Chuong 01

MN H IU HNH
Chng 1
TNG QUT V H IU HNH

1.1 nh ngha s lc v h iu hnh 1.2 Lch s pht trin h iu hnh 1.3 Phn loi cc h iu hnh 1.4 Nhc li phn cng my tnh 1.5 Cc khi nim c bn v h iu hnh 1.6 Cc li gi dch v HH "System call" 1.7 Cu trc h iu hnh
Ti liu tham kho : chng 1, sch "Modern Operating Systems", Andrew S. Tanenbaum: , 2nd ed, Prentice Hall
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 1
1.1 nh ngha s lc v h iu hnh
My tnh s l my nhiu cp, trong 3 cp chnh yu l : vt l (phn cng - hardware) chng trnh h thng (system programs) chng trnh ng dng (application programs)
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM
Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 2
H iu hnh l g?
Hai nh ngha c nhiu ngi ng nht : 1. HH l 1 my tnh lun l m rng (extended machine) : y l gc nhn t ngoi vo. du cc chi tit kh, phin phc cn thc hin. cung cp cho ngi dng 1 my lun l d dng hn v c lp vi phn cng (thng qua cc lnh system calls) 2. HH l 1 h qun l cc ti nguyn ca my : y l gc nhn bn trong Phn chia vic dng ti nguyn theo thi gian, mi chng trnh dng ti nguyn trong 1 khong thi gian ri giao li cho chng trnh khc dng (CPU, my in). Phn chia ti nguyn theo khng gian : mi chng trnh dng 1 vng nh ti nguyn (b nh, a).
1.2 Lch s h iu hnh

V HH nm trn cp phn cng nn lch s HH gn lin vi lch s pht trin phn cng my tnh. y chng ta tng kt li lch s pht trin my tnh s gm 4 th h sau : 1. First generation 1945 - 1955 vacuum tubes, plug boards Inventors : Aiken (USA), Zuse (Germany) cha cn HH 2. Second generation 1955 - 1965 transistors batch systems 3. Third generation 1965 1980 ICs (Integrated Circuits) multiprogramming, spooling, time-sharing 4. Fourth generation 1980 present LSI (Large Scale Integration) H iu hnh cho PC
Lch s h iu hnh - Th h th 2
Early batch system (h thng x l b) xuyn phiu chuyn chng trnh thnh chng card c l. n chng card theo th t cho my c card 1401 c v ghi ln bng t. gn bng t cho my 7094 x l tun t tng chng trnh, kt qu ca chng trnh c ghi ln bng kt xut. gn bng kt xut vo my in 1401 in ra giy.
Cu trc in hnh ca 1 job FMS

(FMS: Fortran Monitor System, h iu hnh ca IBM cho mainframe 7094)
OS/360 ca IBM MULTICS (MIT, Bell Labs)
(Cc vng ca b nh)
Multiprogramming system Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line) Time sharing

1974, first microcomputer Intel 8080, first general-purposed 8-bit CPU floppy disk CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) early 1980s, IBM PC DOS (Disk Operating System) MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) 1983, IBM PC/AT (Intel 80286 CPU) 1985-1995, Windows on top of MS-DOS Pentium PC UNIX, Linux, Windows 2000 X Windows system (UNIX, Linux)
1.3 Phn loi cc h iu hnh
Mainframe operating systems OS/390 Server operating systems UNIX, Linux, Windows 2000 Multiprocessor operating systems Personal computer operating systems Linux, Windows XP, Macintosh Real-time operating systems VxWorks, QNX Embedded operating systems uCLinux, PalmOS, Windows CE Smart card operating systems
High-end Web servers Web service, file service
Control systems Mobile phones Smart cards

1.4 Nhc li phn cng my tnh

Monitor
Bus
Cc thnh phn ca mt my PC n gin
Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Processors
Special registers Program counter Stack pointer Program Status Word (PSW) o kernel mode o user mode TRAP instruction System call
Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Memory
Phn cp in hnh cc loi b nh cc gi tr ch c ngha xp x

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - a cng
Cu trc ca mt a cng
Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Thit b I/O

Device driver l g?
(a)
(b)
(a) Steps in starting an I/O device and getting interrupt (b) Interrupt processing
Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Bus
IDE bus SCSI bus
Cu trc ca mt h thng Pentium

1.5 Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh

Cc ti nguyn ca my Qu trnh (process) Lp thi biu cho cc qu trnh chy ng thi (Scheduler) Cho php cc qu trnh ng thi truy xut chung ti nguyn Deadlock v gii quyt Qun l b nh (memory management) H thng file (tp tin) Giao tip vi th gii ngoi (input/output) An ninh d liu (security) The shell
Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh - Ti nguyn
Ti nguyn ca 1 chng trnh l bt k thnh phn no ca my tnh c s dng bi chng trnh . Ti nguyn phn cng : CPU, b nh, a, CDROM, a USB, mn hnh, bn phm, chut, card mng,... Ti nguyn phn mm : cc file d liu v cc h thng phn mm khc m 1 chng trnh cn truy xut/tng tc. HH cn qun l cc ti nguyn sao cho vic s dng chng bi cc chng trnh c tin cy, an ton, hiu qu v c lp vi tnh cht vt l ca chng.
Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh - Process

File chng trnh thng c 2 dng : m ngun v m thc thi. File thc thi (*.exe trn Windows) c th c chy trc tip bi my, nhng nu cha chy, n vn l thnh phn th ng, ng yn v khng to ra kt qu g. Khi ngi dng kch hot 1 file chng trnh, n c chy bi CPU, lc ny ta gi n bng thut ng "Tin trnh" (Process). Trong lc hot ng, process c th to ra nhiu process khc (con) v c th tip tc. Mt cy process (process tree) A to hai process con, B v C B to ba process con, D, E, v F
Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh - Scheduler
qun l vic chy cc process n gin v d dng nht, ngi ta cho chng chy tun t, mi ln cho 1 chng trnh chy. Ch khi chng trnh chy xong (d lu hay mau) th ta mi cho chng trnh khc chy,... Hu ht cc chng trnh u cn giao tip vi ngi (hay I/O ni chung). Vic giao tip vi I/O thng chm hn rt nhiu so vi tc ca CPU, ngha l lc chng trnh dng ch I/O (ch nhp phm), CPU phi ng ch mt thi gian v hiu sut lm vic ca n. s dng CPU hiu qu hn, ngi ta c gng cho nhiu chng trnh chy ng thi. Cch thng thng nht l dng k thut phn chia thi gian (Time sharing) : chia trc thi gian lm nhiu khe nh (quantum), cho mi chng trnh chy 1 khe nh ri dng n li, chn chng trnh khc chy trong khe nh k Mn : H iu hnh ti p,... Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh
Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Slide 19
Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh - Scheduler
Module ca HH qun l vic phn chia thi gian cho cc chng trnh chy c gi l trnh lp thi biu (Scheduler).
Vn truy xut 1 ti nguyn dng chung
Nh vy, v mt vt l chi ly, cc chng trnh khng bao gi chy ng thi trn 1 my c 1 CPU v ti tng khe thi gian, ch c 1 chng trnh c chy, cc chng trnh khc u b dng ch. Tuy nhin theo gc nhn ngi dng (gc nhn lun l, gc nhn ng ngha) th ta cm nhn rng cc chng trnh chy ng thi. Nu 2 hay nhiu chng trnh chy ng thi v nu chng mun truy xut 1 ti nguyn (dng chung) no th ta s gii quyt ra sao ? V nguyn tc, ta phi cho chng trnh truy xut, nhng nu khng kim sot vic truy xut ng thi vo cng 1 ti nguyn th c th dn n trnh trng "Race". Race l hin tng li bt nh c th xy ra khi 2 hay nhiu process truy xut 1 ti nguyn dng chung ng thi.

Th d 2 ng dng truy xut ti khon A ng thi :
1. hin th giao din & ch ngi dng ra lnh 2. Ngi dng ra lnh np vo ti khon A s tin 700USD x l : 21a c ti khon A vo b nh, 22a Tng gi tr ti khon trong b nh ln 700USD. 23a Ghi li gi tr mi. 3. Quay v bc 1 1. hin th giao din & ch ngi dng ra lnh 2. Ngi dng ra lnh rt tin t ti khon A 500USD x l : 21b c ti khon A vo b nh, 22b Gim gi tr ti khon trong b nh i 500USD. 23b Ghi li gi tr mi. 3. Quay v bc 1
Ti khon A
Nu ti khon A l 1000USD v HH iu khin chy 2 process P1 v P2 theo th t 21a22a21b22b23b23a th kt qu ti khon A s l 1700USD (gi tr ng l 1200USD).

on lnh truy xut cc bin cc b Critical session 1 on lnh truy xut cc bin cc b critical session 2 on lnh truy xut cc bin cc b
on lnh truy xut cc bin cc b resource 1 Critical session 2 on lnh truy xut cc bin cc b resource 2 critical session 1 on lnh truy xut cc bin cc b
trnh tnh trng "race", ta s loi tr tng h (Mutual Exclusion) cc vng code "critical session" truy xut cng 1 ti nguyn dng chung ca cc process, ngha l khng cho cc vng CS ny chy ng thi m phi tun t ha vic chy ca chng. V vng CS thng rt him trong chng trnh v rt ngn, nn vic tun t ha vic chy chng khng nh hng nhiu n vic chy ng thi cc process tng ng.
Deadlock & gii quyt
Tuy nhin k thut loi tr tng h cc process li thng dn n mi nguy him cho h thng m ngi ta gi l "deadlock". Deadlock l tnh trng ca h thng m c t nht 2 process ang dng ch ln nhau v b kt mi mi trng thi ny. Trng hp xu nht l mi process u b dng v ch ln nhau, h thng s b t lit mi mi.
Deadlock & gii quyt
Th d gi s c 2 process A v B ang chy, theo gii thut process A s truy xut file1 ri file2, trong khi process B s truy xut file2 ri file1 vi tin thi gian c th nh sau : ti t1 : process A xin truy xut file1 OK chy tip. ti t2 : process B xin truy xut file2 OK chy tip. ti t3 : process A xin truy xut file2 (vn cn truy xut file1 nn cha tr) khng c phi dng i process B. ti t4 : process B xin truy xut file1 (vn cn truy xut file2 nn cha tr) khng c phi dng i process A. t t4 tr i : c 2 process A v B u b dng v phi ch ln nhau v chng khng bao gi chy c na. Cn phi gii quyt deadlock, chi tit c trnh by trong mn HH.
Qun l b nh trong h n chng
Trong h n chng : 3 cch t chc b nh gm vng nh HH v vng nh ca 1 process ang chy.
Qun l b nh - Phn vng tnh

Chia b nh ra nhiu partition vi ln khc nhau chy nhiu process i hi kch thc khc nhau.
(a) mi partition c hng ch cc process i hi cng dung lng nh. (b) dng 1 hng ch cho mi process
Qun l b nh - Phn vng ng

Vng nh lc u nguyn. Mi khi c process xin cp pht vng nh, h thng s to 1 partition c kch thc va ng theo yu cu, phn cn li trng... Theo thi gian, b nh c th b bm nt bi nhiu vng nh c tr li bi cc process. Ta c th khc phc vn ny bng cch sp xp li cc vng nh sao cho vng nh trng l duy nht & lin tc (compactage). E C B A HH a
C B
C B D C B
B A HH c
A HH b
D HH f
HH d
HH e
Qun l b nh - Phn vng ng & Swapping
Cc vng b thay i nh sau : process B c cp 1 vng nh chy (Fig. b) process A is swapped ln disk hay tr li, Fig. (d) process A is swapped vo t disk khi cn chy tip, Fig. (g)
Qun l b nh o (Virtual memory Man.)
Vic swap ton vng nh ca 1 process ra/vo a gp kh nhiu phin h do kch thc ca mi process rt khc nhau. Tuy nhin tng ny dn n c ch qun l b nh tinh vi m hin nay cc HH u dng, l c ch qun l b nh o. tng c bn l ti tng thi im chng trnh chy, ta khng cn ni dung ca ton chng trnh v d liu ca n trong b nh, ta ch cn ni dung ca lnh ang cn chy v d liu m lnh ny cn truy xut, mi th khc c th trn a. Nh vy chy c 1 process, ta ch cn 1 vng rt nh b nh bt chp kch thc ca process ln hay nh. C 3 k thut qun l b nh o : qun l theo phn trang, qun l theo phn on v qun l theo phn on v phn trang. Chi tit s c trnh by trong mn HH.
Qun l b nh o (Virtual memory Man.)

Mi process c bng qun l trang, bng ny cha thng tin v vic nh x tng trang o ca process vo tng trang tht b nh ti tng thi im theo thi gian.
i a ch o ra a ch tht
H thng file (File System)
disk vt l l khng gian d liu 3 chiu : disk = nhiu cylinder, mi cyclinder gm nhiu track (head - vng trn cha tin cng bn knh), mi track cha nhiu cung nh cha tin c truy xut c lp (sector). Sector l n v truy xut tin nh nht cp vt l, t ngoi ta khng th truy xut tng byte ri rc trn a c. Mun truy xut 1 sector, ta phi xc nh c b ba ch s (C,H,S) rt kh dng. Hn na, d liu c ngha cn lu trn a thng c kch thc rt khc nhau cn nhiu sector mi cha . Nu vic qun l 1 d liu c ngha c cha trn bao nhiu sector a v ch s c th l g c giao cho ngi dng th h s gp rt nhiu rc ri cn 1 giao tip s dng khc s dng a d dng hn.
disk lun l cp #1 l khng gian d liu 1 chiu : disk = danh sch nhiu n v cha tin c di c nh, mi n v c gi l cluster (hay block, sector lun l). di ca cluster cn c lp vi a vt l. cp ny, mun truy xut 1 cluster, ta ch cn xc nh 1 ch s ca n. Tuy nhin, d liu c ngha cn lu trn a thng c kch thc rt khc nhau cn nhiu cluster mi cha . Nu vic qun l 1 d liu c ngha c cha trn bao nhiu cluster a v ch s c th l g c giao cho ngi dng th h s gp rt nhiu rc ri cn 1 giao tip s dng khc s dng a d dng hn.
disk lun l cp #2 l khng gian d liu 1 chiu : disk = danh sch nhiu n v cha tin c di thay i theo yu cu ca ngi dng, mi n v c gi l file v c nhn dng bng tn gi nh ch khng phi l ch s kh nh. cp ny, mun truy xut 1 file, ta ch cn xc nh tn gi nh ca n. D d liu c ngha cn lu trn a thng c kch thc rt khc nhau, nhng ch cn 1 file l lu 1 d liu c ngha Vic qun l d liu trn a tr nn d dng hn nhiu so vi trc. Tuy nhin v 1 a cha 1 s rt ln file (hng triu file) nu dng khng gian phng t chc cc file th cng cn nhiu kh khn trong vic t tn file, vic phn bit cc file ca chng trnh no, ca ngi no cn 1 giao tip s dng khc s dng a d dng hn na. Mn : H iu hnh Cng ngh Thng tin Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh . Khoa Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Slide 36
disk lun l cp #3 l khng gian d liu dng cy phn cp : disk = th mc gc cha nhiu phn t con, mi phn t con c th l file hay th mc khc... Trong cp ny, ta nhn dng 1 phn t bng khi nim ng dn (pathname). C 2 loi pathname : tuyt i v tng i. Ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng c th m dng no s thch hp hn.
ng dn tuyt i v tng i
ng dn (pathname) l thng tin tm kim (xc nh) 1 phn t t 1 v tr no , n cha danh sch chnh xc cc tn gi nh ca cc phn t m ta phi i qua xut pht t v tr u n phn t cn tm. ta dng 1 du ngn c bit ngn cch 2 tn gi nh lin tip nhau trong ng dn (trong Windows, du ngn l '\') Tn th mc gc lun l '\'. C 2 khi nim ng dn : ng dn tuyt i v ng dn tng i. ng dn tuyt i l ng dn xut pht t th mc gc, ng dn tng i xut pht t th mc lm vic (working directory). Trc khi ng dng bt u chy, h thng s khi ng th mc lm vic cho ng dng (theo c ch no ). Trong qu trnh thc thi, ng dng c quyn thay i th mc lm vic theo yu cu ring.
Th d v h thng file
Cy th bc ca c: \
config.sys
Windows
AudioFile
...
VideoFile
System
win.com
Fonts
USAFilm
ChinaFilm
VNFilm
arial.ttf
...
Dng i.mpg
...
ng dn tuyt i v tng i (tt)

Xt cy th bc ca c: trn slide trc, ng dn tuyt i sau s nhn dng chnh xc file arial.ttf trong th mc 'Fonts' : c:\Windows\Fonts\arial.ttf Nu th mc working ca chng trnh hin l c:\Windows\Fonts th ta c th dng ng dn tng i sau y xc nh file arial.ttf : arial.ttf ng dn tuyt i thng di hn ng dn tng i nhng n lun c gi tr bt chp ng dng ang th mc working no. ng dn tng i thng gn hn (a s ch cha tn file cn truy xut v ng dng s thit lp th mc working l th mc cha cc file m ng dng truy xut) nhng ch c gi tr vi 1 th mc working c th. Trong 1 vi trng hp c bit, ta phi dng ng dn tng i ngay c n di v phc tp hn ng dn tuyt i!
Giao tip vi th gii ngoi
chng trnh khi hot ng thnh thong phi giao tip vi th gii ngoi (th d cn in ra my in, cn giao tip mng, cn truy xut thng tin ca cc sensor o thng s,..). My tnh s dng 1 card chc nng (card I/O) giao tip vi th gii ngoi. C rt nhiu hng sn xut, mi hng sn xut rt nhiu model card I/O khc nhau, on code chng trnh giao tip vi I/O c lp hon ton vi tnh cht phn cng ca card I/O, ta s xy dng 1 module phn mm c bit : device driver. Mi card I/O c device driver ring. Device driver phi cha n hm chc nng theo qui nh ca HH, chi tit ca tng hm chc nng s ph thuc vo phn cng, cn vic s dng cc hm chc nng trong chng trnh th hon ton c lp vi phn cng.
An ninh h thng
My tnh c rt nhiu ti nguyn v cho php nhiu ngi truy xut Cn phi c c ch m bo vic dng ti nguyn bi cc ngi dng, khng cho php vic truy xut bt hp php. An ninh h thng bao gm 3 vn chnh : Bo mt d liu : mi ngi ch c php truy xut 1 s ti nguyn qui nh, khng c kh nng truy xut cc ti nguyn khc. Ton vn d liu : vic truy xut ti nguyn ca ngi dng khng c lm h hng d liu, d ch 1 phn nh. Sn sng d liu : vic truy xut ti nguyn ca ngi dng hp php phi lun c phc v trong khong thi gian ngn nht, bt c lc no, bt c u. Cc bin php bo mt d liu l qun l ngi dng theo account v mt m ha d liu.
1.6 Cc li gi dch v HH "System call"
HH cung cp 1 giao tip s dng c gi l "System Call", mi system call l 1 hm thc hin 1 chc nng xc nh. Thng ch c code chng trnh mi gi System call, cn ngi dng u cui khng th gi system call trc tip c. Ngi dng u cui s dng cc dch v HH gin tip thng qua tng ng dng c th. Th d thc hin cc chc nng qun l h thng file, ngi dng trn Windows s dng trnh "Windows Explorer", thng qua giao tip s dng ha trc quan ca chng trnh, ngi dng s thc hin cc thao tc qun l h thng file rt d dng (duyt file, to/hiu chnh/xa file/th mc, di chuyn file/th mc t ni ny n ni khc,...)
Cc li gi dch v HH "System call"
Gi system call gn ging vi gi hm bnh thng, s khc bit ln nht l c s thay i quyn truy xut ti nguyn : trc khi gi system call, cc lnh ca chng trnh ng dng c quyn thp. khi gi system call, quyn s thay i thnh rt cao (quyn h thng) on code ca hm "system call" c th thc thi c chc nng c bit ca mnh. Sau khi gi system call xong, quyn truy xut c tr v mc c (thp) ca ng dng on code i theo sau lnh gi system call chy nh c.

System Calls
There are 11 steps in making the system call read(fd, buffer, nbytes)

Th d 1 s li gi dch v HH "System call" trn Windows v Linux :
System Calls -The Windows Win32 API
1.7 Kin trc ca HH
Kin trc phn cp
Kin trc my o
Th d v kin trc my o
Kin trc client-server
Kin trc client-server

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MN H IU HNH

TNG QUT V H IU HNH

1.1 nh ngha s lc v h iu hnh

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 2

1.2 Lch s h iu hnh

Cu trc in hnh ca 1 job FMS

(Cc vng ca b nh)

Multiprogramming system Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line) Time sharing

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

1.3 Phn loi cc h iu hnh

High-end Web servers Web service, file service

Control systems Mobile phones Smart cards

1.4 Nhc li phn cng my tnh

Cc thnh phn ca mt my PC n gin

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 10

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Processors

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 11

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Memory

Phn cp in hnh cc loi b nh cc gi tr ch c ngha xp x

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - a cng

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Thit b I/O

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Bus

IDE bus SCSI bus

Cu trc ca mt h thng Pentium

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 15

1.5 Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 16

Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh - Ti nguyn

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 17

Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh - Process

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 18

Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh - Scheduler

Cc nim ch o trong h iu hnh - Scheduler

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 20

Vn truy xut 1 ti nguyn dng chung

Vn truy xut 1 ti nguyn dng chung

Vn truy xut 1 ti nguyn dng chung

Vn truy xut 1 ti nguyn dng chung

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 24

Deadlock & gii quyt

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 25

Deadlock & gii quyt

Qun l b nh trong h n chng

Trong h n chng : 3 cch t chc b nh gm vng nh HH v vng nh ca 1 process ang chy.

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 27

Qun l b nh - Phn vng tnh

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 28

Qun l b nh - Phn vng ng

Mn : H iu hnh Chng 1 : Tng qut v h iu hnh Slide 29

Qun l b nh - Phn vng ng & Swapping

Qun l b nh o (Virtual memory Man.)

Qun l b nh o (Virtual memory Man.)

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM