bng 1.1 Tr lng thy nng trn th gii theo B. Xlebinger
Vng 1. Chu u 2. Chu 3. Chu Phi 4. Bc M 5. Nam M 6. Chu c v Chu i dng Tng cng ton tri t Din tch (103 Km2) 11.609 41.839 30.292 24.244 17.798 8.557 134.339 Tr lng (106 Kw) 200 2.309 1.155 717 1.110 119 5.610 Mt cng sut (Kw/Km2) 17,3 55,0 38,2 29,5 62,5 13,9 41,7
Theo mt s ti liu nghin cu, nc ta c trn 1000 con sng sui (chiu di > 10Km) vi tr nng tim tng khong 260 - 280 t Kwh. Trong cc lu vc sng , L-Gm v sng ng Nai c ngun nng lng ln nht. nh gi tr nng l thuyt v tr nng kinh t k thut Vit Nam c thng k trong Bng 1.2 v Bng 1.3
B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in
Bi ging Thy in 1
Bng 1.2 Tr nng l thuyt v kinh t-k thut mt s lu vc ln Vit Nam

Tn lu vc sng 1. Sng L 2. Sng Thao 3. Sng 4. Sng M 5. Sng C 6. Sng V Gia - Thu Bn 7. Sng Tr Khc 8. Sng Ba 9. Sng S San 10. Sng Srpok 11. Sng ng Nai Tng cng E0 l thuyt (106 KWh) 39.600 25.963 71.100 12.070 10.950 15.564 5.269 10.027 21.723 13.575 27.719 249.090 E0 k thut (106 KWh) 4.752 7.572 31.175 1.256 2.556 4.575 1.688 1.239 7.948 2.636 10.335 68.917 E0 LT/E0 KT (%) 12 29 43 10 23 30 32 12 39 20 37 27,5
Bng 1.3: Tr nng k thut cc lu vc ln Vit Nam

Tn lu vc 1. S. Hng + S. Thi Bnh 2. S. M + S. C 3. Vng o Ngang, o C 4. S. ng Nai 5. Chi lu S. M Kng 6. Cc lu vc khc Tng cng S bc thang thy in 138 18 28 21 14 28 247 Cng sut (MW) 12.600 1.400 1.500 1.600 2.000 2.100 21.200
S PHT TRIN CA THY IN VIT NAM nc ta vic khai thc s dng c nng ca dng nc c t lu, nhng ch t u th k th XX mi pht trin mnh m. Hng nghn nm v trc, t tin ta cng nh mt s dn tc Aicp, Trung Quc bit li dng c nng ca sng sui xay la, gi go v lm cn nc a nc ln cao phc v nng nghip. Trong thi gian trc nm 1960, Min Bc mt s TT vi quy m cng sut nh c xy dng m ln nht l T Cm Sn trn sng Ha (Lng Sn) vi Nlm = 4800 KW (nhng nm 1980 b tho b t my do khng hiu qu, nay ang c phng n lp my phc hi li), v h cha 250 triu m3, mt s TT nh; TT Bn Thch trn knh gn p Bi Thng Thanh Ha c Nlm = 960 KW c xy dng t nm 1959, n 1963 th khnh thnh. Mt s TT nh (vi Nlm khong vi trm KW) c mt ri rc cc tnh Lo Cai, Bc Cn, Lng Sn. Nhng nm t 1960 n 1975 c 2 TT quy m ln c xy dng l TT a Nhim trn sng a Nhim (thng ngun dng chnh ng Nai) do ngi Nht xy dng t 4/1961 n 1/1964 hon thnh vi Nlm = 160.000 KW, h cha 165 triu m3, ct nc pht in 798 m. TT Thc B trn sng Chy (Yn Bi) c xy dng t nm 1960-1961 v theo k hoch hon thnh nm 1965, c Nlm = 108.000 KW, h cha c tng dung tch 3,94 t m3(Do chin tranh, qu trnh thi cng gin on, nn thc t n 5/1971 mi hon thnh v pht c 3 t my vi cng sut 108MW. Nm 1986 chnh thc nng cng sut trm ln 120MW).
B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in 2
Bi ging Thy in 1
Sau nm 1975, hng lot cc cng trnh thy li - thy in ln trn khp min t nc c xy dng v ang chun b xy dng. C th tham kho s liu thng k Bng 1.4 Bng 1.4 Thng k mt s TT ln Vit Nam
Tn TT 1. Thc B* 2. a Nhim* 3. Ha Bnh* 4. Tr An* 5. Vinh Sn* 6. Thc M* 7. Yali* 8. Sng Hinh* 9. Hm Thun* 10. a Mi* 11. Cn n 12. Sn La 13. Lai Chu 14. Hui Qung 15. I Th 16. Bc M 17. Ca t 18. Bn Mai 19. Ro Qun 20. Ba H 21. An Kh 22. An Vng I 23. Plei Krng 24. S san 3 25. S San 4 26. Thng Kon Tum 27. ng Nai 4 28. ng Nai 8 29. i Ninh 30. Bun Kup Tn sng S. Chy S. a Nhim S. S. ng Nai S. Ba S. B S. S San S. Hinh S. La Ng S. La Ng S. B S. S. S. Nm Mu S. L Gm S. L Gm S. M S. C S. Ro Qun S. Ba S. Ba S. Thu Bn S. S Sna S. S San S. S San S. S San S. ng Nai S. ng Nai S. ng Nai S. Srpk Thi gian XD (nm XD H.thnh) 1960-1965-1972 1961-1964 1979-1989 1982-1989 1985-1991 1990-1994 1992-2000 1994-2001 1995-2000 1995-2000 1999Nlm (MW) 108-120 160 1.920 400 66 102 720 70 300 160 72 2400-3600 1500 800 300 280 170 338 70 200 145 145 120 259 340 260 288 200 254 85 Tng Vh (triu m3) 3.940 165 9.45 2.800 1.470 399 1.105 67,4 165,5 8.000-26.000 3.500 163 1.345,9 1.327,2 200,7 -
Bi ging Thy in 1
1-2 NH GI NNG LNG TIM TNG CA DNG NC I. Tnh cng sut v in lng cho mt on sng.
1 v1 Q 1 Hnh 1-1 2 V
2
v2
H VZ2
Da vo phng trnh Bec-nui chng ta bit c nng lng tim tng cha trong th tch nc W(m3) khi chy qua mt ct (1-1) trong thi gian t(s) s l: 2 p1 1 v1 W (Jun) (1-1) E1 = Z + + 1 2g
Mun xc nh nng lng tim tng ca dng chy trong sng thin nhin (hnh 1-1) t mt ct (1-1) n (2-2) ta xt nng lng m khi nc W di chuyn trong on y tiu hao i, ngha l tm hiu s nng lng gia hai mt ct : E = E1-E2
Trong : + Z1 - cao trnh mt nc ti mt ct 1-1 + p1 - p sut trn mt nc ti mt ct 1-1 + - trng lng th tch ca nc; = 9,81.103 N/m3 + V1 - vn tc dng chy ti mt ct 1-1 + 1 - h s xt n s phn b lu tc ti mt ct 1-1 + g - gia tc trng trng. Gi thit rng trong on sng ang xt khng c sng nhnh vo, ngha l coi lng nc W chy qua mt ct (1-1) v (2-2) l khng i. Khi lng nc W chy qua mt ct (2-2) s c mt nng lng tim tng l: 2 p2 2 v2 W (Jun) E2 = (1-2) Z + + 2 2g ngha cc k hiu trong biu thc (1-2) ging nh cc k hiu ca (1-1) Vy nng lng tim tng ca on sng s l: E1-2 = E1-E2 = Z1 +
p2 2v2 2 W Z + 2 + 2g W 2 2 V 2 V2 p p = ( Z1 Z 2 ) + 1 2 + 1 1 W (Jun) 2g
2 p1 1 v1 + 2g
(1-3)
Phn tch biu thc (1-3) ta thy E cng chnh l cng sn ra trong t giy di chuyn lng nc W t mt ct (1-1) sang (2-2) vi ct nc ton phn l: H1-2= ( Z1 Z 2 ) +
p1 p 2 1V12 2 V22 + 2g
(1-4) (1-5)
Ngha l: E1-2 = .W. H1-2 (Jun) Xt ct nc ton phn, ta thy n gm 3 thnh phn: - Ct nc a hnh: Hh = (Z1 - Z2) Ct nc p sut: Has =
p1 p 2
Bi ging Thy in 1
Ct nc lu tc:
Hlt =
1 V12 2 V22 2g
Do H1-2 c th vit: H1-2 = Hh + Has + Hlt Trong thc t, tr s p sut p1, p2 hai u on sng nghin cu thng chnh lch nhau rt t. Mt khc gi thit lng nc trong on sng ang xt khng i nn khia cc c trng v hnh dng ca hai mt ct sng gn ging nhau th s dn n v1 v 2 1 2 Ngha l coi
V2 V2 p1 p 2 v 1 1 2 2 . B qua sai s khng ng 2g 2g
k biu thc (1-3) c th vit di dng n gin. E = .W. (Z1 - Z2 ) (Jun) (1-6) E = .W. H (Jun) vi H = Z1 - Z2 (1-7) Biu thc (1-7) chnh l cng thc cho php ta xc nh nng lng tim tng ca bt k on sng no. Nu thay W = Q.t v = 9,81.103 N/m3 vo biu thc trn th ta c: E = 9,81.103.H.Q.t (Jun) (1-8) Nu thay n v in lng jun bng kwh vi 1kwh =3600.103 jun, ta s c:
E= H.Q.t 367,2
(kWh)
E T (1-8) ta c: t
(1-9)
T biu thc (1-8) v (1-9) ta c th xc nh cng sut N ca dng nc trong mt on sng theo cng thc chung: N = (1-10) N = 9,81.103.Q.H (W) N = 9,81.Q.H (kW) (1-11) Cng thc (1-11) c coi l cng thc c bn nht tnh ton thu nng. N thng c p dng nhiu trong cng tc quy hoch, kho st, iu tra tr lng thu nng tim tng ca sng ngi. II. Tnh tr lng thy nng cho mt con sng Mun tnh t lng thu nng cho mt con sng, ta phn n ra nhiu on, ri dng cng thc (1-11) tnh tr lng thu nng cho tng on ri sau cng dn li. Thc t d nhn thy v tin s dng, ngi ta dng s liu kho st, tnh ton v thnh biu nh hnh(1-2). Cc bc tin hnh nh sau: 1. iu tra, kho st v thu thp ti liu. a. Nguyn tc phn on: Ta bit, mun tnh cng sut, phi bit lu lng Q v ct nc H ca tng on. Khi phn on cn tun theo mt s nguyn tc nh: - Phn on tun t t ngun n ca sng. - Phn on nhng ni Q v H thay i c bit nh ni c sng nhnh hoc sui ln chy vo lm cho lu lng tng ln r rt, ni c dc lng sng bt u thay i c bit nhng ni c thc ghnh thin nhin. l 2 nguyn tc c bn khi chn mt ct phn on cn phi lu nhng v tr thun tin v c li cho vic khai thc, ni c kh nng chn lm tuyn xy dng cng trnh thu in sau ny. b. Cch tin hnh iu tra kho st v thu thp ti liu.
Bi ging Thy in 1
Trc khi i thc a nn s b nghin cu a hnh trn bn t l 1/100.000; 1/50.000 hay 1/25.000. D kin s b nhng v tr cn b tr phn on, nh ra hnh trnh, b tr k hoch tin hnh v cc cng tc chun b cn thit khc. Qu trnh i thc a nhiu khi phi thay i hoc nh thm mt s v tr phn on. Nguyn nhn l do bn o c khng y cc chi tit, hoc do lu, nay di tc ng ca thin nhin v con ngi c thay i. Ti mi mt ct phn on u phi tin hnh o c cao tnh mt nc, v quan h gia cao trnh v chiu di sng L. ng thi cng ti mi mt ct phn on tin hnh o c thy vn, kt hp vi cc s liu quan trc kh tng khc, nm chc tnh hnh lu vc, Hnh 1-2 tnh c lu lng bnh qun chy qua tng mt ct. y c th xc nh lu lng bnh qun Q theo hai cch: C th bng tr s trung bnh nhiu nm hoc ly bng lu lng bnh qun nm ca trm thy vn c tn sut p=50%. Ngoi ra khi cn thit ta c th tnh tr lng thy nng cho nhng nm t nc vi tn sut 90%, 95% vvT cc s liu Q, ta v c quan h gia lu lng vi chiu di sng Q~L. Ti nhng v tr thun li cho vic xy dng cng trnh thy in nu ti liu thy vn ni trn cn thiu th phi b tr cc trm quan trc gip cho vic nh gi tr lng thy nng cng nh tnh ton thit k sau ny c chnh xc. Tnh cng sut cho tng on ta dng cng thc (1-11) N = 9,81.Q.H (kW). Th d ta tnh cho on th i: Ni = 9,81.Qi.Hi. Ta ln lt xc nh cho tng s hng trong cng thc. xc nh Hi ta ly cao trnh mt nc u on tr cao trnh mt nc cui on: Hi =Ziu- Zicui Cn Qi c tnh trung bnh theo lu lng u on v cui on. Qi =(Qiu + Qicui)/2 Khi phn on ta lu sao cho khng c sng nhsnh vo trong on . Song do c mch nc, rnh hoc sui nh vo, nn lu lng u v cui thng khc nhau. Do khi tnh ton ta ly tr s trung bnh. Sau khi c Qi, Hi vic tnh ton cng sut dng nc Ni cho tng on Li ht sc n gin. C cc tr s Ni v Li tng ng ta c th v quan h Ni~Li cho tng on sng. Sau v cc ng biu din cng sut trn mt n v chiu di v ng biu din tng cng sut theo chiu di Ni ~Li. (xem hnh (1-2) Biu trn cha k nng lng tim tng ca sng nhnh. Mun tnh nng lng tim tng ca sng c k c nhnh, ta tnh ring cho tng nhnh theo phng php nu trn. Sau cng nng lng ca cc nhnh, ti cc tuyn chng nhn vo sng chnh. Xem xt biu tr lng thu nng ta c mt s nhn xt sau: Nhn chung dc mt nc cng v xui cng gim (tc ct nc tnh cho mt n v chiu di cng gim). Tr trng hp ngoi l do c thc thin nhin.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
ng biu din lu lng c nhng ch tng ngt do ti tuyn c sng nhnh vo. Cng sut tnh cho mt n v chiu di on u v cui sng u nh hn on gia. Nguyn nhn on u tuy c ct nc ln song lu lng nh v on cui tuy c lu lng ln nhng ct nc thp. Do cng sut n v khng ln lm.
Trn y trnh by cch tnh v v biu tr lng thu nng cho cc sng ngi. y l ti liu rt cn cho cng tc nghin cu lp quy hoch khai thc thu in cng nh sa i quy hoch khi cn thit. III. Kh nng li dng nng lng tim tng.
1. Nhng hn ch trong vic li dng nng lng tim tng ca on sng. V l lun, ta tnh c nng lng tim tng ca on sng. Thc t khng th li dng c ht nng lng , do cc nguyn nhn sau: - C th on sng no khng th li dng c do kh khn v k thut, hoc do ngp lt cc cng trnh, cc m qu cc khu dn c ln, cc khu canh tc ph nhiu dn n khng thun li v mt kinh t. - Mt khc trong qu trnh khai thc khng th trnh khi tn tht lu lng do bc hi, r r v thm, tn tht ct nc khi chy qua cc cng trnh ly nc v dn nc v my mc thu lc.vv Cho nn ng thi vi vic tnh ton tr lng thu nng tim tng, cn tin hnh tnh ton tr lng thu nng c th khai thc c ( thng gi l tr nng k thut) Tr nng k thut khng nhng ph thuc v iu kin thin nhin ca dng sng,m cn ph thuc vo trnh k thut, hon cnh kinh t ca x hi v s khai thc hp l hay cha. Phi thng qua tnh ton kinh t k thut mi nh ra c phng n hp l, li dng ti a ngun nng lng thin nhin. 2. Cng sut v in lng ca trm thu in Mun khai thc thu nng pht in, chng ta ph xy dng trm thu in. Cng trnh ch yu ca trm thu in l cng trnh dng nc ( p ), cng trnh trn v x nc tha, cng trnh ly nc v dn nc, cc thit b my mc thu lc v c in trong nh my ca trm thu in. trong qu trnh khai thc c tn tht. Tn tht thu nng ca trm thu in th hin : - Tn tht lu lng do bc hi, ngm theo cc ng nc ngm, thm qua lng h, vai p v thn p r r qua cng trnh v mt phn lu lng tha phi x b khi lu lng n nhiu m cng trnh khng kh nng tr, turbine khng kh nng tho lu lng ln. - Tn tht ct nc khi chy qua ca ly nc, cng trnh dn nc turbine cng nh cc tn tht khc trong my pht in v h thng truyn ng. V vy cng sut ca trm thu in bao gi cng b hn cng sut thin nhin tnh theo (1-11). Cng sut ca trm thu in xc nh theo cng thc: (1-12) N = 9,81. .Q.H Trong cng thc (1-12) lu lng Q v ct nc H tr i mi tn tht v lu lng v ct nc. Mt khc th hin tn tht qua my mc thit b trong cng thc cn c h s . H s c gi l hiu sut ca trm thu in. Hiu sut bao gi cng nh hn 1 v bng:
Bi ging Thy in 1
= TB . mf . t
Trong : TB - Hiu sut turbine mf - Hiu sut my pht t - Hiu sut truyn ng Nu turbine v my pht ni trc tip (lin tc ) th t = 1 Cng thc (1-12) c th vit di dng: N=K.Q.H (1-13) Trong : K=9,81. Thng thng khi tnh ton thu nng, cha chn c thit b, nn cha xc nh c . Khi tnh ton thng ly theo kinh nghim. - Trm thy in ln K= 8 - 8,5 - Trm thy in va K= 7 - 8 - Trm thy in nh K= 6 - 7 in lng E ca trm thu in l in lng thc t m trm thu in pht ra u thanh ci my pht. Tr s ny ph thuc vo cng sut v thi gian lm vic ca trm. Dng chung tnh in lng ca trm l:
E = Ndt
0
(1-14)
n
Hoc E = N i t i
i =1
(1-15)
Trong
ti n -
thi gian m trm lm vic vi cng sut Ni S thi on lm vic.
Bi ging Thy in 1
1-3 NGUYN L KHAI THC THU NNG. T cc cng thc N = 9,81. .Q.H hay N = K.Q.H, ta thy N t l thun vi Q,H, v . Do mun tng cng sut phi tm cch tng Q, H, Vic tng lu lng Q c th dng cc bin php tp trung v iu tit dng chy, tng lu lng ma kit. Mt khc c th ly nc t lu vc khc b sung cho lu lng ca trm. Ct nc H th phn b, phn tn dc theo chiu di sng. Do mun tng H th phi dng bin php nhn to bng cch xy dng cng trnh thu li. Ngoi ra, mun cho cng sut ca trm thu in pht ra ln, phi c my mc thit b tt, c hiu sut cao. Bin php nng cao hiu sut ca thit b my mc s c hc mn hc thit b thu in. Trong mn hc thu nng ch gii quyt cc vn tp trung ct nc v tp trung iu tit lu lng. Vn ny s c trnh by phn Bin php khai thc thu nngdi y. 1-4 BIN PHP KHAI THC THU NNG. I. Cch tp trung ct nc. Tu theo bin php tng ct nc, m ta c cc phng thc khai thc thu nng sau y: - Dng p to thnh ct nc. - Dng ng dn to thnh ct nc. - Dng hn hp c p v ng dn to thnh ct nc. 1. Dng p to thnh ct nc. Xy dng p ti mt tuyn thch hp ni cn khai thc. p to ra ct nc do s chnh lch mc nc thng h lu p. ng thi to nn h cha c tc dng tp trung v iu tit lu lng, p H lm tng kh nng pht in ng nc dng trong ma kit, nng cao hiu qu li dng tng hp ngu n nc nh ct l Htnh Long s ng t h chng lt, cung cp nc, i n nh in nui c, vn ti thu Phng thc tp trung ct nc nh s hnh (13) c gi l phng thc khai thc kiu p. Phng thc ny c u im l va tp trung c ct nc va tp trung v iu tit lu lng phc v cho vic li dng tng hp ngun nc. Song n c nhc im l p cng cao, khi lng xy lp cng nhiu, kinh ph ln, ngp lt v thit hi nhiu. Khi thit k xy dng phi thng qua tnh ton kinh t k thut , so snh la chn phng n c li. S khai thc kiu p thng thch ng vi cc vng trung du ca cc sng ni c dc lng sng tng i nh, a hnh a th thun li cho vic to nn h cha c dung tch ln l tn tht ngp lt tng i nh. Ngc li vng thng lu, do lng sng hp, dc lng sng ln nn d c lm p cao cng kh to thnh h
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Hnh 1-3
Bi ging Thy in 1
cha c dung tch ln. h lu, dc lng sng nh, xy p cao dn n ngp lt ln thit hi nhiu. Cho nn vng ny t c iu kin khai thc kiu p. Vi s khai thc kiu p, trm thu in c th b tr ngang p hay sau p (xem hnh 1-4 v 1-5 ) nhng thng thy hn c l loi trm thu in sau p. Trm thu in ngang p ch thch ng trong trng hp ct nc thp, nh my sc chu lc nh mt on p v kt cu kinh t.
Hnh 1-4 1-lng sng thin nhin, 2- ng nc dng 3- p, 4- nh my thy in;5- h cha nc
Hnh 1-5 1-lng sng thin nhin, 2- ng nc dng 3- p, 4- nh my thy in; 5- h cha nc
2. Tp trung ct nc bng ng dn nhng on sng thng lu, dc lng sng thng ln, lng sng hp, dng p to nn ct nc thng khng c li c v tp trung ct nc, tp trung v iu tit lu lng. Trong trng hp ny cch tt nht l dng ng dn to thnh ct nc ( hnh 1-6).
Hnh 1-6 1-lng sng thin nhin; 2- knh h; 3- ng ng p lc dn nc vo turbine 4- p; 5- nh my thy in; 6- b p lc
c im ca phng thc ny l ct nc do ng dn to thnh. ng dn c th l knh mng, ng dn hay ng hm c p hoc khng p. ng dn c dc nh hn sng sui, nn dn cng i xa chnh lch gia ng dn v sng sui
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Bi ging Thy in 1
cng ln, ta c ct nc cng ln. Hay ni cch khc, ng dn di ch yu tng thm ct nc cho trm thy in. p y thp v ch c tc dng ngn nc li ly nc vo ng dn. Do p thp nn ni chung tn tht do ngp lt nh. i vi s khai thc ny tu tnh hnh v yu cu c th m c thm cc cng trnh ph khc nh: cu mng, xi phng, b p lc, thp iu p, b iu tit ngy.vv Cch tp trung ct nc bng ng dn c ng dng rng ri cc sng sui min ni c dc ln v lu lng nh. 3. Tp trung ct nc bng p v ng dn.
Hnh 1-7 1- p; 2- ng dn c p; 3- thp iu p; 4- ng ng dn nc vo turbine; 5- nh my thy in;
Khi va c iu kin xy dng h to ra mt phn ct nc v iu tit lu lng li va c th lui tuyn nh my ra xa p mt on na tn dng dc lng sng lm tng ct nc, th cch tt nht l dng phng php tp trung ct nc bng p v ng dn. Vi phng thc ny, ct nc ca trm thu in do p v ng dn to thnh. p thng t ch thay i dc ca lng sng ni khai thc. ( hnh 1-7) II. Mt s trng hp c bit ca phng thc khai thc thu nng trong thc t . 1. Mt s trng hp c bit dng phng thc khai thc kiu ng dn. Trong iu kin ca sng sui t nhin, phng thc khai thc kiu ng dn ngoi vic ng dng nhng ni c dc ln (II) cn ng dng nhng ni c thc nc tp trung (I), nhng ni sng un khc (III), ch hai sng gn nhau, c cao
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Bi ging Thy in 1
trnh chnh lch nhau ln (IV) hay h thin nhin c ngun nc phong ph nm trn cao.(V) ( xem hnh 1-9).
A
A
(I)
K
( II )
A
H
A K K
( IV )
( III )
(V)
Hnh 1-8 Cc v tr tp trung ct nc bng ng dn thun li
2. B tr trm thu in trn knh ti. Trn knh ti thng gp bc nc v dc nc. Ngy nay ngi ta thng lm nhng trm thu in nh trn knh ti cc bc nc v dc nc. Trm thu in loi ny thc cht l nhng loi ng dn. Tu theo v tr bc nc v dc nc nm trn knh nhnh hay knh chnh m b tr trm thu in nm trn knh nhnh hay knh chnh . Do knh chnh dn lu lng ln v thi gian lm vic ko di hn trn knh nhnh nn cng sut v in lng ca trm thu in t trn knh chnh ln hn trn knh nhnh. Th d trm thu in Bn Thch ( Thanh Ho) trn knh chnh c N = 960 kw, cn trm Hu Hin ( Thanh Ho) trn knh nhnh c cng sut N = 10 kw.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
3. Trm thu in tch nng. Trong thc t c mt s trm pht in c nng lng thay i ( sc gi, thu triu) c lc nng lng nhiu, pht ra in nhiu, cung cp cho ph ti tha, nhng cng c lc nng lng thiu, cung cp in khng y . gii quyt mu thun ngi ta ch ra cch b tr trm thu in kiu bm nc tch nng. Lc tha in bm nc ln b cao, lc thiu in ly nc dng pht in cung cp thm cho yu cu ca ph ti. Hnh thc ny khng phi l trc tip li dng thin nhin m l to iu kin li dng tt nng lng ca cc trm pht in, gii quyt ph ti nh. Ngoi vic phi hp vi trm in sc gi v thu triu nh trnh by trn, trm thu in tch nng cn phi hp vi trm nhit in nng cao hiu sut ca trm nhit in. C th, c nhng lc trm nhit in tha in, in tha dng bm nc cho trm thu in tch nng. Khi ph ti tng, trm thu in tch nng lm nhim v v b sung in cho ph ti, hoc m nhn ph ti nh, trm nhit in lm vic bi cng sut t thay i, do nng cao hiu sut ca trm nhit in. 4. Trm thu in thu triu. Trm thu in thu triu li dng nng lng thu triu pht in. Cc trm thu in thu triu thng b tr cc vnh hay cc on sng gn bin khi tho mn hai iu kin. - Cn c vnh hay on sng tr nc li iu tit. - Cn c chnh ct nc thu triu sc quay turbine. Hin nay c my loi trm thu in thu triu sau y: a. Trm thu in 1 chiu 1 h. Cng trnh bao gm: nh my thu in (A), cng khng ch (B) v p ngn.
Z
A
Bin Vnh
B
Hnh 1-9
t0 t1 t2
t3 t4 t5
Nguyn tc lm vic: Khi triu ln ta ng ca cng B li. Ct nc triu tng ln, cn ct nc vnh khng i. n thi im t1 th chnh lch c nc gia vnh v bin cho php pht in, by gi ta mi cho trm thy in A lm vic trong thi gian t t1 n t2. Ti thi im t2 nc triu bt u rt xung, khng cho php pht in na. Triu xung n im D th mc nc bin bng mc nc vnh ( Zbin = Zvnh) lc ny ta m ca cng B cho mc nc trong vnh tip tc gim xung. n thi im t3 th triu bt u ln, ta li vn hnh tng t nh trn hnh (1-9). Trm thy in thy triu mt chiu mt h c u im l b tr n gin, qun l nh nhng. Nhng c nhc im l thi gian pht in ngn ( ch lc triu
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Bi ging Thy in 1
ln). Do nng lng pht ra nh, khng ph hp vi yu cu dng in. khc phc nhc im trn c th dng cc bin php sau y: - B tr mt h t my chuyn pht in lc triu ln v mt h t my chuyn pht in lc triu xung. Cch gii quyt ny c khuyt im l tng thit b, do o gi thnh tng v mc li dng my mc thp, cho nn t dng bin php ny. - Dng loi turbine thun nghch, song kt cu phc tp, nn gi thnh cao. - C th thay i mt s kt cu thy cng dng lc triu ln v triu xung. Do ta c thm mt s trm thy in thy triu sau: b. Trm thy in mt h 2 chiu. Cc cng trnh ca trm thu in gm c: p, nh my thu in, 4 cng vn hnh A, B, C, D v 2 cng khng ch E, F ( hnh 1-10)
Bin Vnh
Hnh 1-10
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5t6 t7
Nguyn tc lm vic: Thi gian t t0 t1, mc nc bin ln hn mc nc h, nhng chnh lch u nc cha sc pht in. Lc ny cc ca cng u ng kn. Ti thi im t1, chnh lch ct nc pht in. Ta m ca cng A v B pht in n thi gian t2 ( khi triu bt u xung) Thi gian t t2 t3 , mc nc bin xung, nhng vn cn cao hn mc nc h, song khng pht in. Lcny ta ng ca cng A v B li , v m ca cng E, F ra cho triu vo h, mc ch l lm tng ct nc cho h. Ti thi im t3 mc nc h bng mc nc bin , ta ng cng E, F li. Trong thi gian t t3 t4 mc nc h ln hn mc nc bin, nhng cha pht in. Ti thi im t4 , mc nc chnh lch pht in, ta tin hnh m cng C, D pht in. n thi im t5 , mc nc khng pht in, ta ng C, D li ng thi m E, F ra h thp mc nc trong h. n thi im t6 mc nc h bng mc nc bin, ta ng E, F li. Qu trnh li din bin tng t nh lc u.
u im ca loi trm ny l thi gian pht in tng i di, cng trnh tp trung d qun l v thay i ct nc t. Song n c khuyt im l vn cn thi gian ngng pht in, do m khng ph hp vi ph ti bn ngoi. Mt khc s ca cng tng, nn gi thnh tng, yu cu thao tc cao. khc phc nhc im v thi gian pht in trn, ta c th dng li trm thu in 2 h 1 chiu.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
c. Trm thu in 2 h 1 chiu. Cng trnh gm c: 2 h, 1 nh my, ca nc vo A v ca nc ra B ( xem hnh 1-11 ) Nguyn tc lm vic: Phi m bo h trn v h di lun c mt chnh ct nc nht nh. Khi triu ln ng B ng thi m A tch nc cho h trn trong thi gian t t0 n t1. Lc ny trm thu in vn lm vic bnh thng. Ti thi im t1, triu bt u xung ta ng A li, nc h trn vn tip tc chy xung h di, mc nc h trn rt xung, mc nc h di dn dn tng ln n t2
H trn Tram TD Ca vao A Bin H di
m A ong A m B m A ong B ong A
Z
Z h trn
Z h di
Ca vao B
ong B
Hnh 1-11
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
Ti thi im t2 mc nc h di bng mc nc h di xung theo triu, n thi im t3 th ng ca B li. Trong thi gian t t3 n t4 nc triu ln, n thi im t4 th mc nc bin bng mc nc h trn, ta li bt u m ca A nc h trn tng ln qu trnh lm vic lp li nh ban u. u im ca cch b tr ny l ct nc thay i t, pht in lin tc, nhng cng sut nh. Song n c nhc im l cng trnh phn tn, do qun l kh khn. Mt khc phi xy dng nhiu p, nn tin u t vo 1 kw cng sut ln. Mc d trm thu in thu triu c vn u t n v tng i ln, nhng nhiu nc v ang xy dng v thit k kh nhiu trm thu in thu triu ln. III. Cch tp trung v iu tit lu lng. iu tit dng chy tc l phn phi li dng chy ca sng ngi theo thi gian hp l vic s dng. Tu theo yu cu dng nc v ch pht in m c nhng cch tp trung v iu tit lu lng khc nhau. C nhiu cch phn loi iu tit dng chy, y ch cp cch phn loi theo thi gian ko di ca chu k iu tit.
Q, N, Z Qtn (Ntn)
1 2
Qtd (Ntd)
1. iu tit ngy. ng v mt nng lng dng chy v yu cu pht in ta thy: Trong mt ngy m v ma kit lu lng thin nhin hay cng sut thin nhin tng i u n. Ngc li, yu cu dng in trong mt ngy m thay i ln, cho nn cn phi tin hnh iu tit ngy. iu tit ngy nhm mc ch m bo nhu cu nc khng u trong ngy ca trm thu in do ph ti ca trm dao ng rt ln, khi dng nc trn sng hu nh khng thay i
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Z h ~t MNDBT
MNC
t1
t2
t3
t4
Bi ging Thy in 1
my trong phm vi mt ngy m v ma kit. T hnh v ta thy : trong thi gian t t1 t2 v t3 t4 lu lng thin nhin ln hn lu lng dng ca trm, nc tha. Dung tch tha tng ng vi din tch (1) v (3) s c tr li trong h, lm cho mc nc trong h thi k tng ln. Thi gian t t2 t3 lu lng dng ca trm ln hn lu lng thin nhin n. Lng nc c tr li h trc y s cp thm cho trm tng ng din tch (2) v lm cho mc nc trong h gim xung. Dung tch nc tr li h s va bng dung tch nc t h cp thm cho trm. Sau mt ngy m mc nc trong h s tr li v tr ban u v hon thnh mt chu k iu tit. 2. iu tit tun. V ma kit dng chy trong sng hng tun, thm ch trong mt thi gian di thay i rt t. Trong khi yu cu dng nc v dng in trong tun li thay i. gii quyt mu thun trn cn c iu tit tun. iu tit, ngi ta lm h cha tr li lng nc tha dng khng ht, tng thi k trong tun, b sung yu cu ca nhng ngy khc trong tun. D bt c tnh hnh no, dung tch ca h iu tit tun cng khng ln hn tng lng nc n 1 ngy trong ma kit. Kho nc iu tit tun ng thi cng tin hnh iu tit ngy. iu tit ngy v iu tit tun gi chung l iu tit ngn hn. 3. iu tit nm. Dng chy trn sng sui phn b khng u theo thi gian, ma nhiu nc, ma t nc. C nhng con sng lu lng l hng nm gp hng nghn ln lu lng kit ca chng ( th d sng Lc Nam, lu lng kit Qkit = 1,4 m3/s, trong khi lu lng l Qmax 2300 ) iu dn n cng sut ca dng nc trong mt nm cng c lc qu ln, cng c lc qu nh. Lng dng chy gia nm ny v nm khc cng ln nh khc nhau, ngha l kh nng cung cp in trong cc nm cng rt khc nhau. Trong khi yu cu dng in ca cc thng trong nm, ca nm trc v nm sau tng i n nh, khng c s ln xung tht thng m ch tng dn theo mc pht trin cc c s sn xut v nhu cu sinh hot ca x hi. gii quyt mu thun trn, ngi ta xy dng h cha cha nc tha vo ma l, cung cp cho ma kit thiu nc, lm cho nng lc pht in trong nm iu ho hn. Cch tp trung v iu tit lu lng gia cc ma trong 1 nm nh vy c gi l iu tit nm hay iu tit ma. Chu k ca n l mt nm. Vi h iu tit nm, c hai hnh thc tr nc v cung cp nc sau y. - Tr nc c x ( iu tit khng hon ton): tr nc ngay t u n khi h y( n mc nc dng bnh thng), lng nc n tha x b ( hnh 1-14a). Hoc trong qu trnh tr nc c th tin hnh x nc (hnh 1-14b). Khi no dng cch tr ny hay cch tr kia cho thch hp, tu tnh hnh thu vn ca sng ngi v iu kin cng tc ca h cha m quyt nh. - Tr nckhng x ( iu tit hon ton): Nc n bao nhiu nu tha s tr ht vo h. Loi ny tn dng ht lng nc, song dung tch h phi ln hn loi trn ( hnh 1-14c) Do dung tch ca h iu tit nm ln hn nhiu so vi h iu tit ngy v iu tit tun nn n c th ng thi tin hnh iu tit ngy v iu tit tun.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
4. iu tit nhiu nm. Khi h c dung tch ln, c th tin hnh tr nc tha ca nm nhiu nc, b sung cho nm t nc. Ngha l tin hnh phn phi li dng chy gia nm ny v nm khc, lm tng nng lc pht in cu nm t nc v iu ho nng lc pht i gia cc nm. Cch tp trung v iu tit lu lng gia cc nm gi l iu tit nhiu nm. Chu k iu tit l mt s nm lin tc v khng phi l mt hng s. Nm th nht nhiu nc, tr nc n mc nc dng bnh thng (MNDBT). Cc nm sau l nm th 2,3,4 trong mi nm c mt thi k cung cp nc vo ma kit. Do lng nc tho i nhiu hn lng nc b sung vo nn mc nc h ni chung l cng ngy cng gim xung mc nc cht (MNC) vo u nm th 5. n cui nm th 5 h li tch y n MNDBT v nm ny c l ln. Cc nm th 2,3,4 l cc nm nc kit lin tc. Dung tch h iu tit nhiu nm c tr s ln nht v tnh nng iu tit cao nht. iu tit nm v iu tit nhiu nm gi chung l iu tit di hn. Nhn b ngoi ta thy iu tit ngn hn v iu tit di hn c tnh nng tri ngc nhau. iu tit ngn hn khng lm cho lu lng iu ho li nh iu tit di hn m lm cho lu lng ang n nh tr thnh thay i. Song n thng nht ch d iu tit ngn hn hay iu tit di hn cng u nhm mc ch l tp trung c lu lng phn phi li cho thch ng vi yu cu pht in. c th tp trung v iu tit lu lng cn phi tin hnh tnh ton iu tit dng chy trn c s ti liu thu vn, yu cu dng nc, cng nh cc iu kin kinh t k thut ca cng trnh. Nhng cn c bn v tnh ton iu tit dng chy c trnh by trong mn hc thuvn cng trnh cn nhng vn cn thit ng dng trong tnh ton thu nng xc nh quy m cng trnh h cha ca trm thu in s c trnh by li trong cc chng sau. phn on mc iu tit dng nc ca h cha, ngi ta da vo tr s dung tch tng i c ch ca h cha h . l t s gia dung tch c ch ca h Vh vi lng dng chy nm tnh trung bnh nhiu nm W0 ti tuyn p. h = Khi
h > 30%50%
Vh W0
Tnh ton h theo iu tit nhiu nm Tnh ton h theo iu tit ngy
h > 2%~3% 25%~30% Tnh ton h theo iu tit nm
h < 2%3%
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Bi ging Thy in 1
1-5 KHAI THC THU NNG V LI DNG TNG HP NGUN NC. I. Yu cu dng nc ca cc ngnh kinh t quc dn v i sng Nc rt cn cho nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn v i sng ca nhn an ta nh pht in, ti, cung cp nc sinh hot, cho cng nghip, giao thng vn ti thu, nui c, vvTutheo tng ngnh dng nc m c nhng yu cu v s lng nc v cht lng nc khc nhau. Vic cung cp nc cho i sng sinh hot ca con ngi ngoi yu cu v cht lng nc rt cao, cn i hi mt lng nc kh ln gii quyt cc nhu cu v sinh hot nh: n ung, tm git, ra ry nh ca, ni lm vic , ti ng ph v cng vin vv Theo s liu thu thp c cc thnh ph v khu cng nghip nc ta v nhiu nc trn th gii thy rng mc tiu th nc sinh hot tnh trung bnh cho mi ngi trong mt ngy khong t 50 n 250 lit. Gi s mt thnh ph c 1 triu dn vi nh mc 100lit/ngi th mt ngy cn khong 10 vn mt khi nc. i vi sn xut cng nghip, khi lng nc i hi li cng ln. Th d mt nh my sn xut gang thp c sn lng 1,5 triu tn/nm trong mt ngy cn khong 1 triu m3 nc ( gp 10 ln lng nc sinh hot cho mt thnh ph 1 triu dn). Hoc cung cp nc cho mt trm nhit in ( lm lnh thit b ngng t ) c cng sut khong 30 vn kw, cn dng mt lu lng t 15 n 20m3/s , nh vy xp x vi lu lng thit k cho c h thng thu nng sng Cu ca H Bc ti cho khong 28000 ha. II. S ph hp v mu thun trong yu cu cung cp nc ca cc ngnh tham gia li dng tng hp. Yu cu dng in ca cc thng trong nm, ca nm trc v nm sau tng i n nh, song yu cu dng in trong mt ngy m tthay i ln, cho nn trm thu in cn phi thin hnh iu tit ngy. V th mc nc sau trm thu in thng thay i kh nhiu. Tnh hnh ny c khi bt li i vi giao thng vn ti thu, vic bm nc hay ly nc t chy cho cc h thng ti. Khi lu lng ca trm thu in lm vic theo yu cu ca biu ph ti m vn m bo c mc nc ti thiu cho giao thng vn ti thu v ly nc h lu th yu cu dng nc l ph hp. Trng hp khng m bo mc ti thiu , c khi phi tho xung mot lu lng kh ln cho giao thng vn ti thu v ly nc cho cho cc ngnh khc. Mc d lu lng ngy vn c dng pht in nhng lm gim kh nng cung cp in ca trm vo nhng gi cao im. V phi tho mn cc yu cu khc nhau ca cc ngnh dng nc, nn phi c s iu ho no , sao cho hiu qu li dng tng hp l ln nht. Mun t c mc ch trn phi thng qua tnh ton phn tch kinh t k thut trong qu trnh thit k li dng tng hp dng chy, cng nh cn nhc tnh ton trong quy hoch s dng ti nguyn nc. Mun iu ho mu thun v yu cu cung cp nc ca cc ngnh, cn phi tin hnh xy dng h cha c dung tch ln iu tit dng chy, hoc tn dng iu kin thin nhin khai thc ln lt nhiu v tr xy dng cc cng trnh bc thang nhm li dng ti a kh nng ngun nc, tho mn cc nhu cu ca cc ngnh kinh t v sinh hot ca nhn dn.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
CHNG II
CC H DNG IN. KHI NIM V H THNG IN. BIU PH TI

2-1 CC H DNG IN. BIU PH TI I. c im ca cc h dng in Tnh hnh cng tc ca bt k mt trm pht in no cng quan h mt thit vi s tiu th in nng ca cc h dng in. Cho nn c tnh tiu th in nng ca cc h dng in i vi cc trm pht in xy dng hoc mi thit k u c ngha rt ln. Do tnh cht quan trng ca in nng l c th chia ra nhng in lng tu v c th truyn i xa n bt c a im no, cho nn in nng do mt trm ring bit hay ca nhiu trm pht ra lun lun c phn phi cho rt nhiu h dng in khc nhau tiu th. Cc h dng in s dng nng lng in thng qua cc thit b ( ng c in), l in , bp in v rt nhiu my mc khc. Cc thit b tiu th in bin nng lng in thnh cc dng nng lng khc nhau nh c nng, nhit nng, ho nng, quang nng Nu chng ta phn tch v nghin cu mt cch t m cc tnh nng cng tc ca cc thit b tiu th in, ri tng hp li thnh yu cu dng in chung ca cc h th t c kt qu chnh xc hn c. Song trn thc t th khng th lm c nh vy v thc t c rt nhiu h dng in, mi h dng in li c nhiu thit b tiu th in, chng khng ch l khc nhau v s lng m tnh cht cng tc ca chng cng khc nhau. Do thc t tnh ton thit k ngi ta da ch yu vo tnh cht sn xut ca cc h dng in tin hnh phn nhm tnh yu cu cung cp in v lp biu ph ti. nc kinh t pht trin trn th gii, thng ngi ta chia cc h dng in thnh cc nhm sau: 1. Nhm h dng in cng nghip cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin, nhu cu in nng cho cng nghip ( k c cng nghip xy dng) chim mt t l kh ln 60-90% ( trung bnh l 75%) nhu cu ton b. Trong khong 2/3 in nng dng cho cc ng c in cn li dng cho cc qu trnh k thut tiu th in nh qu trnh sn xut kim loi mu, ho cht Ch lm vic ca cc h dng in cng nghip trong mt ngy cng khc nhau. C x nghip lm vic 1 ca, c x nghip l vic 2 hoc 3 ca hoc sn xut lin tc. Ph ti trong mt ngy m ca x nghip lm vic lin tc l iu ho nht, th n l ch lm vic 3 ca, 2 ca v khng u nht l ch lm vic 1 ca. Xt trong mt tun cng c khc nhau. C x nghip sn xut 6 ngy c x nghip sn xut 7 ngy. trnh s chnh lch qu ln v ph ti gia cc ngy lm vic v ngy ngh, hin nay ngi ta thng b tr ngy ngh cc x nghip ri rc trong tun.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Trong mt nm, ch dng in cng nghip thng t thay i ( nu quy m sn xut ca cc x nghip n nh). Tr cc x nghip cng nghip sn xut theo ma. Theo cc ch tiu pht trin v nh mc tiu th in ca cc ngnh, ngi ta tnh c nhu cu in cho tng lai. i vi tng vng ring r, khi tnh ton nhu cu in cng nghip ngi ta khng ch tnh nhu cu cho bn thn mc ch sn xut m cn c chi ph in nng cho vic khai thc, ch bin, vn chuyn sn phm cho xy dng sa cha v cc nhu cu khc. 2. Nhm h dng in cho sinh hot v cng trnh cng cng Nhu cu dng in cho sinh hot v cng trnh cng cng l mt trong nhng nhu cu quan trng v tng nhanh theo trnh pht trin ca nn kinh t v i sng. mt s nc kinh t pht trin, i sng kinh t vn ho cao , in dng cho nhu cu sinh hot v cng cng chim mt t l kh ln ( chim 1/3 sn lng in ca h thng in). mt vi nc Bc u nh Thu in, Na Uy t l ny cn cao hn. Bnh thng t l ny vo khong 15-20%. in dng cho nhu cu sinh hot v cng trnh cng cng bao gm in thp sng trong nh, ng ph v cc cng trnh cng cng, in dng cho cc my mc thit b phc v sinh hot, in dng vic cp, thot nc v giao thng trong thnh ph 3. Nhm h dng in cng nghip in kh ho nng nghip l mt trong nhng bin php quan trng nht y mnh sn xut nng nghip, gp phn xy dng c s vt cht k thut cho ch ngha x hi. Trong iu kin nc ta, h dng in nng nghip ch yu l cc trm bm ti tiu. Trong cc nm va qua cng sut lp trn cc trm bm min bc ln n hng chc vn kw, chim mt t l kh ln trong tng cng sut lp my ca tt c cc trm pht in. in dng cho trm bm ch dng tng ma, nhng li tp trung cao vo cc thi gian ti v tiu ng nc ma trong ma l. 4. Nhm dng in giao thng vn ti Trong nhu cu in cho giao thng, nhu cu in kh ho ng st chim t l ln nht.Ngoi ra in cho giao thng vn ti cn dng cho cc nhu cu khc nh vn ti bng ng ng, dng cho cc nhu cu gara (bn xe), ca cc trm phc v, dng cho chiu sng ng t, sn bay, cng bin, chiu sng ga ng v cc c s sa cha phng tin giao thng vn ti. Nhn chung ch dng in trong nm ca ngnh giao thng vn ti tng i ng u, nhng ph ti ngy thng c nhng lc tng vt do cc u my khi ng khi chuyn bnh. Tng cng nhu cu ca cc nhm h dng in li ta c yu cu dng in chung cho cc h. Nhu cu thng xuyn tng vt cc nh my x nghip hin c v s dng in ngy cng rng ri hn trong sinh hot i sng. Mt khc nhu cu in nng bin thin rt nhiu theo thi gian tng ngy, tng thng, tng nm. V vy ngi ta thng biu th yu cu dng in ca cc h theo thi gian bng biu ph ti. Trong quan trng nht l biu ph ti ngy, nm v cc ch s tng ng ca n.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
II. Biu ph ti ngy m v ng lu tch ph ti. A. Biu ph ti ngy m v ng lu tch ph ti. 1. Biu ph ti ngy m th th hin s thay i ph ti trong mt ngy m gi l biu ph ti ngy m. Biu ph ti ngy m bao gm cc yu cu ca cc h dng in, tn tht trong li in v in t dng trong cc trm pht in. Biu ph ti ngy m c th xy dng cho tng h hay tng nhm h hoc cho ton b cc h dng in thuc phm vi trm in hay h thng in. Khi xy dng biu ph ti ngy m ngoi yu cu cn dng in tnh t nh mc cho cc ngnh v cc h dng in, cn phi tnh thm lng in tn tht trn ng dy ti in v in t dng ca cc trm pht in. Tr s tn tht trn ng dy ca h thng ph thuc vo mng lid in v c cu ca h thng. Thng tr s ny bng khong 5-15% lng in pht vo mng li. Lng in t dng ca cc trm pht in th ph thuc vo c cu ca h thng. i vi trm nhit in th in t dng vo khong5-10% sn lng in ca trm. Cn i vi trm thu in th in t dng ch vo khong 0,5-2% sn lng in ca trm. Trn thc t, biu ph ti ngy m c dng rng ca, nguyn nhn v cng sut khi ng ca my mc ln v vn hnh ca cc my mc ngu nhin, khng theo mt th t xp xp no. Mt cch gn ng, vi tnh hnh bin ho ca ph ti, ngi ta a v ng cong trn. thun li cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta v theo ng bc thang. Trong mi bc thang ng vi ph ti bnh qun ca mi gi trong ngy m ( xem hnh 2-1a,b).
P
kW
P
kW
p' 0
p'' t (h) 24h 0 24h t (h)
Hnh 2-1
Hnh dng ca biu ph ti ngy m ph thuc vo s lng, c cu v ch lm vic ca cc h dng in ca tng vng. i vi vng cng nghip biu ph ti ngy m thng c hai im vo bui sng v bui chiu. nh bui sng l do tng ph ti cng nghip, tng nhu cu thp sng v sinh hot. Cn nh bui chiu ch yu do tng nhu cu thp sng v sinh hot. Vo nhng gi ngh tra ph ti c gim mc gim khng nhiu nh bui ti. V rng bui tra c nhiu x nghip lm vic khng tm, cn bui ti ch c mt s x nghip lm ca hot ng v cc hot ng khc cng t hn. Cho nn ph ti bui ti gim i rt nhiu, tr s nh nht thng vo gia m v sng.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
P% 80 60 40 20
1 2
Hnh dng biu ph ti ngy m ca cc ngy trong nm khng ging nhau. Trong thc t tnh ton khng th s dng ton b 365 biu ph ti ngy m. V th c trng cho s thay i ph ti, ngi ta thng dng cc biu ph thi ngy m in hnh: biu ph ti ngy m ln nht, trung bnh v nh nht. Ngi ta chia biu ph ti thnh 2 khu vc: Phn di ph ti nh nht (P) gi l ph ti gc. Phn gia ph ti nh nht v trung bnh ( P ) gi l ph ti thn v phn gia ph ti trung bnh v 24 gi ln nht (P) gi l ph ti nh ngn. nh gi biu ph ti hoc so snh vi cc biu ph ti ngy m khc, ngoi tr s P, P , P ngi ta cn dng cc ch s sau:
3 4
12
18
a. Ch s s dng ng thi: Ch lm vic ca cc h dng in khng ging nhau nn cc thi im i hi cng sut ln nht cng khng trng nhau.Do ph ti ln nht ngy m lun lun nh hn tng cng sut ln nht ca cc h dng in. T s gia ph ti ln nht ngy m P vi tng cng sut lp rp my ca cc h dng in gi l ch s s dng ng thi
=
P '' hd N lm
Hnh 2-2 1- tng ph ti ca h thng in lc 2- ph ti ca cng nghip 3- ph ti dng cho sinh hot v cng trnh cng cng 4- ph ti ca giao thng
b. Ch s ph ti gc : l t s gia ph ti nh nht P v ph ti trung bnh P ngy m

= P' P
c. Ch s ng u ( ch s bin ha ph ti ngy m): l t s gia ph ti nh nht v ph ti ln nht

=
P' P ''
P P '' . =1
d. Ch s s dng ph ti ln nht: c th hin di dng:

=
Ta c quan h gia cc ch s , , l:
Nu ta nhn vi 24h ta s c s gi li dng ph ti ln nht trong ngy ( h ngy )

h = .24 = P.24 E ngay = '' P '' P
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Bi ging Thy in 1
S gi li dng ph ti ln nht trong ngy( h ngy) biu th s gi cn thit khi trm lm vic vi ph ti ln nht( P). pht ra in lng bng in lng khi trm lm vic theo biu ph ti ngy m. Ta thy rng khi tng, th s gi li dng ph ti ln nht cng tng, hay ni khc i l in lng cng tng. Do nh hng n mc li dng my mc nh vy, nn cn thit phi nng cao tr s bng cch: sp xp hp l thi gian lm vic v ngh ca cc h dng in cng nghip v iu ha hp l vic dng in ca cc h trong tng thi gian. 2. ng ly tch ph ti ngy m Trong tnh ton nng lng thng phi gii quyt mt trong 2 trng hp: a. Xc nh in lng cn thit trm pht in lm vic c vi cng sut bit vng no ca biu ph ti ngy m. b. Xc nh cng sut m trm pht in cn lm vic pht ht in lng ngy m bit. Mun thc hin c iu , cn phi c ng quan h gia ph ti P v in lng E trong mt ngy m. ng quan h gi l ng ly tch ph ti ngy m. N c xy dng trn c s xem ng phn chia ph ti gia cc trm pht in l ng nm ngang. Phng php xy dng ng ly tch ph ti l dng sai phn gii phng trnh.
E=
P" P =0
t.dP
Trong :
- s gi lm vic ca ph ti
t = f(P) v ng ly tch ph ti ngy m ta chia biu ph ti ngy m thnh nhiu bng c tr s ph ti Pi ty . Din tch ca cc bng chnh E3 l in lng tng ng Ei. Khi E2 P' c quan h gia Pi v Ei tng E1 ng, ta d dng xy dng c ng lu tch ph ti ngy m. C th trn hnh (2-4) ta chn im A lm gc to E Kwh ca ng lu tch, trc ph ti P 24h E E E Hnh 2-3 E hng ln trn v trc in lng E nm ngang hng v pha phi ca gc. T l trn trc in lng c th chn tu . Trn trc ph ti, ta t lin tip cc tr s ph ti Pi, trn trc in lng ta cng t lin tip cc gi tr Ei tng ng. Ti im mt cc cp gi tr Pi v Ei ta dng ngang v dng ng s c cc giao im tng ng. Ni cc giao im li vi nhau ta s c ng lu tch ph ti ngy m.
P Kw P Kw P''
1 2 3
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Ta nhn thy trong phn ph ti gc ( t P=0 n P=P ) ng lu tch ph ti ngy m l mt on thng, v trong phn gc ny cc bng c cng tr s cng sut, u c cng in lng E=24 P. Do khi xy dng ng lu tch ph ti ngy m khng cn thit phi chia phn gc thnh nhiu bng, m xem ton b phn nh mt bng c tr s in lng E1=24 P.
P Kw P'' P Kw D
Trng hp nu tnh ph ti t trn xung th in lng tng ng phi tnh t ng lu tch sang tri.
ng lu tch ph ti ngy m c ng dng nhiu C B trong tnh ton nng lng nh P' xc nh cng sut cng tc ln G nht, tm v tr cng tc ca trm khi bit cng sut v in l 0 E Kwh ng ca n, tm in lng 24h A H F khi bit cng sut v ngc Hnh 2-4 liNgoi ra cn c ng lu tch ph ti ngy m, ta c th d dng xc nh cng sut bnh qun ca biu ph ti ngy m P, bng cch t im D h ng thng ng , ct ng AB ko di ti im C. im C chnh l im c trng cho ph ti bnh qun ngy m ( hnh 2-4). iu ny c th chng minh c d dng qua vic xt cc tam gic ng dng ABH v ACF. V th ng thng AC trong hnh 2-4 c gi l ng ph ti bnh qun gc. Tng t nu t im D ta v ng DG song song vi ng thng AC th ng gip cho ta xc nh d dng ph ti bnh qun phn nh biu ph ti. Th d vi ph i phn nh P th ph ti bnh qun ca n l PE. Do , ng DG c gi l ng ph ti bnh qun nh. B. Biu ph ti nm Biu ph ti nm l ng qu trnh thay i ph ti trong mt nm. Mt nm c 365 ngy nu ni lin 365 ng ph ti trong mt ngy th ta s c ng ph ti nm. Trong thc t khng th xy dng biu ph ti cho tng ngy m mt trong sut c cc nm sp ti. Mt khc nu c th lm c nh vy th biu ph ti nm cng khng thun tin cho vic s dng, Trong thc t ngi ta biu th ph ti nm di dng 3 ng cong c trng sau y: 1. Biu ph ti ln nht nm: ng cong ni lin cc tr s ph ti ngy m ln nht li vi nhau gi l biu ph ti ln nht nm. Trong thc t tin cho tnh ton, ng ph ti nm c v di dng bc thang. Trong biu ph ti ln nht nm, chiu cao bc thang ca tng thng s bng tr s ln nht ca cc ngy cng sut ln nht trong thng . V vy ng bc thang hon ton nm pha trn ng cong trn ( ng 1 hnh 2-5). 2. Biu ph ti trung bnh nm: ng cong th hin s thay i ca ph ti bnh qun ngy m trong mt nm gi l biu ph ti trung bnh nm. N l ng ni cc nh ca 12 tr s ph ti trung bnh ca mi thng trong nm. tin cho tnh ton ngi ta cng a v ng bc thang. ng bc thang ny nm trung bnh gia ng cong ( ng 2 hnh 2-5).
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Bi ging Thy in 1
P Kw
3. Biu ph ti nh nht nm: ng cong th hin s thay i ca ph ti nh nht ngy m trong mt nm gi l biu ph ti trung bnh nm. N ni cc nh ca 12 tr s ph ti ngy m nh nht ca mi thng trong nm. tin cho tnh ton ngi ta cng a v ng bc thang. Lc ny ng bc thang hon ton nm pha di ng cong trn (ng 3 hnh 25). Din tch ca biu ph ti trung bnh nm l tr s in lng m cc h dng in s tiu th trong mt nm.
P'' P
Trong thc t tnh ton nng lng hay dng ng 1 v 2 xc nh cng sut lp my ca h thng v cc trm, cn bng cng P' sut v in lng, b tr t my kim tra sa cha. Cn ng 3 ch dng kim tra tr s cng sut k thut nh nht ca nhit in trong h thng. XII thang Hnh 2-5 Cng nh biu ngy, chng ta ngh ti s pht trin ca ph ti tng lai m trm pht in phi cung cp, t chn ra mc ph ti thit k, lm ti liu gc cho vic thit k trm pht in. Nu chn nm thit k qu xa ( tc l yu cu dng in cng ln) th thng dn n tnh trng ngng ng vn u t qu nhiu gy tn tht cho nn kinh t quc dn. Ngc li, nu chn nm thit k qu gn ( yu cu dng in nh) th thng khng pht huy y tc dng ca trm thu in, khng li dng c trit ngun ti nguyn thu li. Vic chn mc nm ph ti thit k thc cht l vn so snh kinh t chn 1 trong 3 mc thit k sau y: Mc nm thit k th nht ch nm th nm sau khi ton b t my ca trm thu in bc vo vn hnh. Mc nm thit k th hai ch nm th nm sau khi ton b t my ca trm thu in bc vo vn hnh. Mc nm thit k th ba ch nm th 15 sau khi ton b t my ca trm thu in bc vo vn hnh. Mc ny ch ng dng trong trng hp nu sau mc nm thit k th 2 m iu kin vn hnh ca trm thu in c s thay i ln.
Thng thng ly mc nm thit k th 2 lm c s ch yu thit k trm thu in, chn cc thng s v xc nh ch vn hnh ca trm. Mc nm thit k th nht dng kim tra. Khi cng sut lp my ca trm ln m yu cu dng in ca khu vc tng chm v nu thi gian t t my th nht i vo vn hnh n khi ton b cc t my i vo vn hnh qu di th ngi ta tng thm mt mc kim tra. Mc ch ch nhm xc nh tnh hp l v kinh t ca vic phn t xy dng cng trnh.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
2-2 KHI NIM V H THNG IN
Nhiu trm pht in ni vi lin vi nhau bng nhng ng dy ti in( trn khng hay cp ngm di t) cung cp cho cc h dng in to thnh h thng in. Nh vy h thng in bao gm cc trm pht in, cc trm tng p, cc ng dy ti in, c h tiu th v cc x nghip ph vv Vic hp mt s trm pht in nht l khi cc trm pht in mang li nhng hiu qu rt ln v kinh t v k thut cho nn kinh t quc dn. V mt nhu cu in, do cc gi cao im ca cc h tiu th khc nhau nn trong h thng gim i c tr s ph ti ln nht. Mt khc nh s phi hp ca cc trm in trong h thng, c th gim c cng sut d tr, c th lp c t my c cng sut ln, tng kh nng cung cp in an ton, lin tc v cht lng cao, ng thi to iu kin thun li cho cc trm pht in lm vic thun li nng cao hiu ch kinh t v h gi thnh in nng. Quy m ca h thng in cng ln, th hiu ch kinh t k thut ca n cng cao. Cho nn h thng in nc ta cng nh cc nc khc cng ngy cng c m rng. H thng in cn to iu kin s dng ngun nguyn liu r tin vng xa kh vn chuyn cng nh s dng cng sut v in lng ca nhng trm thu in ln thng xy dng nhng vng rng ni xa khu dn c v kinh t. ng thi n cng to ra kh nng m rng phm vi s dng in nng nhiu vng thiu nhin liu hoc thu nng. Trm thu in thng ni vi h thng bng nhng ng ti in cao p. Chnh vic xy dng cc trm thu in ln c tc dng ch yu thc y vic pht trin k thut ti in cao p. Tr s in p v s ng ti in ph thuc vo cng sut ti v khong cch t trm pht in n trm h p. ng ti in cng di, cng sut ti cng ln th in p cng phi cao. in p ln th tit din dy dn nh v tn tht cng sut P gim nhng khi phi tng u t cho thit b cch in, thit b cao p, my bin p la chn c tr s in n hp l phi thng qua tnh ton kinh t k thut. 1. Phn loi: Cn c vo cu to, ngi ta chia cc h thng in thnh: a. H thng in ch c cc trm nhit in s dng nhin liu. Loi h thng ny chng ta s khng nghin cu. b. H thng in gm cc trm thu in. Loi ny thng ch gp nhng vng giu nng lng nc, nhng him hoc khng c nhin liu ( nh than, du, kh t .vv) c. H thng hn hp gm c trm thu in ln trm nhit in, k c cc trm in nguyn t, iezen, turcbine hi. y l h thng ph bin hin nay. V vy chng ta nghin cu tnh hnh lm vic ca trm thu in trong h thng ny. Mun vy ta phi nm c c im cng tc ca cc loi trm pht in trong h thng ny. Trm in nguyn t cha c nhiu. N thng c xy dng dng trm in turbine ngng hi vi l phn ng nguyn t. N s dng nng lng thot ra khi ph v cc ht nhn nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t nng (uran, t ri) Trm in nguyn t mi ch c trong mt s t h thng M Anh Php.vvso vi cc trm in thng thng, trm in nguyn t cn tng i t c v vn u t v gi thnh in
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Bi ging Thy in 1
nng. Ngoi ra trong mt s h thng in cn c trm in diezen, turbine hi. Cc trm loi ny c tc dng ph ph ti nh, song n cha c nh hng quyt nh i vi c cu ca nhit in. Ngy nay h thng in in hnh nht l h thng gm cc trm thu in, cc trm nhit in ( kiu ngng hi v kiu cung cp nhit). Trong cc trm thu in thng c giao ph ti nh. Trm in kiu ngng hi s dng nhng loi nhin liu c hn nh than , than bn, kh t, vv B phn ch yu v nhit ca n l ni hi, turbine v b ngng hi. Hi nc t ni hi vo cnh turbine v sau khi ra khi th vo b phn ngng hi. Nh nhng ng nc lnh, hi nc c lm lnh v ngng li. Hi ngng kt c lm nng tr li di dng nc nng v nh my bm vo ni hi. Nhng trm in kiu ngng hi hin i thng s dng p lc hi n 90, 130, 240 atm vi nhit tng ng ca hi l 535o, 565o 680o C, cng sut t my n 100, 200, 300 MW v hn na.
3 2 1 6 10 7 9 8
Sng
Hnh 2-6
S nguyn l ca Trm in kiu ngng hi 1- Ni hi; 2- b qu nhit; 3- ng dn hi; 4- turbine hi; 5- my pht in; 7- bm ly tm; 8- my bm; 9- b cp nc; 10- my bm
Cc t my ln c thng s hi cao nh vy thng b tr theo s khi ni hi, turbine, my pht. Ni hi c kh nng xy ra s c nhiu nht v yu cu dng t my lu nht sa cha. Do trong s khi phi b tr d tr s c, d tr sa cha ln. cc trm ln, yu cu v lu lng nc lm lnh rt ln. th d mt trm c cng sut 2,4 triu kw, cc thng ma h yu cu n 120m3/s, trong 85-95% nc l lm lnh hi trong b ngng. V vy cc trm nhit in tng i ln thng b tr gn sng. Khi d nc dng s chy trc tip lm lnh. Nc lnh ly t sng v tr v sng nc nng hp th nhit b ngng ( hnh 2-7). Khi khng nc v cc trm c cng sut trung bnh dng s kn ( quay vng) lm lnh. Nc hp th nhit cho chy v h gi nc v lm lnh, s c s dng tr li. Trm in kiu cung cp nhit va sn xut in va cung cp hi nc cho cng nghip v i sng. Hi t ni hi vo turbine v sau vi p sut gim i vo ng dn hi n cc h dng nhit. Do turbine s dng chnh lch p sut ca hi c p sut cao t ni hi v hi c p sut thp u ra, nn lng hi v cng sut lm vic ca turbine ph thuc vo nhu cu ca cc h dng nhit. Do trm in kiu ny phi lm vic theo biu ph ti bt buc.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
2. c im ca trm pht in Trc ht ni v trm thu in do a im xy dng trm ph thuc vo ngun nc, nn ni chung phi c ng dy dn mi c th a in v ni trung tm dng in. Ch lm vic ca trm thu in thay i rt nhiu, n khng nhng ph thuc vo c tnh thu vn ca sng ngi, trnh iu tit ca h cha, m cn lin quan mt thit vi ct nc ca trm thu in v c tnh lm vic ca turbineCho nn trong qu trnh lm vic trm thu in vn cn c nhng thi k tha nc v thiu nc thi khng th pht c cng sut v in lng ti thiu, tc l ch cng tc bnh thng ca trm b pht hoi. Lc , nu cc trm pht in khc trong h thng khng kh nng thay th phn cng sut v in lng thiu ht th buc phi ct in mt s h dng. R rng, khi ch lm vic ca trm thu in thay i theo iu kin thu vn th cc ch ca trm nhit in cng ng thi phi bin i cho thch hp. iu khng c ngha l mc bo m lm vic bnh thng ca trm nhit in ph thuc vo iu kin thu vn. Mc bo m lm vic bnh thng ca trm nhit in c th xem bng 100% nu nh nhin liu cha trong kho y . Cn i vi trm thu in th khng bao gi t c mc bo m lm vic bnh thng 100% hoc gn 100%. Vn u t cho xy dng trm thu in thng tng i ln. Trong vn u t cho xy dng cng trnh ln hn vn u t cho thit b c in. Nhng chi ph vn hnh ca n khng ph thuc vo tr s in nng pht ra, v rng trm thu in li dng dng chy thin nhin pht in, cho nn khng phi v in nng pht ra tng ln m cn phi tng thm chi ph vn hnh. Mt khc, thit b ca trm thu in t v n gin hn trm nhit in, tnh linh hot cng tc cao, nn n thng m nhn phn ph ti thay i v nhanh chng cung cp in khi trong h thng c s c. Hiu sut ca trm thu in ln hn so vi hiu sut ca trm nhit in. Cng do thit b n gin v t, qu trnh bin i nng lng khng phc tp, nn trm thu in d t ng ho, cn t ngi phc v hn trm nhit in. i vi trm nhit in th chi ph vn hnh ph thuc vo in lng. V mun sn xut ra in, trm nhit in phi tiu th nhin liu. Mun sn xut ra nhiu in th phi c nhiu nhin liu, c s khai thc vn chuyn v tng tr Nh th, cho h thng in c li, trm thu in nn m nhn phn ph ti vi mc c th ti a, cn trm nhit in m nhn phn ph ti cn li. Lc ny lng nhin liu tit kim c trong trng hp phn chia ph ti nh th l ln nht. iu khng nhng nng cao hiu ch kinh t cho ton b h thng in m cn cho php s dng lng nhin liu tit kim c vo nhng ngnh sn xut khc cn n nh nh my luyn kim, nh my ha cht Do qu trnh bin ho nng lng v thit b trm nhit in phc tp, nn qu trnh ng, m my ko di hng gi v hao tn nhin liu kh nhiu. Mun m nhn c ph ti thay i nhanh, thit b ca trm nhit in lun lun trng thi sn sng lm vic. C ngha l ni hi lun c gi nng, v th mt phn nhin liu s dng khng kinh t. Thit b ca trm nhit in lm vic trong iu kin bt li di p sut v nhit cao, nn vic thay i thng xuyn ch lm vic s lm gim tui th, lm mn v gim tnh kinh t ca n. Ngoi ra, phm vi iu chnh cng sut ca cc t my nhit in khng ln v chng c gii hn cng sut k thut nh nht kh ln ( cng
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Bi ging Thy in 1
sut k thut nh nht ca t my nhit in loi ln vo khong 25-30% cng sut ln nht. i vi trm nhit in dng loi than km phm cht, cng sut k thut nh nht ca t my vo khong 60-70% cng sut ln nht ca t my). T nhng iu xt trn, ta thy ch lm vic tt nht ca trm nhit in l m nhn phn ph ti ng u hoc t thay i v chm.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
2-3 VAI TR CA TRM THU IN TRONG H THNG IN LC

I. Cc thnh phn cng sut ca h thng.
c im ca sn xut in nng l qu trnh pht in, ti in v dng in xy ra ng thi. tho mn yu cu dng in ca cc h tiu th th ti mi thi im cng nh c thi k tnh ton cn phi c s cn bng gia pht in v tiu th in. S cn bng phi m bo c v cng sut v in lng. Cn bng cng sut ca h thng in c ngha l mi thi im t tng cng sut ca cc trm pht in phi bng tng ph ti ca cc h dng yu cu cng vi tn tht trong mng in.
N
i =1
it
= Pkt + Plt
k =1 l =1
Trong : Nit Pkt - Cng sut ca trm pht in th I (i=1,2I) ti thi im t - Ph ti ca h dng in th k (k=1,2K) ti thi im t
Plt - Tn tht trong thnh phn th l ( l=1,2L) ca mng in ti thi im t
Chng ta s ln lt xt cc hnh phn ch yu ca cn bng cng sut . Tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht trong h thng in c gi l cng HT ). Cng sut ny chnh l tng cng sut gii hn ln sut lp my ca h thng ( N lm nht ca cc my pht trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng vi in p v cos tiu chun. Phn cng sut lp my ca h thng m nhn phn ph ti bnh thng ti mt HT thi im no gi l cng xut cng tc ( N ct ) .Trn hnh (2-9) ta thy trong mt nm ph ti c mt tr s ln nht trong nm. R rang cng sut lp my ca h thng khng c vt qu tr s ph ti ln nht ny. Cng sut ca cc trm in bng phu HT ti ln nht gi l cng sut cng tc ln nht h thng ( N ct max ).
HT m bo cung cp in an ton v lin tc cho cc h dng in ngoi ( N ct max ), HT h thng cn phi c thm cng sut d tr ( N dt ).Cng sut d tr ny cn thit m bo b sung hay thay th phn cng sut m h thng v nguyn nhn no khng th cung cp c cho cc h dng in. Cn c vo tc dng ca cng sut d HT HT ), d tr s c ( N dsc )v d tr sa tr ngi ta chia thnh: d tr ph ti ( N dpt
HT cha( N dsch ).
Cng sut d tr ph ti c tc dng m nhn phn ph ti dao ng khng nh k ( ngoi k hoch) v trong thi gian ngn khi cc ng c khi ngTr s cng sut d tr ph ti ca h thng in ph thuc vo quy m v c im ca cc h dng in trong h thng. Cng sut d tr s c c tc dng thay th phn cng sut cc t my b s c, lm cho cc h dng in khng phi chu hu qu ca s c ny. S c ny l mt hin tng ngu nhin, khng th bit n xy ra u v khi no. Mt khc kh nng sy ra s c cng khng ging nhau i vi cc trm phat in. Thng trm thu in
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Bi ging Thy in 1
s c t xy ra hn so vi trm nhit in, v thit b ca trm thu in n gin hn v lm vic trong iu kin tt hn. Tr s ca cng sut d tr s c ph thuc vo cu to ca h thng in, cng sut v mc s c ca t my. Cc t my b s c phi sau mt thi gian tng i di mi c th lm vic tr li. Cho nn mun thay th c cng sut ca cc t my th cng sut d tr s c phi c m bo v nc hoc nhin liu. Cng sut d tr ph ti v d tr s c i vi h thng no cng c. Cn cng sut d tr sa cha ch c h thng no m cng sut ca cc t my khng lm vic khi ph ti nh khng bng cng sut ca cc t my c a vo sa cha ti cc thi on . By gi ta xt iu kin cn thit phi c n trong h thng in. Sau mt thi gian hot ng, mt s t my ca cc trm pht in phi ngh lm vic kim tra v sa cha nh k. Thng th t 1 n 3 nm c sa cha nh k mt ln. Thi gian sa cha t my nhit in khong t 15-30 ngy, cn thu in l 15 ngy. P Kw Vic sa cha t my ch c tin hnh khi ph tri ca h thng nh v cc trm pht Ntm in c mt s t my cha lm vic. Thng cc t my ca thu in c b tr sa cha ma kit, n ma l n c th lm vic ton b cng sut lp my tn dng lng nc thin nhin n. Cn cc t my ca trm nhit in s c b tr sa cha trong ma l. Din tch phn gch trn biu ph ti hnh (2-7) XII thang Hnh 2-7 biu th tr s in lng m trong thi gian c th tin hnh sa cha. Cn din tch cn thit sa cha ( tng ng vi in lng cn thit sa cha) cc t my trong mt nm c th xc nh nh sau:
F = N tmj .Ts.ch
j =1 Z
Trong :
Ts.ch - thi gian sa cha mt t my Ntmj - cng sut nh mc ca t my th j (j=1,2Z) c sa cha
trong nm. Nu din tch cn thit sa cha ln hn din tch c th sa cha th lc h thng mi c thm cng sut d tr sa cha. Tr s cng sut d tr sa cha ph thuc vo hnh dng biu ph ti ln nht nm v cng sut ca t my. Nh th tng cng sut d tr cn thit cho h thng bng:
HT HT HT HT N dt = N dpt + N dsc + N dsch
Nh vy m bo cung cp in an ton v lin tc, th cng sut lp my ti thiu m h thng phi c bng cng sut cng tc ln nht cng vi cng sut d tr.
HT HT HT N lm min = N ct max + N dt
iu c ngha l tng cng sut lp my ca cc trm thu in v nhit in trong h thng khng c nh hn cng sut lp my ti thiu ca h thng in ( HT ). hay cn gi l cng sut tt yu ca h thng N ty
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Bi ging Thy in 1
T Trong thit k nu ta gim cng sut lp my ca trm thy in N lm th phi tng N cng sut lp my ca trm nhit in N lm v ngc li. Phn cng sut lp my ca trm thu in khng th gim nh nu nh khng c s thay i bng cng sut tng ng ca trm nhit in, c gi l cng sut tt yu ca thu in. Tng t nh trn, NTty cng bao gm 2 thnh phn l cng sut cng tc ln nht v cng sut d tr:
T T NT ty = N ct max + N dt
Trong mt s trng hp cng sut lp my ca h thng in ln hn cng sut lp my cn thit ti thiu. Phn cng sut lp my thm y c s dng trong nhng trng hp c bit v thay th mt phn cng sut ca h thng c ngh khng m nhn trong thi gian . V th ngi ta gi n l cng sut trng (Ntrng). Cng sut trng ch c trm thu in, n c khng phi l do nguyn nhn m bo cung cp in an ton m do nguyn nhn c li v mt kinh t. Tt nhin khi c cng sut trng, cng sut lp my ca h thng khng bao gi c s dng hon ton. Kh nng lp thm cng sut trng v tr s ca n s trnh by trong nhng phn sau: Khi c cng sut trng, th cng sut lp my trm thu in s l:
T T T T T T N lm = N ty + N trng = N ct max + N dt + N trng
Cng sut lp my ca h thng ca h thng c th vit di dng

HT T T N N lm = N ty + N trng + N lm
HT T T T N N N lm = N ct max + N dt + N trng + N ct max + N dt
(2-1)
Trong vn hnh khng phi bao gi cng s dng ht cng sut lp my ca cc trm pht in. Mt phn cng sut lp my khng c kh nng m nhn ph ti, nguyn nhn l do mt s t my cn trong trng thi sa cha nh k hoc sa cha s c. Ring vi trm thu in cn c th do iu kin thu vn bt li ( thiu nc hoc ct nc qu thp). i vi trm nhit in cn do nguyn nhn thiu nhin liu hoc nhin liu c cht lng xu, t l khng tt, h thp chn khng v thiu nc.v.vPhn cng sut lp my ca h thng hoc mt trm pht in no khng c kh nng m nhn ph ti ( khng lm vic c ) do mt trong nhng HT ). nguyn nhn trn, c gi l phn cng sut b hn ch ( N hc Phn cng sut lp my ang m nhn ph ti hoc c kh nng m nhn ph ti gi l cng sut dng c.
HT HT N dHT = N lm N hc
(2-2)
Trong mt s thi k, cng sut dng c ca h thng ln hn cng sut cng tc cng vi cng sut d tr cn thit. Khi h thng c cng sut tha, khng s dng n. Phn cng sut gi l cng sut b khng (Nbk ).
HT HT HT N bk = N dHT N ct N dt
Nu gp trng hp cng sut dng c nh hn cng sut cng tc cn thit, th lc h thng khng th m bo cung cp in bnh thng. Cn ch l cc cng sut Nbk v Nhc khng phi l nhng tr s c nh m lun lun thay i tng gi trong ngy, tng thng trong nm. Nh vy trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng th cng sut dng c bao gm cng sut cng tc, cng sut d tr v cng sut b khng.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
HT HT HT N dHT = N ct + N dt + N bk
(2-3)
T (2-2) v (2-3) ta c th biu din cng sut lp my ca h thng trong iu kin vn hnh di dng sau:
HT HT HT HT HT N lm = N ct + N dt + N bk + N hc
(2-4)
Mt cch tng t ta c th vit biu thc th hin cng sut lp my ca trm thu in v nhit in nh sau:
T T T T T N lm = N ct + N dt + N bk + N hc N N N N N N lm = N ct + N dt + N bk + N hc
i vi h thng in hn hp ( bao gm cc trm thu in v nhit in) th biu thc (2-4) c th vit di dng.
HT T N T T T T N N N N N lm = N lm + N lm = N ct + N dt + N bk + N hc + N ct + N dt + N bk + N hc
(2-5)
Biu thc (2-5) khc (2-1) ch l cc thnh phn trong v phi thay i theo thi gian v lun lun chuyn dch cho nhau, v chng ph thuc v s thay i ca ph ti v iu kin vn hnh ca cc trm pht in ( iu kin thu vn, nhin liu, trng thi thit b ). Biu thc (2-5) cho ta bit mi thi im trong vn hnh, cng sut lp my bao gm nhng thnh phn cng sut no, c ngha n th hin cn bng cng sut ca h thng i vi thi im . Phng trnh cn bng in lng ca h thng mi thi on c th th hin nh sau:
E HT = E T + E N
(2-6)
Trong :
EHT ET EN
- in lng ca h thng. - in lng pht ra ca trm thu in. - in lng pht ra ca trm nhit in.
II. Xy dng biu cn bng cng sut v in lng 1. Mc ch xy dng biu cn bng cng sut v in lng Mun th hin c s cn bng cng sut v in lng cho tt c cc thi im v thi on ta phi dng mt s lng rt nhiu cc biu thc (2-5 ) v (2-6). Vic s dng mt khi lng ln biu thc nh th rt bt tin. Cho nn thng cn bng cng sut v in lng c th hin di dng th. Cc th gi l biu cn bng cng sut v in lng. Xy dng biu cn bng cng sut v in lng l mt nhim v rt quan trng khi xc nh ch lm vic cng nh xc n cc thong s nng lng ca trm thu in. i vi h thng in vn hnh, qua s cn bng cng sut v in lng th hin c iu kin cung cp in trong nm sp n, mc s dng my mc ca cc nh my in, kh nng cung cp thm nhng nhu cu mi, xc nh th trao i cng sut in lng vi cc h thng in ln cn, xc nh lng nhin liu cn thit v lp k hoch sa cha cc t my.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Phn ln cc thng s ca trm thu in c chn v kim tra theo nm kit thit k, nn cn thit phi xy dng biu cn bng vi nm ny. Cn nm nc trung bnh l nm c trng cho iu kin lm vic thng gp ca trm thu in, nn cng cn thit phi xy dng biu cn bng vi nm ny. Nh vy vi mc ch thit k trm thu in, vi tnh cht tnh ton ta phi lp cn bng cng sut ca h thng vi nm t nc tnh ton v lp cn bng in lng vi nm nc trung bnh. Cn biu cn bn cng sut v in lng nm nhiu nc v rt kit nc thng ch xy dng khi thit k trm thu in ln. Xy dng biu cn bng nng lng ca h thng nm nhiu nc nhm tm hiu kh nng s dng in nng, xc nh cng sut v in lng ln nht ti qua ng dy, lm r iu kin lm vic lm r mc tho mn nhu cu dng in ngoi gii hn mc bo m tnh ton. Trong phn ny ch ch n cn bng h thng phc v cho thit k cc trm thu in mi. 2. Xy dng biu cn bng cng sut. a. Cc ti liu cn thit ban u: Khi xy dng biu cn bng nng lng ca h thng, cn nm vng cc ti liu sau: -Ti liu ph ti, bao gm biu ph ti nm ln nht v biu ph ti ngy m in hnh ( c trng). Khi xy dng biu ph ti ln nht nm thng c xt n qu trnh ni cc h dng in mi vo h thng. Khi ph ti, ln nht cui nm s ln hn u nm (ng 1 hnh 2-9).Nu khng xt n vic ni thm cc h dng in mi th gi tr ph ti ln nht u v cui s bng nhau Khi chn ph ti ngy m in hnh phi nghin cu tnh hnh thu vn ca sng ngi bao gm cc thi k khc nhau (k l , nghin cu s bin ho ca ph ti. Ni chung trong thit k thng dng 4 biu ph ti ngy m in hnh i din cho 4 ma xun h thu ng. C bit i vi trm thu in nh v khi thit k s b c th dng 2 biu ph ti ngy m in hnh thuc 2 ma ng v h. Biu cng sut trung bnh ca cc thang trong nm v c tnh lm vic ca trm thu in. Cc thng s nng lng v c tnh lm vic ca cc trm pht in khc trong h thng in. Biu cn bng cng sut bt buc theo ch nhit ca trm nhit in kiu cung cp nhit.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Ndtsc Ndtpt
Tram thuy in
Tram thuy in
Tram nhit in cung cp nhit
Hnh 2-8 I- sa cha t my nhit in II- sa cha t my thy in III- cng sut d tr ph ti ca trm thy in IV- cng sut d tr s c ca trm thy in
b. Cc bc xy dng biu cn bng cng sut. Trn c s ti liu c, ta xy dng biu cn bng cng sut theo cc bc sau y: t thm tr s cng sut d tr ph ti, v d tr s c vo tung ca ng (1) ta c ng ( 2) v ng (3) nh trn hnh (2-8). ng (3) th hin cng sut dng c cn phi c ca cc trm pht in. Xy dng ng tng cng sut lp my ca h thng. ng (6) trn hnh (28) th hin s thay i ca tng cng sut lp my theo qu trnh i vo vn hnh ca cc t my mi trong vng mt nm. Khi xy dng ng ny phi da vo cc ti liu c th bit. Nu khng xt n s thay i th ng tng cng sut lp my ca h thng s l mt ng nm ngang. Xy dng ng tng cng sut dng c ca h thng in khi cha xt sa cha cc t my.
Mun xy dng c ng tng cng sut dng c, ta phi xc nh phn cng sut b hn ch ca cc loi trm pht in. Khi xy dng biu cn bng cng sut ta ch c th xt c cc nguyn nhn gy ra phn cng sut hn ch nh sau: i vi trm thu in, nguyn nhn gy ra phn cng sut b hn ch l do ct nc gim hn ct nc tnh ton. Mun xc nh c phn cng sut ny, cn phi da vo qu trnh thay i ct nc v ng c tnh vn hnh ca turbine ( xem hnh 2-8). Khi ct nc ca trm thu in nh hn ct nc tnh ton thi turbine khng th pht ra cng sut nh mc, do trm thu in khng pht ra c cng sut lp my. Cng sut b hn ch cng ln khi ct nc cng gim. i vi trm in cung cp nhit th phn cng sut b hn ch l do yu cu cung cp nhit gim, i vi trm in kiu ngng hi l do chn khng gim, hoc thiu nc cho b phn ngng t trong ma t nc v trong nhng thng nng. t phn cng sut b hn ch ca cc trm pht xung di ng (6) ta c ng (5) trn hnh (2-8) . ng (5) th hin cng sut dng c ca h thng in.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
B tr sa cha cc t my. B tr sa cha nh k cc t my vo thi gian c ph ti nh. i vi trm thu in, nn b tr sa cha t my vo thi k nc t v khng c gy ra vic tho b nc.Cn trm nhit in, nn b tr vo thi k ph ti gim nh v vo ma l khi trm thu in lm vic vi cng sut ln. i vi trm pht in kiu cung cp nhit thi b tr sa cha vo thi k yu cu nhit thp. t cng sut ca cc t my c sa cha ln trn ng (3) ta s c ng (4) trn hnh (2-8). Cn ch chn thi gian sa cha cc t my sao cho ng (4) khng nm cao hn ng tng cng sut dng c (5), v nu khng s c cng sut d tr sa cha.
Xc inh v tr lm vic ca cc trm pht in. Trc ht, ta b tr phn cng sut ca cc trm pht in lm vic theo yu cu bt buc v nhit vo gc biu cn bng ( ng 7) Nh cng sut trung bnh thng v ng lu tch ph ti ngy m ta c th xc nh c cng sut cng tc ln nht v v tr lm vic tng ng trong cc thng ca mi trm thu in. a kt qu va xc nh c ln biu ph ti ln nht nm ta c kh nng m nhn ph ti ca cc trm thu in trong cn bng ca h thng in. Trm thu in v phn lm vic theo yu cu nhit ca trm in kiu cung cp nhit ch chim mt phn ca biu ph ti ln nht nm. Phn biu ph ti cn li do trm nhit in kiu ngng hi v phn lm vic theo ch ngng hi ca trm nhit in kiu cung cp nhit m nhn.
Trn c s phn tch c im ca cc trm thu in ta xc nh c kh nng m nhn cc loi d tr ca chng. Phn cng sut d tr cn li ca h thng s do trm nhit in kiu ngng hi m nhn. Vic xy dng biu cn bng cng sut c xem l t yu cu nu bo m vic cung cp in an ton v cng sut lp my ca h thng t tr s nh nht, kinh t t nht. Nu trong nm nc kit thit k m s dng c thi gian ph ti gim sa cha nh k cc t my th h thng in s khng cn d tr sa cha. Trng hp ny th hin hnh (2-8). 3. Xy dng biu cn bng in lng.
Biu ph ti ngy m th hin s phn chia ph ti gia trm thu in v nhit in (hnh 2-9) chnh l biu cn bng cng sut, ng thi cng chnh l biu cn bng in P, N lng trong mt ngy P, N (Kw) m. Nh vy, cn (Kw) 1 bng cng sut v in l ng c lin quan mt T.N. kiu ngng hi thit vi nhau v phi T.T. 3 c tin hnh xy dng song song. T.N. kiu cung cp nhit
T.N.
T.T. 2
24 gi
Hnh 2-9
Hnh 2-10
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Trong thc t ngi ta xy dng biu cn bn in lng di dng biu phn chia ph ti trung bnh ngy hoc thng ca h thng in cho trm thu in v nhit in. N HT = N T + N N Mun xy dng biu cn bng in lng trong nm trc ht ta xy dng biu ph ti trung bnh nm (ng 1 hnh 2-10). Tip theo ta a cng sut trung bnh thng ca trm thu in v cng sut lm vic theo yu cu nhit ca trm nhit in kiu cung cp nhit ln biu ph ti trung bnh nm, ta s c ng (2) v ng (3) trn hnh 2-10. Din tch khng ch gia ng (1) v (3) ca biu chnh l in lng ca trm nhit in kiu ngng hi v in lng ca phn ngng hi trm nhit in kiu cung cp nhit. Phn tch t m biu cn bng cng sut v in lng trong nm kit thit k, nm trung bnh nc v nhiu nc ta s kim tra c thng s chn ca trm thu in ang thit k v thy r iu kin lm vic ca n trong h thng. III. Yu cu ch yu ca h thng in i vi ch lm vic ca cc trm pht in. Sau khi xt c im ca cc trm pht in, tnh cht ring bit ca sn xut in nng, tng quan v cn bng nng lng, chng ta s cp n nhng yu cu ca h thng in i vi cc trm pht in. Yu cu ch yu th nht ca h thng in l cc trm pht in phi m bo cung cp in lng v cng sut cho cc h dng in trong mt thi im. Yu cu th hai l cc trm pht in phi bo m cht lng in (in p v tn s dng in) cho h thng. Yu cu th ba l ch lm vic ca cc trm pht in phi gp phn nng cao hiu ch kinh t chung cho ton h thng. Yu cu ny rt quan trng, nhng n khng th tch ri khi cc yu cu trn. V rng khi thay i ch lm vic ca mt trm pht in no th khng nhng thay i thng s nng lng ca bn than n (khi thit k) m cn lm nh hng n thng s v ch lm vic ca tt c cc trm pht in cn li trong h thng. Do phi da trn quan im c li cho ton b h thng xt ch lm vic ca cc trm pht in. Ngoi ra, i vi trm nhit in kiu cung cp nhit v trm thu in th ch lm vic ca chng cn ph thuc vo yu cu dng nhit v dng nc ca mt s ngnh kinh t quc dn. Do , ch lm vic ca chng cn bo m hiu ch kinh t ln nht cho nn kinh t quc dn. IV. S tham gia ph biu ph ti h thng ca trm thu in Trong phn ny, ch yu chng ta xt n kh nng tham gia ph biu ph ti h thng ca cc loi trm thu in nhng iu kin thu vn khc nhau. Ta xt ln lt ch lm vic ca trm thu in t trng hp n gin n phc tp. 1. S tham gia ca trm thu in khng iu tit. c im ca trmt thu in khng iu tit l cng sut mi thi im ph thuc hon ton vo lu lng thin nhin. Trong mt ngy m v ma kit lu
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Bi ging Thy in 1
lng thin nhi hu nh khng thay i, nn cng sut ca trm thu in khng iu tit c th xem nh c nh trong mt ngy m.
P, N (Kw)
P, N (Kw)
T.T. T.N.
T.N.
T.N.
T.T.
Hnh 2-11
24 gi
Hnh 2-12
24 gi
T c im trn ta thy i vi trm thu in khng c h iu tit th tt nht nn b tr cho n lm vic phn gc ca biu ph ti (hnh 2-11) v rng nu cho n lm vic phn nh hoc phn thn th khng th trnh khi tn tht nng lng do phi tho b lng nc tha. in lng tn tht c din tch gch trn hnh (212). Mt khc trong trng hp phn phi ph ti nh hnh (2-11) th trm nhit in lm vic vi hiu sut cao hn, lng tiu th cho mt n v in lng t hn, nhng tng lng nhin liu ca n vn tng. Do khng c kh nng iu tit nn cng sut dng c v cng sut cng tc ca trm thu in c nh trong Nmax ( Kw) ngy m. Nhng trong nhng ngy m khc nhau, tr s ca T Ntr N Ndtpt nhng cng sut thay i theo Fsch N Ndtsc iu kin thu vn. B tr trm thu in khng iu tit lm N Nlm vic phn gc biu ph ti nm ta c biu phn chia T.N. ph ti th hin hnh (2-13). T Ntr Trong ma l trm thu in T Nlm T khng iu tit lm vic vi ton T.T. Nty b cng sut lp my, cn trong 0 365 ngay ma t nc cng sut cng tc, cng sut dng c gim Hnh 2-13 xung. i vi trm thu in khng iu tit ct nc thp, cng sut dng c c th gim ngy c trong ma l, do mc nc h lu trong ma dng cao lm cho ct nc gim xung qu thp. in lng ca trm thu in khng iu tit sn xut ra trong mt ngy m vo ma t nc rt nh. Nhng ph ti ln nht ca h thng li thng trng vo ma t nc. m bo iu kin cung cp in an ton, cng sut tt yu ca trm thu in khng iu tit phi chn trong ma t nc, nn c tr s nh. tn dng trit lng nc n trong ma l, gim gi thnh in nng, tit kim lng nhin liu ngi ta lp thm cng sut trng ( ngoi cng sut tt yu phi c)
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Trn y ta mi xt n kh nng tham gia m nhn ph ti bnh thng ca trm thu in khng iu tit. thu r mt cch ton din vai tr ca n trong cn bng cng sut ton h thng in, ta phi xt thm kh nng m nhn cc loi d tr. V khng c h nn trm thu in khng iu tit lun lun lm vic vi ton b cng sut dng c v do khng th m nhn d tr ph ti cn thit cho vic iu chnh tn s ca h thng. Mun m nhn d tr s c ca h thng in th trm thu in phi c mt lng nc d tr nht nh cho nn trm thu in khng iu tit khng m nhn c loi d tr ny. ( ngay c trong trng hp trm c lp thm cng sut trng cng vy). Cng sut trng ch c th s dng lm chc nng d tr s c cho bn thn trm thu in. Thc vy khi c cng sut trng th vo ma kit trm thu in lun lun c mt phn cng sut v thiu nc cha m nhn ph ti, phn cng sut ny ch c th dng thay th cho t my thu in b s c. Cn trong ma nhiu nc, cng sut trng ng vai tr cng sut cng tc v s thay th mt phn cng sut tng ng trm nhit in. Cng sut d tr sa cha khng phi i vi h thng no cng c nhng nu c th khng th giao cho trm thu in khng iu tit v rng d tr sa cha cng cn phi c d tr v nc. Nu trm thu in khng iu tit c lp thm cng sut trng th vo ma kit c th dng cng sut trng thay th cho s t my ca trm thu in c a vo sa cha. Vo ma nhiu nc, do ton b cng sut trng m nhn c ph ti nn mt s t my ca nhit in c cng sut tng ng c ngh lm vic a vo sa cha. Nh vy, ta thy cng sut trng ca trm thu in hon thnh ng thi 2 nhim v: Tng in lng ca trm thu in, do tit kim c nhin liu cho h thng in. m nhn d tr s c d tr sa cha cho bn thn trm thu in, ng thi lm gim tr s cng sut d tr s c v sa cha cho ton h thng.
Hnh (2-13) th hin mt v d v cn bng cng sut ca h thng in khi c trm thu in khng iu tit tham gia . 2. S tham gia ca trm thu in iu tit ngy trong cn bng nng lng. H iu tit ngy c nhim v phn phi li lu lng thin nhin n tng i ng u trong ngy m cho ph hp vi biu ph ti. Tt nhin s phn phi ph thuc vo tr s lu lng thin nhin trong ngy m v khng lm thay i lng nc thin nhin trong ngy m.Ti ta thy rng in lng ngy m ph thuc hon ton vo lng nc thin nhin trong ngy m v cng sut gia cc gi c lin quan vi nhau. Mt khc thit b ca trm thy in c tnh linh hot cao, qu trnh thay i khng gy ra tn tht nn trm thy in iu tit ngy c kh nng lm vic phn nh ca biu ph ti ngy m. Khi lm vic phn nh, trm thy in s s dng cng sut ti a, mc d in lng ngy m nh, ng thi to iu kin cho trm nhit in lm vic vi cng sut t thay i, hiu sut cao, lng nhin liu tiu th cho mt n v in lng nh. Tt nhin thi gian lm vic phn nh hoc phn
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Bi ging Thy in 1
thn nhiu hay t ty thuc kh nng iu tit ca h v iu kin thy vn. Trong ma nhiu nc, tn dng lng nc thin nhin n pht c in lng ti a, titkim c nhiu nhien liu cho h thng, lc ny trm thy in iu tit ngy lm vic phn gc ca biu ph ti. Nh bit, cng sut gia cc gi trong mt ngy m ca T trm thy in iu tit ngy c Engay B A lin quan mt thit vi nhau. V T Nctmax v y mun xc nh c ch C lm vic ca trm, ta phi bit trc t nht mt ngy lu lng thin nhin v biu ph ti ngy m. iu kin hin nay 0 E Kwh hon ton c th p ng c. 24h Khi bit lu lng thin nhin Hnh 2-14 v biu ph ti ngy m, ta c th tm c v tr lm vic ca trm thy in iu tit ngy va s dng ht lng nc thin nhin trong ngy m va pht huy c cng sut cng tc ln nh ng ly tch ph ti.
P,N ( Kw) P,N ( Kw)
xc nh v tr lm vic ca trm thy in trong biu ph ti, khi c ng ly tch ph ti ( xem hnh 2-14) , ta v hnh tam gic vung ABC. Cnh AB ng vi in lng ETngy, cnh AC ng vi tr s cng sut cng tc ln nht NTctmax. Dch chuyn hnh tam gic ABC trn owngf ly tch ph ti ta s tm c v tr duy nht tha mn: hai cnh AB v AC song song vi h ta , hai nh B v C nm trn ng ly tch ph ti. V tr chnh l v tr lm vic ca trm thy in m ta cn tm ( hnh 2-14). Trn y ta mi xt trng hp trong h thng in ch c mt trm thy in. Trong trng hp trong h thng c mt s trm thy in th cch xc nh v tr lm vic nh th no. n gin ta xt hai trm thy in. Nu mt trm thy in c h iu tit ngy m, cn trm kia khng c h iu tit th vic phn chia ph ti rt n gin. Trm khng iu tit cn phi lm vic phn gc ca biu ph ti, cn trm iu tit ngy v tr lm vic xc nh nh trnh by trn. Nu c hai trm thy in u c kh nng iu tit ngy th cch xc nh v tr lm vic ca chng nh sau: u tin xem hai trm ny nh l mt trm c cng sut bng NT1+NT2 v in lng ET1+ET2. Dng phng php trnh by trn ta xc nh c v tr lm vic ca trm thng nht . Sau ta xy dng 2 hnh tam gic vung c cnh NT1, ET1 v NT2, ET2 dch chuyn 2 hnh tam gic trn ng ly tch ph ti ta s tm c v tr lm vic ca mi trm. C th xy ra trng hp v tr lm vic ca mt trong 2 trm phi chia ra thnh 2 phn: mt phn nm trn v mt phn nm di v tr lm vic ca trm kia. Trn y l cch xc nh v tr lm vic ca trm thy in iu tit ngy trn biu ph ti ngy m. Sau y ta s xt ch lm vic ca n trong biu cn bng cng sut nm ca h thng in.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Nh ta bit, cng sut trung bnh ngy m ca trm thy in iu tit ngy hon ton ph thuc vo lu lng thin nhin trong mi ngy m ring bit ch khng ph thuc vo ch lm vic trong nhng ngy m khc. Khi bit cng sut trung bnh ngy m th v tr lm vic ca trm thy in ph thuc vo hnh dng ca biu ph ti v ta lun lun c th xc nh c v tr lm vic ca trm thy in i vi bt k ngy m no bng phng php trnh by trn. Nh , ta d dng xy dng c biu cn bng P,Nmax cng sut cng tc trong mt nm ca h thng ( Kw) in. (Hnh 2-15). Trong thi gian t nc ( t 0 n t1 v t4 n ht nm), trm thy in lm vic phn nh ca biu ph ti. Trong thi gian t1 n t2 v t3 n t4 nc nhiu hn nn trm thy in lm vic phn trung gian ca biu Nlm ph ti ngy m v ph ti nm. Trong ma T.N. T.N. l (t t2 n t3) tn dng lu lng thin t t t t 365 ngay nhin, trm lm vic phn gc ca biu ph ti v khng tin hnh iu tit. Trong thi Hnh 2-15 gian ny, nu khng c phn cng sut b hn ch th cng sut cng tc ca trm thy in bng cng sut lp my.
Nlm
T T
Biu cn bng cng sut trong nm trnh by trn hnh (2-15) xy dng trn c s cho trm thy in lun lun lm vic vi ton b cng sut, cha xt n iu kin i tu cc t my ca trm thy in. tha mn iu kin i tu th trong mt s thi gian no y ca nm phi hn ch bt kh nng iu tit ngy mt s t my ngh lm vic v a chng vo i tu. Tt nhin vic i tu t my thy in nn tin hnh trong thi gian ph ti ca h thng nh v lu lng thin nhin t.
P,Nmax ( Kw) Ntr
T
P,Nmax ( Kw)
Nty
Nty
T.N.
T.N.
T.N.
Nlm
T.N. 365 ngay
T.N.
Nlm
T.N. 365 ngay
Hnh 2-17
Hnh 2-16
Nu trm thy in c lp thm cng sut trng th mc cn thit phi hn ch iu tit ngy s gim xung. V trong thi gian t nc cng sut trng khng th m nhn ph ti v do c kh nng i tu mt s t my. Biu cn bng cng sut cng tc trong trng hp c th hin hnh (2-16)
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Hnh (2-15) v hnh (2-16) xy dng trn c s cha xt kh nng s dng cng sut ca trm thy in lm cng sut d tr cho h thng. Nh tnh linh hot ca turbine v nh c h iu tit ngy m trm thy in c th m nhn mt phn d tr ph ti cho h thng. Trong thi gian nhiu nc phn cng sut d tr ph ti ca trm thy in c s dng m nhn cng sut cng tc, nn trm nhit in phi m nhn d tr ph ti ny. H iu tit ngy tng i nh,nn n khng th m nhn d tr s c v d tr sa cha cho h thng in. V mt ny th trm thy in iu tit ngy chng khc g trm thy in khng iu tit. Nhng nu trm thy in iu tit ngy c lp thm cng sut trng, th nh bit, c th s dng cng sut lm cng sut d tr s c hoc d tr sa cha cho bn thn trm. Hnh (2-17) th hin mt cch ton din kh nng tham gia vo cn bng cng sut ton h thng ca trm thy in iu tit ngy. 3. Ch lm vic ca trm thy in iu tit nm trong cn bng ca h thng. H iu tit nm ca trm thy in c kh nng phn phi li dng chy trong nm cho ph hp vi yu cu dng in. Mc phn phi li dng chy trong nm ph thuc vo dung tch h. Ton b chu k lm vic ca trm thy in iu tit nm c th phn ra bn thi k (xem hnh 2-18) + Thi k th nht l thi k cp nc. Trong thi k ny trm thy in s dng lng nc thin nhin v mt phn lng nc c trong h. Tt nhin l h khng th phn phi li lng nc thin nhin, m ch c th phn phi li lng nc trong h. Dung tch tng i ca h cng ln th vic iu chnh lu lng v cng sut ca trm thy in cng d dng.
Q (m3/s)
Qtn Qmax
T
Qt
Hnh 2-18
Gia cc tr s lu lng iu tit v cng sut ca trm thy in trong cc ngy thuc ma cp c lin quan mt thit vi nhau. Nu u thi k cp, trm thy in lm vic vi cng sut ln th h s chng cn v khng th pht c cng sut ln vo cui thi k . Mc gim cng sut v in lng cui thi k cp cng nhanh do vic gim lu lng v ct nc cng tc ca trm thy 365 ngay in. Ngc li, u ma cp trm lm vic vi cng sut nh, th cui ma cp n c th pht ra cng sut ln, v lng nc cn li trong h
nhiu. Ch lm vic ca trm thy in trong ma cp r rang ph thuc vo ch ca dng chy thin nhin v ch iu tit ca h. H iu tit nm c kh nng tin hnh iu tit ngy. Cho nn trong ma cp, trm thy in iu tit nm cng lm vic phn nh ca biu ph ti nh trm thy in iu tit ngy trong ma t nc. + Thi k th hai l thi k tr nc. Trong thi k ny, mt phn lu lng thin nhin n c tr trong h, phn cn li mi cho chy qua turbine. R rang dung tch hu ch cng nh so vi lng nc trong ma l th phn lu lng chy qua turbine
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Bi ging Thy in 1
trong thi k ny cng ln, nn cng sut ca trm thy in cng ln. Trng hp dung tch ca h iu tit nm tng i nh, trm thy in c th lm vic phn gc ca biu ph ti vi ton b cng sut lp my trong c thi k l. Ngc li, dung tch ca h iu tit nm tng i ln, tr y h th trong thi k tr trm thy in ch c th lm vic phn nh ca biu ph ti vi cng sut nh. Nh th l ty theo dung tch tng i ca h iu tit nm trong thi k tr, trm thy in c th lm vic phn nh hay phn gc ca biu ph ti. Cn phi ni thm rng, ch lm vic ca trm thy in trong ma tr cn ph thuc vo ch tr nc sm hay mun ca h. + Thi k th 3 l thi k x nc tha. Thi k ny xut hin khi dung tch iu tit nm rt nh so vi lu lng nc ca ma l. Khi h tr y m lu lng thin nhin n vn ln hn kh nng tho nc ln nht ca turbine th phi x i mt lng nc tha. Thi gian x nc tha ko di cho n khi lu lng thin nhin n bng kh nng tho ln nht ca turbine. Nh vy l trong thi k x nc tha ch lm vic ca trm thy in hon ton ph thuc vo iu kin thy vn, khng c lin quan vi nhng thi k khc v hon ton ging ch lm vic ca trm thy in khng c kh nng iu tit. + Thi k th 4 l thi k trm thy in lm vic theo lu lng thin nhin. Thi k ny xut hin tip sau thi k x nc, khi lu lng thin nhin bng hoc nh hn kh nng tho nc ln nht ca turbine. Mc nc ca h trong thi gian ny c duy tr mc nc dng bnh thng cho n khi lu lng thin nhin khng m bo cng sut yu cu ca h thng. Tip theo l mt chu k iu tit khc li bt u. Thc t trong thi k trm thy in lm vic theo lu lng thin nhin, mc nc trong h khng phi bao gi cng mc nc dng bnh thng. V trong thi k ny, trm lun lun c kh nng iu tit ngy, mc nc trong h s giao ng trong mt chu k ngy m. Song do h iu tit nm c din tch ln, nn giao ng mc nc trong h khi iu tit ngy l khng ng k. in lng ngy m ca trm thy in iu tit nm trong thi k ny hon ton ph thuc vo lu lng thin nhin. in lng ngy m ca trm thy in iu tit nm trong thi k ny hon ton ph thuc vo lu lng thin nhin n. Nh vy trong thi k trm thy in lm vic theo lu lng thin nhin th ch lm vic ca n ging nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in c h iu tit ngy.
P'',Nmax ( Kw)
P'',Nmax ( Kw)
T.N. T.T. T.N.
T.N. T.T. T.N.

365 ngay
T.N. 365 ngay
Hnh 2-19 B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in
Hnh 2-20
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Bi ging Thy in 1
u thi k lm vic theo lu lng thin nhin, trm lm vi phn gc ca biu ph ti. Sau theo mc gim ca lu lng thin nhin m v tr lm vic ca trm thy in trong biu ph ti nm cao dn ln. Nh bit, h iu tit nm khng c kh nng phn phi li dng chy gia cc nm, nn vi nhng nm thy vn khc nhau, ch lm vic ca trm thy in cng khng ging nhau. ( Trn hnh 2-19 v 2-20 th hin biu cn bng cng sut c trng cho nm t nc v nm nhiu nc) Trong nhng nm nhiu nc, thi k x nc tha v thi k lm vic vi lu lng thin nhin tng ln, cn thi k cp tr nc gim xung. Ngc li vi nhng nm t nc, thi k cp v tr nc tng ln cn thi k x nc tha v thi k lm vic vi lu lng thin nhin gim xung hoc c khi khng c. Khi h iu tit nm tong i nh, c th xy ra trng hp m l cng sut trung bnh v cng sut cng tc ca trm thy in ln hn tr s cng sut cn thit m bo an ton cho h thng ( cng sut bo m Nb) . Cn ma cp v thiu nc nn cng tc bnh thng ca h thng b ph hoi. i vi trm thy in c ct nc thp, c th xy ra hin tng ngc li, cng tc bnh thng b ph hoi trong ma l, cn trong ma cp th lm vic vi cng sut ln hn cng sut bo m. R rng, s tham gia ph biu ph ti h thng ca trm thy in ph thuc vo c tnh phn phi dng chy nm ca sng ngi v mc iu tit. Ch lm vic ca trm thy in mi thi k tha mn yu cu cn bng nng lng trong ton nm v hiu ch kinh t ca h thng ln nht trong ton chu k. Trm thy in c h iu tit nm, c kh nng m nhn d tr ph ti. Tt nhin, trong thi k trm thy in lm vic vi ton b cng sut lp my khi c c cu hng nc m hon ton th trm thy in khng m nhn d tr ph ti. Khi dung tch ca h iu tit nm ln, trm thy in c th lp thm cng sut d tr s c. Trong ma l, phn cng sut d tr s c ny ca trm thy in c s dng l cng sut cng tc v thay vo trm nhit in s m nhn d tr s c cho h thng. Trong trng hp ny dung tch tng i ca h iu tit nm nh th trm thy in c th lp thm cng sut trng. Hiu ch nng lng ca cng sut trng trm thy in c h iu tit nm km hn do vi trm thy in c kh nng iu tit ngn hn. Cng sut trng c th lm cng sut d tr s c v cng sut d tr sa cha cho bn thn trm thy in v do gim bt d tr chung ca h thng.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
CHNG III
TNH TON THU NNG V CHN THNG S CA TRM THU IN

3-1 MC CH V NHIM V CA TNH TON THU NNG. 1. Khi nim v tnh ton thu nng. Tnh ton thu nng l s tip tc ca phn tnh ton thu li. Nhim v ca tnh ton thu li l xc nh tr s lu lng iu tit (Qt), dung tch ca h mc nc thng h lu ca trm thu in v.vXc nh cc tr s trn da vo phng php iu tit dng chy. Sau khi tnh ton thu li xong, tip tc xc nh cng sut bo m (Nb), tnh hnh vn hnh ca trm thu in v h cha v.v gi l tnh ton thu nng. Tnh ton thu nng lin quan mt thit vi tnh ton thu li v tin hnh trn c s ca tnh ton thu li. V vy ngi ta thng em hai phn hp nht li, gi tt l tnh ton thu nng. Chng ta bit cng thc tnh ton cng sut ca trm thu in l N = 9,81. .Q.H . Trong , Q l lu lng chy qua turbine ca trm thu in. Lu lng ny c lin quan mt thit vi lu lng thin nhin n, lng nc ca h tho hoc tr li, lng nc tn tht do bc hi, do thmca h v lng nc ca cc ngnh dng nc khc ly i. Cn ct nc H ca trm thu in c lin quan cht ch vi mc nc thng h lu ca trm v cc loi tn tht ct nc khc. l hiu sut t my ca trm thu in, c lin quan vi lu lng qua turbine v ct nc ca trm thu in. V vy ta thy rng vic tnh ton thu nng khng phi l n gin ch vic thay cc s liu vo cng thc l c ngay kt qu, m thng phi qua nhiu giai on tnh ton phc tp. Ta bit rng, tnh hnh thu vn sng ngi v nhu cu in ca cc h dng in lun lun thay i, nn cng sut ca trm thu in lun lun thay i theo. Cho nn ly mt tr s cng sut no i biu cho ton b c tnh cng sut ca trm thu in l hon ton khng chnh xc. Mun xc nh ton b c tnh cng sut ca trm thu in phi tin hnh tnh ton thu nng tng i nhiu nh ra qu trnh thay i cng sut theo thi gian. N=f1(t) hoc theo tn sut bo m ca n N=f2(p). in nng sn ra trong thi on t t1 n t2 ca trm thu in c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
E = Ndt
t1 t2
( kWh )
Trong thc t tnh ton n gin ngi ta dng cng thc sau:
E = Nt
t1 t2
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Bi ging Thy in 1
T cng thc trn ta thy, ch cn bit c qu trnh thay i cng sut ca trm thu in l c th nhanh chng tnh ra c in lng ca n. 2. Mc ch v nhim v tnh ton thu vn. Mc ch cui cng ca tnh ton thu nng l da vo tnh hnh dng chy thin nhin n, yu cu dng in ca cc h, tnh nng iu tit ca h cha, c tnh thay i ct nc ca trm thu in v mc nc thng h lu xt n yu cu v nh hng ca cc ngnh, nghin cu xem xt trong phm vi c th lm th no li dng c trit nht, hp l nht ngun ti nguyn thu li ca sng ngi. Tu iu kin c th m nhim v tnh ton thu nng c khc nhau. Tnh ton thu nng c th chia lm 2 trng hp sau. Trng hp trm thu in xy dng xong, hin ang vn hnh: Lc ny cc thng s ch yu ca trm thu in nh mc nc dng bnh thng (MNDBT), su cng tc c li ca h cha (hoct), cng sut lp my (Nlm) c xc nh. Trng hp ny nhim v tnh ton thu nng l xc nh phng thc vn hnh c li nht cho trm thu in, t xy dng k hoch vn hnh c hiu qu nht cho trm. Loi tnh ton thu nng ny l nhim v ch yu ca ngnh qun l vn hnh h thng in lc v trm thu in. Trng hp tnh ton thu nng i vi trm thu in ang quy hoch hay ang thit k: Nhim v tnh ton thu nng trong trng hp ny l da vo lu lng thin nhin n, yu cu dng in ca cc h, cc ngnh v cc ni dng nc c lin quan khc chn ra cc thng s c li nht ca trm thu in ang thit k. Loi tnh ton thu nng ny l mt b phn quan trng trong cng tc thit k trm thu in.
tnh ton cc thng s c li nht ca trm thu in, phi tin hnh tnh ton hng lot cc phng n vi vic gi nh hng lot cc tr s thng s khc nhau. Qu trnh tnh ton thu nng i vi nhng phng n mi ch nh ra c cc ch tiu ng nng ch yu nh Nb, Enmca mi phng n. Phi thng qua so snh cc phng n, mi chn c phng n c li v kinh t, hp l v k thut, t mi xc nh cc thng s c li nht ca trm thu in. Tc l phi thng qua so snh kinh t mt cch ton din v cc kt qu tnh ton thu nng v tnh ton kinh t cc phng n. 3. Cc phng php tnh ton thu nng. C hai phng php c bn tnh ton thu nng, l phng php thng k ton hc v phng php tnh theo thi gian. Trong phng php tnh theo thi gian gm c phng php lp bng v phng php gii. p dng phng php no tnh ton thu nng phi xem tnh nng iu tit ca h v tnh cht ca vn tnh ton thu nng ca trm thu in m xc nh. i vi trm thu in khng iu tit v iu tit ngy ni chung vic tnh ton thu nng phn ln dng phng php lp bng. i vi trm thu in iu tit nm hoc iu tit nhiu nm c th dng phng php lp bng hay phng php gii nhng phng php gii thng c dng nhiu hn. Phng php thng k ton hc ch dng tnh ton thu nng cho trm thu in iu tit nhiu nm.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
3-2 CHN MC BO M TNH TON. CHN CC NM TNH TON V CC NM C TRNG THU VN. I. Chn mc bo m tnh ton. Khi nim v mc bo m tnh ton. Tnh hnh cng tc ca trm thu in v cc ngnh dng nc khc trc tip chu nh hng ca tnh hnh thu vn. Lc bt li c th lu lng hoc ct nc cng tc ca trm thu in khng t yu cu th tnh hnh cng tc bnh thng ca trm thu in b ph hoi. iu ny c th xy ra khi gp ma nc kit c bit, lu lng rt nh, hoc i vi trm ct nc thp, trong ma l lng nc tho xung h lu ln khin cho ct nc ca trm thu in gim thp, c hai trng hp ny u dn n cng sut ca trm pht ra khng yu cu. Khi vic cung cp in bnh thng s khng m bo, buc phi gim hoc ct in, gy kh khn v thit hi cho cc h dng in. nh gi mc chc chn trong vic cung cp in ca trm thu in, ngi ta dng khi nim mc bo m, v n c biu th bng cng thc sau: P= 100 Thi gian lm vic bnh thng Tng thi gia vn hnh ngha ca biu thc trn l trong sut qu trnh lm vic trm thu in m bo cung cp in bnh thng trong p% tng thi gian cn (100-p%) thi gian th khng cung cp y cng sut v in lng nh ch bnh thng c do tnh hnh thu vn bt li. Dng chy l mt tn ti khch quan, nu mun trm thu in lm vic vi mc bo m cao th phi chn cng sut ca trm nh i. Nhng nu chn cng sut ca trm qu nh ma rt kit cng c th lm vic bnh thng c th s khng tn dng c trit nng lng nc ca nhng thng, nhng nm nhiu nc. Ngc li, nu chn mc bo m thp ( tc chn cng sut ca trm ln) th thi gian khng nc cung cp in theo ch nh cng ln, s thit hi ca cc h dng in do thiu in s cng ln. Ngi ta gi mc bo m c chn tnh ton cc thng s ca trm thu in l mc bo m tnh ton hoc tn sut thit k ca trm thu in. T nhng iu phn tch trn, ta thy vic la chn mc bo m tnh ton ca trm thu in thc cht l mt vn tnh ton kinh t phc tp. Trong thc t dng phng php tnh ton kinh t xc nh mc bo m tnh ton ca trm thu in gp nhiu kh khn, ch yu l vic xc nh mt cch tng i chnh xc mc thit hi ca cc h dng in khi thiu in hoc b ct in. V th ngi ta ch tnh ton kinh t chn mc bo m tnh ton khi c th xc nh r cc tin tnh ton nh: cc h dng in c th v mc thit hi v kinh t v thiu in, cng sut thay th khi trm khng iu kin cung cp v cc ch tiu kinh t ca loi cng sut thay th nyCn thng thng, khi xc nh mc bo m tnh ton ca trm thu in, da trn c s phn tch ngi ta n nh mt tr s kinh nghim. chn mc bo m tnh ton ca trm thu in, ngi ta thng da vo cc nguyn tc sau y: 1- Da vo quy m ca trm thu in: Cng sut lp my ca trm cng ln th mc bo m tnh ton phi chn ln. V thit hi do ch lm vic bnh
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thng ca trm c cng sut lp my ln b ph hoi nghim trng hn so vi trm c cng sut lp my nh. 2- Da vo t trng cng sut lp my ca trm thu in chim trong h thng. Nu t trng cng sut chim trong h thng cng ln, th mc bo m tnh ton cng phi chn cao. V khi trm khng lm vic bnh thng th cng sut thiu ht kh b hn so vi cc trm nh, nht l trong nhng thi k cng sut d tr ca h thng s dng gn ht. 3- Da vo c im, tnh cht ca h dng in: Cc h dng in cng quan trng v mt kinh t, khoa hc, k thut th mc bo m tnh ton ca trm cung cp in cng phi cao, v l thiu in tn tht s nghim trng. 4- Nu trm thu in c h iu tit ln, tnh nng iu tit tt, s phn b dng chy trong sng li tng i iu ho th vn c th chn mc bo m tnh ton cao m vn li dng c phn ln nng lng nc thin nhin. Ngc li nu khng c h iu tit di hn, m mun li dng nng lng nc c nhiu th khng nn chn mc bo m cao. 5- Da vo a v ca trm thu in trong cng trnh li dng tng hp. Nu cng trnh li dng tng hp ly pht in lm chnh, th theo cc nguyn tc trn m chn. Trong trng hp trn c th chn mc bo m tnh ton ca trm thu in kh cao. Nhng khi trm thu in ch gi vai tr th yu trong cng trnh li dng tng hp mc bo m tnh ton ca trm thu in phi phc tng yu cu dng nc ch yu m chn thp hn cho tho ng. Khi chn mc bo m tnh ton ngoi vic da vo 5 nguyn tc trn, cn phi ch n trin vng m rng ca h thng in lc bit c tnh hnh trong tng lai pht trin nh th no m chn mc bo m tnh ton cho thch hp. Kinh nghim trong v ngoi nc thng dng cc mc bo m tnh ton sau y: - Cc trm thu in ln Nlm =50.000 kW p = ( 85 95 )% - Cc trm thu in va, t trng cng sut trong h thng khng ln lm p = ( 75 85 )% - Cc trm thu in nh lm vic c lp hoc tham gia trong h thng vi t trng cng sut di 15-20%. p = ( 50 80 )% Ngy nay khi tnh ton thit k ngi ta da vo tiu chun TCVN 285-2002 chn mc bo m tnh ton. II. Chn nm tnh ton v cc nm c trng v thu vn Nm tnh ton v cc nm c trng v thu vn dng xc nh cc thng s c bn ca cng trnh, xem xt v xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thu in trong h thng in lc. Do c s khc nhau v ch s dng nng lng nc gia cc trm thu in c mc iu tit khc nhau, nn vic chn nm tnh ton v cc nm c trng cng khc nhau. Trm thu in c h iu tit ma v nm l loi thng gp nhiu hn c. i vi loi ny, ngi ta thng chn cc nm sau y. 1. Nm tnh ton hoc cn gi l nm kit thit k vi mc bo m p% 2. Nm nc trung bnh. 3. Nm nhiu nc vi mc bo m (100-P)%
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4. Nm rt kit hoc cn gi l nm c bit thiu nc. Nm tnh ton (nm nc kit thit k) dng xc nh cng sut bo m v cng sut lp my ca trm thu in iu tit ma (nm). Do tn sut ca nm tnh ton chnh bng mc bo m tnh ton ca trm thu in. Nm nc trung bnh v nm nhiu nc dng xem xt tnh hnh li dng nng lng nc trong iu kin dng chy di do hn v nh ra ch lm vic ca trm trong nhng iu kin . Nm c bit t nc dng kim tra tnh hnh lm vic ca trm thu in trong iu kin thiu ht nc , t xem xt kh nng huy ng cng sut d tr ca h thng in lc b cho s thiu ht ny hoc nh ra ch cung cp in hn ch cho cc h dng in. Trong thc t cc nm thc o, nu s nm c ti liu thc o kh di (50-60 nm) th cch chn trn l tng i m bo. Nu s nm thc o t ( 15-20 nm ) th cch chn trn cha m bo. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng chn nm c tn sut 99% theo cc phng php x l thng thng ca thu vn. Trong cc nm c trng va ni trn, vic chn nm kit thit k l quan trng hn c v n nh hng trc tip n cc thng s c bn ca cng trnh. Khi chn nm kit thit k, cn c bit lu n lng nc v s phn phi lu lng trong ma kit v dung tch h cn ln hay nh l tu thuc vo cc yu t . Cho nn hin nay khi chn nm kit thit k ngoi vic m bo tng lng nc nm c tn sut p% ngi ta cn chn sao cho lng nc ma kit cng c tn sut xp x p%. Trong ti liu thc o nu khng gp nm no nh th th dng phng php thu phng mt nm m hnh no a v tn sut thit k p%. tnh in lng trung bnh nhiu nm ngi ta dng 3 nm : nm nc kit thit k, nm nc trung bnh v nm nhiu nc. Cch chn nm tnh ton v cc nm c trng va ni trn y thng c dng cho cc cng trnh quy m va v nh. u im ca ca phng php ny l khi lng tnh ton khng ln, nhng chnh xc khng cao v tu thuc vo ti liu thu vn thc o nhiu hay t. i vi nhng cng trnh quan trng, khi xc nh cc thng s c bn, ngi ta dng c lit nm thu vn. Nu lit qu ln c th chn ra mt dy nm i biu trong c c hng lot nm t nc, k c nm c bit t nc, li c nhng nm nhiu nc v nhng nm nc trung bnh, sao cho tr s tng lng nc nm trung bnh nhiu nm Wm ca dy nm chn bng hoc gn bng tr s ca c lit nm thu vn Wo. Dy nm i biu hoc c lit nm thu vn cng dng xc nh in lng nm trung bnh nhiu nm. i vi trm thu in c h iu tit nhiu nm, khi xc nh dung tch iu tit, lu lng iu tit, cng sut bo m, cng sut lp my v in lng nm trung bnh nhiu nm u phi dng c lit nm thu vn hay t ra l dng mt dy nm i biu. i vi trm thu in iu tit ngy v khng iu tit cng khng th dng mt nm i biu (k c nm nc trung bnh) m t ra phi dng 3 nm c trng hoc dy nm i biu chn cc thng s c bn ca cng trnh. Nhng trm ln c khi phi dng lit nm thu vn tnh. Khi thit k, tu tnh hnh c th v ti liu thu vn thc o, cht lng ti liu, tm quan trng ca cng trnh m quyt nh cc nm tnh ton th no cho thch hp.
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3-3 MC NC DNG BNH THNG V SU CNG TC C LI CA H CHA TRM THU IN. I. Xc nh mc nc dng bnh thng (MNDBT) Trnh t xc nh cc thng s c bn ca cc trm thu in iu tit ging nhau cc bc chnh. Trc ht phi xc nh mc nc dng bnh thng (MNDBT), mc nc cht MNC (hay su cng tc c li ca h cha) v dung tch c ch ca h cha Vhi. T tnh ra cng sut m bo v chn cng sut lp my ca trm thu in. Sau khi c cng sut lp my, s tnh in lng nm trung bnh nhiu nm v in lng trong nhng nm c trng khc cn thit cho vic cn bng in lng ca h thng in. Vic la chn mc nc dng bnh thng phi da trn c s so snh kinh t v phn tch cc yu t nh hng khc, nn phi tnh cho nhiu phng n MNDBT la chn. Phi xut pht t cc iu kin thin nhin ( a hnh, a cht, thu vn, kh tng v.v) v cc nhim v kinh t chnh tr ca vng( cc yu cu ca cc ngnh i vi cng trnh) m d kin quy m cng trnh, nh ra mt s phng n MNDBT ca cng trnh, ri tin hnh tnh ton theo trnh t ni trn. Sau khi c kt qu tnh ton cho cc phng n, s phn tch so snh chn phng n hp l nht. Sau s chnh thc tnh ton, thit k theo trnh t v ni dung trn theo cc phng n MNDBT chn. Khi phng n MNDBT c chn trng vi mt trong s cc phng n s b trn th ch cn tnh b sung . - Mc nc dng bnh thng c nh hng quyt nh n ni dung tnh h cha, ct nc, lu lng, cng sut bo m v in lng hng nm ca trm thu in. - Mc nc dng bnh thng l mt trong nhng thng s ch yu ca cng trnh thu in. y l mc nc cao nht trong h cha ng vi cc iu kin thu vn v ch lm vic bnh thng nh tnh ton. - V mt cng trnh, n quyt nh chiu cao p, kch thc cc cng trnh x l, v mt kinh t n nh hng trc tip n din tch ngp nc v cc tn tht do ngp vng h v trc tip quan h n vn tho mn mt cch hp l yu cu ca cc ngnh li dng nc tng hp. V vy vic chn MNDBT phi c tin hnh thn trng. Khi xem xt MNDBT cn ch n mt s vn nh hng n chnh n. ng v yu cu in v cung cp nc m xt th MNDBT cng cao cng c li, nhng quy m cng trnh cng cng ln, vn u t cng nhiu v thit hi do ngp lt, phi n b trong vng cng nhiu. i khi gp trng hp kh khn nh ngp cc m qu, cc di tch lch s v cc ng giao thng quan trng. Nu trn mt dng sng m ngoi cng trnh ta ang thit k, cn c mt vi cng trnh no xy dng hoc d kin s xy dng pha thng lu, th khi nng MNDBT ln c th gy ra ngp chn cng trnh pha trn, c th lm gim ct nc pht in, lm thay i ch v iu kin lm vic ca cng trnh trn, i khi lm thay i s khai thc bc thang. Do iu kin a hnh, nhiu khi khng th tng MNDBT qu cao v nh vy chiu di v chiu cao ca p s tng, i khi phi lm hng lot cc p ph xung quanh h. Ngay c trong trng hp a hnh thun li, cng c khi khng th nng MNDBT qu cao v c th b hn ch bi iu kin a cht, nn mng, vn thm mt
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ncMt khc, mt s vng m lng bc hi ln (chng hn nh mt s vng min trung nc ta) khi chn MNDBT cao, mt h cng rng, lng nc bc hi mt h s ln, do tc dng lu lng ma kit b hn ch. Trong thc t, khi thit k cng trnh, ngi ta cn c vo cc yu cu dng nc ca cc ngnh tham gia li dng tng hp, tnh hnh lng nc n v bi lng , iu kin a hnh, a cht ton khu vc h v v tr p, tnh hnh ngp lt v tn tht nc do thm v bc hi s b xc nh ra gii hn di v trn ca MNDBT. Trn c s ngi ta n nh mt lot phng n MNDBT chnh nhau mt tr s h no y. Vi mi phng n MNDBT tnh ra vn u t xy dng c bn KT v chi ph vn hnh hng nm CT nht nh. Khi mc nc tng thm h, phi xc nh s vn u t tng thm KT v s tin chi ph vn hnh hng nm tng thm CT, k c tin u t v chi ph cho hot ng cng trnh, thit b ca trm. Khi c cc ngnh khc cng tham gia li dng tng hp th phi xt v tnh thm s tng gim vn u t xy dng c bn v chi ph vn hnh tng thm ng.khc i vi cc ngnh dng nc khc. Nu trm nm trong mt h thng bc thang, khi MNDBT tng thm h, s lm thay i cc thng s c bn ca cc cng trnh khc trong h thng th phi xc nh tr s vn u t thay i KBT v chi phi vn hnh thay i CBT. ng thi phi xc nh vn u t Kthayth v chi ph vn hnh hng nm Cthayth gim c trm pht in thay th ( do MNDBT tng nn kh nng cung cp in trm thu in tng). nh gi li ch v mt kinh t do vic nng cao trnh MNDBT t cao trnh ny ln cao trnh khc, ngi ta tnh s nm b vn chnh lch ca s vn u t thm theo cng thc:
T= K T K ng .khc K BT K thay th Cthay th C ng .khc C BT CT
(3-25)
Nu tnh T theo (3-25) nh hn To ( s nm b vn tiu chun) th c th nng MNDBT cho n khi T=To. Nu tng MNDBT thm th T>To , lc thi gian b vn chnh lch s vt qu thi hn b vn tiu chun, nh vy vic tng MNDBT s khng hp l na. II. Xc nh su cng tc c li, mc nc cht v dung tch c ch ca h cha Khong cch t mc dng bnh thng MNDBT n MNC gi l su cng tc hct ca h cha. Phn dung tch nm gia MNDBT v MNC gi l dung tch c ch Vci ca h. Phn dung tch nm di MNC gi l dung tch cht Vc (hnh 3-1), vn t ra y l nn chn su cng tc hct l bao nhiu l hp l nht ng vi mi phng n MNDBT nh. Di y chng ta s xem xt v phn tch cch xc nh su cng tc c li cho cc trng hp h c tnh nng iu tit khc nhau.
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MNLKT MNLTK MNDBT
MNC d1 MNBC d2
Hnh 3-1 Cc loi mc nc trong h
I . Xc nh su cng tc c li ca h iu tit nm. Khi thit k trm thu in c h iu tit nm, i vi mi phng n MNDBT, vic chn su cng tc c li nht thng c tin hnh theo cch sau y: Gi thit mt lot su cng tc, da vo ng c tnh dung tch ca h cha xc nh cc dung tch c ch tng ng. Cn c vo cc dung tch c ch ca mi phng n su cng tc m tin hnh tnh ton iu tit cho nm nc kit thit k, tm ra quan h lu lng v ct nc theo thi gian ca trm, trn c s tnh ra kh nng cung cp in trong ma kit cng nh trong nm thit k. T kt qu tnh ton nng lng cho cc phng n su cng tc m xy dng ng quan h gia in lng (hoc cng sut bo m) trong ma kit vi su cng tc ca h. T biu ny ta tra ra su cng tc cho hiu ch pht in cao nht, chnh l su cng tc c li nht. hiu r ni dung v cc s l tho ng khi chn su cng tc trong cc trng hp c th, di y chng ta s xem xt k hn v mi quan h gia cng sut (hoc in lng ) vi su cng tc. Tc l xt quan h N=f(hct) v E = f(hct). Ta bit rng in lng ( hoc cng sut) m kit mt phn do lu lng nc khng tr ( lu lng thin nhin) v mt phn do lu lng nc tr trong dung tch c ch ca h to thnh: Ema kit = Ekhng tr + Eh Trong : Ekhng tr = 0,00272 Wkhng tr. H thu in Eh = 0,00272Vci. H thu in Wkhng tr l lng nc thin nhin n trong ma cp (ma nc kit), n l mt tr s nht nh i vi mt nm tnh ton no . Mun tng Ekhng tr phi tng ct nc bnh qun ma kit ngha l phi chn su cng tc ca h nh. Hay ni cch khc, Ekhng tr s gim nu su cng tc ca h tng. Quan h bin i gn nh l tuyn tnh. Eh bin i phc tp hn khi hct thay i. Mun tng Eh phi tng Vci tc l phi tng hct. Tng hct th kh nng cung cp nc ca dung tch c ch cng ln, nhng ct nc trung bnh ma kit cng gim. V vy hct cng ln, mc tng Eh cng t (hnh 3-2). (3-26)
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0 (1) (2)
E h hct(1) hct(2) hct (m) E khng tr (2) E khng tr (1)
Hnh 3-2
Nh vy, trong giai on u khi su cng tc tng th in lng ma kwh kit cng tng, nu tip tc tng hct n mt tr s no ta s c tr s Ema kit ln nht. Sau nu tip tc tng hct n mt tr s no th Ema kit s gim E mua kit (2) v phn in lng tng thm do tng lu lng iu tit khng kp b li E mua kit (1) phn in lng mt i do ct nc gim.
E
gi l su cng tc c li nht.
Tr s hct ng vi Ema
kit
ln nht
Nu lng nc khng tr trong ma kit cng ln th su cng tc c li nht ca h cng nh. ng gch t qung trn hnh 3-2 c k hiu (2) l ng biu din quan h Ema kit = f(hct) trong nm c lng nc ma kit nhiu hn nm thit k. Nu ch da vo in lng mu kit xc nh su kwh cng tc c li nht th cha hn hp l, m cn phi xem xt din bin ca in lng nm. Trong thi k tr nc do mc hct Enm max nc trong h thp, nn kh E nm nng pht in b hn ch. Bi hct Emuakit max vy khi tng su cng tc ca hct h, in lng nm s khng E mua kit (m) tng ng k so vi tng ca in lng ma kit (xem hnh Hnh 3-3 3-3). Do , tr s in lng nm ln nht s xut hin khi hct nh hn so vi hct cho Emakit ln nht.
0 E
Mt khc, nu di trm thu in thit k c mt s trm thu in khc nm trong h thng bc thang, th su cng tc ca h trn cng ln cng lm tng sn lng in cc trm di. V vy su cng tc c li nht ca h ang thit k ng vi tr s in lng ln nht ca c E 0 bc thang s ln hn su cng tc c li kwh nht ng vi in lng ln nht cu ring trm (xem hnh 3-4) Nu gi in lng ca trm thu in ang thit k l ET v in lng tng thm cc trm thu in bc thang nh c su cng tc ca h thit k l Ebt th in lng thu c do c cng trnh thit k s l Ebt + ET. R rng, qua s phn tch trn ta thy khng ch c mt im m c c mt vng xc nh su cng tc c li nht. V
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hct ET hct ET + Ebt hct (m) ET ET + Ebt
Hnh 3-4
Bi ging Thy in 1
vy tr s cui cng ca su cng tc c li phi c xc nh trn c s tnh ton kinh t k thut trong c xt ti mi nh hng ca s bin i su cng tc trm thit k v cc trm trong bc thang. Trong tnh ton s b, gim khi lng tnh ton, ngi ta thng xc nh hct c li nht ng vi Emakit ln nht hoc cng sut bo m ma kit ln nht. Trong thc t tnh ton c khi trn ng quan h E=f(hct) khng xut hin im cc tr, ngha l cng tng su cng tc th in lng Ema kit cng tng. iu c ngha l tuy in lng Ekhngtr gim khi tng tr s hct, nhng tr s gim bt Ekhngtr vn cha bng tr s tng thm ca Eh l Eh. Trong trng hp ng quan h E =f(hct) khng c im cc tr, tc l su cng tc cng tng cng c li, khi quyt nh chn su cng tc no phi cn c trn yu cu m bo cho h c dung tch cht cha bn ct lng ng trong thi k vn hnh, khai thc ph hp vi tui th tnh ton ca h cha. Mt khc phi m bo ct nc cng tc v khu vc hiu sut cao, lu lng cn thit khng ko theo bn ct vvcho turbine lm vic. Theo iu kin hiu sut ca turbine th hct 1/3 Hmax (Hmax ct nc cng tc ln nht ca trm thu in.) Nu h cha ca trm thu in c li dng cho nhiu ngnh dng nc khc nhau th vic xc nh su cng tc c li phi thng qua tnh ton cn bng lu lng cp nc cng nh cn i mc nc ti thiu thng h lu cng trnh. Th d i vi ti, ngoi vic m bo lu lng cn thit, cn phi ch lu lng x xung h lu c m bo cho mc nc h lu c cao trnh ph hp vi yu cu ly nc ca cc cng trnh c h lu. i vi giao thng thy h lu phi m nc chiu su mm nc ca cc loi tu quy nh cho tng tuyn ng thu, thng lu mc nc khng ch cng phi m bo thun tin cho tu b i li. Trong qu trnh tnh ton iu tit cn bng nc ca h cha cho cc ngnh, nu c nhng yu cu m kh nng ngun nc cng nh dung tch h khng th m bo th phi ct bt yu cu ca mt vi ngnh trn c s tnh ton hiu ch kinh t v m bo cc yu cu chnh tr x hi. 2. Xc nh su cng tc cho h cha ca trm thu in iu tit ngy. i vi mt trm thu in, trong nhng iu kin thu vn c th, nu tin hnh iu tit ngy th in lng s gim mt t so vi ch lm vic khng iu tit ngy (v iu tit ngy ct nc cng tc ca trm thu in s nh hn trng hp khng iu tit ngy). Nhng cng nh c iu tit ngy m kh nng ph nh biu ph ti tng, to iu kin cho nhit in lm vic n nh, gim bt nhin liu tiu th, tng hiu sut. Mt khc do cng sut lp my ln hn, nn vo ma nhiu nc, in lng s tng. Phn in lng tng thm ny thng ln hn gp nhiu ln so vi phn gim ct nc cng tc. Nu h iu tit ngy cng ln th kh nng ph nh biu ph ti cng cao. Nu iu kin a hnh a cht thun tin c th tin hnh iu tit ngy khng hn ch, thm ch c th b tr thm dung tch phng trng hp s c trong h thng in. Trong trng hp kh nng iu tit thun li nh trn th vn t ra l chn su cng tc nh th no l hp l. Trong trng hp kh nng iu tit ngy b hn ch do vic to dung tch ln c kh khn, th vn l nn chn dung tch bng bao nhiu th hp l. Trong c hai trng hp, khi tnh ton chn su cng tc v dung tch iu tit ngy bt u t vic xc nh mc nc cht, t tnh ra mc nc thng lu cao
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nht trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng.Nh vy s xc nh c su cng tc. Kinh nghim thit k cho thy nu c iu kin, nn chn mc nc cht v cao trnh ca ly nc thp, v nh vy va tng c dung tch va m bo p dng ln khng cao lm. Do su cng tc, dung tch h iu tit ngy v cng sut lp my hon ton ph thuc ln nhau ( trong s khng c thng s no c xc nh trc mt cch c lp), cho nn vic chn la chng thng c xc nh ng thi, qua nhiu phng n tnh th v so snh kinh t.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
3-4 TNH CNG SUT BO M V IN LNG BNH QUN NM CA TRM THU IN
Tnh cng sut bo m v in lng bnh qun nm l mt trong nhng thng s ch yu ca trm thu in. Cng sut bo m ln hay nh c nh hng trc tip n cng sut lp my ca trm thu in. Khi mc nc dng bnh thng c xc nh th cng sut bo m hon ton ph thuc tnh nng iu tit ca h v c trng thu vn ca sng. I. Tnh ton cng sut bo m ca trm thu in khng iu tit v trm thu in iu tit ngy. 1. Trm thu in khng iu tit. Khi trm thu in khng c h iu tit, tc l khng th tin hnh phn phi li dng chy, th tnh hnh cng tc ca trm thu in c quyt nh bi tnh hnh dng chy ca sng ngi. Trong trng hp n gin l khng c ngnh dng nc khc, th trm thu in khng iu tit c th li dng ton b lu lng thin nhin trong sng pht in. Nu ngoi trm thu in ra, cn c cc ngnh dng nc khc cn ly nc thng lu ca trm thu in th lc lu lng qua turbine ng vi mi thi on bng lu lng thin nhin tr i lu lng ca cc ngnh dng nc khc thng lu ca trm. Trong trng hp c xt n tn tht th tr thm phn tn tht lu lng. Mc nc thng lu ca trm thu in khng c h iu tit c th xem nh khng i, lun lun duy tr mc nc dng bnh thng ( tr trng hp tho l c bit). Mc nc h lu ca trm thu in th quyt nh bi tr s lu lng tho xung h lu v c tnh cc ng quan h gia mc nc h lu v lu lng. V vy cng sut bnh qun ca trm thu in trong bt k thi on no u c th cn c vo lu lng thin nhin v ct nc ca trm thu in trong tng thi on m tnh ton. i vi trm thu in khng c h iu tit, thi on tnh ton thng ly n v l ngy. V lu lng bnh qun ngy ca dng chy sng ngi thay i t nn m bo chnh xc. tin vic tnh ton ta lp bng nh sau:
t (ngy) Thi on tnh ton QTN Lu lng thin nhin Qng.khc Lu lng dng cho cc ngnh khc (m3/s) (3) QTT Lu lng tn tht Q Lu lng qua turbine QTX Lu lng tha x xung h lu (m3/s) (6) ZTL Cao trnh mc nc thng l u (m) (7) ZHL Cao trnh mc nc h lu (m) (8) H Ct nc ca trm thu in (m) (9) N=KQH Cng sut
(m3/s) (1) (2)
(m3/s) (4)
(m3/s) (5)
(KW) (10)
Trong cng thc tnh cng sut trm thu in N = K.Q.H khi thit k tr s K thng cha xc nh c nn trong thc t tnh ton, thng chn tr s K theo kinh nghim. Da vo kt qu tnh ton cng sut bnh qun ca cc thi on, ta sp xp cc cng sut li theo th t t ln n nh v dng cng thc kinh nghim tnh tn
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Bi ging Thy in 1
sut tnh ra tn sut bo m tng ng ca chng. Cn c vo kt qu tnh ton trn, ta v c ng quan h gia cng sut v tn sut nh hnh 3-5. Da vo mc bo m tnh ton (tn sut thit k ca trm thu in ta xc nh c cng sut bo m tng ng trn ng tn sut cng sut N= f(p). Khi v ng tn sut cng sut ta dng Nbd ti liu thu vn trong nhiu nm, do n phn nh mc bo m cng sut cng tc trong nhiu n m ca trm thu in. V vy tnh c in Ptt P% 0 Hnh 3-5 lng bnh qun nhiu nm ta bin ng tn sut cng sut thnh ng duy tr cng sut (hnh 3-6). Mun th ch cn i trc tn sut p% ca ng tn sut cng sut thnh trc thi gian ( sao cho tr s tn sut 100% trng vi tr s 8760 gi ca mt nm) theo cng thc.
N ( Kw)
N ( Kw)
h% =
8760. p% 100%
(3-27)
Nlm
Enm
Din tch khng ch gia ng duy tr cng sut, trc to v ng nm ngang c tung bng cng sut lp my ca trm thu in chnh l in lng nm bnh qun trong nhiu nm ca trm thu in. Qua hnh (3-6) ta thy phn in nng vt qu cng sut lp my ca trm thu in khng th li dng c do s hn ch ca cng sut lp my.
8760 gi
Kt qu tnh ton trn cng chnh xc khi ta tnh ton cng sut cho c lit nm thu vn. Lit thu vn cng di th kt qu tnh ton cng chnh xc, nhng khi lng tnh ton ln. n gin tnh ton, i vi trm thu in c cng sut khng ln lm, ta c th chn nm i biu trong lit nm thu vn tnh ton. Nm i biu thng l 3 nm thu vn in hnh: nm nhiu nc, nm t nc v nm trung bnh. n gin hn na, c th chn nm nc trung bnh tnh ton , tt nhin kt qu s km chnh xc hn. Khi chn nm i biu phi ch n s phn phi dng chy trong nm, sao cho c tnh phn phi dng chy ca nm i biu chn phi c tnh cht i biu nht nh theo c lit nm thu vn.
Hnh 3-6
2. Trm thu in iu tit ngy. Phng php tnh ton cng sut bo m ca trm thu in iu tit ngy khng khc g lm so vi trm thu in khng iu tit. Cng sut bnh qun ngy ca trm thu in iu tit ngy cng ly lu lng bnh qun trong ngy tnh ton. Ch khc nhau l mc nc thng lu ca trm thu in c h iu tit khng phi l mc nc dng bnh thng. Do ct nc ca trm thu in phi do s chnh lch gia mc nc bnh qun thng lu v mc nc h lu tng ng vi lu lng x xung h lu. tin tnh ton ta cng lp bng.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
t (ngy) Thi on tnh ton QTN Lu lng thin nhin Qng.khc QTT Q Lu lng qua turbine QTX Lu lng tha x xung h lu (m3/s) (6) ZTL Cao trnh mc nc thng l u (m) (7) ZHL Cao trnh mc nc h lu (m) (8) H Ct nc ca trm thu in (m) (9) N=KQH Cng sut Lu Lu lng lng tn tht dng cho cc ngnh khc (m3/s) (3) (m3/s) (4)
(m3/s) (1)
Z ( m)
(m3/s) (5)
(KW) (10)
(2)
MNDBT
MNC
Vci 2 W MNC
Vci 2 W MNDBT W (m3)
Hnh 3-7
Mc nc bnh qun thng lu ca h cha c th ly mt cch gn ng bng mc nc tng ng 1/2 dung tch hu ch ca h. Sau khi tm c cng sut bnh qun ca cc thi on tnh ton, vic xc nh cng sut bo m in lng bnh qun nhiu nm cng hon ton ging nh trm thu in khng iu tit. Tuy nhin v trm thu in iu tit ngy c th da vo h cha phn phi li dng chy ngy, nn c im cng tc ca n hon ton khc vi trm thu in khng iu tit. iu ny s c ni k phn sau.
II. Tnh cng sut bo m v in lng bnh qun nhiu nm ca trm thu in iu tit nm. H iu tit nm c kh nng phn phi li ton b hoc mt phn lng dng chy trong nm cho ph hp vi yu cu dng nc. Nh c h iu tit, tnh hnh nc thin nhin chy n khng u trong mt thi on ngn khng nh hng trc tip n lu lng pht in. Do tnh hnh cng tc ca trm iu tit nm khng b c tnh thu vn trong mt thi on ngn trc tip chi phi m do tng lng nc chy n trong ma l v ma kit trong nm iu tit v dung tch h cha ln hay nh quyt nh. Mc nc thng lu ca h cha trong mt nm din ra mt chu k thay i gia mc nc cht v mc nc dng bnh thng theo phng thc h cha tr nc ma l v cp nc ma kit. Do ta thy mun tnh cng sut bnh qun trong cc thi on ca trm thu in iu tit nm th cn phi tm c lu lng iu tit v ct nc bnh qun trong cc thi on . Trong vic tnh ton cng sut bo m ca trm thu in iu tit nm thng dng hai phng n sau y: 1. Phng php iu tit lu lng khng i trong ma kit Di y ta ly mt nm iu tit thuyt minh v phng php v cc bc tnh ton iu tit lu lng khng i trong ma kit. Trc tin ta v ng lu tch hiu s nc n ca nm thu vn tnh ton . ng thi v ng ph tr bn di ng lu tch hiu s nc n sao cho on
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Bi ging Thy in 1
thng ng gia cc im tng ng trn ng ph tr v ng lu tch u bng dung tch c ch ca h cha. li dng c y lng nc trong ma l, vic tr nc ca h cha iu tit nm thng bt u t khi lu lng thin nhin ln hn kh nng qua nc ln nht QT ca cc turbine trong trm thu in. Theo nguyn tc , ti thi im A ca lu tch (hnh 3-8) ta v ng tip tuyn b. Thi on t to n t1 chnh l thi k tr nc ca h. Hiu s tung gia 2 ng AB v Ab chnh l lng nc tr vo h tng thi im. n thi im t1 th hiu s l Bb =Vci, nh vy , chng t h y nc. Mc nc trong h t mc nc cht thi im to dng ln n mc nc dng bnh thng thi im t1 (hnh 3-8).
Z ( m)
B c QT A g b Qdt
t0 Z ( m)
t1 t2 t3
t4 t5
T t1 n t2 trm thu in vn lm vic vi lu lng QT v h cha y. Nhng lu lng thin nhin n vn ln hn QT , nc tha phi x b qua ng trn l. Trong thi gian t t1 n t2 . Hiu s tung gia ng bc v ng bg chnh l lng nc tha phi x b cc thi im tng ng ta xt ( trong cg chnh l tng lng nc x b). Trong thi gian tho nc tha, h lun lun y nn mc nc trong h lun lun mc nc dng bnh thng. (Ag song song vi ng bc x QT , ct ng ph tr ti im b) xt tip ta v ng tip tuyn chung cho ng lu tch hiu s v ng ph tr, cc tip im tng ng l d v e. Lu lng tng ng vi tip tuyn chung theo t l bc x chnh l lng iu tit Qt.
t0
t1 t2 t3
t4 t5
Hnh 3-8
T t2 n t3, lu lng thin nhin n tuy nh hn QT nhng vn ln hn Qt . nng cao lu lng iu tit ma kit trong thi on t t2 n t3 h khng cp nc, trm thu in lm vic vi lu lng thin nhin. Tt nhin trong thi on ny mc nc h vn mc nc dng bnh thng. T t3 n t4 lu lng thin nhin nh hn lu lng iu tit do h phi cung cp nc nng cao lu lng ma kit v trm thu in lm vic vi lu lng iu tit. Do h cp nc, nn t t3 tr i mc nc h bt u gim xung t4 th thi k cp nc kt thc, mc nc trong h t mc nc dng bnh thng h xung mc nc cht. Trong thi on t t4 n t5, lu lng thin nhin n ln hn Qt nhng nh hn QT li dng y lng nc ma l, trnh x b nc qu nhiu, lc ny h tm thi khng tr nc, trm thu in lm vic theo lu lng thin nhin mc nc cht. T thi im t5 tr i, lu lng thin nhin n bt u ln hn QT, h bt u tr nc v t bt u mt chu k iu tit mi. Trn y l qu trnh tnh ton iu tit v nghin cu tnh hnh cng tc ni chung ca trm thu in iu tit nm ng vi mt nm thu vn tnh ton no y. Cc nm thu vn khc cng tnh ton tng t ch c iu ch l tnh hnh nc thin nhin n mi nm c khc nhau, nn Qt cng khc nhau mc d dung tch c ch Vci khng i.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Mun tm c cng sut bnh qun ca cc thi on tnh ton, ngoi lu lng ni trn, cn phi bit tnh hnh thay i ct nc ca trm thu in, tc l cn bit qu trnh thay i mc nc thng h lu ca trm thu in. Mc nc thng h lu ca trm thu in thay i theo s thay i dung tch tr nc trong h cha. n gin cho tnh ton, c th dng dung tch bnh qun ca h trong mt thi on xc nh mc nc bnh qun thng lu ca trm thu in trong thi on . Dung tch ca h u v cui mi thi on u c bit trong khi tnh ton iu tit h cha, nn vic tnh ton dung tch bnh qun ca h trong thi on tnh ton khng c g l kh khn. C dung tch bnh qun ca h trong mi thi on tnh ton, ta c th tm c mc nc thng lu bnh qun ca thi on nh ng quan h dung tch v mc nc h. i vi mc nc bnh qun h lu ca trm thu in cc thi on c th cn c vo lu lng x xung h lu trong thi on m xc nh trn ng quan h gia mc nc h lu v lu lng. C mc nc bnh qun thng h lu ca cc thi on, ta tm c ct nc bnh qun ca trm thu in. Nh vy chng ta d dng xc nh c cng sut bnh qun ca trm thu in trong cc thi on tnh ton theo cng thc quen thuc N =K.Q.H. Qu trnh tnh ton c th tin hnh theo bng sau khi k n tn tht bc hi v thm trong h v cc yu cu dng nc ca cc ngnh nu c.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Thi on
Lu lng thin thng nhin
Lng nc thin nhin
Dung tch h cui thi on
Dung tch bnh qun h gia thi on
Din tch Lng mt h bc hi tng trong ng tng thi on
Tn tht Tn tht do bc hi mt h Wbh (8) Tn tht do ngm Lu tch tn tht bc hi v ngm
Lu lng pht in
Dung tch h cui thi on
Dung tch bnh qun h gia thi on
Mc nc thng lu bnh qun
Mc nc h lu
Ct nc bnh qun ca trm
Cng sut bnh qun ca trm
t (1)
QTN (2)
WTN (3)
Wc (4)
W
(5)
F
(6)
Zbh (7)
Wngm (9) (10)
Qp (11)
Wc (12)
W
(13)
Z TL
(14)
ZHL (15)
H
(16)
N = K .Q p .H
(17)
Ct 1: Thi on tnh ton , i vi trm T iu tit nm c th ly di hn so vi trm thu in iu tit ngy, bi v trong mt thi on tng i ngn tnh cht khng u ca lu lng thin nhin khng trc tip nh hng n lu lng pht in, thng ly thi on tnh ton l thng. Ct 2,3: Lu lng v tng lng nc thin nhin n trong thi on tnh ton. Ct 4: Dung tch h cui thi on tnh ton, ng thi cng l dung tch h u thi on sau. Ct 5: Dung tch bnh qun ca h gia thi on tnh ton, khi cha k n tn tht trong h cha. Ct 6: Din tch mt h ng vi dung tch bnh qun ca h gia thi on tnh ton, xc nh t W theo cc ng quan h gia mc nc vi dung tch v din tch h. Ct 7: lng bc hi trong tng thi on tnh, ti liu ny do thu vn cung cp. Ct 8: Tn tht do bc hi mt h trong tng thi on tnh theo cng thc sau y Wbh=Zbh. F Ct 9: Tn tht do ngm, ly theo phn trm ca dung tch h trong thi on tnh ton tu theo tnh hnh a cht m quyt nh. Ct 10: Lu tch tn tht bc hi v ngm dng xc nh ng lu tch hiu s nc n khi k n tn tht bc hi v ngm. Ct 11: Lu lng pht in khi k n tn tht trong thi gian h tr nc v cp nc , c xc nh bng gii t ng lu tch hiu s nc n k tn tht v ng ph tr. Ct 12: Dung tch h cui thi on tnh ton, ng thi cng l dung tch h u thi on sau khi k n tn tht. Ct 13: Dung tch bnh qun ca h gia thi on tnh ton, khi k n tn tht trong h cha. Ct 14: Mc nc thng lu bnh qun Ct 15: Mc nc h lu. Ct 16: Ct nc bnh qun H = Z TL Z HL Ct 17: Cng sut bnh qun trong thi on tnh ton
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Sau khi tm c cng sut bnh qun thng ca lit nm tnh ton, ta v ng tn sut cng sut bnh qun thng. Sau da N ( Kw) vo tn sut thit k ca trm thu in xc nh cng sut bo m ca trm thu in. Khi c tn sut cng sut , ta i n thnh ng duy tr cng sut v xc nh in lng nm bnh qun nhiu nm nh cch trnh by trn. (hnh v 3-9) Khi tnh ton iu tit nm, th nng lc qua nc ln nht ca turbine QT l mt s cha bit. PTK P% 0 B i v khi tnh ton iu tit th cng sut lp Hnh 3-9 my ca trm thu in cha xc nh c. Do khi tnh ton iu tit cn da vo tnh nng iu tit ca h v c im cng tc ca trm thu in m s b gi nh mt tr s QT gn ng. Kinh nghim QT c th ly trong phm vi QT= (2-5)Qt. y Qt l lu lng iu tit ca nm kit thit k. Do mun gi thit mt cch gn ng tr s QT, trc ht phi tin hnh tnh ton nm kit thit k, tm ra Qt, ri cn c vo Qt m xc nh QT. Tr s QT gi thit c c chnh xc hay khng phi kim tra li khi xc nh c Nlm. Rt r rng l tr s QT gi thit khng ph hp vi nng lc qua nc ln nht ca turbine th s nh hng trc tip n hnh dng phn trn ca ng tn sut cng sut bnh qun thng, do khng nh hng nhiu n cng sut bo m xc nh. iu chng t rng mc chnh xc ca tr s QT gi thit ch c nh hng nht nh i vi lng pht in bnh qun trong nhiu nm. Do mun xc nh in lng nm bnh qun trong nhiu nm tng i chnh xc phi cn c vo Nlm c ln cui cng m tnh ra. Tnh ton theo phng php iu tit lu lng khng i trong ma kit cng c th da vo nm i biu tnh ton. Nguyn tc chn nm i biu hon ton ging nh ni dung trnh by phn trc. 2. Phng php cng sut bnh qun ma kit. Trong phng php tnh ton iu tit lu lng khng i th cng sut bo m ca trm thu in c xc nh t ng tn sut cng sut bnh qun thng ca lit nm tnh ton. Trong trng hp ny v ma kit h cha cung cp nc, mc nc thng lu cng ngy cng gim, do cng sut bnh qun ca trm thu in trong cc thng ma kh s cng ngy cng gim. i vi trm thu in iu tit nm c th da vo tc dng iu tit ca h gi cho cng sut bnh qun trong c ma kit khng i. Ngha l lu lng pht in tng dn tng ng vi mc nc trong h rt xung. R rng kt qu cch iu tit ny s cho ta mt cng sut bnh qun c th bo m c trong ma cp nc ln hn cng sut bnh qun c th m bo khi iu tit theo phng php cng lu lng. iu cng phn nh r hn c im cng tc ca h cha iu tit nm. Cho nn p dng phng php tnh ton cng sut bnh qun ma kit xc nh cng sut bo m ca trm thu in tng i hp l hn.
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N bd
Bi ging Thy in 1
tm c cng sut bnh qun trong ma kit ca cc nm thu vn tnh ton cn phi xc nh lu lng bnh qun v ct nc bnh qun trong ma kit. Lu lng bnh qun chnh l Qt, cn ct nc bnh qun th dng mc nc thng lu ng vi 1/2 dung tch c ch ca h v mc nc h lu ng vi lu lng iu tit xc nh. Sau khi tm ra cng sut bnh qun ma kit ca cc nm trong lit thu vn tnh ton, ta v ng tn sut cng sut, v dng tn sut thit k ca trm thu in xc nh cng sut bo m. C th n gin hn ly cng sut bnh qun ma kit ca nm thit k lm cng sut bo m. i vi trm thu in iu tit nm th khng th xc nh in lng bnh qun nhiu nm bng ng tn sut cng sut ma kit c, bi v ng ny khng phn nh tnh hnh c nm. xc nh c in lng nm bnh qun nhiu nm ta phi tnh ton thu nng cho tt c cc thi on trong lit nm thu vn hoc cc nm i biu. in lng nm bnh qun nhiu nm Enm c xc nh theo biu thc:
Enam =
E
i =1
(3-28)
Trong :
Ei n
in lng ca nm th i S nm tnh ton.
Hoc t cc tr s cng sut bnh qun thng ca cc lit nm thu vn tnh ton trn ta s xy dng c ng duy tr cng sut v dng ng ny ta cng c th xc nh c in lng nm bnh qun nhiu nm.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
3-5 XC NH CNG SUT LP MY CA TRM THU IN LM VIC TRONG H THNG IN
Cng sut lp my ca trm thu in l tng cng sut nh mc ca cc t my. N chnh l cng sut ti a m trm thu in c th pht ra khi n lm vic vi h s cos tiu chun v in p nh mc. Nh ta bit, m bo cung cp in an ton, lin tc tng cng sut lp my ca cc trm thu in, nhit in v cc trm khc lm vic trong h thng ti thiu phi bng mt tr s cng sut tt yu nht nh ca h thng.
HT HT HT N ty = N ct max + N dtr HT HT N lm min = N ct max + N dtr
(3-29)
Trong : - Tng cng sut lp my ti thiu ca cc trm pht in. - Cng sut cng tc ln nht ca h thng. - Cng sut d tr ca h thng. Trong h thng in lc, ph ti ca h thng do c thu in v nhit it m nhn. Nn mt cch tng t cng sut lp my ti thiu ca trm thy in N T lm min ni chung cng bao gm hai thnh phn : Cng sut cng tc ln nht v cng sut d T T tr N ct max v cng sut d tr N dtr . Da vo tc dng ca cng sut d tr ngi ta phn thnh cng sut d tr ph ti, d tr s c v cng sut d tr sa cha.
T T T T T T N lm min = N ct max + N dtr = N ct max + N dtrpt + N dtrs .ch
(3-30)
Tu thuc vo ln dung tch iu tit ca h m trm thu in c th m nhn c nhng thnh phn cng sut d tr khc nhau. Trm thu in khng iu tit khng c kh nng m nhn d tr, nn cng sut lp my ti thiu bng:
T T N lm min = N ct max
(3-31)
i vi trm thu in iu tit ngy thng ch m nhn c cng sut d tr ph ti do :

T T T N lm min = N ct max + N dtrpt
(3-32)
Trm thu in iu tit nm c dung tch h cha ln c kh nng m nhn c tt c cc loi cng sut d tr nn:
T T T T T N lm min = N ct max + N dtr pt + N dtr s .ch + N dtr sc
(3-33)
Trn y ta mi ch xt iu kin k thut cho php m nhn cc thnh phn ca cng sut d tr i vi cc loi trm thu in. tr s cc thnh phn cng sut d tr ln hay nh tu thuc vo vai tr ca trm thu in trong h thng in v iu kin kinh t c th ca tng trm trn c s tnh ton kinh t ng nng m quyt nh. Cng sut lp my ti thiu ca trm thu in cp trn y l phn cng sut cn thit phi c m bo cung cp in an ton cho h thng. Phn cng sut lp
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Bi ging Thy in 1
my ti thiu ca trm thu in khng th gim nh hn nu nh khng c s thay T th bng cng sut tng ng ca trm nhit in gi l cng sut tt yu. N ty
T T T N ty = N ct max + N dt
(3-34)
Thnh phn cng sut cng tc ln nht ca trm thu in khng nhng ph thuc vo cng sut bo m m cn ph thuc vo nhiu v tr lm vic ca trm thu in trong biu ph ti ca h thng. Cng mt tr s in lng, nu trm T thy in lm vic pthugc th N ct max ca n s nh hn so vi trng hp lm vic phn nh ca biu ph ti. Mt khc hnh dng ca biu ph ti cng nh hng khng t n tr s cng sut cng tc ln nht ca trm thu in khi n lm vic phn nh hay phn thn ca biu ph ti. (xem hnh 3-10) Qua y ta thy, khi cng trnh thu cng khng thay i (MNDBT =const), vn c th thay i cng sut cng tc P P ln nht ca trm thu in c iu tit bng cch b tr cho n lm vic nhng v tr khc nhau trn Nctmax Nctmax biu ph ti. Cho nn vic xc nh v tr lm vic hp l ca trm thu in trn biu ph ti l mt vn rt quan trng khi xc t Hnh 3-10 t nh cng sut lp my. Ph ti ln nht ca h thng bnh thng xy ra ng vo thi k ma t nc ca trm thu in. Trong iu kin thit k , in lng ca trm thu in trong ma cp nh, nu ta cho trm thu in c kh nng iu tit ngy tr ln lm vic phn nh ca biu ph ti th cng sut cng tc ln nht ca n s tng ln. Do thay th c nhiu cng sut cng tc ln nht ca trm nhit in. Trong trng hp vn u t v chi ph vn hnh gim c trm nhit in, ngha l vn u t v chi ph vn hnh ca h thng vn gim xung, iu l c li. Do , trong iu kin thit k nn b tr cho trm thu in c kh nng iu tit ngy tr ln lm vic phn nh ca biu ph ti. V ma l, tn dng c ti a lng nc thin nhin n pht in, T c ) cho trm thu in. Phn cng sut ngi ta lp thm cng sut (ngoi N ty lp thm ny ch dng trong ma l v khng phi nm no cng dng c, nn n khng thay th c cho bt c b phn no ca cng sut lp my trm nhit in. R rng c phn cng sut ny khng phi do nguyn nhn cung cp in an ton m do nguyn nhn c li v kinh t. Cng sut trng ch c trm thu in li dng lng nc thin nhin trong ma l v ch c tc dng gim in lng ca trm nhit in tit kim chi ph nhin liu trong ma nhiu nc m thi. Do ngi ta gi cng sut ny ca trm thu in l cng sut trng hay cng sut ma. Khi c cng sut trng, th cng sut lp my ca trm thu in s l.
T T T T T T N lm = N ty + N trng = N ct max + N dt + N trng
(3-35)
Vic c lp thm cng sut trng hay khng v tr s bng bao nhiu u do lng nc v iu kin kinh t quyt nh. Thng ch nn lp i vi nhng trm
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Bi ging Thy in 1
c kh nng iu tit t m ma l ko di v tng i ph bin trong nhiu nm v khi tho mn iu kin kinh t ca vic lp thm cng sut trng m ta xt sau y. Khi lp thm mt n vn cng sut trng, vn u t ca trm thu in tng ln mt tr s KT trng, chi ph tng ln mt tr s bng pT. KT trng cn vn u t vo trm nhit in khng h thay i (tc KN =0 ) , nhng tit kim c mt chi ph nhin liu cho trm nhit in bng b.s.htrng = CN. nh gi hiu ch kinh t ca cng sut trng, ngi ta cng vn dng phng php tnh ton so snh kinh t nh ni nhng tit trc bng cch tnh ra s nm b vn chnh lch khi lp thm cng sut trng.
T= K T trng K N C N CT trng = K T trng C N CT trng
(3-36)
Tnh ra nu T<To th vic lp thm cng sut trng l c li. Nu T>To th khng nn lp thm cng sut trng. Thay cc gi tr CN= b.s.htrng v CT trng = pT. KT trng vo cng thc (336) ta s c:
T= K T trng b.s.h trng pT .K T trng K T trng b.s.h trng pT .K T trng
(3-37)
iu kin c li lp thm cng sut trng l;

T0
(3-38)
Trong : hotrng htrng CT trng pT - S gi lm vic c li ca mt n v cng sut trng trong nm. - S gi li dng thc t mt n v cng sut trng trong nm. - Vn u t vo mt n v cng sut trng (ng) - H s chi ph khu hao v i tu ca thit b thu in, thng ly 5-6% gi tr thit b chnh ca trm thu in tnh bng /kw - Sut tiu hao nhin liu ca 1 kwh in lng trm nhit in (kg/kwh) - Gi n v nhin liu, tnh bng ng (ng/kg)
b S
Ta bit rng, trm thu in iu tit nm thng tn dng kh nng pht in trong ma l bng cch cho chy ht cng sut tt yu Nty ngay khi lu lng l u ma cho php. Phn nc tha mi tr dn li trong h n khi h y mi x nc tha qua ng trn l. Lu lng tha t thi im ny tr i mi thc s c th dng thay th chy cng sut trng. tm ra ng qu trnh tho nc tha ca lit nm thu vn hoc dy nm i biu, phi tin hnh tnh ton iu tit dng chy cho tng nm bt u t lc lu lng thin nhin n t tr s lu lng cn thit pht ra cng sut tt yu khi mc nc thng lu dng n MNDBT . T lc ny tr i lu lng tho xung h lu trm thu in ln hn, nn mc nc h lu dng ln, ct nc gim. V vy phi t lu lng thin nhin tnh ra ct nc v tnh ra cng sut tha ca dng nc.
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Trn c s c th xc nh tr s cng sut trng ng vi s gi li dng cng sut trng hp l theo cch tm tr s trung bnh:
htrng =
h
i
trng i
(3-39)
n- S nm tin hnh tnh ton xc nh ch nc tha. i vi cc trm thu in c chu k iu tit ngn ( iu tit tun, iu tit ngy, v khng iu tit) th cch tnh ton tm ra ng qu trnh tho nc tha ca lit nm thu vn hoc dy nm i biu cng tng t nh trn, nhng thun li hn. I. Xc nh cng sut cng tc ln nht. Do trm thu in iu tit ngy c kh nng tr li nc tha trong nhng lc yu cu ph ti nh hn trung bnh dng trong nhng lc ln, nn khi xc nh Nctmax trn biu ph ti ngy cao nht, ch dng tr s in lng ngy bo m Eb ngy =24. Nb. Khi c tr s Eb ngy v bit v tr lm vic c li ca n l phn nh ca biu ph ti, ta c th d dng xc nh c tr s Nctmax trn ng lu tch biu ph ti ngy ln nht (xem hnh 3-11) . Phn ph ti nm pha trn ng AB s do trm thu in iu tit ngy ph trch. Tuy nhin khi xc nh Nctmax , cn phi xem xt dung tch h iu tit ngy c m nhn Nctmax hay khng. Do phi tin hnh kim tra tr s dung tch cn thit ca h iu tit ngy. Mun tm lng nc cn tr trong h iu tit ngy (Wtr ) phi tnh i in nng cn tr ra lng nc cn tr theo cng thc. Wtr = Wtr
H
E tru 0,00272. .H
(m3)
(3-39)
- Lng nc cn tr hay dung tch cn thit ca h iu tit ngy (m3) - Hiu sut ca trm thu in. - Ct nc trung bnh ng vi mc nc thng lu to thnh dung - Phn in nng cn tr xc nh trn ng lu tch ph ti ngy ln
tch h. Etr nht.
Tr s Etr c th xc nh nh sau: V ng nm ngang song song vi AB v cch AB mt on bng Nb. ng nm ngang ny ct ng lu tch ph ti ti im C. T C ta xc nh c Etr (hnh 3-11). Sau khi xc nh c Etr , ta xc nh Wtr theo cng thc (3-39). C th xy ra 3 trng hp sau y: Sau khi xc nh c Wtr , nu thy h cn c kh nng cha th coi nh trm c kh nng m nhn Nctmax nh xc nh trn. Trng hp dung tch h thc t c hn c th da vo tr s dung tch tnh ra kh nng ph nh. Enh =0,00272. .H .Vh (3-40)
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Sau ta xc nh phn cng sut nh theo cch trnh by trn (hnh 312)
Eb ngay Nnh
P,N ( Kw)
P,N ( Kw)
Etr Nctmax
B
P,N ( Kw)
P,N ( Kw)
Enh Nnh Nb
d e c
Nb
A C
Eb-Enh
24h
E Kwh
24h
E Kwh
Hnh 3-11
Hnh 3-12
Phn in lng cn li (Eb ngy - Enh) trm s lm vic phn thn ca biu ph ti vi tr s cng sut Nb. tm c v tr c th, ta xy dng tam gic vung CDE c cc cnh CD tng ng vi (Eb ngy - Enh) v CE tng ng vi Nb. Trt hnh tam gic trn ng lu tch ph ti ngy ln nht tm c mt v tr m im C v im E nm trn ng lu tch ph ti, cn hai cnh CD v CE song song vi h trc to . T im C v E v 2 ng nm ngang. Phn biu ph ti nm gia 2 ng chnh l v tr lm vic phn thn ca trm thu in. Trong trng hp ny cng sut cng tc ln nht ca trm thu in s l Nctmax = Nnh + Nb Trng hp trm thu in hon ton c kh nng m nhn ph ti nh, nhng do cc ngnh dng nc h lu (ti, giao thng vn ti, thu sn, cp nc) i hi lun lun phi c mt lu P,N P,N Enh ( Kw) ( Kw) lng ti thiu, nn cng sut cng Nnh tc ln nht trong trng hp ny s gm: Nctmax = Nnh + Nb
Egc Ngc
0
Hnh 3-13
E Kwh
Trong : Ngc - Cng sut lm vic phn gc tho mn yu cu dng nc h lu ca cc ngnh. Tr s ny bng: Ngc = 9,81. Qtt. H . Nnh - L phn cng sut lm vic phn nh ng vi in lng Enh = Eb ngy 24.Ngc v c xc nh theo cch trnh by trn (hnh 3-13)
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2. Xc nh cng sut d tr. Nh bit, trm thu in iu tit ngy thng ch m nhn c phn cng sut d tr ph ti ca h thng, v phn d tr ny khng i hi h phi c thm dung tch. Theo kinh nghim, cng sut d tr ph ti ca h thng ly bng (2-3)% HT cng sut cng tc ln nht i vi h thng ln v c th ly bng 5% N ct max i vi h thng nh. Thng i vi trm thu in iu tit ngy c cng sut cng tc ln HT nht N T ct max =(10-20)% N ct max th mi b tr cho n m nhn phn cng sut d tr ph ti. Cn cng sut d tr s c rt t khi giao cho trm thu in iu tit ngy, tr trng hp h tuy khng c kh nng iu tit ma nhng sc cha sn mt lng nc cho phn cng sut d tr s c chy lin tc khong 10-15 ngy ngoi m nhn vic iu tit ngy. Cng sut d tr sa cha cho h thng cng thng khng giao cho trm thu in iu tit ngy. Trong trng hp c bit c th giao nu nh h c kh nng m bo nc lin tc khong 10-15 ngy vi cng sut d tr sa cha. Vi trm thu in iu tit ngy lm vic trong h thng thng khng b tr cng sut d tr sa cha v d tr s c cho bn thn trm. trm c cng sut trng, c th dng cng sut lm cng sut d tr sa cha cho mt t my no phi ngh lm vic kim tra sa cha. 3. Xc nh cng sut trng ca trm thu in iu tit ngy. Tr s cong sut tt yu ca trm thu in iu tit ngy xc nh t iu kin thit k thng tng i nh, cho nn trong ma l s khng tn dng c lng nc thin nhin pht thm in lng. khc phc iu trm thu in c th lp thm cng sut trng. Cch xc nh Ntrng trm thu in iu tit ngy cng ging nh trm iu tit nm, ch khc l do khng c h iu tit nm, nn khi xc nh lng nc tha hoc cng sut tha s ly cng sut bnh qun thi on tr i cng sut tt yu l c. Ni chung xc nh cng sut trng gm cc bc sau. a. Xc nh cng sut tt yu ca trm thu in.
T T NT ty = N ct max + N dt
b. Tin hnh tnh ton thu nng i vi mt lit nm thu vn hoc 3 nm i biu tm ra ng qu trnh cng sut bnh qun thi on ca dng chy thin nhin, v ng qu trnh cng sut dng chy thin nhin v cng sut tt yu ca trm thu in c th li dng c trn mt hnh l c th d dng tm c ng qu trnh cng sut tho nc tha ca cc nm tnh ton ( hnh 3-14). V d y l tnh cho 3 nm i biu.
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Nd.n (kw)
Nty
Nm nhiu nc
Nm nc trung bnh
Nm t nc thit k
Hnh 3-14
c. Sau khi tm c ng qu trnh cng sut tho nc tha, ta tin hnh gi nh mt s phng n cng sut trng ( cng sut tho nc tha ) v tm ra tng thi gian ko di tng ng vi cng sut (hnh 3-15). V d phng n Ntrng1 th thi gian ko di tng ng vi cng sut l t 1
= t11 + t12 + t13
(gi) (gi)
Tng t nh vy i vi phng n Ntrng2 t 2 = t 21 + t 22 + t 23 Cc phng n khc cng lm tng t.
d. ng vi mi phng n Ntrng ( cng sut tho nc tha ) ta tm ra thi gian ko di bnh qun nm trong nhiu nm ng vi cng sut bng cng thc
hi =
ti
i =1
( trong n l s nm tnh ton ).
e. V quan h gia Ntrng i vi hi ( dng kt qu ca bc d v) f. Da vo s gi lm vic ca mt n v cng sut trng trong mt nm.
0 = htrng
K T trng (1 + pT .T0 )
b.s.T0
ta xc nh c cng sut trng cn tm trn ng cng sut . Tm li i vi trm thu in iu tit ngy, ngoi cng sut cng tc ln nht thng cng b tr thm cng sut d tr ch yu l d tr ph ti v nhiu khi cn c cng sut trng. Do cng sut lp my ca trm thu in iu tit ngy c th bao gm:
T T T T N lm = N ct max + N dt + N trng
(3-41)
II. Xc nh cng sut lp my ca trm thu in khng iu tit. i vi trm thu in khng iu tit lm vic trong h thng th cng sut cng tc ln nht chnh l cng sut bo m ca n. Nctmax = Nb Trm thu in loi ny khng c kh nng m nhn mi loi cng sut d tr ca h thng, cn cng sut trng c kh nng lp nhiu hn. Cch xc nh cng
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Bi ging Thy in 1
sut trng ca trm thu in khng iu tit cng ging nh trn, ch khc l cng sut tt yu lc ny chnh l cong sut bo m, ngha l NtyT = NbT. Cng sut trng ca trm thu in khng iu tit cng c th dng lm cng sut d tr sa cha nu nh h thng cn c loi cng sut ny. Nh vy cng sut lp my ca trm thu in khng iu tit lm vic trong h thng in c th c 2 thnh phn. Nlm = Nb + Ntrng (3-42) Khi khng lp cng sut th cng sut lp my ca trm ch bng cng sut bo m. III. Xc nh cng sut lp my ca trm thu in iu tit nm. 1. Xc nh cng sut cng tc ln nht. So vi trm thu in iu tit ngy, trm thu in iu tit nm c c im l c kh nng phn phi li in lng gia cc ngy sao cho thay th c nhiu cng sut ca nhit in trong biu ph ti ngy ln nht. Tr s cng sut bo m ca trm thu in iu tit nm xc nh theo cch trnh by 3-6 chnh l tr s cng sut bnh qun ma kit. Nhng ph ti trong ma ny li c ngy ln ngy b. Do mun thay th c nhiu cng sut ca trm nhit in th trong nhng ngy ph ti ca h thng ln trm thu in phi pht c nhiu in lng ln hn cc ngy khc. E ngay max Tr s in lng ngy ln nht Engymax P,N ( Kw) P,N ( Kw) ca trm thu in iu tit nm thng ngi ta ly vo khong Engymax Nctmax =(1,1-1,3)Eb ngy vi Eb ngy = 24.Nb. ng thi trm thu in iu tit nm cng c kh nng iu tit ngy, do nn b tr cho n lm vic phn nh ca biu ph ti ngy tng tr s cng sut cng tc ln nht NctmaxT.
24h
E Kwh
Khi bit phm vi lam vic trong biu ph ti v in lng Engymax th cch xc nh Nctmax ca trm thu in iu tit nm cng ging nh trm thu in iu tit ngy.(hnh 3-17) 2. Xc nh cng sut d tr. Trm thu in iu tit nm c kh nng m nhn cng sut d tr ph ti ca h thng Ndt ptHT. Nu trm thu in rt ln c th giao ton b Ndt ptHT cho n. Trng hp iu kin kinh t khng cho php m nhn ton b th n ch m nhn mt phn, phn cn li giao cho cc trm khc m nhn. C th s b phn chia nh sau:
HT NT dtpt = N dtpt . NT ct max HT N ct max
Hnh 3-17
HT HT =(3-10)% N ct Cng sut d tr s c ca h thng thng vo khong N dtpt max v t nht cng phi bng cng sut ca mt t my ln nht trong h thng. Cng sut d
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Bi ging Thy in 1
tr s c h thng thng phn cho mt s trm m nhn. Cch phn chia cng tng t nh nh trn. Nu t cng sut d tr s c trm thu in iu tit nm th h cha phi ginh li mt phn dung tch. Mc d tr m bo cho cng sut lm vic lin tc khong 10-15 ngy l thi on c th sa cha xong cc t my b s c. Trng hp h thng c lp thm cng sut d tr sa cha th trm thu in iu tit nm cng c kh nng m nhn, song m nhn c bao nhiu th phi thng qua tnh ton kinh t ng nng. 3. Xc nh cng sut trng Ch i vi nhng trm thu in iu tit nm khng hon ton (c ngha l dung tch h nh ) mi c kh nng lp thm cng sut trng. Trn c s tnh ton thu nng i vi mt lit nm thu vn ( cc nm i biu) ta s xy dng c ng qu trnh cng sut tho nc tha ca trm thu in iu tit nm. Sau cch xc nh cng sut trng cng tng t nh i vi trm thu in iu tit ngy trnh by trn.
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3-6 XC NH CNG SUT LP MY CA TRM THU IN LM VIC C LP Trm thu in lm vic c lp ch cung cp in theo yu cu ph ti mt vng nht nh. Thng mc bo m (75-85)%. Tr s cng sut ca trm thu in lm vic c lp ph thuc vo yu cu ph ti giao cho n v kh nng iu tit ca h cha. I. Xc nh Nlm cho trm thu in iu tit nm lm vic c lp 1. Xc nh Nctmax Trng hp nu c th biu ph ti in th Nctmax xc nh ging nh trm thu in iu tit nm lm vic trong h thng. iu kin duy nht trm c th m nhn c ton biu ph ti l cng sut bnh qun ca biu ph ti ngy cao nht khng c ln hn (1,1-1,3)Nb ca trm. Nu Nb ca trm m nh hn cng sut bnh qun ca biu ph ti ngy cao nht, ngha l trm thu in iu tit nm khng kh nng m nhn hon ton biu ph ti, th buc phi ct bt mt s h dng in khng quan trng hoc xy dng thm mt trm pht in khc nu nh nht thit phi gi nguyn yu cu v dng in. Trng hp cha xy dng c biu ph ti, c th xc nh cng sut cng tc ln nht theo cng thc kinh nghim sau y: Nctmax = (2-5)Nb Trong ly h s ln khi cc h dng in c yu cu thay i nhiu v ly h s nh khi yu cu dng in thay i t. Sau s lun chng kinh t bng cch sao snh vi trm pht in thay th theo phng php ni. 2. Xc nh cng sut d tr Cng sut d tr ph ti c th ly theo kinh nghim. i vi trm thu in nh cn lu n cc h dng in c cng sut khi ng ln chn Ndtpt ln hn mt t. Trng hp c nhiu h dng in quan trng, vic cung cp in khng th ngng c th cn b tr cng sut d tr s c v sa cha cho trm thu in. Tt nhin khi thit k c th phi lun chng kinh t, k thut v tnh hp l ca thnh phn cng sut ny. 3. Xc nh Nma Nu yu cu dng in vo ng thi k nhiu nc th c th lp thm cng sut Nma ngoi cng sut tt yu xt trn. Cng sut ma cng ging nh Ntrng trm thu in lm vic trong h thng, u phi thng qua tnh ton kinh t la chn. Nh vy Nlm ca trm thu in iu tit nm lm vic c lp c th gm nhng thnh phn sau y. Nlm = Nctmax + Ndt + Nma
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Bi ging Thy in 1
II. Xc nh cng sut lp my ca trm thu in iu tit ngy lm vic c lp. Cng sut cng tc ln nht ca trm thu in iu tit ngy lm vic c lp cng xc nh theo cch thng lm. iu kin trm c th m nhn c Nctmax v ph kn biu ph ti giao cho n l cong sut bnh qun ca biu ph ti ngy cao nht N ngy trungbnh khng c ln hn cng sut bo m Nb ca trm thu in, ng thi dung tch h phi m bo c iu kin nu cng thc (3-39). V rng cng c trng hp mc du Nb = N ngy trungbnh nhng do dung tch h iu tit ngy b hn ch nn trm thu in khng th pht c cng sut bng cng sut ln nht ca biu ph ti ngy. Nu gp trng hp nu trn, ta phi nghin cu kh nng tng dung tch ca h tng cng sut cng tc ca trm thu in hoc iu chnh li thi gian lm vic ca cc h dng in gim cng sut ln nht ca biu ph ti. Nu dng hai bin php trn m khng gii quyt c vn th buc phi ct bt in cc h dng in khng quan trng. Gp trng hp Nb < N ngy trungbnh nu khng th tng c dung tch h iu tit ngy thnh h iu tit ma hoc nm th buc phi ct bt cc h dng in khng quan trng. Cng sut d tr thng t khi b tr trm loi ny. Trong trng hp cc h dng in c yu cu rt nghim khc v ch cung cp in th mi lp cng sut d tr. Ngoi ra c th lp cng sut ma Nma pht in trong ma l. III. Xc nh cng sut lp my ca trm thu in khng iu tit lm vic c lp. Vi trm thu in khng iu tit, cng sut cng tc ln nht khng c ln hn cng sut bo m, v nh vy vo lc ph ti thp hn, nc s b x v ch v h lu. trm thu in khng iu tit lm vic c lp cng c th b tr cng sut ma Nma nu nh yu cu phi s dng cng sut ma.
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CHNG IV
XC NH CH LM VIC CA TRM THY IN

4-1 CC PHNG PHP TNH TON THY NNG XC NH CH LM VIC CA TRM THY IN Trong chng III chng ta nghin cu nhng iu cn thit trong vic xc nh cc thng s c bn ca trm thy in, nhng cha xt n nh hng ca ch lm vic c li. Phng php ch thch hp i vi cc trm thy in ch c kh nng iu tit ngn hn v gi vai tr khng quan trng trong h thng in. Ngc li i vi trm thy in c vai tr ch cht trong h thng v c kh nng iu tit di th vic xc nh cc thng s c bn phi xut pht t ch lm vic c li cho h thng in lc. Mt khc vic xc nh ch lm vic c li l iu cn thit trong qun l vn hnh i vi mi trm thy in, nht l khi n lm vic trong h thng in lc ni chung. Ch lm vic ca trm thy in va ph thuc vo tnh hnh thy vn, li va ph thuc vo phn biu ph ti giao cho trm. Trong phn ny nghin cu kh nng phc v ca cc trm thy in tha mn yu cu ph ti vi nhng iu kin thy vn c th, ngha l nghin cu qu trnh thay i cng sut v in lng ca cc trm thy in theo thi gian th no cho c li v hp l. NT =f (t) v ET = (t) Cng vic trn y thng c gi l tnh ton thy nng xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in. C th c 2 trng hp. Trng hp th nht: Tnh ton thy nng khi c cc thng s c bn ca trm thy in (cng sut lp my, dung tch h, mc nc dng bnh thng). Trng hp ny vic tnh ton thy nng l phc v cho cng tc qun l vn hnh trm thy in. Trng hp th hai: Tnh ton thy nng trong giai on thit k nh ra cc thng s c bn ca trm thy in. Trng hp ny khi lng tnh ton kh nhiu v phi tnh cho nhiu phng n la chn.
Ni chung c hai trng hp, phng php tnh ton nh nhau, ch c mt iu hi khc l trong trng hp 2, khi tnh N=9,81.Q.H . , ta cha chn turbine my pht nn tr s phi gi nh. Cng sut ca trm thy in ph thuc ng thi vo nhiu yu t, trong ch yu l lu lng v ct nc. Hai yu t ny lin quan mt thit vi nhau v c tc ng qua li, nht l nhng trm c h iu tit. tnh ton thy nng cho tng loi trm c th dng cc phng php khc nhau nh trnh by tit 3-1ca chng III. ph hp vi yu cu ging dy, y chng ti ch trnh by phng php lp bng v phng php gii tnh ton thy nng cho trng hp m bo mt ch cng sut nh.
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I. Phng php lp bng. Thi on tnh ton

t
Vhc=Vh Vh (m3)
Vh = VhC 1 Vh 2 (m )
3
Qtn
Qtd
Qh
Z tl
Z hl
(m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
(m) (m)
H= Z tl - Z hl (m) (11)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) (10)
Qu trnh tnh ton thy nng tin hnh theo bng sau y.
Ct 2 v 3 ghi nhng tr s cng sut v lu lng thin nhin bit ng vi tng thi on t ct 1. Ct 4 ghi lu lng cn thit phi qua turbine Qt tng thi on thu c cng sut bit. Do bit chnh xc tr s lu lng nn ban u phi gi thit. Khi gi thit Qt s tnh c lu lng h Qh v ln nc h Vh m h cp hoc tr, dung tch u Vh, dung tch h cui Vhc v dung tch bnh qun h Vh ca thi on. Cn c vo tr s Vh , trn ng quan h dung tch h m ta tm c mc nc thng lu bnh qun Z tng ng ca thi on, ghi vo ct 9. Cn mc nc h lu tng ng vi Qt (ct 4) ta tm trn quan h mc nc h lu. Sau tnh ct nc H = Z tl - Z hl v ghi vo ct 11. Nh c tr s Qt gi thit v ct nc H va tm c, ta tnh cng sut bnh qun thi on theo cng thc N = 9,81.Q.H. Tr s N tnh c ghi vo ct 12. Tr s trong cng thc ly t ng c tnh ca turbine v my pht hoc theo kinh nghim. Nu tr s cng sut tm c khng bng tr s cng sut bit, chng t l lu lng chy qua turbine gi thit (ct 4 ) cha chnh xc. Trng hp phi gi thit li Qt v lp li qu trnh tnh ton nh trn cho n khi no tr s cng sut tm c bng tr s cng sut bit mi thi. Bng tnh ton trn y cha xt n tn tht v yu cu dng nc khc. Khi cn xt n cc nh hng th ch vic thm vo bng trn nhng ct tng ng. II. Tnh ton thy nng bng phng php gii ca Matchiski. Tnh ton thy nng khi bit cng sut theo phng php lp bng mt nhiu thi gian. cho vic tnh ton c d dng, tin li ta c th dng phng php gii ca Matchiski. Khi tnh ton thy nng bng phng php gii ca Matchiski trc ht phi v cc ng ph tr : ng c tnh cng tc h Ztl = Ztl (Qh) v ng cng sut c nh. ng c tnh cng tc ca h th hin quan h gia mc nc h vi lu lng h cp (hoc tr) trong thi on tnh ton t c ngha l Ztl = Ztl (Qh) Lu lng ca h c th th hin dng t s gia dung tch ca n vi thi on t.
76
N=9,81.Q.H. (kW) (12)
Vh =Qh. t (m3)
Bi ging Thy in 1
Qh = Vh t
Ztl (m) MNDBT
Nn c th d dng xy dng ng c tnh cng tc t ng c tnh dung tch h Ztl = Ztl (Qh). Hnh dng ca ng c tnh cng tc ph thuc vo thi on tnh ton t (hnh 4-1) ng c tnh cng tc cho ta thy s bin i mc nc trong h khi h tr hoc cp mt tr s lu lng Qh trong thi on t.
T1 T3 0 T2 Q m3/s
Hnh 4-1 ng c tnh cng tc ca h
ng cng sut c nh th hin quan h gia mc nc thng lu vi lu lng ca h khi trm thu in cn pht ra mt cng sut c nh bit. C ngha l Ztl = Ztl (Qh) khi N= const. v c ng ny, ta dng bng sau y. Qi 3 Zhli 4 Ztli 5
N = const 1
Hi 2
Trong ct 1 ghi ra tr s cng sut bit. ct 2 ta ghi mt s tr s ct nc gi thit Hi. Nh cng thc:
Ztl (m)
Qi =
N 9,81.H i
N=const
Q 0 m3/s
ta tm c lu lng tng ng v ghi vo ct 3. C tr s lu lng Qi v ng quan h mc nc h lu, ta d dng tm c mc nc h lu Zhli. Ghi nhng tr s Zhli vo ct 4. Mc nc thng lu Ztli tng ng vi Hi v Zhli c th tnh theo cng thc: Ztli = Hi + Zhli Sau ghi cc tr s Ztli vo ct 5. Da vo kt qu ghi ct 3 v ct 5 ta v c ng cng sut c nh (hnh 4-2) ng quan h ny cho ta bit lu lng cn thit tho qua turbine ng vi mt mc nc thng lu no trm thy in pht c cng sut c nh bit. V hai ng ph tr trn vo cng mt h trc ta ta s c biu Matchiski.(hnh 4-3). Biu l c s ca phng php gii.
Hnh 4-2 Dng ng cng sut c nh
Ztl (m)
Q m3/s
Ztl=f(Q) N=const
Hnh 4-3
77
Bi ging Thy in 1
Di y ta xt 2 trng hp. 1. Tnh ton thun chiu. Trnh t tnh ton theo chiu thi gian. Th d, tnh cho h thi k cung cp nc th bt u t mc nc dng bnh thng tnh xung n mc nc cht. Cn thi k h tr nc th bt u tnh t mc nc cht n mc nc dng bnh thng. a. S dng biu Matchiski tnh ton thy nng cho ma cp. Gi thit mc nc trong h u thi on no bit l Ztl. Trn hnh (4-4) ta v ng nm ngang tng ng vi mc nc . Ly trn ng y mt on ab c s o theo t l bng lu lng thin nhin Qtn u thi on bit. T hnh v ta thy rng i vi Ztl mun pht c cng sut cho trc, h phi cp thm mt lu lng Qhd bng s o ca on bc. Nu nh trong sut c thi on t h lun lun cp mt tr s lu lng nh u thi on (c ngha l Qhd) th da vo tnh cht ca ng c tnh cng tc ca h ta d dng tm c mc nc thng lu cui thi on. Cch tm nh sau: T im d (xem hnh 44) ta ly mt on de = bc. Q MNDBT Qua e ta v mt ng song song vi trc tung, im giao nhau e ca I Qt u ng ny v ng c Qtn Qh Ztl c g e d tnh cng tc cho ta mc a b nc thng lu cui thi l f c' e' cui on. Kt qu cng nh I' Ztl n i h th nu ta tnh tin theo Qc h phng ngang ng c Qc tnh cng tc h v im b( t ng I), ri t c v Hnh 4-4 ng song song vi trc tung ct ng I ti c. im c cng chnh l mc nc thng lu cui thi on. Nhng mc nc trong h lun lun gim cho nn ct nc cng gim, v do mun m bo c cng sut khng i (N =const) th lu lng h cp phi tng dn ln. V th mc nc thc t ca h cui thi on s thp hn mc nc ng vi im e ta tm c trn. tm ra mc nc thc t ca h cui thi on tnh ton, ta phi tm lu lng bnh qun m h cp ( Q h ) trong thi on . Mun lm c iu , ta v thm ng cong i qua im b v chia u khong cch gia ng nm ngang Ztl v ng I. ng ct ng cng sut c nh ti im f. Qua f v ng song song vi trc tung, ng ny ct ng I ti im h. im h biu th mc nc thc t ca h cui thi on. Cch xc nh mc nc thc t ca h cui thi on l ng nu nh ta chng minh c on lf c trng cho Q h v im f ng vi mc nc trung bnh ca h trong thi on t .
Z tl
Tht vy, theo cch v th gf = fh, c ngha l im f c trng cho mcnc trung bnh ca h trong thi on t. on ci ca ng cng sut c nh c th xem nh on thng v nh th khi gf = fh th cg =hi. Do lf = trng cho lu lng bnh qun h cp trong thi on t.
n co N=
st
bc + ni c ngha l lf c 2
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Ly mc nc cui thi on trc lm mc nc u thi on sau v tin hnh gii nh trn, ta ln lt xc nh c qu trnh thay i mc nc ca h trong c ma cp. b. S dng biu Matchiski tnh ton thy nng cho ma tr. Tnh ton thun chiu tin hnh t mc nc cht n mc nc dng bnh thng. Tnh ton cho ma tr cung tng t nh cho ma cp. y ta xt vi 2 trng hp.
Z tl MNDBT
I' i h f g
u Ztl cui Ztl
+ Trng hp khng xt n tn tht:

Q
Qt
Qt Qt
b I
N=const
Hnh 4-5
V ng nm ngang ng vi mc nc h u thi on Ztl bit. Trn ng ly on ab c s o bng Qtn ca thi on. Tnh tin ng c tnh cng tc theo chiu cao v im b ( ng I). Qua b v ng cong chia i khong cch gia ng Ztl v I, ng ny ct ng N =const ti im f. Qua f v ng song song vi trc tung, ng ny ct ng I ti im h. im h chnh l c trng cho mc nc cui thi on m ta mun tm.
Cc thi on khc cng tnh ton tng t, s tm c quan h gia Ztl vi thi gian trong ma tr (xem hnh 4-5). + Trng hp xt n tn tht: Trong qu trnh lm vic, c tn tht v nc. xt n tn tht, ta phi xy dng quan h gia lu lng tn tht (Qtt ) vi mc nc trong h (Ztl ), k hiu ng II trong hnh ( 4-6).
Z
tl
Z tl MNDBT I I' h f
u
Q (m3/s)
Q tth (m3/s)
Z tl
cui
II k b b' N=const
Z tl
g Qtn
Hnh 4-6
Tng t nh trn, ta v ng nm ngang ng vi mc nc h u thi on Ztl bit. Trn ng ly on ab c s o bng Qtn ca thi on. Nhng v c xt n tn tht nn im im b tin n b ( vi bb= on 1-2 l lu lng tn tht bnh qun trong sut thi on, xem hnh 4-6). Tnh tin ng c tnh cng tc theo chiu cao v im b ( ng I). Qua b v ng cong chia i khong cch gia ng Ztl v I, ng ny ct ng N =const ti im f. Qua f v ng song song
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Bi ging Thy in 1
vi trc tung, ng ny ct ng I ti im h. im h chnh l im c trng cho mc nc cui thi on m ta mun tm khi c xt n tn tht. Ta thy rng, nu dng tr s tn tht u thi on (on 1-2) lm tr s tn tht tnh ton trong c thi on l hi b. V rng trong thi gian tr nc, tr s tn tht thc t ln hn. Cho nn cch ly tr s tn tht nh trn mi ch l gn ng. Khi cn tnh ton tng i chnh xc th dng phng php tnh ton ng dn. Trc tin khng xt n im tn tht, ta xc nh c mc nc thng lu bnh qun Ztl trong thi gian on , ngha l tm c gi tr tn tht tnh ton bnh qun cho c thi on . 2. Tnh ton ngc chiu Trng hp tnh ton thun chiu, th chiu tnh ton theo chiu thi gian. Ma cp th tnh t mc dng bnh thng tnh n mc nc cht, cn ma tr th tnh t MNC n MNDBT ( xem hnh 4-7). Trong thc t c nhiu trng hp ta phi tnh ton theo chiu ngc li vi chiu thi gian tc ma tr tnh t MNDBT tnh xung n MNC, cn ma cp th tnh t MNC tnh ln n MNDBT ( hnh 4-8). Trong trng hp tnh ton ngc MNDBT MNDBT chiu th mc nc h cui thi on Ztlc bit, phi tm mc nc ca h u thi on Ztl. Cch tnh ton cng tng t nh trng hp thun chiu ch khc l phi tnh MNC MNC ng dn.
Mua cp Mua tr Mua cp Mua tr
Hnh 4-7
Hnh 4-8
Cng ging nh trng hp tnh ton thun chiu y ta cng tnh ton cho 2
trng hp h cp nc v h tr nc. a. S dng biu Matchiski tnh ton thy nng cho ma cp. Gi thit mc nc trong h cui thi on no bit l Ztlc . Trn hnh (4-9) ta v ng nm ngang 1 tng ng vi mc nc . Ly trn 1 mt on kl c s o theo t l bng lu lng thin nhin Qtn trong thi on tnh ton. Qua im l v ng dy song song vi trc tung. Trn ng ny bng cch tnh th dn c th tm c im b biu th cao trnh mc nc thng lu u thi on (k hiu 2 ). c kt qu ta phi tin hnh gi thit nhiu cao trnh mc nc thng lu khc nhau ( Tc gi thit nhiu im b khc nhau trn ng song song vi trc tung). ng vi mi im b gi thit ta tnh tin ng c tnh cng tc theo phng nm ngang v im b. ( ng I). Qua b v ng cong II chia i khong cch gia ng nm ngang 2 v I. ng ny ct ng cng sut c nh ti im g. Qua g v ng song song vi trc tung, ng ny ct ng 2 ti im h v 1 ti f. Nu on gh = gf th im b gi thit ng. Ngha l c th ni im b biu th mc nc thng lu u thi on m ta cn tm. Ngc li, nu im g khng cch u 1 v 2 , th im b cha phi l cao trnh mc nc thng lu u thi on.Khi ta phi tin hnh gi thit li im b v lp li qu trnh gii th dn nh trn.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Z tl MNDBT
I
b' b i k L h g m
u Ztl 2
I'
Qc h
j L'
t ns co N=
j'
cui Ztl 1
Qtn
Qh
f'
II
Hnh 4-9
Cch xc nh mc nc thc t ca h u thi on l ng nu ta chng minh c on ij c trng cho lu lng bnh qun tho qua turbine pht ra cng sut c nh trong thi on . Tht vy, nu g cch u 1 v 2 th gh = gf. Mt khc do tnh cht ca ng II nu ta c gh =gf, do ta c gf=gf=gh. Ngha l im f trng vi im f, on ig chnh l lu lng bnh qun tho qua turbine pht ra cng
sut c nh trong thi on . Trong thc t, c th gii c nhanh ta cn tm gii hn trn ca im b. Ta bit rng ng 1 ct ng c tnh cng tc j v ct ng cng sut c nh ti j. pht c cng sut c nh ti mc nc thng lu cui thi on th ngoi phn lu lng thin nhin n h phi cung cp thm mt lu lng c tr s bng on jl. Gi thit rng trong sut thi on h phi cung cp mt lu lng l jl th u thi on mc nc h phi cao trnh ca im m. Cch xc nh im m nh sau: Ly on jl = jl (hnh 4-9). Qua im l k ng thng song song vi trc tung, ng ny ct ng c tnh cng sut ti im m . Qua im m k ng nm ngang , ct ng dy ti b . im b chnh l gii hn trn ca im b cn tm. Mt cch hon ton tng t nh trn nu ta tnh vi cc thi on khc. Cui cng ta tm c qu trnh bin ha mc nc h trong thi k h cp nc. ng bin ha ny cho ta bit rng , khi trm lam vic vi cng sut c nh v trong iu kin cui thi k cp nc lng nc trong h vn dng th mc nc trong h hng ngy cn phi cao trnh no. b. S dng biu Matchiski tnh ton thy nng cho ma tr. Tnh ton ngc chiu trong thi k h tr nc th bt u tnh t MNDBT tnh xung n MNC v c xt n tn tht. Mc nc thng lu cui thi on Ztlc bit v biu th bng ng nm ngang 1 (hnh 4-10). Trn ng 1 ly mt on kl c s o theo t l bng (QtnQtt) ng vi Ztlc trong thi on ta xt. Ly tn tht cui thi on nh vy s thin v ln. Qua l k ng song song vi trc tung. Tng t nh trn c th gii c nhanh, trc ht ta cn tm ra cao trnh gii hn di ca mc nc trong h u thi on tnh ton . Phng php xc nh gii hn di cng tng t nh khi tnh ton ngc trong thi k h cp nc. C th ly on jl =jl. Qua im l h ng thng ng, ct ng c tnh cng tc ti m. Cao trnh im m l cao trnh gii hn di ca mc nc trong h lc u thi on tnh ton. Mc nc thc t u thi on cao hn im m mt t. Dng phng php tnh th dn tng t nh trn c th xc nh mc nc h u thi on tnh ton m ta cn tm im g tha mn iu kin gh = gf.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Z
tl
Z tl MNDBT Q (m /s)
3
Q (m3/s)
I h j g
u
j' L'
L''
Z tl
cui
Qtt
b b' m'
Z tl
2
Qtn -
c Qtt
Hnh 4-10
Tng t nh vy ta tip tc tnh ton cho tt c cc thi on khc trong thi k h tr nc v tm ra c ng qu trnh bin ha mc nc trong h thi k h tr nc khi trm lm vic vi cng sut c nh v trong iu kin cui thi k tr nc h vn m bo tr y. 3. Tnh ton ngc chiu khng qua giai on th dn Mun tnh ton ngc khng qua giai on th dn, ta ch cn thay i ng ph tr c tnh cng tc ca h. Phn trc, xy dng ng c tnh cng tc ca h ta s dng ng c tnh dung tch h v ngc ( tc tnh cng dn bt u t MNDBT tnh xung). Trong phn ny ta dng ng c tnh dung tch h v thun xy dng ng c tnh cng tc (hnh v 4-11) bng cch: C lng nc h cn cp (hay tr) WA, da vo ng c tnh dung tch ta xc nh c mc nc thng lu ZTL. Lu lng h cp (hoc tr) c th th hin dng t s gia dung tch ca n vi thi on t l Q A =
WA . Tng t nh vy t
nu c lng nc WB, ta cng xc nh c. Tc l ta xy dng c ng ph tr c tnh cng tc ca h (ZTL~Q). ng vi gi tr t =const khc nhau, ta xy dng c cc h ng c tnh cng tc khc nhau (hnh 4-12).
Z tl ZB ZA Z tl ZB ZA t
W A
WB
W (m )
QA
QB
3 Q (m /s)
Sau khi xy dng c ng c tnh cng tc ta v hai ng ph tr c tnh cng tc v cng sut c nh vo cng mt h trc ta . Ta dng biu ny tin hnh gii cho 2 trng hp sau: a. Trng hp h cp nc.
Hnh 4-11
Hnh 4-12
82
Bi ging Thy in 1
Tng t nh trn, bit Ztlc v biu th bng ng nm ngang 1. Trn ng 1 ly mt on ab c s o bng QTN. Ta tnh tin ng c tnh cng tc theo phng nm ngang n im b c ng I. V ng II cch u 1 v I. ng ny ct ng cng sut c nh ti g. Qua g v ng thng ng ct ng I h v 1 ti f. im h biu th mc c thng lu u thi on m ta cn tm. Cch xc nh trn l ng nu ta chng minh c ig l lu lng bnh qun chy vo turbine trong thi on tnh ton pht ra cng sut c nh. Mun vy qua im h ta k ng nm ngang 2 (hnh v 4-13) v mt cch gn ng ta coi on cj l thng v dng hai tam gic vung ghj v gfc chng minh vn ny. Tht vy. Hai tam gic vung ghj v gfc bng nhau v c hai cnh gc vung gh= gf (do tnh cht ca ng II ) v gc i nh hgj =cgf. T ta rt ra on jh=fc hay
Z tl MNDBT
ni cch khc ig =
Q
kj + ac . iu 2
I I'
k i a j h g
u Z tl 2 1
c ngha l ig chnh l lu lng bnh qun chy vo turbine trong thi on tnh ton pht ra cng sut c nh. Tng t nh vy tnh ton cho cc thi on khc v ta v c ng quan h bin ha mc nc h theo thi gian trong ma cp.
II
N= con st
Qtn
cui Ztl
Hnh 4-13
b. Trng hp h tr nc v biu th bng ng nm ngang Tng t nh trng hp h cp nc, bit 1. Trn ng 1 ly mt on ab c s o bng QTN. Ta tnh tin ng c tnh cng tc theo phng nm ngang n im b c ng I. V ng II cch u 1 v I. ng ny ct ng cng sut c nh ti g. Qua g v ng thng ng ct ng I h v 1 ti f. im h biu th mc c thng lu u thi on m ta cn tm.
Z tl MNDBT
I
a i k f
Ztlc
Qtn
cui Ztl
Cch chng minh ig l lu lng bnh qun chy qua turbine trong thi on pht ra cng sut c nh mt cch hon ton tng t nh trng hp trn.
1
II
u Ztl
I'
N= con st
MNC
Hnh 4-14 B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in
Cc bc tnh ton trn y ph hp vi iu kin l bt k thi on no trm thy in u lm vic vi cng sut c nh. Nhng nu mi thi on, trm thy in lm vic vi mt cng sut nht nh th phng php tnh ton cng khng c g thay i.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Trong trng hp ny ta phi xy dng nhiu ng N=const v khi tnh ton cho thi on no th dng N=const ng vi thi on . Trn y trnh by cch tnh ton thy nng xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in theo ch cng sut nh, ngha l ng vi trng hp trm phi lm vic theo biu ph ti c giao. Ch lm vic s li khi biu ph ti giao cho n hp l. Ngc li, nu biu ph ti c giao khng qua tnh ton chn th cha chc ch lm vic theo biu ph ti c li. Mun khng nh ch lm vic c li ca trm trong h thng in lc phi tin hnh tnh ton cho nhiu phng n vi cc biu ph ti chn ra phng n lm vic c li. Cch gii quyt vn ny s trnh by phn di y.
84
Bi ging Thy in 1 4-2
NHNG TIU CHUN NH GI CH LM VIC C LI CA TRM THY IN V PHNG PHP XC NH CH LM VIC C LI CA TRM THY IN A. NHNG TIU CHUN NH GI CH LM VIC C LI CA TRM THY IN.
Ta bit rng, mi ch lm vic ca trm thy in u xut pht t mt phng n ph ti nht nh. Phn ph ti giao cho trm thy in chim mt v tr nht nh trong biu ph ti ca h thng. khi ch lm vic ca trm thy in thay i s nh hng n ch lm vic ca tt c cc trm pht in khc trong h thng. khc phc iu phi n ra mt ch lm vic ca trm thy in c li chung cho ton h thng. ng thi i vi cc trm c h iu tit di hn phi c li cho ton b chu k iu tit. V nh ni trn, cng sut ca trm cc thi im trong mt chu k iu tit c lin quan mt thit vi nhau. Ch c li trc ht l ch tha mn iu kin an ton cung cp in cho h thng. V in lng ca trm thy in thay i theo tnh hnh thy vn nn v mt an ton ngi ta thng chia iu kin thy vn thnh: nm nhiu nc, nc trung bnh, kit nc thit k v nm rt kit nc. Ch lm vic ca trm thy in trong mi nm ph thuc vo tiu chun nh gi. Tiu chun chung nht nh gi ch c li l tng chi ph tnh ton ca h thng l nh nht. Zht= min. y l tiu chun cn phi tun theo khi xc nh thng s ca trm thy in ang thit k cng nh khi xc nh ch ca trm thy in ang vn hnh. Tuy nhin ty theo iu kin thy vn c th, c cu ca h thng, trng thi cn bng nhin liu cng nh cn bng nng lng chung m tiu chun c th hin di nhng dng khc nhau. Sau y ta xt tiu chun nh gi ch c li ca trm thy in trong tng nm thu vn c trng. I. Tiu chun nh gi ch c li ca trm thy in trong nm kit thit k. Xut pht t yu cu ph ti ca h thng in lc, vic xc nh thnh phn Nctmax trong Nlm ca trm thy in ph thuc vo iu kin bo m cn bng cng sut cho ton h thng nm kit thit k. V th ch lm vic ca trm thy in trong nm nay c nh hng quyt nh i vi tr s cng sut . Nu b tr ch lm vic ca trm thy in hp l th c th tng c cng sut Nctmax ca trm thy in, ng thi gim c Nctmax ca trm nhit in. Lc tuy vn u t vo trm thy in c tng nhng phn tng ny vn t hn phn vn gim c trm nhit in. Do vn u t vo ton h thng gim. Nh vy, trm thy in cng thay th c nhiu Nctmax ca trm nhit th cng c li. T y ta thy ch lm vic c li ca trm thy in trong nm kit thit k l ch bo m gim n ti thiu cng sut cn thit ln nht ca trm nhit in trong cn bng cng sut ca h thng in, tc l NNctmax =min. Do suy ra tiu chun nh gi ch lm vic c li ca trm thu in trong nm kit thit k l thay th n mc ti a cng sut ca trm nhit in trong cn bng tc l sao cho NNctmax =min. II. Tiu chun nh gi ch c li ca trm thy in trong nm nc trung bnh.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Nh ni trn, vn u t ca h thng c xc nh theo iu kin thit k. Cho nn ch ca trm thy in trong nm nc trung bnh khng lm thay i vn u t m ch nh hng n chi ph vn hnh ca h thng m thi. Trong nm nc trung bnh, trm thy in c kh nng pht ra cng sut ln hn cng sut bo m m chi ph vn hnh khng thay i. V chi ph hoc hon ton khng ph thuc vo ch lm vic (tin lng, khu hao) hoc ph thuc khng ng k (chi ph sa cha thng xuyn) Nhng khi trm thy in m nhn c nhiu ph ti th phn nhit in phi m bo s gim v do phn chi ph nhin liu ca trm nhit in trong h thng s gim. T y ta thy, ch c li ca trm thy in trong nm nc trung bnh l ch m bo cho tng chi ph nhin liu ca cc trm nhit in trong h thng l nh nht l C N = min. Nu cc trm nhit in dng nhin liu cng mt n gi th tiu chun ny s l tng lng nhin liu dng trong nm l t nht B = min. Trong iu kin nhin liu thiu hoc khi tit kim nhin liu l mt vn ti cn thit i vi nn kinh t quc dn, lc nn chn ch lm vic ca trm thy in theo tiu chun B = min. Cn phi ni thm rng mc d tng nhin liu ca cc trm nhit in gim l do in lng ca trm thy in tng, nhng kt qu tnh ton theo B = min v ET=max ( in lng ca trm thy in ln nht) khng trng nhau. Hai tiu chun ny ch trng nhau khi 1kwh ca bt k trm thy in no bt k thi im no cng thay th c mt lng nhin liu nh nhau. Tuy tiu chun ET=max l tiu chun gn ng, nhng khi dng tiu chun ny th vic xc nh ch lm vic c li s n gin hn. Trong bc tnh ton s b xc nh ch lm vic c li ca trm thy in c th dng tiu chun ET=max. i vi nhng nm nc nhiu, ch c li ca trm thy in l ch m lng nc x b l t nht. Trong trng hp ny, trm thy in lm vic vi cng sut ti a trong thi k lu lng chy n tha sc bo m ch m vic theo thit k (v ch cng sut v ch tr nc trong h). III. Tiu chun nh gi ch c li ca trm thy in trong nm nc rt kit. Trong nhng nm nc rt kit, trm thy in khng th pht ra cng sut v in lng m bo. Do phi gim mc d tr ca h thng hoc hn ch lng in cung cp cho cc h dng. Tiu chun chung nh gi ch lm vic ca trm thy in trong nm nc rt kit l chi ph v nhng thit hi do thiu in gy ra cho nn kinh t quc dn l nh nht. Tuy nhin vic nh gi ny ht sc phc tp v kh chnh xc nn vic s dng tiu chun trn c kh khn. Trong thc t, thng dng tiu chun bo m cung cp in an ton. Khi dng tiu chun ny xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in cn phi xt c im c th ca h thng v ca cc h dng in. V d: trong trng hp h thng thiu in lng th ch c li l ch m bo in lng pht ra l ln nht. Lc tr s in lng thiu ca h thng s t nht, v nh vy kh nng cung cp in an ton s kh hn. B.PHNG PHP XC NH CH LM VIC C LI CA TRM THY IN
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Bi ging Thy in 1
1.Xc nh ch lm vic c li ca trm thy in trong nm nc kit thit k. Hiu qu nng lng ca trm thy in iu tit ngy m ph thuc ch yu vo ch lm vic ngy m. C ch lm vic trong nm c xc nh hon ton da trn c s ch lm vic cc ngy trong nm v c xt thm yu cu sa cha. Trong cc phn trc trnh by tng i y nhng iu cn thit xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in iu tit ngy m. phn ny khng cp n na. i vi trm thy in iu tit di hn (nm, nhiu nm), v in lng gia cc ngy trong nm c lin quan mt thit vi nhau, nn hiu qu nng lng ca n ph thuc ch yu vo ch lm vic trong nm. Do cch xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in loi ny tng i phc tp. Nh bit, ch lm vic ca trm thy in trong nm nc kit thit k phi tha mn tiu chun thay th c nhiu cng sut ca trm nhit in trong cn bng ca h thng in lc. Mc ch ca vic xc nh ch lm vic c li l tm thnh phn cng sut cng tc ln nht ca trm thy in ( N T ct max ) hp l nht. t c tiu chun trn, trm thy in khng nhng phi m nhn phn ph ti nh tng cng sut m cn phi tun theo s phn phi ph ti hp l trong ton nm. Ta c th chng minh c rng s phn chia ph ti hp l phi theo mt ng thng nm ngang (ng AB trn hnh 4-15a). Phn ph ti nm trn ng AB l do trm thy in m nhn, phn cn li do trm nhit in m nhn. N N ng vi ng phn chia ph ti ta c N ct max ca trm nhit in l N ctAB . Vy tr N s N ct max ca trm nhit in s thay i nh th no nu nh s phn chia ph ti khng theo ng AB. Gi s ti thi on ta, ta cho trm thy in m nhn thm phn ph ti Na th lng nc cn ti thi on s tng. Nhng v lng nc ca trm thy in trong nm l mt tr s nht nh, nn ti thi on tb no ta phi gim mt tr s Nb cng sut ca trm b lng nc tng ta. Nh th N ti tb trm nhit in s phi lm vic vi cng sut N ctB . R rng m bo iu N N kin cn bng cng sut ca h thng th N ct max phi c tr s bng N ctB v tr s ln N N hn tr s N ctAB . Vy mun cho N ct max t tr s nh trong cn bng cng sut ca h thng th ng phn chia ph ti l ng nm ngang. Nhng phn chia nh th th trm nhit in phi lm vic sut nm vi cng sut c nh v khng tin hnh sa cha c. c th sa cha cc t my th trong thi gian ph ti h thng gim nh, nc trm thy in nhiu, ta gim cng sut ca trm nhit in xung mt tr s bng cng sut cn thit sa cha Nsc (hnh 415b). Din tch hnh CDEG chnh l din tch cn thit sa cha cc t my nhit in trong nm. ng DE khng nht thit l ng nm ngang. Hnh dng ca n ph T thuc vo s b tr sa cha c th. Do mun N T ct max t tr s bng N ctAB v N N N ct max c tr s bng N ctAB th trm thy in phi m nhn c phn ph ti nm trn ng ACDEGB. T nhng iu trnh by trn y, ta thy vic xc nh ch lm vic c li ca trm thy in trong nm nc kit thit k chnh l vic tm v tr thp nht ca ng phn chia ph ti ACDEGB.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Trong thit k khi bit c in lng nm ln nht (Enmmax ) ng vi su cng tc c li ca trm thy in (xc nh chng III) th c th tm v tr ca ng ACDEGB nh sau:
T Gi thit mt v tr ca ng ACDEGB ng vi mt tr s N ct max no y. Phn biu ph ti nm trn ng th hin s thay i cng sut cng tc (Nct ) ca trm thy in cc thng trong nm. C tr s Nct ca cc thng nh ng ly tch ph ti ta tm c in lng Engy v sau l in lng Ethng ( Ethng= Engyx30 ngy) tng ng. Tng in lng ca cc thng trong nm chnh l in lng nm m trm thy in cn phi c (Enm C) m bo ng phn chia ph ti gi thit T ( NT ct max gi thit). Nh th ng vi mi ng phn chia ph ti gi thit ( N ct max gi thit ) i hi phi c mt Enm C nht nh. Gi thit mt s v tr ng phn chia T ph ti N T ct max v tnh ton nh trn ta s tm c quan h gia N ct max vi Enm C (hnh 4-15c). t tr s Enmmax ln ng quan h ta tm c tr s N T ct max tng ng v t xc nh c v tr ng ACDEGB m ta cn tm.
Phn biu ph ti nm trn ng phn chia ph ti ACDEGB m ta va tm c biu th ch cn thit ca trm thy in bo m cung cp in an ton cho h thng v c gi l biu cng sut cng tc bo m. Cn biu th hin cng sut bnh qun ca mi thi on (ng vi biu cng sut ni trn) gi l biu cng sut bo m. Cch xc nh ch lm vic c li trn y thch hp vi trm thy in iu tit nm hon ton hoc iu tit nhiu nm. i vi trm thy in iu tit ma nu ta vn cho n lm vic trong ma l theo ch bo m nh trn th s phi tho b bt nc. tn dng lng nc th ch lm vic ca trm thy in iu tit ma c th xc nh theo tiu chun v phng php dng cho nm nc trung bnh hoc nhiu nc ( xem phn sau). Cn ch lm vic ca n trong ma cp vn theo tiu chun NN = min. C th l ta phi tm v tr ca ng phn chia ph ti trong ma cp (ng AA v BB trn hnh 4-15d) sao cho in lng ma cp ca trm thy in cn thit ph phn ph ti nm trn ng bng in lng ma cp ln nht (Emkmax) ng vi su cng tc c li bit. Cch xc nh v tr ng phn chia cng tng t nh trn ch c khc l ta phi tm quan h gia T NT ct max vi Ema cp ch khng phi l N ct max vi Enm . Cn khi c ng quan h NT ct max vi Ema kit v Emkmax th ta d dng xc nh c ng AA v BBcn tm. II. Xc nh ch ca trm trong nm nc trung bnh. 1. i vi trm thy in ang vn hnh. Xc nh ch c li ca trm thy in ang vn hnh trong nm nc trung bnh i vi cc trm thy in iu tit nm (ma ) rt phc tp, v cc tr s N, Q,H, u l n s, ng thi l nhng hm nhiu bin s khc nhau. Mun tnh nhanh, chnh xc ta phi dng my tnh, ta ch ni bn cht vt l v ni dung ton hc m khng ni ti phng php gii. 1)Bi ton: Ta xt trng hp h thng c L trm nhit in v K trm thy in khng c lin quan v thy lc.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
tm ch lm vic c li, trc ht phi thnh lp hm mc tiu v sau tm cc tr ca hm cho ph hp vi tiu chun nh. Nhng ch lm vic ca trm thy in mi thi im c c trng bng nhiu thng s nh: mc nc thng lu Ztl, dung tch h Vh, lu lng ca h Qh, cng sut N, v.vV vy, phi chn mt trong nhng thng s lm bin s khng ph thuc. Vic xc nh ch c li lc ny chnh l xc nh tp hp cc bin s khng ph thuc y sao cho tha mn hm mc tiu. Ta s xt hm mc tiu khi tiu chun nh gi ch lm vic c li l:
C nl = C nl = min
l =1 L
y: C nl - chi ph nhin liu ca trmnhit in th l (I =1,2L) Tng chi ph nhin liu ca cc trm nhit in trong thi gian T ca mt chu k iu tit c th xc nh theo cng thc:
C nl = S l B l ( N N ( t ))dt
l =1 0 L T
Trong : Sl
Bl ( N N ( t ))
Gi mt n v nhin liu trm nhit in th l c tnh tiu th nhin liu trm nhit in th l
Cng sut ca mi trm nhit in thi im t c xc nh t iu kin cn bng cng sut ca h thng.
N N1 (t ) = P HT (t ) N T1 (t ) N kd (t ) + N ld (t )
l =1 k =1 m =1
(4-2)
Trong biu thc ny: PHT(t) - biu ph ti h thng.

(t )
N
m =1
kd
- biu ph ti ca tt c nhng trm thy in v nhit in khng c kh nng iu chnh.
N
k =1
T1
(t )
- tng cng sut ca cc trm thy in c kh nng iu tit. - tn tht cng sut trong li in.
N TDk (t ) = 9,81.TDk .QTDk (t ).H k (t )
N ld (t )
Cng sut ny ca trm thy in th k c xc nh theo cng thc sau: (4-3)
Hiu sut TDk l hm s ca lu lng QTk v ct nc Hk

TDk = TDk ( QTDk (t ) ; H k (t ) )
Thay (4-3) vo (4-2) v lc hm mc tiu s c dng:

Cnl = Cl Bl ( P HT (t ) 9,81.TDk .H k (t ) N kd (t + N ld (t ))dt = min
l =1
0
k =1
m =1
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Nhng ch lm vic ca trm thy in mi thi on ph thuc vo mt s rng buc. Cho nn cc tr ca hm mc tiu trn cng phi tha mn cc rng buc . Sau y l mt s rng buc v ch m ta thng gp: - Mc nc ca h th k mi thi on phi tha mn Ztlmin ik Ztl ik Ztlmax ik
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Bi ging Thy in 1
4 - 3 KHI NIM C BN V BIU QUN L H CHA I. ngha v ni dung ca biu qun l h cha. Nh bit, ch ca trm thy in phi l ch c li cho ton b chu k iu tit. i vi trm thy in c h iu tit di hn, vic xc nh ch c li i vi nhng iu kin thy vn khc nhau gp rt nhiu kh khn. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do d bo thy vn di hn cha m bo mc chnh xc cn thit, nn cha th bit trc c mi thi on trm thy in nn lm vic vi cng sut bao nhiu cho ton b chu k c li. Nu thi on no ta cho trm thy in lm vic vi cng sut ln th nhng thi on khc, ch cung cp in an ton c th khng m bo. Ngc li, nu cho nu cho trm thy in lm vic vi cng sut nh th c th lng nc x b s tng ln, khng tit kim c nhin liu. Hu qu trn y c th gim n mc ti thiu nu nh ta s dng h hp l. Cho nn trong iu kin ti liu d bo thy vn di hn khng chnh xc th phi qun l h cha theo phng php c bit, gi l iu phi. iu phi l tp hp ca mt s nguyn tc v ch dn v s dng h. Cc nguyn tc thng c th hin trn hnh v v hnh v gi l biu qun l h cha. Biu qun l h cha c xy dng trn c s phn tch ch c li ca trm thy in v h thng nhng nm c trng cho tnh hnh thy vn quan trc c trong qu kh. p ng c yu cu bo m cung cp in v nng cao hiu ch kinh t, biu qun l h cha phi th hin c cc ng c trng sau y. 1. ng cung cp cng sut bo m 2. ng hn ch cng sut. 3. ng phng nga nc tha. II. Cch xy dng biu qun l h cha iu tit nm 1. V ng cung cp cng sut bo m Yu cu cng tc ca h cha iu tit nm l mun nht vo cui ma l h phi t n MNDBT, cn v cui ma kit phi va vn rt xung MNC. Nhim v ca ng cung cp nc theo cng sut bo m l nh ra lng nc cung cp c th tng thm lc no m vic cung cp nc bnh thng vn m bo. Hay ni khc i , ng cung cp cng sut bo m cho bit khi no c th tng cng sut ca trm thy in m vn m bo cung cp in an ton cho h thng. Mun th phi thng qua tnh ton iu tit dng chy ri v thnh ng ch dn tnh hnh tr nc ca h cha. Nh ta bit cng sut bo m c xc nh t nm kit thit k, nn ti liu thy vn nm ny c s dng v ng cng sut bo m. i vi nm thy vn thit k, mun cho trm thy in pht c in lng ln nht th mi thi on trong ma cp, h phi lm vic c vi cng sut bo m, ng thi dung tch hu ch va c dng ht vo cui ma. tha mn iu kin , ta tin hnh tnh ton thy nng theo chiu ngc li vi chiu cp nc, tc l tnh t cui n u ma cp. Nhim v ca tnh ton thy nng trong trng hp nh vy l da vo ti liu thy vn ca nm kit thit k v biu cng sut bo m bit xc nh ch
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Bi ging Thy in 1
lm vic tng ng ca h, c ngha l xc nh ng thay i mc nc ca h trong ma cp (nhnh cp nc) Ztl = Z tl MNDBT Ztl(t).
1 I II
tnh ton ta dng phng php lp bng hay gii ca Matchiski. T kt qu tnh ton, ta v c nhnh cp nc Ztl = Ztl(t) (ng 1 trn hnh 4-16). Sau chn mt s nm kit c lng nc Wi gn bng lng nc nm kit thit k Wtk, do s phn phi dng chy trong cc nm khc nhau. cho cc nm tng ng vi nm thit k, ly lu lng bnh qun thng ca chng nhn vi t s
WTK . Sau tin hnh tnh ton Wi
MNC
Hnh 4-16
thy nng cho cc nm ( nh tnh ton cho nm kit thit k), ta s c mt nhm ng cp nc (hnh 4-16). V ng bao trn ca nhm ng ny (ng I) ta c nhnh ca ng cung cp cng sut bo m. i vi ma tr, nu tng cng sut bo m m gp l nh th h s khng y vo cui ma. Nh th trong ma tip 1 theo, trm khng nc pht cng sut bo m. Do cn phi tm iu I kin cho php tng cng sut m h vn II y n MNDBT vo cui ma tr. Mun tha mn c iu , ta tin hnh tnh ton thy nng t MNDBT n MNC. MNC Cch v nhm ng tr nc cng ging nh cch v nhm ng cp nc. ng bao trn ca nhm ng tr ( t Hnh 4-17 ng I trn hnh 4-17) chnh l nhnh tr ca ng cugn cp cng sut bo m. Ghp nhnh tr v nhnh cp li vi nhau ta c ng cung cp cng sut bo m (ng I trn hnh 4-19).ng ny th hin lng nc ti thiu cn phi d tr trong h mi thi on ca chu k iu tit trm thy in bo m cho h thng lm vic bnh thng i vi bt k nm thy vn no tr nhng nm rt kit. chnh l ranh gii gia vng lm vic N>Nb v N=Nb.
Z tl MNDBT
2. V ng hn ch cng sut i vi nhng nm nc rt kit, khi trm thyin khng th pht ra c cng sut v in lng m bo, nhim v iu phi l hn ch n mc ti thiu s ph hoi ch lm vic bnh thng ca h thng. Lc , trc ht cn bit trong iu kin no cn cho trm thy in lm vic vi N<Nb. ng th hin iu kin gi l ng hn ch cng sut. V nhm ng cp (hnh 4-16) v nhm ng tr (hnh 4-17) ta v trn y u tha mn iu kin cung cp in an ton nn vng chng chim trn biu chnh l vng trm thy in lm vic vi cng sut bo
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Bi ging Thy in 1
m. V ng bao di ca hai nhm ng ny ta c hai nhnh ca ng hn ch cng sut (ng II trn hnh 4-16 v 4Z tl MNDBT 17). T hnh v ta thy im cui ca nhnh hn ch cng sut trong ma cp trng vi im bt u ca ma l sm nht. l I mt thiu st ca nhnh ny. V nu trong II nm kit ta duy tr mc nc h theo nhnh m ma l li n mun th cui ma kit trm thy in bt buc lm vic vi lu MNC lng thin nhin v do cng sut gim xung mt cch ng k. trnh tnh trng trn, im tn cng ca nhnh hn ch cng t Hnh 4-18 sut v ca nhnh cung cp cng sut bo m phi trng nhau. T suy ra cch v nhnh hn ch cng sut trong ma cp nh sau: ni im u ca ng bao di v im cui ca ng bao trn theo dng theo dng ng cong hoc ng thng ty (hnh 4-18). Ghp nhnh ma cp vi nhnh ma tr ta c ng hn ch cng sut (ng II trn hnh 4-19). 3. V ng phng nga nc tha. ng phng nga nc tha c tc dng ch ra trong iu kin no trm c th lm vic vi cng sut ti a ca mnh hn ch lng nc x b trong nhng nm nhiu nc. Mun tha mn c iu kin , ta da vo cng sut ti a ca trm thy in v ti liu thy vn ca nm nhiu nc v ra ng .Cch v ng phng nga nc tha nh sau:
Z tl I II III MNDBT III I II
A B
B A C
C
MNC
Ta chn mt s nm c lng nc ma kit Wk gn bng lng nc mu kit ca nm nhiu nc Wknn (Wknn ng vi mc bo m 1-p). Sau y ly lu lng bnh qun thng ca chng nhn vi t s
t
W knn . Da W ki
vo nhng tr s lu lng va tm ra ca mi nm v tr s cng Hnh 4-19 sut ti a ca trm thy in, ta tin hnh tnh ton thy nng ngc chiu bng phng php lp bng hay gii ca Matchiski. T kt qu tnh ton v c nhm ng cp. V ng bao di ca nhm ng , ta s c nhnh phng nga nc tha trong cp. i vi ma tr, ta cng chn mt s nm bo m (1-p). Cc bc tnh ton tip theo cng ging nh i vi ma cp. Da vo kt qu tnh ton ta v c nhm ng tr, ng bao di ca nhm ng ny l nhnh phng nga nc tha trong ma tr. Trn hnh (4-19), ng phng nga nc tha l ng III. 4. Biu qun l h cha Ta v 3 ng: cung cp cng sut bo m, hn ch cng sut v phng nga nc tha ln cng mt hnh v ta s c biu qun l ca h cha (hnh 4-19).
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Bi ging Thy in 1
V tr tng quan ca 3 ng trn biu ph thuc vo dung tch tng i ca h. V d: i vi h nh th cc ng trn s b gin on trong khong gia cui ma cp v u ma tr. Ba ng trn y chia biu qun l h cha thnh 4 vng sau y: a. Vng lm vic vi cng sut bo m. Vng ny nm gia ng cung cp cng sut bo m v ng hn ch cng sut (vng A trn hnh 419) b. Vng lm vic vi cng sut ln hn cng sut bo m nm gia hai ng: cung cp cng sut bo m v phng nga nc tha (vng B trn hnh 4-19) c. Vng nm di ng cung cp cng sut bo m l vng ch c th lm vic vi cng sut nh hn cng sut bo m (vng C trn hnh 419). d. Vng nm trn ng phng nga nc tha. i vi vng ny, trm thy in lm vic vi cng sut ti a ca n. Vic phn biu qun l h cha thnh cc vng trn y ch l tng i. Ty thuc vo c imv nhim v ca h m biu qun l h cha s c nhng vng nht nh. V d: i vi li dng tng hp, biu qun l h cha cn c cc vng cung cp nc bo m cho cc ngnh dng nc v phng l cho h lu. III. S dng biu qun l h cha iu tit nm xc nh ch ca trm thy in Biu qun l h cha gip ta xc nh ch lm vic hp l ca trm thy in khi cha bit mt cch chnh xc ti liu d bo thy vn di hn.Mun th ta phi xc nh thm mc nc thc t ca h mi thi on nm trong vng no ca biu qun l. T ta s tm c cng sut bnh qun v v tr lm vic tng ng ca trm thy in trn biu ph ti. Sau y ta xt cch xc nh ch ca trm thy in trong mi vng ca biu qun l h cha. 1. Xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in vng A Khi mc nc thc t ca h bt k thi on no nm trong vng A th ta bit chc chn rng trong thi on trm lm vic c vi cng sut bo m tng ng. Cn v tr lm vic ca n trn biu ph ti c xc nh t iu kin cn bng cng sut nm thit k. Cho nn trong trng hp ny ta khng phi tnh ton g thm. 2. Xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in vng D Nu mc nc thc t thi on no nm trong vng D ca biu qun l h cha th vic xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in cng n gin. i vi trng hp ny hn ch lng nc tha x b, trm thy in phi lm vic phn gc ca biu ph ti vi cng sut dng c ti a ca mnh. 3. Xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in vng B Vng B l vng ng vi iu kin thy vn nc trung bnh. Do khi mc nc thc t ca h thi on no nm trong vng ny, trm thy in c kh nng lm vic vi cng sut ln hn cng sut bo m m vn tha mn iu kin lm vic an ton cho h thng v h tr y vo cui ma l. Nhng tr s cng sut tng
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Bi ging Thy in 1
thm ph thuc vo bin php s dng nc tha ( so vi lng nc pht ra cng sut bo m). V vy trc ht phi xt cc bin php s dng nc tha. S dng nc tha tt nht l tun theo cc tiu chun nh gi ch c li ca trm thy in trong nm nc trung bnh. Cch xc nh ch ca trm thy in ang vn hnh theo tiu chun ta xt mc B ca 4-2. Di y ta cp mt s bin php s dng nc tha, ch yu dng trong giai on thit k. Gi s thi im ti, mc nc th t ca h co hn mc nc tng ng nm trn ng cung cp cng sut bo m mt on Zi (hnh 4-20). Bit Zi, nh ng quan h Ztl = Ztl(Vh) ta tm c lng nc tha Vi. Lng nc tha c th s dng theo 3 bin php sau y: a. bin php th nht l s dng ngay Vi sau khi n hnh thnh tng cng sut ca trm thy in. b. Bin php th hai l gi Vi li trong h mt thi gian v ch dng n tng cng sut trc khi l n. c. Bin php th ba l s dng Vi tng cng sut trong sut c thi gian t ngay sau khi n hnh thnh n thi im u ma tr. Mi bin php s dng nc tha thch hp vi mi iu kin c th ca trm thy in.
Z tl MNDBT Z1 Zi MNC t t1
Hnh 4 -20
tc
i vi h iu tit ma c dung tch tng i nh nn s dng nc tha theo phng php th nht v nh dung tch t do cha nc l s nhiu hn so vi bin php khc v do hn ch c lng nc x b. Bin php th nht cng thch hp vi iu kin thy vn khng n nh (l xut hin sm bt thng) Nhng nhc im ca bin php ny l cng sut ca trm thy in tng nhanh gy kh khn cho vic vn hnh trm nhit in.
Nu h rt ln, ta c th gi li lng nc tha trong mt s thi gian m khng s phi x b khi gp l bt thng. Trng hp ny nn s dng bin php th hai. Bin php th hai c u im l mc nc ca h trong sut thi gian cha s dng lng nc tha Vi s cao hn so vi ng cung cp cng sut bo m (hnh 421). Nh th lng nc thin nhin trong ma cp c s dng vi ct nc cao dn n in lng ton b ca trm thy in tng ln. Nhng nhc im ca n l cng sut ca trm thy in ch tng nhanh trong mt thi on t rt ngn vo u ma l (hnh 4-22) lm cho vn hnh trm nhit in gp kh khn.
95
Bi ging Thy in 1
Z tl Z1
MNDBT
N (kw) Nb N
MNC t1
Hnh 4 -21
t t2 t3 t t1
Hnh 4 -22
t2
t3 t
Bin php th ba l trung gian ca hai bin php trn v thng c s dng. Khi s dng lng nc tha Vi theo bin php ny,mc nc trong h s gim dn dn (hnh 4-23) v cng sut ca trm thy in s tng trong sut thi gian t t1 n t2. Nhng nhp tng cng sut th c th u (hnh 4-24), c th nhanh dn ( ng 2 hnh 4-25) hoc chm dn (ng 1 hnh 4-25). i vi h nh bin php s dng nc tha cng ging vi bin php th hin ng 1, cn i vi h ln v dng chy cng n nh, bin php s dng nc tha cng ging vi ng 2.
Z tl Z1 MNDBT N (kw) Nb N N (kw) Nb 1 2
MNC t1 t2 t t1 t2 t t1 t2 t
Hnh 4 -23
Hnh 4- 24
Hnh 4 -25
Trong ma tr nc, tin hnh iu phi tng t nh ma cp. Nhng bin php s dng nc tha nu trn y cng c s dng cho ma tr. Nhng i vi ma ny, v cha bit trc thi im bt u v kt thc ma l, hn na khong thi gian gia hai thi im thng rt ngn nn bin php hay c dng l bin php th nht. Trong iu kin , nu ta dng bin php th hai lng nc x b s tng ln khng li. Nh th qua phn tch iu kin lm vic c th ca trm thy in ta c th chn ra c bin php s dng nc tha hp l. Trn c s ta tm lng nc m trm thy in c th s dng mi thi on v cng sut bnh qun ngy m tng ng N . Da vo tr sny v ng ly tch ph ti ta d dng xc nh c v tr lm vic ca trm thy in trn biu ph ti. 4. Xc nh ch lm vic ca trm thy in trong vng C Vng C ca biu qun l h cha c trng cho ch lm vic ca trm thy in trong nm nc rt kit, khi khng th pht ra cng sut v in lng m bo. Ch ca trm thy in trong iu kin nh hng n vic cung cp in bnh thng ca h thng. Nhng mc nh hng th ph thuc vo vai tr ca trm thy in trong cn bng. Cho nn phi cn c vo vai tr ca trm thy in chn bin php gim cng sut ca n cho ph hp.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Nu trm thy in c cng sut tng i nh so vi cng sut lp my ca h thng th vic gim cng sut ca n khng gy nh hng ng k i vi ch lm vic bnh thng ca h thng. Bi v c th s dng cng sut d tr ca trm nhit in b vo cng sut b thiu ca trm thy in, m nu khng c kh nng b li hon ton th ta cng ch phi ngng cung cp in cho cc h khng quan trng, i vi trng hp ny nn hn ch cng sut ca cc trm thy in theo cc bin php sau y:
N (kw) Nb 2 t
Hnh 4 -26
Khi pht hin c nc thiu, ta vn tip tc cho trm thy in lm vic vi Nb cho n khi ht dung tch hu ch. Sau trm thy in chuyn sang lm vic vi lu lng thin nhin mc nc cht. Nu lu lng thin nhin nh, trm thy in phi gim cng sut t ngt (ng 1 hnh 4-26). Nhng phn cng sut b hn ch ( do H v Q ) trong trng hp ny tng i nh. Phng php gim cng sut nh trn rt n gim v rt ngn c n mc t nht thi gian lm vic khng bnh thng ca h thng.
i vi trng hp cng sut ca trm thy in tng i ln so vi cng sut lp my ca h thng, ta khng th s dng bin php gim cng sut nh trn. V nu theo bin php th phn cng sut b hn ch s rt ln v cng sut d tr ca trm nhit in khng th b li c. Do phi ngng cung cp in khng ch i vi nhng h khng quan trng m i vi c nhng h quan trng. Cho nn i vi nhng trm c cng sut tng i ln, vn t ra l phi gim phn cng sut b hn ch n mc nh nht. Mun t c mc ch , ta phi dng bin php ko di thi gian lm vic khng bnh thng ca h thng, c ngha gim dn cng sut bnh qun ca trm thy in t trc khi s dng dung tch hu ch (ng 2 hnh 426). H trong trng hp ny s gim t t do tng c in lng ca trm thy in. Da vo bin php gim cng sut chn, ta tm c lng nc v t suy ra N ca trm thy in ng vi mi thi on. V tr lm vic ca trm thy in trong nm rt kit l phn nh ca biu ph ti. V tr lm vic nh th c hai u im sau: a- Tng kh nng tham gia ca trm thy in vo vic ph ti ln nht cho h thng. b- Bo m cho trm nhit in lm vic ng u v pht ra in lng ln nht. Cn cch xc nh Nct cu mi thi on khi bit N th hon ton ging nh trnh by cc phn trc y.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
CHNG V
QUY HOCH V KHAI THC THY NNG

5-1 KHI QUT V CNG TC QUY HOCH V KHAI THC THY NNG I. ngha, mc ch v nhim v cng tc quy hoch v khai thc thy nng. Nc rt cn cho cuc sng hng ngy ca con ngi cng nh mi ngnh kinh t quc dn duy tr pht trin sn sut phc v i sng nhn dn. c th khai thc v s dng hp l ti nguyn nc cn c s phn tch, nghin cu k kh nng v iu kin thin nhin ca ngun nc: ngun nc nhiu hay t, s phn b ca n, iu kin khai thc v cc bin php khai thc, ngha l phi tin hnh nghin cu v lp quy hoch khai thc ngun ti nguyn nc hay ni cch khc l phi quy hoch thy li. Quy hoch thy li phi c nghin cu xy dng trn c s: - K hoch pht trin ca cc ngnh kinh t quc dn c lin quan n vn dng nc. c im kh nng ca cc ngun ti nguyn nc. Quy hoch thy li l quy hoch tng hp cc mt c lin quan v nc nh tr thy, ti, cung cp nc cng nghip v dn sinh, giao thng vn ti thy, nui c, pht in Trong quy hoch thy li, cc vn thy li c nghin cu k lng trn nguyn tc cn bng thy li, tc l cn bng gia kh nng p ng ca ngun nc vi nhu cu nhiu mt ca cc ngnh trong ton b mt lu vc hoc khi cn thit cn bng thy li trong nhng lu vc ln cn c lin quan trn nguyn tc iu ha quyn li gia cc vng v cc ngnh kinh t quc dn li dng tng hp ngun nc mt cch tng i trit v hp l nht. Vic cn bng thy li thng phi tin hnh hai, ba vng hoc hn na ty tnh hnh c th n gin hay phc tp. Thng thng, mun lp quy hoch thy li tng hp phi tin hnh quy hoch tng mt ri cn bng thy li tng hp, khi pht sinh cc mu thun cha gii quyt c li phi iu chnh quy hoch tng mt ri li cn bng thy li ln na. Khi lm quy hoch tng mt, nu cng lu n yu cu ca cc ngnh lin quan bao nhiu th khi cn bng thy li trong quy hoch tng hp cng t mu thun by nhiu. Quy hoch khai thc thy nng l mt mt ca quy hoch thy li, nhm lp phng n s dng ngun nng lng nc pht in. Hay ni khc i, quy hoch khai thc thy nng l quy hoch v pht trin thy in trong quy hoch thy li ni chung. Thy in thng gi v tr rt quan trng trong s nghip pht trin thy li, v: 1- Ngun thu do ngnh thy in trong cng trnh li dng tng hp thng rt cao, mt khc thy in thng pht huy hiu ch nhanh hn cc ngnh tham gia li dng tng hp, chng hn cng trnh tuy cha xy xong nhng c th pht in,
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Bi ging Thy in 1
v.vtrong khi vic chng l giao thng thy qua u tu, v.v.. thng ch pht huy hiu ch khi cng trnh hon thnh. 2. Cc on sng phn thng ngun phn ln l thch hp vi yu cu pht trin thy in, cn cc ngnh khc ch hng li, phn ln l nh kh nng iu tit nc ma kit ca cng trnh , lm gim nh nhim v iu tit cng thng ca cc cng trnh h cha pha di. V th ta thy khi quy hoch mt dng sng, s lng cng trnh thy in thng rt nhiu v trong cng trnh li dng tng hp cng c n ngoi cc cng trnh thy in ring bit. 3. Nu thy in c pht trin, nht l cc trm thy in c h iu tit di hn trn cc nhnh sng v thnh h thng cc bc thang cng trnh trn sng th yu cu ca cc ngnh khc (nh gim lu lng l chng lt, tng lu lng ma kit cung cp nc cho cng nng nghip, giao thng vn ti thy ) u c th tha mn hon ton hoc mt phn ln. Do thy in c v tr quan trng trong quy hoch khai thc v s dng cc ti nguyn nc, nn vic quy hoch khai thc thy nng cc sng sui pht trin thy in phi c coi trng ng mc. Khi lm quy hoch khai thc thy nng phi tnh n kh nng ngun nc, iu kin thin nhin v kh nng khai thc, la chn s khai thc thy nng c li nht, ng thi phi m bo gii quyt nhng yu cu c bn v nc ca cc ngnh khc. Mc ch ca vic quy hoch khai thc thy nng l chn ra c s khai thc hp l cho mt con sng, mt lu vc v ton vng. Trn c s phn tch cc yu cu pht trin kinh t v kh nng ca cc cng trnh d kin cng nh iu kin xy dng m nghin cu xut k hoch di hn v tng bc xy dng cc cng trnh trong quy hoch. II. Ni dung ca quy hoch khai thc thy nng. Ni dung ca quy hoch khai thc thy nng c th tm tt nh sau: Trn c s cc ti liu a hnh, a cht vng rng v mt phn qua quan st thc a tnh ra tr nng l thuyt ca lu vc v ton min nh gi mt v phn b tr nng. Xem xt cc v tr c th xy dng cng trnh thy in, t tnh ton tr nng k thut c khi nim r rng v kh nng mc khai thc thy nng vi iu kin thin nhin c th cho php. Trn c s tr nng k thut, xt cc v tr cng trnh c th xy dng mt cch kinh t, li cn i v ph hp vi cc ngnh dng nc khc, c kt lun v tr nng kinh t lm c s cho vic lp k hoch, khai thc tng bc ngun thy nng v kin ngh cc cng trnh xy dng t u. Vic tnh tr nng l thuyt tin hnh trn c s hai ti liu chnh l: a. Bn t l 1:100.000 xc nh din tch lu vc, chiu di v dc lng sng b. Ti liu thy vn xc nh lu lng bnh qun nm (Qbqnm) theo ton b chiu di ca sng hoc lu vc.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Khi tnh tr nng l thuyt, cha cp n tnh hin thc ca vic khai thc m ch nh gi kh nng t nhin ca ngun nc, cho nn cng tc kho st thc a cha cn nhiu, thm ch c th da hon ton trn ti liu sn c tnh ton. Tnhtr nng k thut ca mt con sng hoc mt lu vc l xt cc v tr c th tp trung nng lng khai thc vi mc ti a m v mt k thut c th cho php, ngha l tnh tr nng vi iu kin khai thc tng i hin thc nhng cha ch n nhng ch tiu kinh t cho vic xy dng cng trnh. Vn ny s ni r trong phn tnh tr nng kinh t. Khi tnh ton tr nng k thut, cn xem xt tnh hnh c th ca cc v tr d kin trong cc t kho st tng hp trnh lm ln do ti liu chnh xc gy ra. Cn khi tnh tr nng kinh t cn phi phc tnh khi lng cng trnh v c tnh cc ch tiu kinh t, hiu ch ca cng trnh (d l tnh theo ch tiu m rng hay ly tng t ) lm r kh nng khai thc c li ti cc v tr d kin. Trong qu trnh xem xt v tnh ton tr nng k thut v nht l khi tnh tr nng kinh t thng cp n phn no li ch ca vic khai thc ngun nc phc v cho nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn, nhng ch yu vn xut pht t yu cu khai thc ti a ngun nng lng nc. Giai on ca quy hoch khai thc thy nng l giai on c ngha quyt nh i vi quy hoch ny l phi nh ra c s khai thc thy nng trn c s phn tch, tnh ton nhiu phng n ri so snh la chn sao cho va tn dng c kh nng pht in ca ngun nc li va m bo tha ng cc nhu cu ca cc ngnh tham gia li dng tng hp trong quy hoch. III. Quan h gia quy hoch khai thc thy nng v quy hoch thy li ni chung. Nh trn ni, quy hoch khai thc thy nng l mt mt ca quy hoch thy li, v vy trong qu trnh d kin s khai thc thy nng nht thit phi cp n yu cu ca cc ngnh kinh t khc thng qua tnh ton cn bng thy li t hiu ch tng hp cao nht. Nu s khai thc thy nng ca dng sng v lu vc c nhiu cng trnh h cha vi nng lc iu tit ln th li ch pht in thng khng mu thun hoc t mu thun vi li ch ca cc ngnh khc. Mt khi c nhiu cng trnh h cha ln, kh nng ct l s nhiu lm cho nhim v chng l bt cng thng. Kh nng iu tit ca cc h cha cng ln th cng tng c lu lng iu tit ma kit tha mn nhu cu ca ti, cung cp nc, giao thng vn ti. Ngc li, nu kh nng iu tit ca cc h cha trm thy in cng nh th ch lm vic ca cc trm thy in cng ph thuc vo ch cp nc bo m cho cc ngnh khc. Chng hn nh tng kh nng pht in, nhm gim cng sut lp my ca cc trm nhit in th nn cho cc trm thy in lm vic vi cng sut bnh qun ma kit tng i iu ha. Nhng do yu cu cp nc nhiu vo thng 1, thng 2 nn cc thng khc ca ma kit lu long pht in phi hn ch. V vy qu trnh lp quy hoch khai thc thy nng l qu trnh so snh, cn bng cc nhim v li dng tng hp ngun nc.Li ch ca ngnh thy in phi tun theo li ch ca quy hoch thy li tng hp.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
5-2 CNG TC IU TRA, KHO ST c th tin hnh cng tc quy hoch, trc ht phi chun b cc ti liu c bn nh ti liu a hnh, a cht, kh tng, thy vn, dn sinh kinh t, v.v Cng tc ti liu c bn c tin hnh theo nguyn tc thu thp, phn tch, nh gi v chnh l cc ti liu sn c trong v ngoi ngnh nhm tn dng mi ngun ti liu c. Nhng vn cn thiu, cha r, s tin hnh iu tra kho st b sung cho hon chnh. Yu cu v ti liu trong giai on quy hoch nh sau: I. Ti liu a hnh Cc ti liu a hnh phc v cho vic phn chia con sng ra cc on, cc bc khai thc, xc nh vng tuyn cng trnh, xc nh khi lng cng trnh v xc nh din ngp lt. Cc ti liu a hnh phi xut pht t h thng c bn ca nh nc. Ti liu a hnh dng trong quy hoch khai thc thy nng v quy hoch thy li ni chung thng c t l nh sau: Bnh cc khu tuyn xy dng cng trnh c t l 1:10.000 i vi cng trnh ln, 1:2000 1:5000 i vi cc cng trnh loi va v 1:1000 1:2000 i vi cc cng trnh nh. Bnh lng h (vng ngp lt ca h) thng o vi t l 1:10.000 1:25000 Mt ct lng sng vi t l ngang: 1:100.000, cao 1:100 n 1: 200 cho cc sng ln v va, cn cc sng nh v sui t l ngang: 1: 25.000, cao 1: 100 1:200. II. Ti liu a cht v ti liu thy vn Cn thu thp cc ti liu c im a cht ca vng quy hoch, d kin cc on c th b tr cng trnh, i thc a nghin cu xc nh cc on thung lng sng d kin v pht hin cc on tuyn khc nu c. Cc ti liu trc hi a cht ca cc on sng xc nh iu kin a cht cng trnh cho vng tuyn cng nh vng h. Trong nhng trng hp cng tc trc hi khng th lm r c nhng iukin c bn th phi tin hnh khoan thm d v lm mt s th nghim cn thit v a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn, nhng tuyn d kin xy dng cng trnh quy m ln v phc tp nhiu khi ngay trong giai on quy hoch cng phi khoan vi ba tuyn cng trnh cho c cng trnh chnh v cng trnh ph. Ti liu a cht c thu thp chnh l v thm d, kho st b sung v xc minh, phi lm r c tnh hnh cu to a cht, cu to thch hc ca nn c bn v tng ph lng sng, vai p, tnh cht nt n v thm ca t nn mng v vai pi vi cng trnh d kin xy dng t u trong quy hoch , cng tc kho st a cht phi nh gi c cng chu lc ca t . Cng tc o c v kho st a cht thy vn c nhim v nh gi chung nhng tn tht v thm trong vng u mi cng trnh , i vi nhng h ln cng cn xem xt kh nng mt nc sang lu vc khc qua hai bn b h.
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Bi ging Thy in 1
Ngoi ra cng tc kho st thm d a cht cho giai on quy hoch cng phi cung cp s liu v tnh hnh tr lng ca vt liu xy dng cho cc cng trnh c nghin cu. Kinh nghim thc t cho thy ch khi no tr lng vt liu xy dng ( t , si, ct) gp 2,3 ln khi lng yu cu th mi coi l p ng cho vic khai thc v s dng sau ny. III. Ti liu kh tng thy vn Cc ti liu kh tng thy vn s cung cp nhng s liu c trng cho cc quy lut v cc yu t kh tng thy vn, lm r cc ch thu vn v kh tng phc v cho tnh ton cng trnh v cn bng thy li trong quy hoch. Cc ti liu v kh tng phi bao gm cc tr s bnh qun nhiu nm, cc i, cc tiu ca cc yu t: nhit khng kh, ma, bc hi, gi,v.v Cc ti liu thy vn phi bao gm cc yu t sau y: cc c trng v dng chy, ch dng chy (mc nc, lu lng, tng lng dng chy), c trng v dng chy rn, ch nc ngm,v.v IV.Ti liu v dn sinh kinh t. Cc ti liu v dn sinh kinh t phi nu r c hin trng v phng hng pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn trong vng hng li ca cc cng trnh trong quy hoch. Phi xc nh c t nht l 2 mc pht trin kinh t lm mc cho vic tnh ton thit k cng trnh, phi nu r c yu cu v cung cp m bo nc, in cho cc ngnh kinh t quc dn theo quy m pht trin chng. Ring v nng lng, ti liu kinh t phi nu c yu cu chung v in nng xut pht t k hoch pht trin ca cc ngnh trong nn kinh t quc dn, nhp pht trin ca cc nh my nhit in v thy in. Phi phn tch nh gi cc ti nguyn thin nhin, kh nng v trin vng khai thc chng, kh nng v ngun lao ng phc v cho vic xy dng cng trnh v pht trin cng nng nghip trong vng. Phi phi hp vi cc ngnh ca nh nc nghin cu v ngha to vng dn c, kinh t lin quan n vic thc hin quy hoch khai thc thy nng, d kin tnh hnh pht trin dn s trong vng hng li. Phi nh gi tn tht ngp lt, n b ngp lt vng h. Trong qu trnh lp quy hoch khai thc thy nng, nu c nhng s liu mi v cc ti liu c bn ni trn cn phi c b sung v hon chnh li cho quy hoch c chnh xc v hp l.
102

Thuydien 1

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Thuydien 1

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Bi ging Thy in 1

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

Bng 1.2 Tr nng l thuyt v kinh t-k thut mt s lu vc ln Vit Nam

Bng 1.3: Tr nng k thut cc lu vc ln Vit Nam

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

thi gian m trm lm vic vi cng sut Ni S thi on lm vic.

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

Hnh 1-7 1- p; 2- ng dn c p; 3- thp iu p; 4- ng ng dn nc vo turbine; 5- nh my thy in;

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

Hnh 1-8 Cc v tr tp trung ct nc bng ng dn thun li

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

h > 2%~3% 25%~30% Tnh ton h theo iu tit nm

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

CC H DNG IN. KHI NIM V H THNG IN. BIU PH TI

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

p'' t (h) 24h 0 24h t (h)

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

b. Ch s ph ti gc : l t s gia ph ti nh nht P v ph ti trung bnh P ngy m

c. Ch s ng u ( ch s bin ha ph ti ngy m): l t s gia ph ti nh nht v ph ti ln nht

d. Ch s s dng ph ti ln nht: c th hin di dng:

Nu ta nhn vi 24h ta s c s gi li dng ph ti ln nht trong ngy ( h ngy )

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

2-3 VAI TR CA TRM THU IN TRONG H THNG IN LC

Plt - Tn tht trong thnh phn th l ( l=1,2L) ca mng in ti thi im t

Ts.ch - thi gian sa cha mt t my Ntmj - cng sut nh mc ca t my th j (j=1,2Z) c sa cha

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

Cng sut lp my ca h thng ca h thng c th vit di dng

HT T T T N N N lm = N ct max + N dt + N trng + N ct max + N dt

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

Tram nhit in cung cp nhit

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

T.N. 365 ngay

T.N. 365 ngay

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

T.N. T.T. T.N.

T.N. T.T. T.N.

T.N. 365 ngay

Hnh 2-19 B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

TNH TON THU NNG V CHN THNG S CA TRM THU IN

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

Hnh 3-1 Cc loi mc nc trong h

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

E h hct(1) hct(2) hct (m) E khng tr (2) E khng tr (1)

hct ET hct ET + Ebt hct (m) ET ET + Ebt

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

(m3/s) (1) (2)

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

Vci 2 W MNDBT W (m3)

B mn Cng trnh Thy, Khoa XD Thy li-Thy in

Lu lng thin thng nhin