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Chuyn KHO ST HM S
BI 1: N IU HM S
1. inh ngha:
Ham so f ong bien tren K (x
1
, x
2
K, x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) < f(x
2
)
Ham so f nghch bien tren K (x
1
, x
2
K, x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) > f(x
2
)
2. ieu kien can:
Gia s f co ao ham tren khoang I.
a) Neu f ong bien tren khoang I th f(x) 0, x I
b) Neu f nghch bien tren khoang I th f(x) 0, x I
3. ieu kien u:
Gia s f co ao ham tren khoang I.
a) Neu f (x) 0, x I (f(x) = 0 tai mot so hu han iem) th f
ong bien tren I.
b) Neu f (x) 0, x I (f(x) = 0 tai mot so hu han iem) th f
nghch bien tren I.
c) Neu f(x) = 0, x I th f khong oi tren I.
Chu y: Neu khoang I c thay bi oan hoac na khoang th f
phai lien tuc tren o.
VAN E 1: Xet chieu bien thien cua ham so
e xet chieu bien thien cua ham so y = f(x), ta thc hien
cac bc nh sau:
Tm tap xac nh cua ham so.
Tnh y. Tm cac iem ma tai o y = 0 hoac y khong ton tai
(goi la cac iem ti han)
Lap bang xet dau y (bang bien thien). T o ket luan
cac khoang ong bien, nghch bien cua ham so.
VD: Xet chieu bien thien cua cac ham so sau:
a) 5 9 3
2 3
+ x x x y
D=R
9 6 3 '
2
x x y
Cho

3
1
0 9 6 3 0 '
2
x
x
x x y
BBT
Vy: hm s ng bin:
) 1 ; (
v
) ; 3 ( +
Hm s nghch bin:
) 3 ; 1 (
b) 7 3 3
2 3
+ + x x x y
GV:L Th Bch Tuyt Trng THPT Qunh Lu 2 Ngh an
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D=R
3 6 3 '
2
+ x x y
Cho 1 0 3 6 3 0 '
2
+ x x x y
BBT
Vy: hm s lun ng bin trn D
c) 1 2
2 4
x x y
D=R
x x y 4 4 '
3

Cho

1
0
0 4 4 0 '
2
3
x
x
x x y
BBT
Vy: hm s tng :
) 0 ; 1 (
v
) ; 1 ( +
Hm s gim:
) 1 ; (
v
) 1 ; 0 (
d) 1 2 2
3 4
+ + x x x y
D=R
2 6 4 '
2 3
+ x x y
Cho
+
2
1
0
0 2 6 4 0 '
2 3
x
x
x x y
BBT
Vy: hm s tng :
) ;
2
1
( +

Hm s gim:
)
2
1
; (
e)
1
1
x
x
y
D= } 1 { \ R
0
) 1 (
2
'
2
<
x
y
BBT
Vy: hm s lun gim trn D
f)
1
2 2
2
x
x x
y
D= } 1 { \ R
2
2
) 1 (
2
'
x
x x
y
Cho

2
0
0 2 0 '
2
x
x
x x y
BBT
Vy: hm s gim:
) 1 ; 0 (
v
) 2 ; 1 (
Hm s tng:
) 0 ; (
v
) ; 2 ( +
g)
2
4 x y
] 2 ; 2 [ D
2
4
'
x
x
y
Cho
0 0 ' x y
BBT
Vy: hm s gim: (0;2)
Hm s tng:
) 0 ; 2 (

h) x x y 4
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] 4 ; ( D
x
x
x
x
x y

4 2
3 8
4 2
4 '
Cho
4
3
8
0 3 8 0 ' < x x y
BBT
Vy: hm s tng:
)
3
8
; (
Hm s gim:
) 4 ;
3
8
(

BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Xet chieu bien thien cua cac ham so sau:
a)
2
2 4 5 y x x + +
b)
2
5
4 4
x
y x +
c)
2
4 3 y x x +

d)
3 2
2 2 y x x x +
e)
2
(4 )( 1) y x x
f)
3 2
3 4 1 y x x x +
g)
4 2
1
2 1
4
y x x h)
4 2
2 3 y x x +
i)
4 2
1 1
2
10 10
y x x +
k)
2 1
5
x
y
x

+
l)
1
2
x
y
x
m)
1
1
1
y
x

n)
2
2 26
2
x x
y
x
+ +
+
o)
1
3
1
y x
x
+
p)
2
4 15 9
3
x x
y
x
+

Bai 2. Xet chieu bien thien cua cac ham so sau:
a)
4 3 2
6 8 3 1 y x x x +
b)
2
2
1
4
x
y
x

c)
2
2
1
1
x x
y
x x
+
+ +

d)
2
2 1 x
y
x
e)
2
3 2
x
y
x x
+
f)
3 2 2 y x x + +

g)
2 1 3 y x x
h)
2
2 y x x
i)
2
2 y x x
VAN E 2: Tm ieu kien e ham so luon ong bien hoac
nghch bien
tren tap xac nh (hoac tren tng khoang xac nh)
Cho ham so
( , ) y f x m
, m la tham so, co tap xac nh D.
Ham so f ong bien tren D y 0, x D.
Ham so f nghch bien tren D y 0, x D.
T o suy ra ieu kien cua m.
Chu y:
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1) y = 0 ch xay ra tai mot so hu han iem.
2) Neu
y ax bx c
2
' + +
th:

0
0
' 0,
0
0
a b
c
y x R
a

'

>
'

0
0
' 0,
0
0
a b
c
y x R
a

'

<
'

3) nh l ve dau cua tam thc bac hai
2
( ) g x ax bx c + +
:
Neu < 0 th g(x) luon cung dau vi a.
Neu = 0 th g(x) luon cung dau vi a (tr x =
2
b
a
)
Neu > 0 th g(x) co hai nghiem x
1
, x
2
va trong khoang hai
nghiem th g(x) khac dau vi a, ngoai khoang hai nghiem th
g(x) cung dau vi a.
4) So sanh cac nghiem x
1
, x
2
cua tam thc bac hai
2
( ) g x ax bx c + +

vi so 0:

1 2
0
0 0
0
x x P
S
>
< < >

'
<

1 2
0
0 0
0
x x P
S
>
< < >

'
>

1 2
0 0 x x P < < <
5) e ham so
3 2
y ax bx cx d + + +
co o dai khoang ong bien
(nghch bien) (x
1
; x
2
) bang d th ta thc hien cac bc sau:
Tnh y.
Tm ieu kien e ham so co khoang ong bien va nghch
bien:
0
0
a
'
>
(1)
Bien oi
1 2
x x d
thanh
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 4 x x x x d + (2)
S dung nh l Viet a (2) thanh phng trnh theo m.
Giai phng trnh, so vi ieu kien (1) e chon nghiem.
VD1: nh m hm s lun ng bin
a) m mx x x y + + +
2 3
3
D=R
m x x y + + 6 3 '
2
Hm s lun ng bin
'
>

0 1
0 '
0 '
a
y
3 0 3 9 m m
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Vy: vi 3 m th hs lun ng bin trn D.
b) 2 ) 2 ( ) 1 2 (
2 3
+ x m x m mx y
D=R
2 ) 1 2 ( 2 3 '
2
+ m x m mx y
Hm s lun ng bin
'
>

0 3
0 '
0 '
m a
y
'
>
+
0
0 ) 2 ( 3 1 4 4
2
m
m m m m
'
>
+
0
0 ) 1 (
2
m
m
0 > m
Vy: vi 0 > m th hs lun ng bin trn D.
c)
m x
mx
y
+
+
4
D= } { \ m R
2
2
) (
4
'
m x
m
y
+
Hm s lun ng bin
>
<
> >
2
2
0 4 0 '
2
m
m
m y
Vy: vi
>
<
2
2
m
m
th hs lun ng bin trn D.
VD2: nh m hm s lun nghch bin:
x m
mx x
y
+ +
3
2
D= } { \ m R
2
2 2
) (
3 2
'
m x
m mx x
y
+
+ + +
Hm s lun nghch bin
'
<

<
0 1
0 '
0 '
a
y 0 3
2 2
+ + m m (iu khng th)
Vy: khng tn ti m hs lun nghch bin trn D.
VD3: nh m hm s m x m x x y 4 ) 1 ( 3
2 3
+ + + nghch bin trong ( - 1; 1)
D=R
1 6 3 '
2
+ + m x x y
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Hm s nghch bin trong ( - 1; 1)
0 ' y
v
2 1
1 1 x x < < <
'
<
<
0 ) 1 (
0 ) 1 (
af
af
'
< + +
< +
0 ) 1 6 3 ( 3
0 ) 1 6 3 ( 3
m
m
'
<
<
8
4
m
m
8 < m
Vy: 8 < m th hs nghch bin trong ( - 1; 1).
VD4: nh m hm s x m m x m x y ) 2 3 2 ( ) 1 (
2 2 3
+ + + tng trn
) ; 2 ( +
D=R
) 2 3 2 ( ) 1 ( 2 3 '
2 2
+ + + m m x m x y
Hm s tng trn
) ; 2 ( + 0 ' y
v 2
2 1
< x x
'
<
>

2
2
0 ) 2 (
0 '
0 '
S
af
'
<

+ +
> + +
+ +
2
2 . 3
) 1 ( 2
0 ) 6 2 ( 3
0 1 7 7
0 1 7 7
2
2
2
m
m m
m m
m m
'
>

5
2
2
3
m
m
2
2
3
m
Vy:
2
2
3
m
th hs tng trn
) ; 2 ( +
VD5: nh m hm s m mx x x y + + +
2 3
3 nghch bin trn mt khong c di bng 1.
D=R
m x x y + + 6 3 '
2
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Hm s nghch bin trn mt khong c di bng 1.
0 ' y
v
1
2 1
x x

4
3
1 4 4
3
1 4
0 3 9
2

'

<
'

>
m
m
m
P S
m
Vy:
4
3
m
th hs nghch bin trn mt khong c di bng 1.
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Chng minh rang cac ham so sau luon ong bien
tren tng khoang xac nh (hoac tap xac nh) cua no:
a)
3
5 13 y x x + +
b)
3
2
3 9 1
3
x
y x x + +
c)
2 1
2
x
y
x

+

d)
2
2 3
1
x x
y
x
+
+
e)
3 sin(3 1) y x x +
f)
2
2 1 x mx
y
x m

Bai 2. Chng minh rang cac ham so sau luon nghch bien
tren tng khoang xac nh (hoac tap xac nh) cua no:
a)
5 cot( 1) y x x +
b)
cos y x x
c)
sin cos 2 2 y x x x

Bai 3. Tm m e cac ham so sau luon ong bien tren tap
xac nh (hoac tng khoang xac nh) cua no:
a)
3 2
3 ( 2) y x mx m x m + +
b)
3 2
2 1
3 2
x mx
y x +
c)
x m
y
x m
+
d)
4 mx
y
x m
+
+
e)
2
2 1 x mx
y
x m

f)
2 2
2 3
2
x mx m
y
x m
+
Bai 4. Tm m e ham so:

a)
3 2
3 y x x mx m + + +
nghch bien tren mot khoang co o dai
bang 1.
b)
3 2
1 1
2 3 1
3 2
y x mx mx m + + nghch bien tren mot khoang co o
dai bang 3.
c)
3 2
1
( 1) ( 3) 4
3
y x m x m x + + + ong bien tren mot khoang co
o dai bang 4.
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a)
3
2
( 1) ( 1) 1
3
x
y m x m x + + + +
ong bien tren khoang (1; +).
b)
3 2
3(2 1) (12 5) 2 y x m x m x + + + +
c)
mx
y m
x m
4
( 2)
+
t
+
d)
x m
y
x m
+
ong bien trong khoang (1; +).

e)
2 2
2 3
2
x mx m
y
x m
+

f)
2
2 3
2 1
x x m
y
x
+
+
nghch bien tren khoang
1
;
2
_
+

,
.
VAN E 3: ng dung tnh n ieu e chng minh bat ang
thc
e chng minh bat ang thc ta thc hien cac bc sau:
Chuyen bat ang thc ve dang f(x) > 0 (hoac <, , ). Xet
ham so y = f(x) tren tap xac nh do e bai ch nh.
Xet dau f (x). Suy ra ham so ong bien hay nghch bien.
Da vao nh ngha s ong bien, nghch bien e ket luan.
Chu y:
1) Trong trng hp ta cha xet c dau cua f (x) th ta at
h(x) = f (x) va quay lai tiep tuc xet dau h (x) cho en khi
nao xet dau c th thoi.
2) Neu bat ang thc co hai bien th ta a bat ang thc
ve dang: f(a) < f(b).
Xet tnh n ieu cua ham so f(x) trong khoang (a; b).
VD 1: chng minh
0 , sin > < x x x
0 sin < x x . t
x x x f sin ) (
( ) 0 , 0 1 cos ) ( ' > < x x x f ( ) 0 , 0 sin 0 ) ( > < < x x x x f

pcm.
VD 2: chng minh 0 ,
6
sin
3
> > x
x
x x
0
6
sin
3
> +
x
x x . t
6
sin ) (
3
x
x x x f +
2
1 cos ) ( '
2
x
x x f +
0 sin ) ( ' ' > + x x x f

(chng minh trn)
( ) 0 , 0
6
sin 0 ) ( 0 ) ( '
3
> > + > > x
x
x x x f x f pcm.
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau:
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a)
3
sin , 0
6
x
x x x vi x < < >
b)
2 1
sin tan , 0
3 3 2
x x x vi x + > < <

c) tan , 0
2
x x vi x < < <

d) sin tan 2 , 0
2
x x x vi x + > < <

a)
tan
, 0
tan 2
a a
vi a b
b b
< < < <

b) sin sin , 0
2
a a b b vi a b < < < <

c) tan tan , 0
2
a a b b vi a b < < < <

a)
2
sin , 0
2
x
x vi x > < <

b)
3 3 5
sin , 0
6 6 120
x x x
x x x vi x < < + >
c) x x x vi x sin cos 1, 0
2
+ > < <

a)
1 , 0
x
e x vi x > + >
b)
ln(1 ) , 0 x x vi x + < >
c)
1
ln(1 ) ln , 0
1
x x vi x
x
+ > >
+
d) ( )
2 2
1 ln 1 1 x x x x + + + +
a)
0
tan55 1,4 >
b)
0
1 7
sin20
3 20
< < c)
2 3
log 3 log 4 >
HD: a)
0 0 0
tan55 tan(45 10 ) +
. Xet ham so
1
( )
1
x
f x
x
+
.
b) Xet ham so
3
( ) 3 4 f x x x
.
f(x) ong bien trong khoang
1 1
;
2 2
_

,
va
0
1 7
,sin20 ,
3 20

1 1
;
2 2
_

,
.
c) Xet ham so
( ) log ( 1)
x
f x x +
vi x > 1.
BI 2: CC TR HM S
I. Khai niem cc tr cua ham so
Gia s ham so f xac nh tren tap D (D R) va x
0
D.
a) x
0
iem cc ai cua f neu ton tai khoang (a; b) D va x
0

(a; b) sao cho
f(x) < f(x
0
), vi x (a; b) \ {x
0
}.
Khi o f(x
0
) gl gia tr cc ai (cc ai) cua f.
b) x
0
iem cc tieu cua f neu ton tai khoang (a; b) D va x
0

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(a; b) sao cho
f(x) > f(x
0
), vi x (a; b) \ {x
0
}.
Khi o f(x
0
) gl gia tr cc tieu (cc tieu) cua f.
c) Neu x
0
la iem cc tr cua f th iem (x
0
; f(x
0
)) gl iem cc
tr cua o th ham so f.
II. ieu kien can e ham so co cc tr
Neu ham so f co ao ham tai x
0
va at cc tr tai iem o
th f (x
0
) = 0.
Chu y: Ham so f ch co the at cc tr tai nhng iem ma tai
o ao ham bang 0 hoac khong co ao ham.
III. ieu kien u e ham so co cc tr
1. nh l 1: Gia s ham so f lien tuc tren khoang (a; b) cha
iem x
0
va co ao ham tren (a; b)\{x
0
}
a) Neu f (x) oi dau t am sang dng khi x i qua x
0
th f at
cc tieu tai x
0
.
b) Neu f (x) oi dau t dng sang am khi x i qua x
0
th f at
cc ai tai x
0
.
2. nh l 2: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a; b)
cha iem x
0
, f (x
0
) = 0 va co ao ham cap hai khac 0 tai
iem x
0
.
a) Neu f (x
0
) < 0 th f at cc ai tai x
0
.
b) Neu f (x
0
) > 0 th f at cc tieu tai x
0
.
VAN E 1: Tm cc tr cua ham so
Qui tac 1: Dung nh l 1.
Tm f (x).
Tm cac iem x
i
(i = 1, 2, ) ma tai o ao ham bang 0 hoac
khong co ao ham.
Xet dau f (x). Neu f (x) oi dau khi x i qua x
i
th ham so at
cc tr tai x
i
.
Qui tac 2: Dung nh l 2.
Tnh f (x).
Giai phng trnh f (x) = 0 tm cac nghiem x
i
(i = 1, 2, ).
Tnh f (x) va f (x
i
) (i = 1, 2, ).
Neu f (x
i
) < 0 th ham so at cc ai tai x
i
.
Neu f (x
i
) > 0 th ham so at cc tieu tai x
i
.
VD 1: tm cc tr ca ham so sau: 5 9 3
2 3
+ x x x y
D=R
9 6 3 '
2
x x y
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Cho

3
1
0 9 6 3 0 '
2
x
x
x x y
BBT
Vy: hm s t cc i ti (-1;10)
Hm s t cc tiu ti (3;-22)
Cng bi trn thy s lm theo du hiu II.
Cc e tnh thm
6 6 ' ' x y
.

< 0 12 ) 1 ( ' ' y
hs t cc i ti x=-1
> 0 12 ) 3 ( ' ' y
hs t cc tiu ti x=-1
Vy vi du hiu II ta s b qua bc BBT ( thng dng cho nhng bi lng gic)
Qua v d ny ta thy rng bi ton cc tr cc bc lm nh n iu ch thm vo
phn gi tr ca y. VY cc em ly VD ca phn bi 1 tp tm cc tr nh.
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Tm cc tr cua cac ham so sau:
a)
2 3
3 2 y x x
b)
3 2
2 2 1 y x x x +
c)
3 2
1
4 15
3
y x x x +
d)
4
2
3
2
x
y x +
e)
4 2
4 5 y x x +
f)
4
2
3
2 2
x
y x + +
g)
2
3 6
2
x x
y
x
+ +
+
h)
2
3 4 5
1
x x
y
x
+ +
+
i)
2
2 15
3
x x
y
x


a)
3 4
( 2) ( 1) y x x +
b)
2
2
4 2 1
2 3
x x
y
x x
+
+
c)
2
2
3 4 4
1
x x
y
x x
+ +
+ +
d)
2
4 y x x
e)
2
2 5 y x x +
f)
2
2 y x x x +
a)
3 2
1 y x +
b)
3 2
2 1
x
y
x
+
c)
4
x x
y e e
+
d)
2
5 5 2ln y x x x + +
e)
2
4sin y x x
f)
2
ln(1 ) y x x +
VAN E 2: Tm ieu kien e ham so co cc tr
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1. Neu ham so y = f(x) at cc tr tai iem x
0
th f (x
0
) = 0 hoac tai
x
0
khong co ao ham.
2. e ham so y = f(x) at cc tr tai iem x
0
th f (x) oi dau khi x
i qua x
0
.
Chu y:
Ham so bac ba
3 2
y ax bx cx d + + +
co cc tr Phng trnh y =
0 co hai nghiem phan biet.
Khi o neu x
0
la iem cc tr th ta co the tnh gia tr cc tr
y(x
0
) bang hai cach:
+
3 2
0 0 0 0
( ) y x ax bx cx d + + +
+
0 0
( ) y x Ax B +
, trong o Ax + B la phan d trong phep chia y
cho y.
Ham so
2
' '
ax bx c
y
a x b
+ +
+
=
( )
( )
P x
Q x
(aa 0) co cc tr Phng trnh y
= 0 co hai nghiem phan biet khac
'
'
b
a
.
Khi o neu x
0
la iem cc tr th ta co the tnh gia tr cc tr
y(x
0
) bang hai cach:

0
0
0
( )
( )
( )
P x
y x
Q x
hoac
0
0
0
'( )
( )
'( )
P x
y x
Q x
Khi s dung ieu kien can e xet ham so co cc tr can

phai kiem tra lai e loai bo nghiem ngoai lai.
Khi giai cac bai tap loai nay thng ta con s dung cac
kien thc khac na, nhat la nh l Viet.
Nhn x=A lm cc i
'
<
0 ) ( ' '
0 ) ( '
A y
A y
Nhn x=A lm cc tiu
'
>
0 ) ( ' '
0 ) ( '
A y
A y
VD1: CMR hs sau lun c cc i, cc tiu:
a)
3 2 2 3
) 1 ( 3 3 m x m mx x y +
D=R
) 1 ( 3 6 3 '
2 2
+ m mx x y
Cho 0 ) 1 ( 3 6 3 0 '
2 2
+ m mx x y
> + 0 9 9 9 '
2 2
m m hs sau lun c cc i, cc tiu. pcm.
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b)
m x
m x m m x
y
+ +
1 ) 1 (
4 2 2
D= } { \ m R
2
2 2
2
4 2 2 2
) (
1 2
) (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
'
m x
m mx x
m x
m m m mx x
y
Cho 0 1 2 0 '
2 2
+ m mx x y
> + 0 1 '
2 2
m m hs sau lun c cc i, cc tiu. pcm.
VD2: tm m hs 5 3 ) 2 (
2 3
+ + + mx x x m y c cc i, cc tiu
D=R
m x x m y + + + 6 ) 2 ( 3 '
2
hs c cc i, cc tiu
0 ' y
c 2 nghim phn bit
'
< <

'
> +

'
> +

'
>

1 3
2
0 9 6 3
2
0 ) 2 ( 3 9
2
0 '
2
2
m
m
m m
m
m m
m m
Vy:
'
< <

1 3
2
m
m
th hs c cc i, cc tiu.
VD3: tm m hs
1
2
2
+ +
x
mx x
y khng c cc tr
D= } 1 { \ R
2
2
) 1 (
2 2
'
x
m x x
y
hs khng c cc tr
0 ' y
v nghim hoc c nghim kp 3 0 2 1 0 ' + + m m
Vy: 3 m th hs khng c cc tr.
VD4: tm m hs 2 3 3
2 3
+ + + x x mx y t cc i ti x =1.
D=R
3 6 3 '
2
+ + x mx y
6 6 ' ' + mx y
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hs t cc i ti x =1
3
0 ) 1 ( ' '
0 ) 1 ( '

'
<
m
y
y
Vy: 3 m th hs t cc i ti x =1.
VD5: Tm a, b hs x bx ax y + +
2 3
t cc i ti x =1 v cc tiu ti x = 2.
D=R
1 2 3 '
2
+ + bx ax y
b ax y 2 6 ' ' +
hs t cc i ti x =1 v cc tiu ti x = 2
'
'
>
<
4
3
6
1
0 ) 2 ( ' '
0 ) 2 ( '
0 ) 1 ( ' '
0 ) 1 ( '
b
a
y
y
y
y
Vy:
6
1
a
;
4
3
b
th hs t cc i ti x =1 v cc tiu ti x = 2.
VD6: Cho hs 1 3 3
2 3
+ + mx x x y .Gi ) ; ( ), ; (
2 2 1 1
y x N y x M l hai im cc tr.
CMR: ) 1 )( ( 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
x x x x y y
D=R
m x x y 3 6 3 '
2
+
Cho 0 3 6 3 0 '
2
+ m x x y
Theo nh l Vi-t th 2
2 1
+ x x v m x x
2 1
.
) 1 . )( ( 2 ... ) 3 6 3 ( 3 6 3
2 1 2 1 2
2
2 1
2
1 2 1
+ + x x x x m x x m x x y y . pcm
Cc em n, qua VD trn ta thy rng ng dng Vi-t l rt ln, ngoi ra cn
dng so snh na. V vy nu cc em hiu su so snh th mi thi i hc c gii
quyt rt nhanh.
Thy xin nhc li kin thc Vi-t v so snh mt ln na.
Vi-t:
a
b
x x S +
2 1
v
a
c
x x P
2 1
.
P S x x 2
2 2
2
2
1
+ ;
P
P S
x
x
x
x 2
2
1
2
2
1

+
;
P
S
x x
+
2 1
1 1
;
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
P
P S
x
x
x
x
+
) 3 (
2 3
2
3
1
P S S x x + ;
2 2 2 4
2
4
1
2 ) 2 ( P P S x x + ; P S d x x d 4
2 2
2 1

So snh :
0 ) (
2 1
< < < af x x
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'
<
>
>
< <

2
0 ) (
0
2 1
S
af x x
'
>
>
>
< <

2
0 ) (
0
2 1
S
af x x
'
<
0 ) (
0 ) (
2 1

af
af
x x
'
<
>
>
<
< < <

2
0 ) (
0
0 ) (
2 1
S
af
af
x x ...................
VD7: Cho
3 2 2 3
) 1 ( 3 3 m x m mx x y + . Tm m hm s c cc tr tri du nhau.
D=R
) 1 ( 3 6 3 '
2 2
+ m mx x y
Cho 0 ) 1 ( 3 6 3 0 '
2 2
+ m mx x y
> + 0 9 9 9 '
2 2
m m hs sau lun c cc i, cc tiu ti
2 1
, x x
Hm s c cc tr tri du nhau
2 1
0 x x < < 1 1 0 ) 1 ( 9 0 ) 0 ( 3
2
< < < < m m f
Vy 1 1 < < m th hm s c cc tr tri du nhau.
VD8: Cho hm s m x x m x y + + 9 ) 1 ( 3
2 3
. Xc nh
m
hm s cho t cc tr ti
2 1
, x x sao cho
2
2 1
x x
.
D=R
. 9 ) 1 ( 6 3 '
2
+ + x m x y
Hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti
2 1
, x x phng trnh
0 ' y
c hai
nghim pb l
2 1
, x x
Pt 0 3 ) 1 ( 2
2
+ + x m x c hai nghim phn bit l
2 1
, x x .

<
+ >
> +
3 1
3 1
0 3 ) 1 ( '
2
m
m
m
) 1 (
Theo nh l Viet ta c . 3 ); 1 ( 2
2 1 2 1
+ + x x m x x Khi
( ) ( ) 4 12 1 4 4 4 2
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
+ + m x x x x x x
) 2 ( 1 3 4 ) 1 (
2
+ m m
T (1) v (2) suy ra gi tr ca m l 3 1 3 < m v . 1 3 1 < + m
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VD9: Cho hm s y = - x
3
+ 3mx
2
-3m 1. Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s c cc i, cc
tiu. Vi gi tr no ca m th th hm s c im cc i, im cc tiu i xng vi nhau
qua ng thng d: x + 8y 74 = 0.
D=R
y = - 3x
2
+ 6mx ; y = 0 x = 0 v x = 2m.
Hm s c cc i , cc tiu phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit m 0.
Hai im cc tr l A(0; - 3m - 1) ; B(2m; 4m
3
3m 1)
Trung im I ca on thng AB l I(m ; 2m
3
3m 1)
Vect
3
(2 ; 4 ) AB m m
uuur
; Mt vect ch phng ca ng thng d l (8; 1) u
r
.
Hai im cc i , cc tiu A v B i xng vi nhau qua ng thng d
I d
AB d

'

3
8(2 3 1) 74 0
. 0
m m m
ABu
+
'

uuur r m = 2
VD10: Cho hm s
3 2 2 3
3 3( 1) y x mx m x m m + + (1)
Tm m hm s (1) c cc tr ng thi khong cch t im cc i ca th hm s n
gc ta O bng 2 ln khong cch t im cc tiu ca th hm s n gc ta O.
D=R
, 2 2
3 6 3( 1) y x mx m +
hm s c cc tr th PT
,
0 y c 2 nghim phn bit

2 2
2 1 0 x mx m + c 2 nhim phn bit

1 0, m >

Cc i ca th hm s l A(m-1;2-2m) v cc tiu ca th hm s l B(m+1;-2-
2m)
Theo gi thit ta c
2
3 2 2
2 6 1 0
3 2 2
m
OA OB m m
m
+
+ +

Vy c 2 gi tr ca m l
3 2 2 m
v
3 2 2 m +
VD11: Cho hs 1 ) 2 ( 6 ) 1 ( 3 2
2 3
+ + x m x m x y . Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua 2
im cc i v cc tiu.
D=R
x m x m x y ) 2 ( 6 ) 1 ( 6 6 '
2
+ +
Hs c 2 im cc tr
0 ' y
c 2 nghim phn bit 3 m
Ta c
3 3 ) 3 (
6
1
6 3
1
'.
2 2
+
,
_
+ m m x m
m
x y y
3 3 ) 3 (
2 2
+ m m x m y l ng thng qua 2 im cc tr.
VD12: Cho hs
1
2
2
+ +
x
mx x
y .
a) Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua 2 im cc i v cc tiu.
b) Tm m hs c cc i, cc tiu sao cho
4
CT C
y y
GII:
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a) D= } 1 { \ R
2
2
) 1 (
2 2
'
x
m x x
y
Hs c 2 im cc tr
0 ' y
c 2 nghim phn bit 3 > m
Ta c
m x y
v
u
y + 2
'
'
l ng thng qua 2 im cc tr
b) YCBT
4 ) ( 2
2 1
x x y y
CT C
4 3
2
P S 2 4 6 3 4 + + m m (tha k)
VD13: Cho ham s
3 2
1 1
y x (m 1)x 3(m 2)x
3 3
+ + .Vi gia tri nao cua m thi ham s co
cc ai, cc tiu ng thi hoanh cac im cc ai, cc tiu x
1
, x
2
thoa x
1
+ 2x
2
= 1.
GII:
TX: D = R.
2
y' mx 2(m 1)x 3(m 2) + . Ham s co cc ai va cc tiu thi y = 0 co 2
nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
.
2 2
m 0
m 0 m 0
2 6 2 6
' (m 1) 3m(m 2) 0 2m 4m 1 0
m (*)
2 2

' ' '

> + + >
< <

Theo inh li Viet va theo bai, ta co:

1 2
1 2
1 2
2(m 1)
x x (1)
m
3(m 2)
x .x (2)
m
x 2x 1 (3)

+
'
. T (1) va (3), ta co:

1 2
3m 4 2 m
x , x
m m

.
Th vao (2), ta c:
3m 4 2 m 3(m 2)
(m 0)
m m m
_ _

, ,

2
2
m
3m 8m 4 0 3
m 2
(thoa(*)). Vy gia tri cn tim la:

2
m m 2
3

VD14: Cho ham s
4 2 4
y x 2mx 2m m + + . Tim m ham s co cc ai va cc tiu, ng
thi cac im cc ai va cc tiu lp thanh mt tam giac u.
Giai: TX: D = R.
3
y' 4x 4mx . y= 0
2
x 0
x m(*)

. Ham s co cc ai va cc tiu thi

y = 0 co ba nghim phn bit va y i du khi x qua cac nghim o
phng trinh (*)

co hai nghim phn bit khac 0
m > 0. Khi o:
4
4 2
x 0 y m 2m
y' 0
x m y m m 2m
+

t +
. thi ham s co mt im cc ai la
4
A(0, m 2m) + va hai im cc tiu la
4 2 4 2
B( m, m m 2m); C( m; m m 2m) + + .
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Cac im A, B, C lp thanh mt tam giac u
AB AC
AB BC

'

2 2 4 3
AB BC m m 4m m(m 3) 0 + . Vy
3
m 3 (m 0) >
VD15: Cho ham s
4 2
y kx (k 1)x 1 2k + + . Xac inh cac gia tri cua tham s k thi
ham s chi co mt im cc tri.
Giai: TX: D = R.
3
y' 4kx 2(k 1)x + .
2
x 0
y' 0
2kx k 1 0(*)

+
. Ham s chi co mt
cc tri khi va chi khi y = 0 co mt nghim duy nht va y i du khi x i qua nghim o
phng trinh (*) v nghim hoc co nghim x = 0.

k 0
k 0
k 0 k 1 k 0
k 0 k 1
' 2k(k 1) 0

<
'

. Vy gia tri cn tim la
k 0 k 1 .
VD16: Cho ham s
4 2
1 3
y x mx
2 2
+ . Xac inh m thi cua ham s co cc tiu ma
khng co cc ai.
Giai: TX: D = R.
3
y' 2x 2mx .
2
x 0
y' 0
x m(*)

. Ham s co cc tiu ma khng co

cc ai
y' 0
co mt nghim duy nht va y i du t m sang dng khi x i qua nghim
o
phng trinh (*) v nghim hoc co nghim kep x = 0

m 0
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Chng minh rang cac ham so sau luon co cc ai, cc
tieu:
a)
3 2 2 3
3 3( 1) y x mx m x m +
b)
3 2
2 3(2 1) 6 ( 1) 1 y x m x mm x + + + +
c)
2 2 4
( 1) 1 x mm x m
y
x m
+ +
d)
2
2
1
x mx m
y
x m
+ +
+
a)
3 2
( 2) 3 5 y m x x mx + + +
co cc ai, cc tieu.
b)
3 2 2
3( 1) (2 3 2) ( 1) y x m x m m x mm + +
co cc ai, cc tieu.
c)
3 2 2
3 ( 1) 2 y x mx m x + +
at cc ai tai x = 2.
d)
4 2
2( 2) 5 y mx m x m + +
co mot cc ai
1
.
2
x
e)
2
2 2 x mx
y
x m
+
at cc tieu khi x = 2.
f)
2 2
( 1) 4 2
1
x m x m m
y
x
+ +
co cc ai, cc tieu.
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g)
2
1
x x m
y
x
+
co mot gia tr cc ai bang 0.

Bai 3. Tm m e cac ham so sau khong co cc tr:
a)
3 2
3 3 3 4 y x x mx m + + +
b)
3 2
3 ( 1) 1 y mx mx m x +
c)
2
5
3
x mx
y
x
+ +
d)
2 2
( 1) 4 2
1
x m x m m
y
x
+ +
Bai 4. Tm a, b, c, d e ham so:

a)
3 2
y ax bx cx d + + +
at cc tieu bang 0 tai x = 0 va at cc ai
bang
4
27
tai x =
1
3
b)
4 2
y ax bx c + +
co o th i qua goc toa o O va at cc tr
bang 9 tai x =
3
.
c)
2
1
x bx c
y
x
+ +
at cc tr bang 6 tai x = 1.
d)
2
ax bx ab
y
bx a
+ +
+
at cc tr tai x = 0 va x = 4.
e)
2
2
2
1
ax x b
y
x
+ +
+
at cc ai bang 5 tai x = 1.
Bai 5. Tm m e ham so :
a)
3 2 2 2
2( 1) ( 4 1) 2( 1) y x m x m m x m + + + +
at cc tr tai hai iem x
1
,
x
2
sao cho:
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
( )
2
x x
x x
+ +
.
b)
3 2
1
1
3
y x mx mx + at cc tr tai hai iem x
1
, x
2
sao cho:
1 2
8 x x
.
c)
3 2
1 1
( 1) 3( 2)
3 3
y mx m x m x + + at cc tr tai hai iem x
1
, x
2
sao
cho:
1 2
2 1 x x +
.
Bai 6. Tm m e ham so :
a)
2
2
1
x mx m
y
x m
+ +
+
co cc ai, cc tieu va cac gia tr cc ai,
cc tieu cung dau.
b)
2 2
( 1) 4 2
1
x m x m m
y
x
+ +
co cc ai, cc tieu va tch cac gia

tr cc ai, cc tieu at gia tr nho nhat.
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c)
2
3
4
x x m
y
x
+ +
co gia tr cc ai M va gia tr cc tieu m

thoa 4 M m .
d)
2
2 3 2
2
x x m
y
x
+ +
+
co
12
C CT
y y <
.
Bai 7. Tm m e o th ham so :
a)
3 2
4 y x mx +
co hai iem cc tr la A, B va
2
2
900
729
m
AB
.
b)
4 2
4 y x mx x m + +
co 3 iem cc tr la A, B, C va tam giac ABC
nhan goc toa o O lam trong tam.
c)
2
2 x mx m
y
x m
+ +
co hai iem cc tr nam hai pha oi vi truc

tung. Chng minh hai iem cc tr luon luon nam cung mot
pha oi vi truc hoanh.
d)
2
1
x mx
y
x
+
co khoang cach gia hai iem cc tr bang 10.

e)
2
2 5
1
x mx
y
x
+ +
co hai iem cc ai va cc tieu nam ve hai

pha oi vi ng thang y = 2x.
f)
2
2 3 x x m
y
x m
+ + +
co hai iem cc tr va khoang cach gia

chung nho nhat.
a)
3 2
2 12 13 y x mx x +
co hai iem cc tr cach eu truc tung.
b)
3 2 3
3 4 y x mx m +
co cac iem cc ai, cc tieu oi xng
nhau qua ng phan giac th nhat.
c)
3 2 3
3 4 y x mx m +
co cac iem cc ai, cc tieu ve mot
pha oi vi ng thang (d):
3 2 8 0 x y +
.
d)
2 2
(2 1) 1
1
x m x m
y
x
+ + + +
+
co hai iem cc tr nam hai pha oi
vi ng thang (d):
2 3 1 0 x y
.
a)
2
( 1) 2 1 x m x m
y
x m
+ +
co hai iem cc tr trong goc phan t

th nhat cua mat phang toa o.
b)
2 2 2
2 (4 1) 32 2
2
mx m x m m
y
x m
+ + + +
+
co mot iem cc tr nam trong
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goc phan t th hai va iem kia nam trong goc phan t th
t cua mat phang toa o.
c)
2 2 2
( 1) 4 mx m x m m
y
x m
+ + +
co mot iem cc tr nam trong goc

phan t th nhat va iem kia nam trong goc phan t th ba
cua mat phang toa o.
d)
2 2
(2 1) 1
1
x m x m
y
x
+ + + +
+
co hai iem cc tr nam hai pha
cua truc hoanh (tung).
Bi 10. Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem cc tr cua o
th ham so :
a)
3 2
2 1 y x x x +
b)
2 3
3 2 y x x
c)
3 2
3 6 8 y x x x +
d)
2
2 1
3
x x
y
x
+
+
e
2
1
2
x x
y
x

Bi 11. Khi ham so co cc ai, cc tieu, viet phng trnh ng

thang i qua hai iem cc tr cua o th ham so:
a)
3 2 2 3
3 3( 1) y x mx m x m +
b)
2
6 x mx
y
x m
+

c)
3 2 2
3( 1) (2 3 2) ( 1) y x m x m m x mm + +
d)
2
2
1
x mx m
y
x m
+ +
+
Bi 12. Tm m e ham so:
a)
3 2
2 3( 1) 6( 2) 1 y x m x m x + +
co ng thang i qua hai iem
cc tr song song vi ng thang y = 4x + 1.
b)
3 2
2 3( 1) 6 (1 2 ) y x m x m mx + +
co cac iem cc ai, cc tieu cua
o th nam tren ng thang y = 4x.
c)
3 2
7 3 y x mx x + + +
co ng thang i qua cac iem cc ai,
cc tieu vuong goc vi ng thang y = 3x 7.
d)
3 2 2
3 y x x mx m + +
co cac iem cc ai va cc tieu oi
xng nhau qua ng thang ():
1 5
2 2
y x .
BI 3: GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT
1. nh ngha:
Gia s ham so f xac nh tren mien D (D R).
a)
0 0
( ) ,
max ( )
: ( )
D
f x M x D
M f x
x D f x M

'

b)
0 0
( ) ,
min ( )
: ( )
D
f x m x D
m f x
x D f x m

'


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2. Tnh chat:
a) Neu ham so f ong bien tren [a; b] th
[ ; ] [ ; ]
max ( ) ( ), min ( ) ( )
ab ab
f x f b f x f a
.
b) Neu ham so f nghch bien tren [a; b] th
[ ; ] [ ; ]
max ( ) ( ), min ( ) ( )
ab ab
f x f a f x f b
.
VAN E 1: Tm GTLN, GTNN cua ham so bang cach lap bang
bien thien
Cach 1: Thng dung khi tm GTLN, GTNN cua ham so tren mot
khoang.
Tnh f (x).
Xet dau f (x) va lap bang bien thien.
Da vao bang bien thien e ket luan.
Cach 2: Thng dung khi tm GTLN, GTNN cua ham so lien tuc
tren mot oan [a; b].
Tnh f (x).
Giai phng trnh f (x) = 0 tm c cac nghiem x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
tren
[a; b] (neu co).
Tnh f(a), f(b), f(x
1
), f(x
2
), , f(x
n
).
So sanh cac gia tr va tnh va ket luan.
{ }
1 2
[ ; ]
max ( ) max ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),..., ( )
n
ab
M f x f a f b f x f x f x

{ }
1 2
[ ; ]
min ( ) min ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),..., ( )
n
ab
m f x f a f b f x f x f x
VD1: Tm GTLN-GTNN ca hs: 5 9 3
2 3
+ x x x y
D=R
9 6 3 '
2
x x y
Cho

3
1
0 9 6 3 0 '
2
x
x
x x y
BBT
Vy: khng c Maxy, Miny
3 4
+ + x x x y
D=R
2 6 4 '
2 3
+ x x y
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22
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Cho
+
2
1
0
0 2 6 4 0 '
2 3
x
x
x x y
BBT
Vy: Min y =
2
1
16
5
x

Qua vd trn Max v Min rt tm ch cn tm C-CT m thi.
i vi hs c MX trn on th ta khng dng n BBT na.
VD3: Tm GTLN-GTNN ca hs: 5 2
2 4
+ x x y ,
] 3 ; 2 [ x
] 3 ; 2 [ D
(hoc D=R xt
] 3 ; 2 [ x
)
x x y 4 4 '
3

Cho

1
0
0 ) 1 ( 4 0 '
2
x
x
x x y
. 68 ) 3 ( ; 13 ) 2 ( ; 4 ) 1 ( ; 4 ) 1 ( ; 5 ) 0 ( y y y y y
Vy:
3 68
] 3 ; 2 [

x y Max
x
v
1 4
] 3 ; 2 [
t

x y Min
x
3 4 5
+ + x x x y ,
] 2 ; 1 [ x
] 2 ; 1 [ D
(hoc D=R xt
] 2 ; 1 [ x
)
2 3 4
15 20 5 ' x x x y +
Cho
+
] 2 ; 1 [ 3
1
0
0 15 20 5 0 '
2 3 4
x
x
x
x x x y
. 6 ) 2 ( ; 9 ) 1 ( ; 3 ) 1 ( ; 2 ) 0 ( y y y y
Vy:
1 3
] 2 ; 1 [

x y Max
x
v
1 9
] 2 ; 1 [

x y Min
x
VD5: Tm GTLN-GTNN ca hs:
1
3 2
2
+ +
x
x x
y ,
] 3 ; 1 ( x
] 3 ; 1 ( D
(hoc D= } 1 { \ R xt
] 3 ; 1 ( x
)
2
2
) 1 (
5 2
'
x
x x
y
Cho 6 1 0 5 2 0 '
2
t x x x y
BBT
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23
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy:
3 9
] 3 ; 1 (

x y Min
x
v
y Max
x ] 3 ; 1 (
khng tn ti.
2
4 x y
] 2 ; 2 [ D

2
4
'
x
x
y
Cho
0 0 ' x y
. 0 ) 2 ( ; 0 ) 2 ( ; 2 ) 0 ( y y y
Vy:
0 2
] 2 ; 2 [

x y Max
x
v
2 0
] 2 ; 2 [
t

x y Min
x
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24
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
1 sin sin
1 sin
2
+ +
+
x x
x
y
t
1 , sin t x t
1
1
2
+ +
+
t t
t
y ;
] 1 ; 1 [ t
2 2
2
) 1 (
2
'
+ +

t t
t t
y
Cho

] 1 ; 1 [ 2
0
0 2 0 '
2
t
t
t t y
.
3
2
) 1 ( ; 0 ) 1 ( ; 1 ) 0 ( y y y
Vy:
0 1
] 1 ; 1 [

x y Max
t
v
1 0
] 1 ; 1 [

x y Min
x
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Tm GTLN, GTNN cua cac ham so sau:
a)
2
4 3 y x x + +
b)
3 4
4 3 y x x
c)
4 2
2 2 y x x +
d)
2
2 y x x +
e)
2
1
2 2
x
y
x x
+
f)
2
2
2 4 5
1
x x
y
x
+ +
+
g)
2
1
( 0) y x x
x
+ > h)
2
2
1
1
x x
y
x x
+
+ +
i)
4 2
3
1
( 0)
x x
y x
x x
+ +
>
+

a)
3 2
2 3 12 1 y x x x + +
tren [1; 5] b)
3
3 y x x
tren [2; 3]
c)
4 2
2 3 y x x +
tren [3; 2] d)
4 2
2 5 y x x +
tren [2; 2]
e)
3 1
3
x
y
x

tren [0; 2] f)
1
1
x
y
x
+
tren [0; 4]
g)
2
4 7 7
2
x x
y
x
+ +
+
tren [0; 2] h)
2
2
1
1
x x
y
x x
+
+
tren [0; 1]
i)
2
100 y x
tren [6; 8] k)
2 4 y x x + +
a)
2sin 1
sin 2
x
y
x

+
b)
2
1
cos cos 1
y
x x
+ +
c)
2
2sin cos 1 y x x +
d)
cos2 2sin 1 y x x
e)
3 3
sin cos y x x +
f)
2
4 2
1
1
x
y
x x
+
g)
2 2
4 2 5 2 3 y x x x x + + +
h)
2 2
4 4 3 y x x x x + + +
Ta cha ht phn Max-Min u v dng ton ny cn nhng ng dng t cc cng c khc na. cc
em mun phn ny y th c chuyn v Bt ng thc ca thy th cc em s hiu su hn.
Gii thiu s s v BT
VD1: Gia s { } ( ; ; )/ 0, 0, 0, 1 D x y z x y z x y z > > > + + . Tm gia tr ln nhat cua
bieu thc:
1 1 1
x y z
P
x y z
+ +
+ + +
.
Gii:
1 1 1
3
1 1 1
P
x y z
_
+ +

+ + +
,
GV:L Th Bch Tuyt Trng THPT Qunh Lu 2 Ngh an 25
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
S dung bat ang thc Cosi:
[ ]
1 1 1
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 9
1 1 1
x y z
x y z
_
+ + + + + +

+ + +
,
P
3
4
. Dau = xay ra x = y = z =
1
3
. Vay
3
min
4 D
P .
VD2: Cho D =
5
( ; )/ 0, 0,
4
x y x y x y

> > + ' )

. Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu
thc:
4 1
4
S
x y
+ .
Gii:
( )
1 1 1 1 1
4 25
4
x x x x y
x x x x y
_
+ + + + + + + +

,

4 1
4( ) 25
4
x y
x y
_
+ +

,
S 5. Dau = xay ra x = 1, y =
1
4
. Vay minS = 5.
VD3: Cho D = { } ( ; )/ 0, 0, 1 x y x y x y > > + < . Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu
thc:
2 2
1
1 1
x y
P x y
x y x y
+ + + +
+
.
Gii:
2 2
1
(1 ) (1 ) 2
1 1
x y
P x y
x y x y
+ + + + + +
+
=
1 1 1
2
1 1 x y x y
+ +
+
.
S dung bat ang thc Cosi:
[ ]
1 1 1
(1 ) (1 ) ( ) 9
1 1
x y x y
x y x y
_
+ + + + +

+
,

1 1 1 9
1 1 2 x y x y
+ +
+
P
5
2
. Dau = xay ra x = y =
1
3
. Vay minP =
5
2
.
VD4: Cho D = { } ( ; )/ 0, 0, 4 x y x y x y > > + . Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu
thc:
2 2
2
3 4 2
4
x y
P
x
y
+ +
+
.
Gii:
2
1 1
2
4 8 8 2
x y y x y
P
x
y
_ +
+ + + + +

,
(1)
Theo bat ang thc Cosi:
1 1
2 . 1
4 4
x x
x x
+ (2)
3
2 2
1 1 3
3 . .
8 8 8 8 4
y y y y
y y
+ +
(3)
P
9
2
. Dau = xay ra x = y = 2. Vay minP =
9
2
.
BI4: TIM CN
1. nh ngha:
ng thang
0
x x
gl ng tiem can ng cua o th ham so
( ) y f x
neu t nhat mot trong cac ieu kien sau c thoa man:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
+
+
;
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
+

;
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
+
;
0
lim ( )
x x
f x

ng thang
0
y y
gl ng tiem can ngang cua o th ham so
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
( ) y f x
0
lim ( )
x
f x y
+
; 0
lim ( )
x
f x y
ng thang
, 0 y ax b a +
gl ng tiem can xien cua o th ham
so
( ) y f x
[ ] lim ( ) ( ) 0
x
f x ax b
+
+
;
[ ] lim ( ) ( ) 0
x
f x ax b
+
2. Chu y:
a) Neu
( )
( )
( )
P x
y f x
Q x
la ham so phan thc hu ty.
Neu Q(x) = 0 co nghiem x
0
th o th co tiem can ng
0
x x
.
Neu bac(P(x)) bac(Q(x)) th o th co tiem can ngang.
Neu bac(P(x)) = bac(Q(x)) + 1 th o th co tiem can xien.
b) e xac nh cac he so a, b trong phng trnh cua tiem can xien,
ta co the ap dung cac cong thc sau:
[ ]
( )
lim ; lim ( )
x x
f x
a b f x ax
x + +

hoac [ ]
( )
lim ; lim ( )
x x
f x
a b f x ax
x

VD1 : Tm cc ng tim cn ca cc hs sau:
a)
1
2
x
x
y
D= } 1 { \ R
1 lim
1
+
+
x y
x
l ng tim cn ng.
1 1 lim
+
y y
x
l ng tim cn ngang.
b)
1
1
2
1
3 3
2
x
x
x
x x
y
D= } 1 { \ R
1 lim
1
+
+
x y
x
l ng tim cn ng.
[ ] 2 0
1
1
lim ) 2 ( lim
,
_

+ +
x y
x
x y
x x
l ng tim cn xin
.c)
x
x
y
1
2
+
D= } 0 { \ R
0 lim
0
+
+
x y
x
l ng tim cn ng.
1 1 lim
+
y y
x
l ng tim cn ngang.
1 1 lim

y y
x
l ng tim cn ngang.

+
0 lim ; 0 lim
x
y
x
y
x x
khng c tim cn xin.
BI TP V NH
BI 1. Tm cac tiem can cua o th cac ham so sau:
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
a)
2 5
1
x
y
x

b)
10 3
1 2
x
y
x
+
c)
2 3
2
x
y
x
+
d)
2
4 3
1
x x
y
x
+
+
e)
2
( 2)
1
x
y
x
f)
2
7 4 5
2 3
x x
y
x
+ +

a)
2
4 5
x
y
x x
+
b)
2
2
9
x
y
x
+
c)
2
2
4 5
1
x x
y
x
+ +
d)
2
2
2 3 3
1
x x
y
x x
+ +
+ +
e)
3
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+ +
+
f)
4
3
4
1
x x
y
x
+

a)
2
4 y x x
b)
2
4 2
9
x
y
x
+
c)
2
1
4 3
y
x x
+
d)
1
1
x
y x
x
+
e)
3 2 3
3 y x x
f)
2
3 2
2
x x
y
x
+
BI 5: KHO ST V V TH HM S
1. Cac bc khao sat s bien thien va ve o th cua ham so
Tm tap xac nh cua ham so.
Xet s bien thien cua ham so:
+ Tnh y.
+ Tm cac iem tai o ao ham y bang 0 hoac khong xac nh.
+ Tm cac gii han tai vo cc, gii han vo cc va tm tiem can
(neu co).
+ Lap bang bien thien ghi ro dau cua ao ham, chieu bien
thien, cc tr cua ham so.
Ve o th cua ham so:
+ Tm iem uon cua o th (oi vi ham so bac ba va ham so
trung phng).
Tnh y.
Tm cac iem tai o y = 0 va xet dau y.
+ Ve cac ng tiem can (neu co) cua o th.
+ Xac nh mot so iem ac biet cua o th nh giao iem cua
o th vi cac truc toa o (trong trng hp o th khong cat cac
truc toa o hoac viec tm toa o giao iem phc tap th co the bo
qua). Co the tm them mot so iem thuoc o th e co the ve
chnh xac hn.
+ Nhan xet ve o th: Ch ra truc oi xng, tam oi xng (neu
co) cua o th.
2. Ham so bac ba
3 2
( 0) y ax bx cx d a + + +
:
Tap xac nh D = R.
o th luon co mot iem uon va nhan iem uon lam tam oi
xng.
Cac dang o th:
a > 0 a < 0
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
y = 0 co 2 nghiem
phan biet
= b
2
3ac > 0
y = 0 co nghiem
kep
= b
2
3ac = 0
y = 0 vo nghiem
= b
2
3ac < 0
3. Ham so trung phng
4 2
( 0) y ax bx c a + +
:
Tap xac nh D = R.
o th luon nhan truc tung lam truc oi xng.
Cac dang o th:
4. Ham so nhat bien ( 0, 0)
ax b
y c ad bc
cx d
+

+
:
Tap xac nh D = \
d
R
c

' )

.
o th co mot tiem can ng la
d
x
c
va mot tiem can ngang la
a
y
c
. Giao iem cua hai tiem can la tam oi xng cua o th ham
so.
y
x 0
I
y
x 0
I
y
x 0
I
y
x 0
I
a > 0a < 0y = 0 co 3 nghiem phan biet
ab < 0
y = 0 ch co
1 nghiem
ab > 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
29
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Cac dang o th:
5. Ham so hu ty
2
( . ' 0, )
' '
ax bx c
y aa tkhongchia het cho mau
a x b
+ +

+
:
Tap xac nh D =
'
\
'
b
R
a

' )

.
o th co mot tiem can ng la
'
'
b
x
a
va mot tiem can xien.
Giao iem cua hai tiem can la tam oi xng cua o th ham so.
Cac dang o th:
a.a > 0 a.a < 0
y = 0 co 2 nghiem
phan biet
y = 0 vo nghiem
VD1: kho st s bin thin v v th hm s sau:
a)
2 3
2 3
+ x x y
D=R th:
0
ad bc > 0
x
y
0
ad bc < 0
x
y
0
x
y
0
x
y
30
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
x x y 6 3 '
2
. Cho

2
0
0 6 3 0 '
2
x
x
x x y
+
+
y y
x x
lim ; lim
BBT
Vy: hs tng
) 0 ; (
v
) ; 2 ( +
. Hs gim
) 2 ; 0 (
.
Hs t cc i ti (0;2), cc tiu ti (2;-2).
6 6 ' ' x y
. Cho
0 1 0 6 6 0 ' ' y x x y
. Vy hs nhn
im un I(1;0) lm tm i xng.
Cho
2 3 ; 2 1 y x y x

b)
2 3
3
+ + x x y
D=R
3 3 '
2
+ x y >0
+
+
y y
x x
lim ; lim
BBT
Vy: hs lun tng trn D v Hs khng c cc
tr.
x y 6 ' '
. Cho
2 0 0 ' ' y x y
. Vy hs
nhn im un I(0;2) lm tm i xng.
Cho
2 1 ; 6 1 y x y x
th:
c)
1 2
2 4
+ + x x y
D=R
x x y 4 4 '
3
+ . Cho
3
2
' 0 4 4 0
0 0
1 1
y x x
x x
x x
+

t

+
y y
x x
lim ; lim
BBT
th:
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Vy: hs tng
) 1 ; (
v
) 1 ; 0 (
. Hs
gim
) 0 ; 1 (
v
) ; 1 ( +
.
Hs t cc i ti (-1;2) v (1;2), cc tiu ti
(0;1).
th nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng.
Cho
4 2
2
2
0 2 1 0
1 2
1 2
1 2( )
y x x
x
x
x L
+ +
+
t +
d)
1
1
x
x
y
D= } 1 { \ R
0
) 1 (
2
'
2
<
x
y
.
1 x l ng tim cn ng v
+
+
y
x 1
lim
1 y
l ng tim cn ngang v
1 lim
+
y
x
BBT
Vy: hs lun gim trn D.v Hs khng c cc tr
th nhn I(1;1) lm tm i xng.
Cho
1 0 ; 1 0 x y y x
th:
e)
1
1
1
1
2
x
x
x
x x
y
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
D= } 1 { \ R
2
2
) 1 (
2
'
x
x x
y
.
Cho

2
0
0 2 0 '
2
x
x
x x y
1 x l ng tim cn ng v
+
+
y
x 1
lim
x y
l ng tim cn xin v
0
1
1
lim
,
_
+
x
x
BBT
Vy: hs tng
) 0 ; (
v
) ; 2 ( +
.Hs gim
) 1 ; 0 (
v
) 2 ; 1 (
.
Hs t cc i ti (0;-1) v cc tiu ti (2;3).
Cho
vn y y x 0 ; 1 0
th:
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th cua cac ham so:
a)
3 2
3 9 1 y x x x +
b)
3 2
3 3 5 y x x x + + +
c)
3 2
3 2 y x x +
d)
2
( 1) (4 ) y x x
e)
3
2
1
3 3
x
y x +
f)
3 2
3 4 2 y x x x +
a)
4 2
2 1 y x x
b)
4 2
4 1 y x x +
c)
4
2
5
3
2 2
x
y x +
d)
2 2
( 1) ( 1) y x x +
e)
4 2
2 2 y x x + +
f)
4 2
2 4 8 y x x + +
a)
1
2
x
y
x
+
+
b)
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
c)
3
4
x
y
x
d)
1 2
1 2
x
y
x
+
e)
3 1
3
x
y
x

f)
2
2 1
x
y
x
+
a)
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+ +
+
b)
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
c)
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+
+
d)
1
1
1
y x
x
+ +
e)
2
1
x
y
x
f)
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+
BI 6: S TNG GIAO
1. Cho hai o th (C
1
): y = f(x) va (C
2
): y = g(x). e tm hoanh o giao iem
cua (C
1
) va (C
2
) ta giai phng trnh: f(x) = g(x) (*) (goi la phng trnh
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
hoanh o giao iem).
So nghiem cua phng trnh (*) bang so giao iem cua hai o th.
2. o th ham so bac ba
3 2
( 0) y ax bx cx d a + + +
cat truc hoanh tai 3
iem phan biet
Phng trnh
3 2
0 ax bx cx d + + +
co 3 nghiem phan biet.
Ham so
3 2
y ax bx cx d + + +
co cc ai, cc tieu va
. 0
C CT
y y <
.
I.HM PHN THC
VD1: Cho ham s
x 3
y
x 1
+
+
co thi la (C).
a) Chng minh rng ng thng (d): y = 2x + m lun lun ct (C) tai hai im phn bit M va N.
b) Xac inh m dai MN nho nht.
Giai: Phng trinh hoanh giao im cua (d) va (C):
x 3
2x m
x 1
+
+
+
2
g(x) 2x (m 1)x m 3 0 (x 1) (*) + + +
Ta co:
2 2
(m 1) 8(m 3) (m 3) 16 0, m
g( 1) 2 0, m
+ + >
'

phng trinh (*) lun lun co hai nghim phn bit khac 1.
Vy (d) lun ct (C) tai hai im phn bit M va N. Goi x
1
, x
2
ln lt la hoanh cua M va N thi x
1
,
x
2
la nghim cua phng trinh (*). Ta co:
1 2 1 2
1 1
x x (m 1), x x (m 3)
2 2
+ + . Mt khac:
1 1 2 2
y 2x m, y 2x m + +
. Ta co:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
2
MN (x x ) (y y ) (x x ) 4(x x ) 5 (x x ) 4x x
1
5 (m 1) 2(m 3)
4
1 + + +
]
1
+
1
]
2 2
5
MN (m 3) 16 20 MN 2 5
4
1 +
]
. Vy MN
min
=2 5 , at c khi m = 3.
VD2: Cho hm s
2 +
x
x m
y
c th l
) (
m
H
, vi
m
l tham s thc.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho khi 1 m .
2. Tm m ng thng
0 1 2 2 : + y x d
ct
) (
m
H
ti hai im cng vi gc ta to thnh
mt tam gic c din tch l
.
8
3
S
Gii.
2. Honh giao im A, B ca d v
) (
m
H
l cc nghim ca phng trnh
2
1
2
+
+
+
x
x
m x
2 , 0 ) 1 ( 2 2
2
+ + x m x x (1)
Pt (1) c 2 nghim
2 1
, x x
phn bit khc 2
'

<
'
+
>
2
16
17
0 ) 1 ( 2 2 ) 2 .( 2
0 16 17
2
m
m
m
m
.
Ta c
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
. 16 17 .
2
2
4 ) ( . 2 ) ( . 2 ) ( ) (
2 1
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
m x x x x x x y y x x AB + +
Khong cch t gc ta O n d l
.
2 2
1
h
Suy ra ,
2
1
8
3
16 17 .
2
2
.
2 2
1
.
2
1
. .
2
1

m m AB h S
OAB
tha mn.
VD3: Cho hm s y =
2
2
x
x
(C)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (C).
2. Tm m ng thng (d ): y = x + m ct th (C) ti 2 im phn bit thuc 2 nhnh khc nhau
ca th sao cho khong cch gia 2 im l nh nht. Tm gi tr nh nht .
Gii.
2. (d) ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit th pt
2
2
x
x m
x
+
hay x
2
+ (m - 4)x -2x = 0 (1) c 2 nghim phn
bit khc 2. Phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2 khi v ch khi
2
16
4 0
m
m
+
'

(2).
Gi s A(x
1
;y
1
), B(x
2
;y
2
) l 2 giao im khi x
1
, x
2
l 2 nghim phng trnh (1). Theo nh l viet ta c
1 2
1 2
4
(3)
2
x x m
x x m
+
'

, y
1
=x
1
+m, y
2
=x
2
+m
A, B thuc 2 nhnh khc nhau ca th th A, B nm khc pha i vi t x 2 = 0. A, B nm khc
pha i vi t x 2 = 0 khi v ch khi (x
1
- 2)(x
2
- 2) < 0 hay
x
1
x
2
2(x
1
+ x
2
) +4 < 0 (4) thay (3) vo 4 ta c 4 < 0 lun ng (5)
mt khc ta li c AB =
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 2( ) 8 x x y y x x x x + + (6)
thay (3) vo (6) ta c AB =
2
2 32 32 m +
vy AB = 32 nh nht khi m = 0 (7). T (1), (5), (7)
ta c m = 0 tho mn .
VD4: Cho ham so
1
1
x
y
x
+
.
1) Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so.
2) Tm a va b e ng thang (d):
y ax b +
cat (C) tai hai iem phan
biet oi xng nhau qua ng thang ( ):
2 3 0 x y +
.
Gii.
2. Phng trnh cua ( ) c viet lai:
1 3
2 2
y x + .
e thoa e bai, trc het (d) vuong goc vi ( ) hay 2 a
Khi o phng trnh hoanh o giao iem gia (d) va (C):

1
2
1
x
x b
x
+
+

2
2 ( 3) ( 1) 0 x b x b +
. (1)
e (d) cat (C) tai hai iem phan biet A, B
(1) co hai nghiem phan biet
0 >

2
2 17 0 b b + + >

b tuy y.
Goi I la trung iem cua AB, ta co

3
2 4
3
2
2
A B
I
I I
x x
b
x
b
y x b
+

'
+
.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Vay e thoa yeu cau bai toan

ton tai ,
( )
( )
A B
AB
I

'

2
2 3 0
I I
b
a
x y

'
2
3
( 3) 3 0
4
a
b
b

'
+ +

2
1
a
b

'

.
VD5: Cho hm s
1
1
x
y
x
+
( 1 ) c th
( ) C
.
1. Kho st v v th ca hm s ( 1).
2. Chng minh rng ng thng
( ) : 2 d y x m +
lun ct (C) ti hai im
phn bit A, B thuc hai nhnh khc nhau. Xc nh m on AB c di
ngn nht.
Gii.
2. Chng minh rng ng thng
( ) : 2 d y x m +
lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit
A, B thuc hai nhnh khc nhau. Xc nh m on AB c di ngn nht .
. ng thng (d) lun ct ( C ) ti hai im phn bit th phng trnh.
1
2
1
x
x m
x
+
+
c hai nghim phn bit vi mi m v

1 2
1 x x < <

1 ( 1)(2 )
1
x x x m
x
+ +
'
c hai nghim phn bit

1 2
1 x x < <
2
2 ( 3) 1 0 (*)
1
x m x m
x
+
'
c hai nghim phn bit

1 2
1 x x < <
0
(1) 0 f
>
'
<
2
( 1) 16 0
(1) 2 ( 3) 1 2 0
m m
f m m
+ + >
'
+ <
Vy vi mi gi tr ca m thng thng
( ) : 2 d y x m +
lun ct (C) ti hai im
phn bit A, B thuc hai nhnh khc nhau.
. Gi
1 1 2 2
( ; 2 ), ( ; 2 ) A x x m B x x m + +
l hai im giao gia (d) v (C).(
1 2
; x x
l hai nghim
ca phng trnh (*))
Ta c
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
( ; 2( )) ( ) (2( )) 5( ) AB x x x x AB x x x x x x +
uuur
Theo Vi t ta c
2
1
5 ( 1) 16 2 5
2
AB m m 1 + +
]
. 2 5 1 AB m
Vy vi m = -1 l gi tr cn tm.
VD6: Cho hm s y =
1
1 2
+
x
x
(1)
1/ Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1)
2/ nh k ng thng d: y = kx + 3 ct th hm s (1) ti hai im M, N sao cho tam gic
OMN vung gc ti O. ( O l gc ta )
Gii.
2. / Xt pt:
) ( 0 4 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 3
1
1 2
2
x g x k kx x kx
x
x
+
+
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
d ct th hs (1) ti M, N
'
+ > <
'
>
3 4 7 3 4 7
0
0 ) 1 (
0
0
k k
k
g
k
'
+
t +
+ + + + + + +
k
x x
k
k
x x
k k k
x x k x x k kx kx x x ON OM ON OM
N M
N M
N M N M N M N M
4
.
1
5 3 0 4 6
0 9 ) ( 3 ) . )( 1 ( 0 ) 3 )( 3 ( . 0 .
2
2
VD7: Cho hm s
2 4
1
x
y
x
+
.
1) Kho st v v th ( ) C
ca hm s trn.
2) Gi (d) l ng thng qua A( 1; 1 ) v c h s gc k. Tm k sao cho (d) ct ( C ) ti hai im M,
N v 3 10 MN .
Gii.
2. T gi thit ta c:
( ) : ( 1) 1. d y k x +
Bi ton tr thnh: Tm k h phng trnh sau c hai nghim
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) x y x y
phn bit sao cho ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
90(*) x x y y +
2 4
( 1) 1
( )
1
( 1) 1
x
k x
I
x
y k x
+
+
'
. Ta c:
2
(2 3) 3 0
( )
( 1) 1
kx k x k
I
y k x
+ +
'
+
D c (I) c hai nghim phn bit khi v ch khi phng trnh

2
(2 3) 3 0(**) kx k x k + + c hai
nghim phn bit. Khi d c c
3
0, .
8
k k <
Ta bin i (*) tr thnh: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
(1 ) 90 (1 )[ 4 ] 90(***) k x x k x x x x + + +
Theo nh l Viet cho (**) ta c:
1 2 1 2
2 3 3
, ,
k k
x x x x
k k
+
+ th vo (***) ta c phng trnh:
3 2 2
8 27 8 3 0 ( 3)(8 3 1) 0 k k k k k k + + + +
16
41 3
16
41 3
3
+

k k k
.
KL: Vy c 3 gi tr ca k tho mn nh trn.
VD8: Cho hm s
2 2
1
x
y
x

+
(C)
1. Kho st hm s.
2. Tm m ng thng d: y = 2x + m ct th (C) ti 2 im phn bit A, B sao cho AB = 5 .
Gii.
2. Phng trnh honh giao im: 2x
2
+ mx + m + 2 = 0 , (x - 1) (1)
d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit PT(1) c 2 nghim phn bit khc -1 m
2
- 8m - 16 > 0 (2)
Gi A(x
1
; 2x
1
+ m) , B(x
2
; 2x
2
+ m. Ta c x
1
, x
2
l 2 nghim ca PT(1).
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Theo L Vit ta c
1 2
1 2
2
2
2
m
x x
m
x x
'
+
.
AB
2
= 5
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 4( ) 5 x x x x +
2
1 2 1 2
( ) 4 1 x x x x + m
2
- 8m - 20 = 0
m = 10 , m = - 2 ( Tha mn (2))
HM BC BA
VD9: Cho ham s
3 2
y x 6x 9x 6 + (C). inh m ng thng (d):
y mx 2m 4
ct thi (C)
tai ba im phn bit.
Giai: Phng trinh hoanh giao im:
3 2 3 2
x 6x 9x 6 mx 2m 4 x 6x 9x 2 m(x 2) + +
2 2
(x 2)(x 4x 1) m(x 2) 0 (x 2)(x 4x 1 m) (1) + +
2
x 2
g(x) x 4x 1 m 0 (2)

Phng trinh (1) co 3 nghim phn bit khi va chi khi phng trinh (2) co hai nghim phn bit khac
2.
' m 3 0
m 3
g(2) m 3 0
+ >
>
'

VD10: Cho ham s

3 2
m
1 2
y x mx x m (C )
3 3
+ + . Tim m (C
m
) ct truc hoanh tai ba im phn bit
co hoanh x
1
, x
2
, x
3
thoa man iu kin
2 2 2
1 2 3
x x x 15 + + >
3 2 3 2
1 2
x mx x m 0 x 3mx 3x 3m 2 0
3 3
+ + + +
( )
2
2
(x 1) x 1 3m x 3m 2 0 (1)
x 1
g(x) x (1 3m)x 3m 2 0 (2)
1 +
]

(C
m
) ct truc Ox tai ba im phn bit
(1) co ba nghim phn bit
(2) co hai ngim phn bit

khac 1.
2 2
(1 3m) 4(3m 2) 0 3m 2m 3 0, m
m 0 (a)
g(1) 6m 0 m 0
+ + > + + >

' '

Gia s x
3
= 1; x
1
, x
2
la nghim cua (2). Ta co:
1 2 1 2
x x 3m 1; x x 3m 2 +
. Khi o:
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
2 2
x x x 15 (x x ) 2x x 1 15
(3m 1) 2(3m 2) 14 0 m 1 0 m 1 m 1 (b)
+ + > + + >
+ + > > < >
T (a) va (b) ta co gia tri cn tim la: m < -1 hoc m > 1.
VD11: Cho ham s
3 2
m
y x 3x 9x m (C ) + . Xac inh m thi (C
m
) cua ham s a cho ct truc
hoanh tai ba im phn bit vi cac hoanh lp thanh cp s cng.
3 2
x 3x 9x m 0 (*) + . Gia s (C
m
) ct truc Ox tai ba
im phn bit co hoanh
1 2 3 1 2 3
x , x , x (x x x ) < <
thi x
1
, x
2
, x
3
la nghim cua phng trinh (*). Khi
o:
3 2
1 2 3
x 3x 9x m (x x )(x x )(x x ) +
3 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
x (x x x )x (x x x x x x )x x x x x x x 3 (1) + + + + + + +
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Ta so: x
1
, x
2
, x
3
lp thanh mt cp s cng
1 3 2
x x 2x (2) +
. Th (2) vao (1) ta c: x
2
= 1. khi x
2

=1: (*) m = 11. Vi m = 11:
3 2 2
(*) x 3x 9x 11 0 (x 1)(x 2x 11) 0 +
1
2 1 3 2
3
x 1 2 3
x 1 x x 2x
x 1 2 3
. Vy m = 11 thoa yu cu.
VD12: Cho ham s
3 2 2
m
y x 3mx 2m(m 4)x 9m m (C ) + + . Tim m thi (C
m
) cua ham s ct
truc hoanh tai 3 im cach u nhau.
Giai: Ta co:
2
y' 3x 6mx 2m(m 4); y'' 6x 6m +
2
y'' 0 x m y m m . im un
2
I(m; m m) .
iu kin cn: thi (C
m
) cua ham s ct truc hoanh tai 3 im ct u nhau I Ox
m 0
m 1

.
iu kin u:
+Vi m = 0, ta co: y = x
3
: thi cua ham s chi ct truc hoanh ta 1 im duy nht m = 0 khng
thoa.
+Vi m = 1, ta co:
3 2
y x 3x 6x 8 + .
3 2 2
y 0 x 3x 6x 8 (x 1)(x 2x 8) 0 +
1
2 1 3 2
3
x 2
x 1 x x 2x
x 4

.
Vy m = 1 thoa yu cu bai toan.
VD13: Cho ham s
3 2
y 2x 3x 1 (C) + . Tim iu kin cua a va b ng thng (d): y = ax + b ct
(C) tai ba im phn bit A, B, D sao cho AB = BD. Khi o chng minh rng ng thng (d) lun lun
i qua mt im c inh.
Giai: Phng trinh hoanh giao im
3 2 3 2
2x 3x 1 ax b 2x 3x ax 1 b 0 (*) + + + . Gia s
(d) ct (C) tai ba im phn bit A, B, D co hoanh ln lt la
1 2 3 1 2 3
x , x , x (x x x ) < <
la nghim
cua phng trinh (*). Khi o:
3 2
1 2 3
3 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
2x 3x ax 1 b (x x )(x x )(x x )
2x 2(x x x )x 2(x x x x x x )x 2x x x
+
+ + + + +
1 2 3
3
x x x (1)
2
+ + . Ta co: AB = BD
1 3 2
x x 2x (2) +
. Th (2) vao (1) ta co:
2
1
x
2
. Khi
2
1 1 a
x : (*) a 2b 1 b
2 2
+ . Vi
1 a
b
2
3 2 3 2
1
(*) 2x 3x ax (a 1) 0 4x 6x 2ax 1 1
2
+ + +
2
2
1
x
(2x 1)(2x 2x a 1) 0 2
g(x) 2x 2x a 1 (**)
(d) ct (C) tai ba im phn bit A, B, D
phng trinh (**) co hai nghim phn bit khac

1
2
' 2a 3 0
3
a
1 3
g a 0 2
2 2
+ >
>
' _

,
. Vy:
1 a 3
b , a
2 2
> thoa yu cu.

Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Khi o:
1 a
(d) : y ax
2
+ (2x 1)a 1 2y 0 +
. Phng trinh nay nghim ung vi moi
3
a
2
>
2x 1 0
1
x y
1 2y 0 2

'

. im c inh
1 1
I ;
2 2
_

,
.
VD14: Cho ham s
3 2
m
y x mx m (C ) + . inh m thi (C
m
) ct truc Ox tai ba im phn bit.
Giai: thi (C
m
) ct truc Ox tai ba im phn bit
(C
m
) co hai cc tri ng thi hai gia tri cc tri
trai du. Ta co:
2
y' 3x 2mx + .
3
x 0 y m
y' 0
2m 4
x y m m
3 27

* Ham s co hai cc tri
m 0
* Hai gia tri cc tri trai du ( )
3 2 2
2m 4
y(0).y 0 m . m m 0 m .(4m 27) 0
3 27
_ _
< < >

, ,
2
3 3
4m 27 0 (m 0) m
2
> >
VD15 : Cho hm s
3 2
2 3( 1) 2 y x mx m x + + + (1), m l tham s thc
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s khi 0 m .
2. Tm m th hm s ct ng thng
: 2 y x +
ti 3 im phn bit
(0; 2) A
; B; C sao cho
tam gic MBC c din tch
2 2
, vi
(3;1). M
Gii.
2. Phng trnh honh giao im ca th vi
( )
l:
3 2
2 3( 1) 2 2 x mx m x x + + + +
2
0 2
( ) 2 3 2 0(2)
x y
g x x mx m

+ +
ng thng
( )
ct d th hm s (1) ti ba im phn bit A(0;2), B, C
Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit khc 0

%
2
2 1
' 0 3 2 0
2
(0) 0 3 2 0
3
m hoacm
m m
g m m
> <
> + >

' ' '

Gi ( )
1 1
; B x y
v ( )
2 2
; C x y
, trong
1 2
, x x
l nghim ca (2);
1 1
2 y x +
v
1 2
2 y x +
Ta c ( )
3 1 2
; ( )
2
h d M
+

2 2.2 2
4
2
MBC
S
BC
h

M
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 4 BC x x y y x x x x 1 + +
]
=
2
8( 3 2) m m +
Suy ra
2
8( 3 2) m m + =16 0 m (tho mn) hoc 3 m (tho mn)
Vn im c nh ta s ni su hn bi sau PH
HM TRNG PHNG
VD16: Cho ham s
4 2
m
y x 2(m 2)x 2m 3 (C ) + + . inh m thi (C
m
) ct truc Ox tai bn
im phn bit co hoanh lp thanh mt cp s cng.
4 2
x 2(m 2)x 2m 3 0 (1) + + . t
2
t x , t 0 .
2
(1) g(t) t 2(m 2)t 2m 3 (2) + + . (C
m
) ct truc hoanh tai bn im phn bit
(1) co bn
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
nghim phn bit
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
x , x , x , x (x x x x ) < < <
(2) co hai nghim dng phn bit
1 2 1 2
t , t (t t ) <
.
2 2
' (m 2) 2m 3 0 (m 1) 0
3
m
S 2(m 2) 0 m 2
2
m 1
P 2m 3 0 3
m
2
+ > + >

>
+ > >
' ' '

+ >

>
Theo inh li Viet, ta co:

1 2
1 2
t t 2(m 2) (a)
t t 2m 3 (b)
+ +
'
+
. Khi o phng trinh (1) co bn nghim phn bit:

1 2 2 1 3 1 4 2
x t x t x t x t < < < . Ta co:
1 2 3 4
x , x , x , x
lp thanh mt cp s cng
2 1 3 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 2 1
x x x x x x t t t t t t + +
2 1
t 9t (c)
T (a) va (c), ta co:
1 2
1 9
t (m 2), t (m 2)
5 5
+ + . Th vao (b), ta c:
2
1 9
(m 2). (m 2) 2m 3 9m 14m 39 0
5 5
+ + +
m 3
13
m
9
(thoa(*)).
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Tm toa o giao iem cua cac o th cua cac ham so sau:
a)
2
3
3
2 2
1
2 2
x
y x
x
y
'
b)
2
2 4
1
2 4
x
y
x
y x x

'
+ +
c)
3
4 3
2
y x x
y x

'
+

d)
4 2
2
1
4 5
y x x
y x
+
'

e)
3 2
2
5 10 5
1
y x x x
y x x
+
'
+
f)
2
1
3 1
x
y
x
y x

'

Bai 2. Bien luan theo m so giao iem cua cac o th cua cac ham
so sau:
a)
y x x
y mx
3
3 2
( 2)

'

b)
3 2
2
3 2
1 13
2 12
x x
y x
y m x
'
_
+ +

c)
3
3
3
( 3)
x
y x
y mx
+
'

d)
2 1
2
2
x
y
x
y x m
+

'
+
e)
1
1
2
x
y
x
y x m
+

'

f)
2
6 3
2
x x
y
x
y x m

'
+
g)
1
3
1
3
y x
x
y mx
+ +
'

h)
2
3 3
2
4 1
x x
y
x
y mx m

'

i)
y x x
y mx
3
2
2 1
( 1)
+
'

Bai 3. Tm m e o th cac ham so:

a)
2
( 2) 1
; 1
2
x
y y mx
x
+
+
+
cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet.
b)
2
2 3
; 2
1
x x m
y y x m
x
+
+
cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet.

Chuyn KHO ST HM S
c)
2
; 2
1
mx x m
y y mx
x
+ +
+
cat nhau tai hai iem co hoanh o trai dau.

d)
2
4 5
; 2
2
x x
y y mx
x
+ +
+
+
cat nhau tai hai iem co hoanh o trai dau.
e)
2
( 2)
; 3
1
x
y y mx
x
cat nhau tai hai iem thuoc hai nhanh khac nhau.
f)
2
1
mx x m
y
x
+ +
cat truc hoanh tai hai iem phan biet co hoanh o

dng.
a)
3 2
3 2 ; 2 y x x mx my x + + + +
cat nhau tai ba iem phan biet.
b)
3 2
3 (1 2 ) 1 y mx mx mx +
cat truc hoanh tai ba iem phan biet.
c)
2 2
( 1)( 3) y x x mx m +
cat truc hoanh tai ba iem phan biet.
d)
3 2 2
2 2 2 1; 2 2 y x x x m y x x + + +
e)
3 2 2 2
2 3 ; 2 1 y x x mx m y x + + +
a)
4 2
2 1; y x x y m
cat nhau tai bon iem phan biet.
b)
4 2 3
( 1) y x mm x m + +
cat truc hoanh tai bon iem phan biet.
c)
4 2 2
(2 3) 3 y x m x m m +
cat truc hoanh tai bon iem phan biet.
Bai 6. Tm m e o th cua cac ham so:
a)
3 1
; 2
4
x
y y x m
x
+
+
cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet A, B. Khi o tm m

e oan AB ngan nhat.
b)
4 1
;
2
x
y y x m
x
cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet A, B. Khi o tm m

e oan AB ngan nhat.
c)
2
2 4
; 2 2
2
x x
y y mx m
x
+
+
cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet A, B. Khi o

tnh AB theo m.
Bai 7. Tm m e o th cua cac ham so:
a)
3 2
3 6 8 y x mx mx +
cat truc hoanh tai ba iem co hoanh o lap
thanh mot cap so cong.
b)
3 2
3 9 1; 4 y x x x y x m + +
cat nhau tai ba iem A, B, C vi B la trung
iem cua oan AC.
c)
4 2 2
(2 4) y x m x m + +
cat truc hoanh tai bon iem co hoanh o lap
thanh mot cap so cong.
d)
3 2
( 1) ( 1) 2 1 y x m x m x m + +
cat truc hoanh tai ba iem co hoanh o
lap thanh mot cap so nhan.
e)
3 2
3 (2 2) 9 192 y x m x mx + + + +
cat truc hoanh tai ba iem co hoanh o
lap thanh mot cap so nhan.
BI 7: BIN I TH
Bai toan: Ve o th cua ham so y = f(x) vi f(x) co cha dau gia tr
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
tuyet oi.
Cach 1: Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th.
Xet dau bieu thc co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.
Chia mien xac nh thanh nhieu khoang, trong moi khoang ta bo
dau gia tr tuyet oi.
Ve o th ham so tng ng trong cac khoang cua mien xac nh.
Cach 2: Thc hien cac phep bien oi o th.
Dang 1: Ve o th ham so ( ) y f x .
o th (C) cua ham so ( ) y f x co the c suy t o th (C) cua
ham so y = f(x) nh sau:
+ Gi nguyen phan o th (C) pha tren truc hoanh.
+ Lay oi xng phan o th cua (C) pha di truc hoanh qua
truc hoanh.
+ o th (C) la hp cua hai phan tren.
Dang 2: Ve o th cua ham so ( )
y f x .
o th (C) cua ham so ( )
y f x co the c suy t o th (C) cua
ham so y = f(x) nh sau:
+ Gi nguyen phan o th (C) ben phai truc tung, bo phan ben
trai truc tung.
+ Lay oi xng phan ben phai truc tung qua truc tung.
+ o th (C) la hp cua hai phan tren.
BI 8: BIN LUN NGHIM PT BNG PP TH
C s cua phng phap: Xet phng trnh: f(x) = g(x) (1)
So nghiem cua phng trnh (1) = So giao iem cua (C
1
): y = f(x) va
(C
2
): y = g(x)
Nghiem cua phng trnh (1) la hoanh o giao iem cua (C
1
): y = f(x)
va (C
2
): y = g(x)
e bien luan so nghiem cua phng trnh F(x, m) = 0 (*) bang o th ta
bien oi (*) ve mot trong cac dang sau:
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Dang 1: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = m (1)
Khi o (1) co the xem la phng trnh hoanh o
giao iem cua hai ng:
(C): y = f(x)
d: y = m
d la ng thang cung phng vi truc hoanh.
Da vao o th (C) ta bien luan so giao iem
cua (C) va d. T o suy ra so nghiem cua (1)
Dang 2: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = g(m) (2)
Thc hien tng t nh tren, co the at g(m) = k.
Bien luan theo k, sau o bien luan theo m.
Dang 3: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = kx + m (3)
(k: khong oi)
Khi o (3) co the xem la phng trnh hoanh o
giao iem cua hai ng:
(C): y = f(x)
d: y = kx + m
V d co he so goc k khong oi nen d cung phng
vi ng thang y = kx va cat truc tung tai iem A(0; m).
Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen d
1
, d
2
, cua (C)
co he so goc k.
Da vao cac tung o goc m, b
1
, b
2
, cua d, d
1
, d
2
,
e bien luan.
Dang 4: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = m(x x
0
) + y
0
(4)
Khi o (4) co the xem la phng trnh
hoanh o giao iem cua hai ng:
(C): y = f(x)
d: y = m(x x
0
) + y
0
d quay quanh iem co nh M
0
(x
0
; y
0
).
Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen d
1
, d
2
,
cua (C) i qua M
0
.
Cho d quay quanh iem M
0
e bien luan.
Chu y:
Neu F(x, m) = 0 co nghiem thoa ieu kien: x th ta ch ve o
th (C): y = f(x) vi x .
Neu co at an so phu th ta tm ieu kien cua an so phu, sau o
bien luan theo m.
VD1 : Cho hs 2 3
2 3
+ x x y (C).
a) kho st v v th (C).
b) bin lun s nghim phng trnh : m x x + 2 3
2 3
.
c) Tm m phng trnh m x x + 3 3
2 3
c 3 nghim phn bit.
d) Tm m phng trnh
m x x + 2 3
2 3
c 6 nghim phn bit.
e) Tm m phng trnh
m x x + 2 3
2
3
c 2 nghim phn bit.
GII:
a) 2 3
2 3
+ x x y
y
c.
x
m
c.
A
c.
(C)
c. (d) : y = m
c. y
C
y
CT
x
A
c.
y
c.
x
A
c.
y = kx
c.
m
c.
(C)
c.
M
1
M
2
b
1
b
2
d
1
d
d
2
O
y
c.
x
0
d
3
d
1
y
0
c.
0
(C)
c.
M
1
M
2
d
2
m =
m = +
m > 0
m = 0
m < 0
d
I
IV
()
(+)
M
x
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
D=R
x x y 6 3 '
2
. Cho

2
0
0 6 3 0 '
2
x
x
x x y
+
+
y y
x x
lim ; lim
BBT
Vy: hs tng
) 0 ; (
v
) ; 2 ( +
. Hs gim
) 2 ; 0 (
.
Hs t cc i ti (0;2), cc tiu ti (2;-2).
6 6 ' ' x y
. Cho
0 1 0 6 6 0 ' ' y x x y
.
Vy hs nhn im un I(1;0) lm tm
i xng.
Cho
2 3 ; 2 1 y x y x
th:
b) m x x + 2 3
2 3
(*)
m y
(D)
da vo th (C), ng thng (D) ct (C) ti bao nhiu giao im th phng trnh (*) c by nhiu
nghim.
Vy:

>
<
2
2
m
m
=> (D) ct (C) ti 1 im => pt (*) c 1 nghim.

2
2
m
m
=> (D) ct (C) ti 2 im => pt (*) c 2 nghim (1 kp, 1 n).
2 2 < < m => (D) ct (C) ti 3 im => pt (*) c 3 nghim phn bit.
c) m x x + 3 3
2 3
(*)
1 m y
(D)
da vo th (C), phng trnh (*) c 3 nghim phn bit (D) ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit
Vy: 3 1 2 1 2 < < < < m m
d)
m x x + 2 3
2 3
(*)
'
< + +
+ +
+
) 0 2 3 ( ; 2 3
) 0 2 3 ( ; 2 3
2 3
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
2 3
x x x x
x x x x
x x y
Gi nguyen phan o th (C) pha tren truc hoanh.
Lay oi xng phan o th cua (C) pha di truc hoanh qua
truc hoanh.
o th (C) la hp cua hai phan tren.
Vy phng trnh (*) c 6 nghim phn bit (D) ct (C) ti 6 im phn bit 2 0 < < m
e)
m x x + 2 3
2
3
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
'
< +
+
+
) 0 ( ; 2 3
) 0 ( ; 2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2
3
x x x
x x x
x x y
Gi nguyen phan o th (C) ben phai truc tung, bo phan ben trai
truc tung.
Lay oi xng phan ben phai truc tung qua truc tung.
o th (C) la hp cua hai phan tren.
Vy phng trnh (*) c 2 nghim phn bit (D) ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit
>

2
2
m
m
VD2: Bi 4. Cho hm s 3 4
2 4
+ x x y .
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th
) ( C
ca hm s cho.
2. Bin lun theo tham s k s nghim ca phng trnh
k
x x 3 3 4
2 4
+
.
Gii.
2. th hm s
3 4
2 4
+ x x y
gm phn nm pha trn Ox v i xng ca phn nm pha di Ox
qua Ox ca th (C);
k
y 3 l ng thng song song vi Ox. T ta c kt qu:
* 0 1 3 < < k
k
: phng trnh c 8 nghim,
* 0 1 3 k
k
* 1 0 3 3 1 < < < < k
k
* 1 3 3 k
k
* 1 3 3 > > k
k
: phng trnh c 2 nghim.
VD3: Cho hm s
1
.
1
x
y
x
+
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C

ca hm s.
2.Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
1
.
1
x
m
x
+
Gii.
2. Hc sinh lp lun suy t th (C) sang th ( )
1
'
1
x
y C
x
+
.Hc sinh t v hnh

Suy ra p s
1; 1: m m < >
phng trnh c 2 nghim
1: m phng trnh c 1 nghim
1 1: m < phng trnh v nghim
VD4: Cho hm s .
2
3
4 2
2 4
+ x x y
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho.
2. Tm m phng trnh sau c ng 8 nghim thc phn bit
.
2
1
|
2
3
4 2 |
2 2 4
+ + m m x x
Gii.
2. Phng trnh
2
1
|
2
3
4 2 |
2 2 4
+ + m m x x
c 8 nghim phn bit
ng thng
2
1
2
+ m m y
ct
th hm s
|
2
3
4 2 |
2 4
+ x x y
ti 8 im phn bit.
x
y
O
1
3
1 1
1
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
th
|
2
3
4 2 |
2 4
+ x x y
gm phn (C) pha trn trc Ox v i xng phn (C) pha di trc Ox
qua Ox.
T th suy ra yu cu bi ton
2
1
2
1
0
2
< + < m m
. 1 0 0
2
< < < m m m
VD5: Cho hm s 1 3
3
+ x x y (1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1).
2. nh m phng trnh sau c 4 nghim thc phn bit:
m m x x 3 3
3
3

Gii.
2. Phng trnh cho l phng trnh honh giao im gia th
(C) ca hm s:
1 3
3
+ x x y
v ng thng (d): 1 3
3
+ m m y
((d) cng phng vi trc honh)
Xt hm s:
1 3
3
+ x x y
, ta c:
+ Hm s l mt hm chn nn (C) nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng,
ng thi 0 x > th
3 3
3 1 3 1 y x x x x + +
+ Da vo th (C) ta suy ra iu kin ca m phng trnh cho c 4 nghim phn bit l:
3
3
3
2 3
3 0
1 3 1 1
0 3
3 2 0
1
m
m m
m m
m
m m
m
< <
<
< + <

' < <
'
+ >
VD6: Cho hm s
4 2
( ) 8x 9x 1 y f x +
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2. Da vo th (C) hy bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
4 2
8 os 9 os 0 c x c x m + vi
[0; ] x
.
Gii.
2. Xt phng trnh
4 2
8 os 9 os 0 c x c x m + vi
[0; ] x
(1)
t
osx t c
, phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
4 2
8 9 0 (2) t t m +
V
[0; ] x
nn
[ 1;1] t
, gia x v t c s tng ng mt i mt, do s nghim ca phng trnh
(1) v (2) bng nhau.
Ta c:
4 2
(2) 8 9 1 1 (3) t t m +
Gi (C
1
):
4 2
8 9 1 y t t + vi
[ 1;1] t
v (D): y = 1 m.
Phng trnh (3) l phng trnh honh giao im ca (C
1
) v (D).
Ch rng (C
1
) ging nh th (C) trong min 1 1 t .
Da vo th ta c kt lun sau:
x
y
0
1
2
1
2
1

1
3
(d)
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
81
32
m > : Phng trnh cho v nghim.
81
32
m : Phng trnh cho c 2 nghim.
81
1
32
m < : Phng trnh cho c 4 nghim.
0 1 m < < : Phng trnh cho c 2 nghim.
0 m : Phng trnh cho c 1 nghim.
m < 0 : Phng trnh cho v nghim.
VD7 : 1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s : y = x
3
3x
2
+ 2
2) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh :
2
2 2
1
m
x x
x

Gii.
2. Ta c
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 1 1
1
m
x x x x x m, x .
x

Do s nghim ca phng trnh bng s

giao im ca ( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 y x x x , C'
v ng thng
1 y m, x .
V ( )
( )
( )
2
1
2 2 1
1
f x khi x
y x x x
f x khi x
>

'
<
nn ( ) C'
bao gm:
+ Gi nguyn th (C) bn phi ng thng 1 x .
+ Ly i xng th (C) bn tri ng thng 1 x qua Ox.
Da vo th ta c:
+ 2 m : < Phng trnh v nghim;
+ 2 m : Phng trnh c 2 nghim kp;
+ 2 0 m : < < Phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit;
+ 0 m : Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit.
VD8: Cho hm s y = x
3
+ mx + 2 (1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi m = -3.
2. Tm m th hm s (1) ct trc hanh ti mt im duy nht.
Gii.
.
2.Pt : x
3
+ mx + 2 = 0
x
x m
2
2

( x
) 0

Xt f(x) =
2
2
2
2 ) ( '
2
x
x x f
x
x + =
2
3
2 2
x
x +
Ta c x - 0 1 +

f(x) + + 0 -

f(x) + -3
- - -
th hm s (1) ct trc hanh ti mt im duy nht 3 > m .
VD9 : Cho hm s :
3
3 y x m x ( )
(1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1) khi m = 1.
2) Tm k h bt phng trnh sau c nghim:
3
2 3
2 2
1 3 0
1 1
log log ( 1) 1
2 3
<
'
+
x x k
x x
1+
1-
- 2
m
1 2
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Gii.
2. Ta c :
x k
x x
3
2 3
2 2
3 3x 0 (1)
1 1
log log ( 1) 1 (2)
2 3
<
'
+
. iu kin (2) c ngha: x > 1.

T (2) x(x 1) 2 1 < x 2.
H PT c nghim (1) c nghim tho 1 < x 2

x k x k
x x
3 3
( 1) 3x 0 ( 1) 3x <
1 2 1 2

<
' '
< <

t: f(x) = (x 1)
3
3x v g(x) = k (d). Da vo th (C) (1) c nghim x (1;2]
( 1;2
min ( ) (2) 5 k f x f
1
]

. Vy h c nghim k > 5
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so. Dung
o th (C) bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh:
a)
3 3
3 1; 3 1 0 y x x x x m + +
b)
3 3
3 1; 3 1 0 y x x x x m + + +
c)
3 3 2
3 1; 3 2 2 0 y x x x x m m +
d)
3 3
3 1; 3 4 0 y x x x x m + + +
e)
4
2 4 2
2 2; 4 4 2 0
2
x
y x x x m + + +
f)
4 2 4 2
2 2; 2 2 0 y x x x x m + +
a)
2
2
5 7
; ( 5) 3 7 0
3
x x
y x m x m
x
+
+ + +
b)
2
2
2 4 2
; 2 2( 2) 3 2 0
2 3
x x
y x m x m
x
+
+ +
+
c)
2
2
1
; ( 1) 2 1 0
x
y m x x
x
+
+
d)
2
2
2 4
; 2( 1) 4( 1) 0
2 4
x x
y x m x m
x
+
+ + +
a)
2
2
2
; 2sin 2 cos 2 0(0 )
2 1
x
y m m
x
+

b)
2
2 3
; cos2 ( 3)cos 2 1 0(0 )
2
x x
y m m
x

+ + +

c)
2
2
3 3
; cos (3 )cos 3 2 0(0 )
2
x x
y m m
x
+ +
+ +
+

d)
3 2 3 2
3 6; cos 3cos 6 0 y x x x x m + +
a)
2
5 7
; 2 (3 7)2 5
3
t t
x x
y m m
x

+
+ + +
b)
2
1
; 2 ( 1)2 1
1
t t
x x
y m m
x

+
+

Chuyn KHO ST HM S
c)
2
2
2 5 4
; 2 (5 ) 4 0
1
t t
x x
y e me m
x
+
+ + +
d)
2
2
5 4
; (5 ) 4 0
t t
x x
y e me
x
+
+ +
Bai 5. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so. T
o th (C) hay suy ra o th (T). Dung o th (T) bien luan theo m so
nghiem cua phng trnh:
a)
2 2 2
3 6 3 6 3 6
( ): ; ( ): ; 2 0
1 1 1
x x x x x x
C y T y m
x x x
+ + +

b)
2 2 2
5 4 5 4 5 4
( ): ; ( ): ; 2 0
x x x x x x
C y T y m
x x x
+ + +
+
c)
3 2 3 2 3 2
( ): 3 6; ( ): 3 6; 3 6 3 0 C y x x T y x x x x m + + + +
d)
3 3
3 2 2 2
( ): 2 9 12 4; ( ): 2 9 12 4; 2 9 12 0 C y x x x T y x x x x x x m + + + +
e)
2 2 2 2
( ): ( 1) (2 ); ( ): ( 1) 2 ;( 1) 2 ( 1) (2 ) C y x x T y x x x x m m + + + +
f)
2 2
2
1 1
( ): ; ( ): ; ( 1) 2 1 0
x x
C y T y m x x
x x
+ +
+
Bai 6. Cho ham so
2
( )
1
x
y f x
x
+

.
a) Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so.
b) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C) vuong goc vi ng thang
3 0 x y
.
c) Dung o th (C), bien luan so nghiem cua phng trnh:
2
3 ( 2) 2 0 x m x m + + +
Bai 7. Cho ham so
1
( )
1
x
y f x
x
+

.
b) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C) vuong goc vi ng thang
2 0 x y
.
c) Dung o th (C), bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh:
2
2 ( 1) 1 0 x m x m + + +
Bai 8. Cho ham so
2
( )
1
x
y f x
x

.
b) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C) i qua iem A(0; 1).
c) Dung o th (C), bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh:
2
(1 ) (1 ) 1 0 mx mx +
BI 9: PHNG TRNH TIP TUYN
1. Y ngha hnh hoc cua ao ham: ao ham cua ham so y = f(x) tai
iem x
0
la he so goc cua tiep tuyen vi o th (C) cua ham so
tai iem ( )
0 0 0
; ( ) M x f x .
Khi o phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C) tai iem ( )
0 0 0
; ( ) M x f x la:
y y
0
= f (x
0
).(x x
0
) (y
0
= f(x
0
))
2. ieu kien can va u e hai ng (C
1
): y = f(x) va (C
2
): y = g(x) tiep
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
xuc nhau la he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
( ) ( )
'( ) '( )
f x g x
f x g x

'
(*)
Nghiem cua he (*) la hoanh o cua tiep iem cua hai ng o.
3. Neu (C
1
): y = px + q va (C
2
): y = ax
2
+ bx + c th
(C
1
) va (C
2
) tiep xuc nhau phng trnh
2
ax bx c px q + + +
co nghiem
kep.
VAN E 1: Lap phng trnh tiep tuyen cua ng cong (C): y = f(x)
Bai toan 1: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C): y =f(x) tai iem
( )
0 0 0
; M x y :
Neu cho x
0
th tm y
0
= f(x
0
).
Neu cho y
0
th tm x
0
la nghiem cua phng trnh f(x) = y
0
.
Tnh y = f (x). Suy ra y(x
0
) = f (x
0
).
Phng trnh tiep tuyen la: y y
0
= f (x
0
).(x x
0
)
Bai toan 2: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C): y =f(x), biet co he
so goc k cho trc.
Cach 1: Tm toa o tiep iem.
Goi M(x
0
; y
0
) la tiep iem. Tnh f (x
0
).
co he so goc k f (x
0
) = k (1)
Giai phng trnh (1), tm c x
0
va tnh y
0
= f(x
0
). T o viet phng
trnh cua .
Cach 2: Dung ieu kien tiep xuc.
Phng trnh ng thang co dang: y = kx + m.
tiep xuc vi (C) khi va ch khi he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
( )
'( )
f x kx m
f x k
+
'
(*)
Giai he (*), tm c m. T o viet phng trnh cua .
Chu y: He so goc k cua tiep tuyen co the c cho gian tiep
nh sau:
+ tao vi chieu dng truc hoanh goc th k = tan
+ song song vi ng thang d: y = ax + b th k = a
+ vuong goc vi ng thang d: y = ax + b (a 0) th k =
1
a
+ tao vi ng thang d: y = ax + b mot goc th tan

1
k a
ka
+

Bai toan 3: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C): y = f(x), biet i qua
iem
( ; )
A A
A x y
.
Cach 1: Tm toa o tiep iem.
Goi M(x
0
; y
0
) la tiep iem. Khi o: y
0
= f(x
0
), y
0
= f (x
0
).
Phng trnh tiep tuyen tai M: y y
0
= f (x
0
).(x x
0
)
i qua
( ; )
A A
A x y
nen: y
A
y
0
= f (x
0
).(x
A
x
0
) (2)
Giai phng trnh (2), tm c x
0
. T o viet phng trnh cua .
Cach 2: Dung ieu kien tiep xuc.
Phng trnh ng thang i qua
( ; )
A A
A x y
va co he so goc k: y y
A
=
k(x x
A
)
tiep xuc vi (C) khi va ch khi he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
( ) ( )
'( )
A A
f x k x x y
f x k
+
'
(*)
Giai he (*), tm c x (suy ra k). T o viet phng trnh tiep tuyen .
VD1 : Cho hs 1 3
2 3
+ + x x y (C). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn:
a) ti M(-1 ;3)
b) ti M c honh l 2
c) ti M c tung l 1
d) ti giao im (C) vi trc tung.
e) C h s gc l 9
f) Song song vi ng thng (d):
0 5 3 27 + y x
g) Vung gc vi ng thng (d) :
2011
9
1
+ x y
GII
D=R
x x y 6 3 '
2
+
a)
3 ; 1
0 0
y x

6 3 ) ( : 3 ) 1 ( '
0 0
+ + x y y x x k y tt y k
b)
21 2
0 0
y x

27 24 : 24 ) 2 ( ' x y tt y k
c)
+
3
0
0 3 1
0
0 2
0
3
0 0
x
x
x x y
28 9 : 9 ) 3 ( '
1 : 0 ) 0 ( '
x y tt y k
y tt y k
d) trc tung Oy :
1 0
0 0
y x 1 : 0 ) 0 ( ' y tt y k
e) tt
y
y
x
x
x x x y k
+
1
5
3
1
9 6 3 9 ) ( ' 9
0
0
0
0
0
2
0 0
f) do tt // (d) :
3
5
9 + x y
=> 9 k => gii tng t
g) do tt
9
9
1
1
2011
9
1
: ) (
+ k x y d
=> gii tng t
VD2 : Goi (C
m
) la thi cua ham s
3 2
1 m 1
y x x
3 2 3
+ . Goi M la im thuc (C
m
) c hoanh bng 1.
Tim m tip tuyn cua (C
m
) tai im M song song vi ng thng 5x y = 0.
Giai: t
0 0 m
M(x ; y ) (C )
, ta co:
0 0
m
x 1 y
2
.
2
0
y' x mx y'(x ) m 1 + ;
Phng trinh tip tuyn tai im M co dang:
0 0 0
y y y'(x )(x x )
m
y (m 1)(x 1)
2
+ + +
1
y (m 1)x (m 2)
2
+ + + . song song vi ng thng 5x y = 0 hay y = 5x
m 1 5
m 2 0
+
'
+
m = 4.
VD3: Cho ham s
3 2
y x 3x 9x 5 + + (C). Trong tt ca cac tip tuyn cua thi (C), hay tim tip tuyn
co h s goc nho nht.
Giai: goi
0 0
M(x ; y ) (C)
3 2
0 0 0 0
y x 3x 9x 5 + + . Ta co:
2
y' 3x 6x 9 + . Tip tuyn tai im M
co h s goc:
2 2
0 0 0 0
k y'(x ) 3x 6x 9 3(x 1) 12 12 + + Mink = -12, at c khi: x
0
= -1
y
0
= 16. Vy trong tt ca cac tip tuyn cua thi ham s, tip tuyn tai M (-1; 16) (im un) co h
s goc nho nht. Phng trinh tip tuyn: y = -12x = 4.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
VD4: Cho ham s
3
1 2
y x x
3 3
+ (C). Tim trn thi (C) im ma tai o tip tuyn cua thi vung goc
vi ng thng
1 2
y x
3 3
+ .
Giai: Goi
3
0 0 0 0 0
1 2
M(x ; y ) (C) y x x
3 3
+ . Tip tuyn tai im M co h s goc:
2
1 0 0
k y'(x ) x 1 vi
2
y' x 1 . ng thng d:
1 2
y x
3 3
+ co h s goc
2
1
k
3
.
2 2
1 2 0 0
1
d k .k 1 (x 1) 1 x 4
3
_

,
0 0
0 0
4
x 2 y
3
x 2 y 0
VD5: Cho ham s

3 2
y 2x 3x 5 (C) + . Tim phng trinh cac ng thng i qua im
19
A ; 4
12
_

,
va
tip xuc vi thi (C) cua ham s.
Giai: goi
3 2
0 0 0 0 0
M(x ; y ) (C) y 2x 3x 5 + . Ta co:
2 2
0 0 0
y' 6x 6x y'(x ) 6x 6x . Phng
trinh tip tuyn cua (C) tai M co dang:
0 0 0
y y y'(x )(x x )
3 2 2 2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y (2x 3x 5) (6x 6x )(x x ) y (6x 6x )x 4x 3x 5 + + +
2 3 2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 1
A 4 (6x 6x ). 4x 3x 5 8x 25x 19x 2 0 x 1 x 2 x
12 8
+ + +
0 0 0
1 21 645
x 1 : y 4; x 2 : y 12x 15 x : y x
8 32 128
+
VD6: Cho ham s
3 2
1
y x 2x 3x
3
+ (C). Qua im
4 4
A ;
9 3
_

,
co th ke c my tip tuyn n thi
(C). Vit phng trinh cac tip tuyn y.
Giai: phng trinh ng thng i qua A vi h s goc k co dang:
4 4
y k x
9 3
_
+

,
tip xuc vi (C) h phng trinh sau co nghim:
3 2
2
1 4 4
x 2x 3x k x (1)
3 9 3
x 4x 3 k (2)
_
+ +

,
'
Th (2) vao (!), ta co:

3 2 2 2
1 4 4
x 2x 3x (x 4x 3) x x(3x 11x 8) 0
3 9 3
_
+ + + +

,
(2)
(2)
(2)
x 0 k 3 : y 3x
4
x 1 k 0 : y
3
8 5 5 128
x k : y x
3 9 9 81
VD7: Cho hm s
3
5
) 2 3 ( ) 1 (
3
2
2 3
+ + x m x m x y
c th
), (
m
C
m l tham s.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho khi . 2 m
2. Tm m trn
) (
m
C
c hai im phn bit
) ; ( ), ; (
2 2 2 1 1 1
y x M y x M
tha mn
0 .
2 1
> x x
v
tip tuyn ca
) (
m
C
ti mi im vung gc vi ng thng
. 0 1 3 : + y x d
Gii.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
2. Ta c h s gc ca
0 1 3 : + y x d
l
3
1
d
k
. Do
2 1
, x x
3 ' y
, hay
3 2 3 ) 1 ( 2 2
2
+ + m x m x
0 1 3 ) 1 ( 2 2
2
m x m x (1)
Yu cu bi ton
phng trnh (1) c hai nghim

2 1
, x x
tha mn
0 .
2 1
> x x

< <
<
'
>

> + +
.
3
1
1
3
0
2
1 3
0 ) 1 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( '
2
m
m
m
m m
Vy kt qu ca bi ton l 3 < m v
.
3
1
1 < < m
VD8: Cho hm s 2 ) 2 ( ) 2 1 (
2 3
+ + + + m x m x m x y (1) m l tham s.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1) vi m=2.
2. Tm tham s m th ca hm s (1) c tip tuyn to vi ng thng d:
0 7 + + y x
gc
,
bit
26
1
cos
.
Gii.
2. Gi k l h s gc ca tip tuyn tip tuyn c vct php ) 1 ; (
1
k n
d: c vct php ) 1 ; 1 (
2
n
Ta c
+
+

3
2
2
3
0 12 26 12
1 2
1
26
1
.
cos
2
1
2
2
2 1
2 1
k
k
k k
k
k
n n
n n
Yu cu ca bi ton tha mn t nht mt trong hai phng trnh:

1
/
k y (1) v
2
/
k y (2) c
nghim x
+ +
+ +
3
2
2 ) 2 1 ( 2 3
2
3
2 ) 2 1 ( 2 3
2
2
m x m x
m x m x

0
0
2
/
1
/

0 3 4
0 1 2 8
2
2
m m
m m

1 ;
4
3
2
1
;
4
1
m m
m m
4
1
m
hoc
2
1
m
VD9: Cho hm s y = x
3
3x + 1 c th (C) v ng thng (d): y = mx + m + 3.
1/ Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2/ Tm m (d) ct (C) ti M(-1; 3), N, P sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti N v P vung gc nhau.
Gii.
2. Phng trnh hanh giao im ca (C) v (d): x
3
(m + 3)x m 2 = 0
Hay : (x + 1)(x
2
x m 2) = 0

(*) 0 2
3 , 1
2
m x x
y x
(*) phi c hai nghim phn bit ( m >
)
4
9
, x
N
v x
P
l nghim ca (*)
c nghim
c nghim
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Theo gi thit: ( )( ) 1 3 3
2 2

P N
x x
+ +
3
2 2 3
3
2 2 3
0 1 18 9
2
m
m
m m

HM PHN THC
VD10: Cho ham s
x 1
y
x 1
+
(C). Xac inh m ng thng d: y = 2x + m ct (C) tai hai im phn bit

A, B sao cho tip tuyn cua (C) tai A va B song song vi nhau.
Giai: phng trinh hoanh giao im:
x 1
2x m
x 1
+
+
2
g(x) 2x (m 3)x m 1 0 (1)
x 1
+
'
Ta co:
2 2
(m 3) 8(m 1) (m 1) 16 0, m
g(1) 2 0
+ + + + >
'

phng trinh (1) lun lun co hai nghim

phn bit khac 1. vy d lun lun ct (C) tai hai im phn bit A va B.
Goi x
1
, x
2
(x
1
x
2
) ln lt la hoanh cua A va B thi x
1
, x
2
la nghim cua phng trinh (1). Ta co:
1 2
1
x x (3 m)
2
+ . Tip tuyn
1
,
2
tai A, B co h s goc ln lt la: 1 1 2
1
2
k y'(x )
(x 1)

2 2 2
2
2
k y'(x )
(x 1)

. 1 2 1 2 2 2
1 2
2 2
/ / k k
(x 1) (x 1)

1 2 1 2 2 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
x 1 x 1 x x
(x 1) (x 1)
x 1 x 1 x x 2

+ +

1
(3 m) 2 m 1
2
.
VD11: Cho ham s
x 2
y
x 2
+
(C). Vit phng trinh tip tuyn vi thi (C), bit tip tuyn i qua im
A(-6;5).
Giai: phng trinh ng thng i qua im A va co h s goc k co ang:
y k(x 6) 5 + +
.
( )
2
x 2
k(x 6) 5 (1)
x 2
4
k (2)
x 2
+
+ +
'
Th (2) vao (!), ta co:

( )
2
2
x 2 4
(x 6) 5 x 6x 0 (x 2)
x 2
x 2
+
+ +

(2)
(2)
x 0 k 1 : y x 1
1 1 7
x 6 k : y x
4 4 2
VD12: Cho hm s
1
x
x
y
(C).
1. Kho st s bin thin v v thi (C) ca hm s.
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th (C), bit rng khong cch t tm i xng ca th (C)
n tip tuyn l ln nht.
Gii.
2/ Gi s
) ( )
1
; (
0
0
0
C
x
x
x M
m tip tuyn vi th ti c khong cch t tm i xng n tip

tuyn l ln nht.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M c dng :
0
0 2
0 0
1
( )
( 1) 1
x
y x x
x x
+

2
0
2 2
0 0
1
0
( 1) ( 1)
x
x y
x x
+

Ta c d(I ;tt) =
4
0
0
) 1 (
1
1
1
2
x
x
.t t =
1
1
0
x
> 0
Xt hm s f(t)
4
2
( 0)
1
t
t
t
>
+
ta c f(t) =
2
4 4
(1 )(1 )(1 )
(1 ) 1
t t t
t t
+ +
+ +
t 0 1 +
f(t) = 0 khi t = 1 f(t) + 0 -
Bng bin thin
t bng bin thin ta c f(t) 2
d(I ;tt) ln nht khi v
ch khi t = 1 hay
0
0
0
2
1 1
0
x
x
x

+ Vi x
0
= 0 ta c tip tuyn l y = -x
+ Vi x
0
= 2 ta c tip tuyn l y = -x+4
VD12 : Cho hm s
1
1 2
+
x
x
y

1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s .
2. Tm ta im M sao cho khong cch t im
) 2 ; 1 ( I
ti tip tuyn ca
(C) ti M l ln nht .
Gii.
2. Nu
) (
1
3
2 ;
0
0
C
x
x M
,
_
th tip tuyn ti M c phng trnh

) (
) 1 (
3
1
3
2
0 2
0 0
x x
x x
y
+
+
+
hay 0 ) 1 ( 3 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( 3
0
2
0 0
+ + x y x x x
. Khong cch t
) 2 ; 1 ( I
ti tip tuyn l
( ) 2
0 2
0
4
0
0
4
0
0 0
) 1 (
) 1 (
9
6
) 1 ( 9
1 6
1 9
) 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 3
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
x
x
x
x
x
x x
d
. Theo bt ng thc Csi
6 9 2 ) 1 (
) 1 (
9
2
0 2
0
+ +
+
x
x
, vy 6 d . Khong cch d ln nht bng 6 khi
( ) 3 1 3 1 ) 1 (
) 1 (
9
0
2
0
2
0 2
0
t + +
+
x x x
x
.
Vy c hai im M :
( ) 3 2 ; 3 1 + M
hoc
( ) 3 2 ; 3 1 + M
VD13: Cho hm s
1 x
2 x
y
+
(C)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (C).
2. Cho im A(0;a) .Xc nh a t A k c hai tip tuyn ti (C) sao cho hai
tip im tng ng nm v hai pha trc ox.
Gii.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
2. Phng trnh tip tuyn qua A(0;a) c dng y=kx+a (1)
iu kin c hai tip tuyn qua A:
'
+
) 3 ( k
) 1 x (
3
) 2 ( a kx
1 x
2 x
2
c nghim 1 x
Thay (3) vo (2) v rt gn ta c: ) 4 ( 0 2 a x ) 2 a ( 2 x ) 1 a (
2
+ + +
(4) c 2 nghim 1 x l:
'
>
'
> +

2 a
1 a
0 6 a 3 '
0 3 ) 1 ( f
1 a
Honh tip im
2 1
x ; x
l nghim ca (4)
Tung tip im l
1 x
2 x
y
1
1
1
,
1 x
2 x
y
2
2
2
hai tip im nm v hai pha ca trc ox l:

0
) 2 x )( 1 x (
) 2 x )( 2 x (
0 y . y
2 1
2 1
2 1
<

+ +
<
3
2
a 0
3
6 a 9
0
1 ) x x ( x x
4 ) x x ( 2 x x
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
> <
+
<
+ +
+ + +
Vy 1 a
3
2
< tho mn kin bi ton.
VD14: Cho hm s
2x 3
y
x 2
c th (C).
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (C)
2.Tm trn (C) nhng im M sao cho tip tuyn ti M ca (C) ct hai tim cn ca (C) ti A, B sao
cho AB ngn nht .
Gii.
Vy im M cn tm c ta l
: (2; 2)
VD15:1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca ham s
2 1
1
x
y
x

2) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit khong cch t im I(1;2) n tip tuyn bng 2 .
Gii.
2. Tip tuyn ca (C) ti im
0 0
( ; ( )) ( ) M x f x C
c phng trnh

0 0 0
'( )( ) ( ) y f x x x f x +
2. Ly im
1
M m; 2
m 2
_
+

,
( ) C
. Ta c :
( )
( )
2
1
y' m
m 2

.
Tip tuyn (d) ti M c phng trnh :

( )
( )
2
1 1
y x m 2
m 2
m 2
+ +
Giao im ca (d) vi tim cn ng l :

2
A 2; 2
m 2
_
+

,
Giao im ca (d) vi tim cn ngang l : B(2m 2 ; 2)
Ta c : ( )
( )
2
2
2
1
AB 4 m 2 8
m 2
1
+ 1
1
]
. Du = xy ra khi m = 2
57
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Hay
2 2
0 0 0
( 1) 2 2 1 0 x x y x x + + (*)
*Khong cch t im I(1;2) n tip tuyn (*) bng 2

0
4
0
2 2
2
1 ( 1)
x
x

+

gii c nghim
0
0 x
v
0
2 x
*Cc tip tuyn cn tm :
1 0 x y +
v
5 0 x y +
VD16: Cho hm s
3
1
x
y
x
+
c th l (C)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s.
2) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s, bit tip tuyn ct trc
honh ti A, ct trc tung ti B sao cho OA = 4OB
Gii.
2. OA =4OB nn OAB c
1
tan
4
OB
A
OA

Tip tuyn AB c h s gc k =
1
4
t
Phng trnh y = k
2
3
4 1
...
5 ( 1) 4
x
x x

+

+) x = 3
y=0, tip tuyn c phng trnh

1
( 3)
4
y x
+) x= -5
y= 2, tip tuyn c phng trnh

1 1 13
( 5) 2
4 4 4
y x y x + + +
VD17: Cho hm s:
1
2( 1)
x
y
x
+
2. Tm nhng im M trn (C) sao cho tip tuyn vi (C) ti M to vi hai trc ta mt tam gic
c trng tm nm trn ng thng 4x + y = 0.
Gii.
2. Gi M(
0
0
0
1
;
2( 1)
x
x
x

+
)
( ) C
l im cn tm. Gi tip tuyn vi (C) ti M ta c phng trnh.
:
' 0
0 0
0
1
( )( )
2( 1)
x
y f x x x
x

+
+
( )
0
0 2
0
0
1 1
( )
2( 1)
1
x
y x x
x
x

+
+
+
Gi A = ox
A(
2
0 0
2 1
2
x x
;0)
B = oy
B(0;
2
0 0
2
0
2 1
2( 1)
x x
x

+
). Khi to vi hai trc ta OAB c trng tm l: G(
2 2
0 0 0 0
2
0
2 1 2 1
;
6 6( 1)
x x x x
x
_

+
,
.
Do G
ng thng:4x + y = 0
2 2
0 0 0 0
2
0
2 1 2 1
4. 0
6 6( 1)
x x x x
x

+
+
( )
2
0
1
4
1 x
+
(v A, B
O nn
2
0 0
2 1 0 x x
)
Chuyn KHO ST HM S

0 0
0 0
1 1
1
2 2
1 3
1
2 2
x x
x x

+

+

Vi
0
1 1 3
( ; )
2 2 2
x M ; vi
0
3 3 5
( ; )
2 2 2
x M .
VD18: Cho hm s
2
3 2
x
x
y
2. Cho M l im bt k trn (C). Tip tuyn ca (C) ti M ct cc ng tim cn ca (C) ti A v
B. Gi I l giao im ca cc ng tim cn. Tm to im M sao cho ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic IAB c din tch nh nht.
Gii.
2. Ta c:
2 x ,
2 x
3 x 2
; x M
0
0
0
0

,
_
,
( )
2
0
0
2 x
1
) x ( ' y
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ( C) ti M c dng:

( ) 2 x
3 x 2
) x x (
2 x
1
y :
0
0
0 2
0

To giao im A, B ca ( ) v hai tim cn l:
( ) 2 ; 2 x 2 B ;
2 x
2 x 2
; 2 A
0
0
0
,
_
Ta thy
M 0
0 B A
x x
2
2 x 2 2
2
x x

+
+
, M
0
0 B A
y
2 x
3 x 2
2
y y

+
suy ra M l trung im ca AB.
Mt khc I = (2; 2) v tam gic IAB vung ti I nn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic IAB c din tch
S =

1
]
1
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
+ 2
) 2 x (
1
) 2 x ( 2
2 x
3 x 2
) 2 x ( IM
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
Du = xy ra khi

3 x
1 x
) 2 x (
1
) 2 x (
0
0
2
0
2
0
Do c hai im M cn tm l M(1; 1) v M(3; 3)
VD19: 1)kho st s bin thin v v th ( C) ca hm s:
2
3 2
x
x
y
2) Tm m ng thng (d): y = 2x + m ct th (C ) ti hai im phn bit sao cho tip tuyn ca
(C ) ti hai im song song vi nhau.
Gii.
2. Phng trnh honh giao im ca (d) v (C) l:

0 3 2 ) 6 ( 2 2
2
3 2
2
+ +
+
m x m x m x
x
x
(x = 2 khng l nghim ca p trnh)
(d) ct (C ) ti hai im phn bit m tip tuyn ti song song vi nhau (1) c hai nghim phn
bit x
1
; x
2
tho mn: y(x
1
) = y(x
2
) hay x
1
+x
2
= 4
2
4
2
6
0 ) 3 2 ( 8 ) 6 (
2

'
> + +
m
m
m m
VD20: Cho hm s y =
1
x
x

Chuyn KHO ST HM S
2. Tm ta im M thuc (C), bit rng tip tuyn ca (C) ti M vung gc vi ng thng i
qua im M v im I(1; 1). (M(0 ; 0) ; M(2 ; 2) )
Gii.
2. Vi
0
1 x
, tip tuyn (d) vi (C) ti M(x
0
;
0
0
1
x
x
) c phng trnh :
0
0 2
0 0
1
( )
( 1) 1
x
y x x
x x
+

2
0
2 2
0 0
1
0
( 1) ( 1)
x
x y
x x
+

(d) c vec t ch phng
2
0
1
( 1; )
( 1)
u
x

r
, 0
0
1
( 1; )
1
IM x
x

uuur
(d) vung gc IM iu kin l :

0
0 2
0 0 0
0
1 1
. 0 1.( 1) 0
2 ( 1) 1
x
u IM x
x x x

+

r uuur
+ Vi x
0
= 0 ta c M(0,0)
+ Vi x
0
= 2 ta c M(2, 2)
HM TRNG PHNG
VD21: Cho ham s
4 2
1 3
y x 3x
2 2
+ (C). Tim phng trinh tip tuyn i qua im
3
A 0;
2
_

,
va tip xuc
vi thi (C).
Giai: phng trinh ng thng i qua im A va co h s goc k co ang:
3
y kx
2
+ .
4 2
3
1 3 3
x 3x kx (1)
2 2 2
2x 6x k (2)
+ +
'
Th (2) vao (1), ta co:

4 2 3 2 2
1 3 3
x 3x (2x 6x)x x (x 2) 0
2 2 2
+ +
(2)
(2)
(2)
3
x 0 k 0 : y
2
3
x 2 k 2 2 : y 2 2x
2
3
x 2 k 2 2 : y 2 2x
2
VD22 : Cho hm s y =
2
5
3
2
2
4
+ x
x
1. Kho st s bin thin v v thi (C) ca hm s.
2. Cho im M thuc (C) c honh x
M
= a. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti M, vi gi tr
no ca a th tip tuyn ca (C) ti M ct (C) ti hai im phn bit khc M.
Gii.
2/ + V
,
_
+
2
5
3
2
; ) (
2
4
a
a
a M C M
.
Ta c: y = 2x
3
6x a a a y 6 2 ) ( '
3

Vy tip tuyn ca (C) ti M c phng trnh :
2
5
3
2
) )( 6 3 (
2
4
3
+ + a
a
a x a a y .
+ Xt pt : 0 ) 6 3 2 ( ) (
2
5
3
2
) )( 6 3 (
2
5
3
2
2 2 2 2
4
3 2
4
+ + + + + a ax x a x a
a
a x a a x
x
Chuyn KHO ST HM S

+ +
0 6 3 2 ) (
2 2
a ax x x g
a x
YCBT khi pt g(x) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit khc a
'
t
>
'
>
'
>
1
3 | |
1
0 3
0 ) (
0 '
2
2
a
a
a
a
a g
BI TP V NH
Bai 1. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C) tai iem c ch ra:
a) (C):
3 2
3 7 1 y x x x +
tai A(0; 1) b) (C):
4 2
2 1 y x x +
tai B(1; 0)
c) (C):
3 4
2 3
x
y
x
+
tai C(1; 7) d) (C):

2
1
2 1
y x
x
+
tai D(0; 3)
Bai 2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C) tai iem c ch ra:
a) (C):
2
3 3
2
x x
y
x
+
tai iem A co x
A
= 4
b) (C):
3( 2)
1
x
y
x
tai iem B co y
B
= 4
c) (C):
1
2
x
y
x
+
tai cac giao iem cua (C) vi truc hoanh, truc tung.
d) (C):
2
2 2 1 y x x +
tai cac giao iem cua (C) vi truc hoanh, truc tung.
e) (C):
3
3 1 y x x +
tai iem uon cua (C).
f) (C):
4 2
1 9
2
4 4
y x x tai cac giao iem cua (C) vi truc hoanh.
Bai 3. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C) tai cac giao iem cua (C)
vi ng c ch ra:
a) (C):
3 2
2 3 9 4 y x x x +
va d:
7 4 y x +
.
b) (C):
3 2
2 3 9 4 y x x x +
va (P):
2
8 3 y x x +
.
c) (C):
3 2
2 3 9 4 y x x x +
va (C):
3 2
4 6 7 y x x x +
.
Bai 4. Tnh dien tch tam giac chan hai truc toa o bi tiep tuyen
cua o th (C) tai iem c ch ra:
a) (C):
5 11
2 3
x
y
x
+
tai iem A co x
A
= 2 .
b) (C):
2
7 26 y x x +
tai iem B co x
B
= 2.
Bai 5. Tm m e tiep tuyen cua o th (C) tai iem c ch ra chan
hai truc toa o mot tam giac co dien tch bang S cho trc:
a) (C):
2
1
x m
y
x
+
tai iem A co x
A
= 2 va S =
1
2
.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
b) (C):
3
2
x m
y
x
+
tai iem B co x
B
= 1 va S =
9
2
.
c) (C):
3
1 ( 1) y x mx + +
tai iem C co x
C
= 0 va S = 8.
Bai 6. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C), biet co he so goc k
c ch ra:
a) (C):
y x x
3 2
2 3 5 +
; k = 12 b) (C):
2 1
2
x
y
x

; k = 3
c) (C):
2
3 4
1
x x
y
x
+
; k = 1 d) (C):
2
4 3 y x x +
; k = 2
Bai 7. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C), biet song song vi
ng thang d cho trc:
a) (C):
3
2
2 3 1
3
x
y x x + +
; d: y = 3x + 2b) (C):
2 1
2
x
y
x

; d:
3
2
4
y x +
c) (C):
2
2 3
4 6
x x
y
x

+
; d:
2 5 0 x y +
d) (C):
4 2
1 3
3
2 2
y x x + ; d: y = 4x +
1
Bai 8. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C), biet vuong goc vi
ng thang d cho trc:
a) (C):
3
2
2 3 1
3
x
y x x + +
; d: 2
8
x
y + b) (C):
2 1
2
x
y
x

; d:
y x
c) (C):
2
3
1
x
y
x
+
+
; d: y = 3x d) (C):
2
1
2
x x
y
x
+
+
; d: x 2
Bai 9. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C), biet tao vi chieu
dng truc Ox goc :
a) (C):
3
2 0
2 4; 60
3
x
y x x +
b) (C):
3
2 0
2 4; 75
3
x
y x x +
c)
0
3 2
( ): ; 45
1
x
C y
x

Bai 10. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C), biet tao vi ng
thang d mot goc :
a) (C):
3
2 0
2 4; : 3 7; 45
3
x
y x x d y x + +

b) (C):
3
2 0
1
2 4; : 3; 30
3 2
x
y x x d y x + +
c)
0
4 3
( ): ; : 3 ; 45
1
x
C y d y x
x

d)
0
3 7
( ): ; : ; 60
2 5
x
C y d y x
x

+

e)
2
0
3
( ): ; : 1; 60
2
x x
C y d y x
x
+
+

Bai 11. Tm m e tiep tuyen cua (C) tai iem c ch ra vuong goc
vi ng thang d cho trc:
a) (C):
2
(2 1) 2
1
x m x m
y
x
+ + +
+
tai iem A co x
A
= 0 va d la tiem can xien
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
cua (C).
b) (C):
2
2 1
3
x mx
y
x
+
; tai iem B co x
B
= 4 va d: x 12y + 1 = 0 .
Bai 12. Tm m e tiep tuyen cua (C) tai iem c ch ra song song
a) (C):
2
(3 1)
( 0)
m x m m
y m
x m
+ +

+
tai iem A co y
A
= 0 va d:
10 y x
.
Bai 13. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C), biet i qua iem c
ch ra:
a) (C):
3
3 2 y x x +
; A(2; 4) b) (C):
3
3 1 y x x +
; B(1; 6)
c) (C):
( )
2
2
2 y x
; C(0; 4) d) (C):
4 2
1 3
3
2 2
y x x + ;
3
0;
2
D
_

,
e) (C):
2
2
x
y
x
+
; E(6; 5) f) (C):
3 4
1
x
y
x
+
; F(2; 3)
g) (C):
2
3 3
2
x x
y
x
+
; G(1; 0) h)
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+
; H(2; 2)
BI 14:Tm cac iem tren o th (C) ma tiep tuyen tai o vuong goc
a) (C):
2
3 6
1
x x
y
x
+ +
+
; d:
1
3
y x
b) (C):
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+ +
+
; d la tiem can xien cua (C)
c) (C):
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+
; d la ng thang i qua hai iem cc ai, cc tieu

cua (C).
d) (C):
2
1 x x
y
x
+
; d: y = x
BI 15. Tm cac iem tren o th (C) ma tiep tuyen tai o song song vi
ng thang d cho trc:
a) (C):
3 2
10 y x x x + + +
; d:
2 y x
b) (C):
2
1 x x
y
x
+
; d: y = x
BI 16. Tm cac iem tren o th (C) ma t o ve c ung mot tiep
tuyen vi (C):
a)
3 2
( ): 3 2 C y x x +
b)
3
( ): 3 1 C y x x +
BI 17. Tm cac iem tren ng thang d ma t o ve c ung mot
tiep tuyen vi (C):
a)
1
( ):
1
x
C y
x
+
; d la truc tung b)
2
2
( ):
1
x x
C y
x
+ +
; d la truc
hoanh
c)
2
2
( ):
1
x x
C y
x
+
+
; d: y = 1 d)
2
3 3
( ):
2
x x
C y
x
+ +
+
; d: x = 1
e)
3
( ):
1
x
C y
x
+
; d: y = 2x + 1
BI 18. Tm cac iem tren ng thang d ma t o ve c t nhat mot
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
tiep tuyen vi (C):
a)
2
6 9
( ):
2
x x
C y
x
+
+
; d la truc tung b)
2
3 3
( ):
1
x x
C y
x
+ +
+
; d la truc tung
c)
2 1
( ):
2
x
C y
x
+
; d: x = 3 d)
3 4
( ):
4 3
x
C y
x
+
; d: y = 2
BI 19. Tm cac iem tren ng thang d ma t o ve c hai tiep
tuyen vi (C):
a)
2
2
( ):
2
x x
C y
x
+
+
; d la truc hoanh b)
2
1
( ):
1
x x
C y
x

+
; d la truc tung
c)
2
3 3
( ):
2
x x
C y
x
+ +
+
; d: y = 5
BI 20. Tm cac iem tren ng thang d ma t o ve c ba tiep
tuyen vi (C):
a)
3 2
( ): 3 2 C y x x +
; d: y = 2 b)
3
( ): 3 C y x x
; d: x = 2
c)
3
( ): 3 2 C y x x + +
; d la truc hoanh d)
3
( ): 12 12 C y x x +
; d: y = 4
e)
4 2
( ): 2 C y x x
; d la truc tung e)
4 2
( ): 2 1 C y x x +
; d la truc
tung
BI 21. T iem A co the ke c bao nhieu tiep tuyen vi (C):
a)
3 2
( ): 9 17 2 C y x x x + +
; A(2; 5) b)
3 2
1 4 4
( ): 2 3 4; ;
3 9 3
C y x x x A
_
+ +

,
c)
3 2
( ): 2 3 5; (1; 4) C y x x A +
BI 22. T mot iem bat k tren ng thang d co the ke c bao
nhieu tiep tuyen vi (C):
a)
3 2
( ): 6 9 1 C y x x x +
; d: x = 2 b)
3
( ): 3 C y x x
; d: x = 2
BI 23. Chng minh rang t iem A luon ke c hai tiep tuyen vi (C)
vuong goc vi nhau. Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen o:
a)
2
1
( ): 2 3 1; 0;
4
C y x x A
_
+

,
b)
2
1
( ): ; (1; 1)
1
x x
C y A
x
+ +

+
c)
2
2 2
( ): ; (1;0)
1
x x
C y A
x
+ +
+
d)
BI 24 Tm cac iem tren ng thang d ma t o co the ve c hai
tiep tuyen vi (C) vuong goc vi nhau:
a)
3 2
( ): 3 2 C y x x +
; d: y = 2 b)
3 2
( ): 3 C y x x +
; d la truc hoanh
c)
2
2 1
( ):
1
x x
C y
x
+ +
+
; d la truc tung d)
2
2 1
( ):
1
x x
C y
x
+
; d la truc tung
e)
2
3 2
( ):
x x
C y
x
+
; d: x = 1
BI 25. Tm m e d cat (C) tai hai iem phan biet ma tai o hai tiep
tuyen vi (C) vuong goc vi nhau:
a)
2
( ):
2
x x m
C y
x m
+
+
; d: y = 1 b)
2
8
( ):
x mx
C y
x m
+
; d la truc hoanh
c)
2
2
( ):
x mx m
C y
x m
+
+
; d la truc hoanh
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
BI 26. Tm m e t iem A ke c 2 tiep tuyen vi (C) sao cho 2 tiep
iem nam ve hai pha vi truc hoanh;
2
( ): ; (0; )
1
x
C y A m
x
+
BI 27. Cho hypebol (H) va iem M bat k thuoc (H). Goi I la giao iem cua
hai tiem can. Tiep tuyen tai M cat 2 tiem can tai A va B.
1) Chng minh M la trung iem cua oan AB.
2) Chng minh dien tch cua IAB la mot hang so.
3) Tm iem M e chu vi IAB la nho nhat.
a)
2 1
( ):
1
x
H y
x

b)
1
( ):
1
x
H y
x
+
c)
4 5
( ):
2 3
x
H y
x
+
BI 28. Cho hypebol (H) va iem M bat k thuoc (H). Goi I la giao iem cua
hai tiem can. Tiep tuyen tai M cat 2 tiem can tai A va B.
1) Chng minh M la trung iem cua oan AB.
2) Chng minh tch cac khoang cach t M en 2 ng tiem can
la khong oi.
2) Chng minh dien tch cua IAB la mot hang so.
3) Tm iem M e chu vi IAB la nho nhat.
a)
2
3 4
( ):
2 2
x x
H y
x
+
b)
2
3 3
( ):
1
x x
H y
x
+
c)
2
2 2
( ):
1
x x
H y
x
+ +
+
BI 29. Tm m e tiep tuyen tai iem M bat k thuoc hypebol (H) cat hai
ng tiem can tao thanh mot tam giac co dien tch bang S:
a)
2 3
( ): ; 8
mx
H y S
x m
+

BI 30. Tm iem M thuoc hypebol (H) tai o tiep tuyen cat cac truc toa
o tai cac iem A, B sao cho OAB vuong can:
a)
2
1
( ):
1
x x
H y
x
+ +
b)
2
2 5
( ):
2
x x
H y
x
+
+
c)
2
3 3
( ):
2
x x
H y
x
+ +
+
BI 31. Cho (C):
2
2 1
1
x x
y
x
+
. Chng minh rang tren ng thang d: y = 7 co

4 iem sao cho t moi iem co the ke en (C) hai tiep tuyen tao vi
nhau mot goc 45
0
.
BI 32. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ng cong (C) tao vi cac truc
toa o mot tam giac co dien tch S cho trc:
a)
1
( ): ; 4 C y x S
x
+ b)
3
1 1
( ): ;
2
x
C y S
x
+

VAN E 2: Tm ieu kien e hai ng tiep xuc
1. ieu kien can va u e hai ng (C
1
): y = f(x) va (C
2
): y = g(x) tiep
xuc nhau la he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
( ) ( )
'( ) '( )
f x g x
f x g x

'
(*)
Nghiem cua he (*) la hoanh o cua tiep iem cua hai ng o.
2. Neu (C
1
): y = px + q va (C
2
): y = ax
2
+ bx + c th
(C
1
) va (C
2
) tiep xuc nhau phng trnh
2
ax bx c px q + + +
co nghiem
kep.
DO PHN NY QU D THY KHNG TRNH BY VD MU
Bai 1. Tm m e hai ng (C
1
), (C
2
) tiep xuc nhau:
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
a)
3 2
1 2
( ): (3 ) 2; ( ): C y x mx mx C truchoanh + + + +
b)
3 2
1 2
( ): 2 ( 1) ; ( ): C y x x m x m C truchoanh +
c)
3
1 2
( ): ( 1) 1; ( ): 1 C y x mx C y x + + + +
d)
3 2
1 2
( ): 2 2 1; ( ): C y x x x C y x m + + +
Bai 2. Tm m e hai ng (C
1
), (C
2
) tiep xuc nhau:
a)
4 2 2
1 2
( ): 2 1; ( ): 2 C y x x C y mx m + + +
b)
4 2 2
1 2
( ): 1; ( ): C y x x C y x m + +
c)
4 2 2
1 2
1 9
( ): 2 ; ( ):
4 4
C y x x C y x m + + +
d)
2 2 2
1 2
( ): ( 1) ( 1) ; ( ): 2 C y x x C y x m + +
e)
2
1 2
(2 1)
( ): ; ( ):
1
m x m
C y C y x
x

f)
2
2
1 2
1
( ): ; ( ):
1
x x
C y C y x m
x
+
+
BI 10: CC DNG C BIT

VAN E 1: Tm iem co nh cua ho o th (C
m
): y = f(x, m)
Cach 1:
Goi M(x
0
; y
0
) la iem co nh (neu co) cua ho (C
m
).
M(x
0
; y
0
) (C
m
), m y
0
= f(x
0
, m), m (1)
Bien oi (1) ve mot trong cac dang sau:
Dang 1: (1) Am + B = 0, m Dang 2: (1)
2
0 Am Bm C + +
,
m

0
0
A
B

'
(2a)
0
0
0
A
B
C

'
(2b)
Giai he (2a) hoac (2b) ta tm c toa o (x
0
; y
0
) cua iem co nh.
Chu y: Cac he (2a), (2b) la cac he phng trnh co 2 an x
0
, y
0
.
Cach 2:
Goi M(x
0
; y
0
) la iem co nh (neu co) cua ho (C
m
).
M(x
0
; y
0
) (C
m
), m y
0
= f(x
0
, m), m (1)
at F(m) = f(x
0
, m) th F(m) = y
0
khong oi.
F (m) = 0 (3)
Giai (3) tm c x
0
. Thay x
0
vao (1) tm c y
0
. T osuy ra c cac
iem co nh.
Bai 1. Tm cac iem co nh cua ho o th (C
m
) co phng trnh sau:
a)
( 1) 2 1 y m x m +
b)
2
2( 2) 3 1 y mx m x m + +
c)
3 2
( 1) 2 ( 2) 2 1 y m x mx m x m + + +
d)
2
(1 2 ) (3 1) 5 2 y mx m x m +
e)
3 2
9 9 y x mx x m +
f)
3
( 2) 2 y m x mx +
g)
4 2
2 4 1 y mx x m +
h)
4 2
5 y x mx m +
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
i)
( 1) 2
( 1, 2)
m x
y m m
x m

k)
3 1
( 2) 4
x m
y
m x m
+
+ +
l)
2
5 7 2
2
3
x mx
y m
mx
_ +
t

,
m)
2
2 ( 2)
( 0)
2
x m x m
y m
x m
+ + +

n)
2
2
( 1)
2 2 1
x m x m
y
x mx m
+ +
+ + +
o)
2
2
2 6 4
2 (5 2) 6
x x m
y
x m x
+ +
+ + +
Bai 2. Chng minh rang ho o th (C
m
) co 3 iem co nh thang
hang. Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua 3 iem co nh o:
a)
3 2
( 3) 3( 3) (6 1) 1 y m x m x m x m + + + + +
b)
3 2
( 2) 3( 2) 4 2 1 y m x m x x m + + +
c)
3 2
( 4) (6 24) 12 7 18 y m x m x mx m +
d)
3
( 1) (2 1) 1 y m x m x m + + +
VAN E 2: Tm iem ma khong co o th nao cua ho o th (C
m
): y =
f(x, m) i qua
Goi M(x
0
; y
0
) la iem ma khong co o th nao cua ho (C
m
) i qua.
M(x
0
; y
0
) (C
m
), m y
0
= f(x
0
, m) vo nghiem m (1)
Dang 1: (1) Am + B = 0 vo nghiem m
0
0
A
B

'
(2a)
Dang 2: (1)
2
0 Am Bm C + +
vo nghiem m
2
0
0
0
4 0
A B
C
A
B AC

'
'
<
(2b)
Chu y: Ket qua la mot tap hp iem.
Nhng iem nam tren tiem can ng co nh cua ham hu ty
la nhng iem o th khong i qua.
Bai 1. Tm cac iem trong mat phang ma khong co o th nao cua
ho (C
m
) i qua:
a)
2
( 2) 2 y m x m m + + +
b)
2
2 2
1
1 1
m m
y x
m m m m
+
+
+ + + +
c)
2
2(1 ) 1 ( 0) y mx mx m m + + +
d)
2 3 2
2 y x mx m +
e)
3 2 3 2
2 3 5 4 y x mx m m +
f)
3 2 2 2
4 4 6 y mx mx mx m +
g)
2
( 2) 2 4 m x m m
y
x m
+
h)
2
(3 1) m x m m
y
x m
+ +
+
i)
2
8
1
x mx m
y
x
+ +
k)
2
2 2 x mx m
y
x m
+ +
l)
2
2
2 4
2 5
x mx m
y
x x
+ +
+ +
m)
2
2
(3 1) 10
3 2
x m x
y
x x
+
+
Bai 2. Tm cac iem thuoc (L) ma khong co o th nao cua ho (C
m
)
i qua:
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
a) (C
m
):
3 2 2 2
4 4 6 y mx mx mx m +
; (L) la truc hoanh.
b) (C
m
):
3 2
2 3( 3) 18 6 y x m x mx + + +
; (L):
2
14 y x +
.
c) (C
m
):
2 2
2
1
1
x mx m m
y
mx m m
+ +
+ + +
; (L) la truc tung.
d) (C
m
):
2 2
( 1) 1 m x mx
y
x m
+ + +
+
; (L): x = 2.
e) (C
m
):
2 2
1 mx
y
x
+
; (L): y = 1.
VAN E 3: Tm iem ma mot so o th cua ho o th (C
m
): y = f(x, m) i
qua
Ta co: M(x
0
; y
0
) (C
m
) y
0
= f(x
0
, m) (1)
Am + B = 0 (2a) hoac
2
0 Am Bm C + +
(2b)
So nghiem cua (2a) hoac (2b) theo m = So (C
m
) i qua M.
Bai 1. Tm cac iem trong mat phang sao cho co ung k o th cua
ho (C
m
) i qua:
a) (C
m
):
2
2 2
2( )
mx m m
y
x m
+ +
+
; k = 1. b) (C
m
):
2 2
x mx m
y
x m
+
; k = 2.
c) (C
m
):
2
2 2 4 0 xy my mx mx m +
; k = 1.
Bai 2. Tm cac iem thuoc (L) sao cho co ung k o th cua ho (C
m
) i
qua:
a) (C
m
):
3 2 2
( 1) 4 y x m x m + +
; (L): x = 2; k = 1.
b) (C
m
):
3 2 2
( 1) 4 y x m x m + +
; (L): x = 2; k = 2.
c) (C
m
):
3 2 2
( 1) 4 y x m x m + +
; (L): x = 2; k = 3.
Bai 3. Chng minh rang cac iem thuoc (L) co ung k o th cua
ho (C
m
) i qua:
a) (C
m
):
2 2 2
( 1) 2 mx m m x m m
y
x m
+ + +
; (L): x > 1; k = 2.
b) (C
m
):
2 2
( 1) m x m
y
x m
+
; (L): x > 0; k = 2.
c) (C
m
):
4 2 2
2 1 y x mx m + +
; (L): y = 1; k = 1.
d) (C
m
):
3 2 3
( 1) (2 3 2) 2 (2 1) y x m x m m x m m + + +
; (L): x = 1, y > 2; k = 2.
VAN E 4: Tm iem tren o th (C): y = f(x) co toa o nguyen
Tm cac iem tren o th ham so hu t
( )
( )
P x
y
Q x
co toa o la nhng
so nguyen:
Phan tch
( )
( )
P x
y
Q x
thanh dang ( )
( )
a
y A x
Q x
+ , vi A(x) la a thc, a la
so nguyen.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Khi o
x
y

'
Q(x) la c so cua a. T o ta tm cac gia tr x

nguyen e Q(x) la c so cua a.
Th lai cac gia tr tm c va ket luan.
Bai 1. Tm cac iem tren o th (C) cua ham so co toa o nguyen:
a)
2
1
x
y
x
+
+
b)
10
2
x
y
x
+
c)
2
2
x
y
x
+
d)
2
1
2
x x
y
x
+ +
+
e)
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+
+
f)
4
1
1
y x
x
+ +
Bai 2. Tm cac iem tren o th (C) cua ham so co toa o nguyen:

a)
2
2( 1) 4 y x y x y x + + + +
b)
2
2 4( 1) 6 y x y x y x + + +

VAN E 5: Tm cap iem tren o th (C): y = f(x)
oi xng qua ng thang d: y = ax + b
C s cua phng phap: A, B oi xng nhau qua d d la trung trc cua
oan AB
Phng trnh ng thang vuong goc vi d: y = ax = b co dang:
:
1
y x m
a
+
Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua va (C):
f(x) =
1
x m
a
+ (1)
Tm ieu kien cua m e cat (C) tai 2 iem
phan biet A, B. Khi o x
A
, x
B
la cac nghiem cua (1).
Tm toa o trung iem I cua AB.
T ieu kien: A, B oi xng qua d I d, ta tm
c m x
A
, x
B
y
A
, y
B
A, B.
Chu y: A, B oi xng nhau qua truc hoanh
A B
A B
x x
y y

'

A, B oi xng nhau qua truc tung

A B
A B
x x
y y

'
A, B oi xng nhau qua ng thang y = b

2
A B
A B
x x
y y b

'
+
A, B oi xng nhau qua ng thang x = a

2
A B
A B
x x a
y y
+
'
Bai 1. Tm tren o th (C) cua ham so hai iem oi xng nhau qua
ng thang d:
a)
3
( ): ; : 2 0 C y x x d x y + +
b)
4
( ): ; : 2 6 0
2
x
C y d x y
x
+

c)
2
( ): ; : 1
1
x
C y d y x
x

d)
2
1
( ): ; : 1
1
x x
C y d y x
x
+

Bai 2. Cho o th (C) va ng thang d. Viet phng trnh o th (C)

oi xng vi (C) qua ng thang d:
(d)
(C)
()
B
A
I
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
a)
3 2
( ): 3 5 10 2; : 2 C y x x x d x +
b)
2
2 3 7
( ): ; : 2
1
x x
C y d x
x
+

c)
2
2
( ): ; : 2
2
x x
C y d y
x
+

d)
2
2 5 3
( ): ; : 1
1
x x
C y d y
x
+

Bai 3. Tm m e tren o th (C) co mot cap iem oi xng nhau qua

ng thang d:
a)
3 2 2
( ): 3 2 ; : C y mx x x m d Ox + + +
VAN E 6: i xng tm-trc
1. i xng tm ( i xng im)
y=f(x) ---(C) nu ta di trc Oxy -> IXY theo
'
+
+
0
0
y Y y
x X x
c Y=f(X) l hs l => I
) ; (
0 0
y x
l tm i
xng ca (C).
2. i xng trc
tng t nh trn => Y=f(X) l hm chn => (C) nhn y=... lm trc i xng.
VD: CM hs 1 3
2 3
+ x x y nhn I(-1;1) lm tm i xng.
Gii:
Di trc ta Oxy thanh IXY. Ta c:
'
+

1
1
Y y
X x
=> 2 ) 1 2 ( 3 1 3 3 1 ) 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 1
2 2 3 2 3
+ + + + + X X X X X Y X X Y
) ( 3
3
X f X X Y
) ( 3 ) (
3
X f X X X f + hs l => th ca hm s trn nhn I(-1;1) lm tm i xng.
VAN E 7: Tm cap iem tren o th (C): y = f(x) oi xng qua iem I(a;
b)
C s cua phng phap: A, B oi xng nhau qua I I la trung iem cua
AB.
Phng trnh ng thang d qua I(a; b),
co he so goc k co dang:
( ) y k x a b +
.
Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua (C) va d:
f(x) =
( ) k x a b +
(1)
Tm ieu kien e d cat (C) tai 2 iem phan biet
A, B. khi o x
A
, x
B
la 2 nghiem cua (1).
T ieu kien: A, B oi xng qua I I la trung iem cua AB, ta tm
c k x
A
, x
B
.
Chu y: A, B oi xng qua goc toa o O
A B
A B
x x
y y

'

Bai 1. Tm tren o th (C) cua ham so hai iem oi xng nhau qua
iem I:
a)
3 2
( ): 4 2; (2;4) C y x x x I + +
b)
2
2 5
( ): ; 0;
1 2
x x
C y I
x
_ + +

,
A
B
I
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
c)
3 2
( ): 3 2 1; (0;0) C y x x x I O +
d)
4
( ): ; (0;0)
1
x
C y I O
x
+

+
e)
3 4
( ): ; (1;1)
2 1
x
C y I
x
+
e) ( )
2
2 5 1
( ): ; 2; 5
1
x x
C y I
x
+

+
Bai 2. Cho o th (C) va iem I. Viet phng trnh o th (C) oi xng
vi (C) qua iem I:
a)
3 2
( ): 2 3 5 1; (1;2) C y x x x I + + +
b)
2
( 1)
( ): ; (1;1)
2
x
C y I
x
c)
2
1
( ): ; (2;1)
1
x x
C y I
x
+
d)
3 2
2 5 1
( ): ; (2;1)
2 3
x x x
C y I
x
+
Bai 3. Tm m e tren o th (C) co mot cap iem oi xng nhau qua

iem:
a)
3 2 2 2
( ): 3 3( 1) 1 ; (0;0) C y x mx m x m I O + +
b)
3 2
( ): 7 3; (0;0) C y x mx x I O + + +
c)
3 2
( ): 9 4; (0;0) C y x mx x I O + + +
d)
2 2 2
2
( ): ; (0;0)
1
x mx m
C y I O
x
+ +

+
VAN E 8: Khoang cach
Kien thc c ban:
1) Khoang cach gia hai iem A, B: AB =
2 2
( ) ( )
B A B A
x x y y +
2) Khoang cach t iem M(x
0
; y
0
) en ng thang : ax + by + c = 0:
d(M, ) =
0 0
2 2
ax by c
a b
+ +
+
3) Dien tch tam giac ABC:
S =
( )
2
2 2
1 1
. .sin . .
2 2
AB AC A AB AC AB AC
uuur uuur
Bai 1. Cho o th (C) va iem A. Tm iem M tren (C) sao cho AM nho
nhat. Chng minh rang khi AM nho nhat th ng thang AM vuong
goc vi tiep tuyen cua (C) tai M.
a)
2
( ): 1; (0;0) C y x A O
b)
2
( ): ; (3;0) C y x A
c)
2
( ): 2 1; (9;1) C y x A +
Bai 2. Cho o th (C) va ng thang d. Tm iem M tren (C) sao cho
khoang cach t M en d la nho nhat.
a)
4 2
( ): 2 3 2 1; : 2 1 C y x x x d y x + +
b)
2
4 5
( ): ; : 3 6
2
x x
C y d y x
x
+ +

+
c)
2
( ): ; : 2( 1) C y x x d y x +
d)
1
( ): ; : 2 3
1
x
C y d y x
x
+
+
Bai 3. Tm cac iem M thuoc o th (C) sao cho d(M,Ox) = k.d(M,Oy) vi

k cho trc.
a)
2
( ): ; 1
2
x
C y k
x
+

b)
2
1
( ): ; 1
1
x x
C y k
x
+

c)
2
1
( ): ; 2
1
x x
C y k
x
+

d)
2
2 2
( ): ; 2
1
x x
C y k
x
+ +

+
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Bai 4. Tm cac iem M thuoc hypebol (H) sao cho tong cac khoang
cach t o en hai tiem can la nho nhat.
a)
2
( ):
2
x
H y
x
+
b)
2 1
( ):
1
x
H y
x

+
c)
4 9
( ):
3
x
H y
x

d)
2
2
( ):
3
x x
H y
x
+
e)
2
1
( ):
2
x x
H y
x
+
f)
2
3 3
( ):
2
x x
H y
x
+ +
+
Bai 5. Tm cac iem M thuoc hypebol (H) sao cho tong cac khoang
cach t o en hai truc toa o la nho nhat.
a)
1
( ):
1
x
H y
x
+
b)
2 1
( ):
2
x
H y
x
+
c)
4 9
( ):
3
x
H y
x

d)
2
11
( ):
1
x x
H y
x
+
e)
2
3
( ):
2
x
H y
x

f)
2
6
( ):
3
x x
H y
x
+
Bai 6. Tm cac iem M thuoc hypebol (H) sao cho khoang cach t o
en giao iem cua hai tiem can la nho nhat.
a)
2
2 2
( ):
1
x x
H y
x
+ +
b)
2
1
( ): ; 1
1
x x
H y x
x
+
>

Bai 7. Cho hypebol (H). Tm hai iem A, B thuoc hai nhanh khac nhau
cua (H) sao cho o dai AB la nho nhat.
a)
1
( ):
1
x
H y
x
+
b)
2 3
( ):
2
x
H y
x
+
c)
4 9
( ):
3
x
H y
x

d)
1
( ): 2 1 H y x
x
+ + e)
2
3 3
( ):
1
x x
H y
x
+
f)
2
2 5
( ):
1
x x
H y
x
+
Bai 8. Cho (C) va ng thang d. Tm m e d cat (C) tai 2 iem A, B

sao cho o dai AB la nho nhat.
a)
2
6 4
( ): ; :
1
x x
H y d y k
x
+

+
b)
1
( ): ; : 2 0
1
x
H y d x y m
x
+
+
VAN E 9: Qu tch
Bai toan: Tm tap hp cac iem M(x; y) thoa tnh chat .
Nhan xet: Tm tap hp iem M trong mat phang toa o la tm
phng trnh cua tap hp iem o.
Dang 1: Tm toa o cua iem M.
1) Tm ieu kien (neu co) cua tham so m e ton tai iem M.
2) Tnh toa o iem M theo tham so m.
Co cac trng hp xay ra:
Trng hp 1: M
( )
( )
x f m
y g m

'
Kh tham so m gia x va y, ta co mot he thc gia x, y oc lap

vi m co dang:
F(x, y) = 0 (goi la phng trnh qu tch)
Trng hp 2: M
( )
( )
x a hang so
y g m

'
Khi o iem M nam tren ng thang x = a.

Trng hp 3: M
( )
( )
x f m
y b hang so

'
Khi o iem M nam tren ng thang y = b.

3) Gii han qu tch: Da vao ieu kien (neu co) cua m ( bc 1), ta
tm c ieu kien cua x hoac y e ton tai iem M(x; y). o la gii
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
han cua qu tch.
4) Ket luan: Tap hp cac iem M co phng trnh F(x, y) = 0 (hoac x =
a, hoac y = b) vi ieu kien cua x hoac y ( bc 3).
Dang 2: Trong trng hp ta khong the tnh c toa o cua iem M theo
tham so m ma ch thiet lap c mot he thc cha toa o cua M
th ta tm cach kh tham so m trong he thc e tm c he thc
dang F(x, y) = 0.
Chu y: Neu bai toan ch hoi : iem M chay tren ng nao th ta ch
tm phng trnh
F(x, y) = 0 ma khong can tm gii han cua qu tch.
Bai 1. Tm tap hp cac iem ac biet cua ho o th a cho.
a) (P
m
):
2
2 ( 2) 2 4 y x m x m +
. Tm tap hp cac nh cua (P
m
).
b) (C
m
):
3 2
3 2 3 1 y x mx x m +
. Tm tap hp cac iem uon cua (C
m
).
c) (C
m
):
3 2
2 3(2 1) 6 ( 1) 1 y x m x mm x + + + +
. Tm tap hp cac iem cc ai cua
(C
m
).
d) (H
m
):
( 1) 1
1
m x
y
mx
+
. Tm tap hp cac tam oi xng cua (H

m
).
e) (H
m
):
2
2 3 5
2
x mx m
y
x
+
. Tm tap hp cac iem cc ai cua (H

m
).
Bai 2. Cho (C) va (C). Tm tap hp trung iem cua oan thang.
1) Tm m e (C) va (C) cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet A, B.
2) Tm tap hp cac trung iem I cua oan thang AB.
a) (C):
3 2
3 1 y x x mx + + +
va (C):
3 2
2 7 y x x + +
.
b) (C):
2
3 y x mx +
va (C):
2 y mx +
.
c) (C):
1
1
x
y
x
+
va (C):
2 0 x y m +
d) (C):
2
( 2)
1
x
y
x
va (C) la ng thang i qua A(0; 3) va co he so

goc m.
e) (C):
2
4 3
2
x x
y
x
+ +
+
va (C):
1 y mx +
.
Bai 3. Cho (C) va (C).Tm tap hp cac iem.
1) Tm m e (C) cat (C) tai 3 iem phan biet A, B, C (trong o x
C
khong oi).
2) Tm tap hp cac trung iem I cua oan thang AB.
a) (C):
3 2
3 y x x
va (C):
y mx
.
b) (C):
3 2 2 2
2( 1) ( 1) y x m x m x m + + +
va (C):
3 y mx m +
.
c) (C):
3 2
6 9 y x x x +
va (C):
y mx
.
d) (C):
2
( 2)( 1) y x x +
va (C) la ng thang i qua C(2; 0) va co he
so goc m.
Bai 4. Cho (C). Tm tap hp cac iem t o co the ve c hai tiep
tuyen cua (C) vuong goc vi nhau.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
a) (C):
1
y x
x
+ b) (C):
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+ +
+
Bai 5. a) Cho (C):
2
1
x
y
x
. Tm tap hp cac iem tren truc tung ma t

o co the ke c tiep tuyen vi (C).
b) Cho (C):
3 2
3 2 y x x +
. Tm tap hp cac iem tren ng thang y = 2
ma t o co the ke c 3 tiep tuyen vi (C).
TI M IM THUC THI
HA M BC BA
Cu 16 (2 im): Cho hm s:
3
3 y x x
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2) Tm trn ng thng y = x cc im k c ng 2 tip tuyn ti th (C).
Cu I: 2) A (2; 2) v B(2;2)
Bi 9. Cho hm s y = x
3
3x
2
+2 (1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1).
2. Tm im M thuc ng thng y=3x-2 sao tng khong cch t M ti hai im cc tr nh nht.
Gii.
2. Gi ta im cc i l A(0;2), im cc tiu B(2;-2)
Xt biu thc P=3x-y-2
Thay ta im A(0;2)=>P=-4<0, thay ta im B(2;-2)=>P=6>0
Vy 2 im cc i v cc tiu nm v hai pha ca ng thng y=3x-2, MA+MB nh nht => 3
im A, M, B thng hng
Phng trnh ng thng AB: y= - 2x+2
Ta im M l nghim ca h:
4
3 2
5
2 2 2
5
x
y x
y x
y
' '
+
=>
4 2
;
5 5
M
_

,
Bi 11. Cho hm s
3
5
) 2 3 ( ) 1 (
3
2
2 3
+ + x m x m x y
c th
), (
m
C
m l tham s.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho khi . 2 m
2. Tm m trn
) (
m
C
c hai im phn bit
) ; ( ), ; (
2 2 2 1 1 1
y x M y x M
tha mn
0 .
2 1
> x x
v
tip tuyn ca
) (
m
C
ti mi im vung gc vi ng thng
. 0 1 3 : + y x d
Gii.
2. Ta c h s gc ca
0 1 3 : + y x d
l
3
1
d
k
. Do
2 1
, x x
3 ' y
, hay
3 2 3 ) 1 ( 2 2
2
+ + m x m x
0 1 3 ) 1 ( 2 2
2
m x m x (1)
Yu cu bi ton
phng trnh (1) c hai nghim

2 1
, x x
tha mn
0 .
2 1
> x x

< <
<
'
>

> + +
.
3
1
1
3
0
2
1 3
0 ) 1 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( '
2
m
m
m
m m
O
1 1
y
2
1
2
3
2
1
x
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Vy kt qu ca bi ton l 3 < m v
.
3
1
1 < < m
Cu 39 (2 im): Cho hm s
y x mx m
4 2
1 +
(C
m
)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s khi m = 2.
2) Chng minh rng khi m thay i th (C
m
) lun lun i qua hai im c nh A, B. Tm m cc
tip tuyn ti A v B vung gc vi nhau.
Cu I: 2) Hai im c nh A(1; 0), B(1; 0). Ta c:
y x mx
3
4 2
+
.
Cc tip tuyn ti A v B vung gc vi nhau
y y (1). ( 1) 1

m
2
(4 2 ) 1 +

m
m
3
2
5
2
.
HA M PHN THC
Cu 15. (2 im) Cho hm s
2 1
1
+
x
y
x
(C)
2) Tm cc im M thuc th (C) sao cho tng cc khong cch t M n hai tim cn ca (C) l
nh nht.
Cu I: 2) Ly M(x
0
; y
0
) (C). d
1
= d(M
0
, TC) = |x
0
+ 1|, d
2
= d(M
0
, TCN) = |y
0
2|.
d = d
1
+ d
2
= |x
0
+ 1| + |y
0
- 2| = |x
0
+ 1| +
0
3
1
+ x

2 3
C si
.
Du "=" xy ra khi
0
1 3 t x
Cu 17: (2 im) Cho hm s
2 4
1
+
x
y
x
.
2) Tm trn (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng MN bit M(3;0) v N(1; 1)
Cu I: 2) MN: x + 2y + 3 = 0. PT ng thng (d) MN c dng: y = 2x + m.
Gi A, B (C) i xng nhau qua MN. Honh ca A v B l nghim ca PT:

2 4
2
1
+
+
x
x m
x
2x
2
+ mx + m + 4 = 0 ( x 1) (1)
(d) ct (C) ti hai im phn bit (1) c = m
2
8m 32 > 0
Ta c A(x
1
; 2x
1
+ m), B(x
2
; 2x
2
+ m) vi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca (1)
Trung im ca AB l I
1 2
1 2
;
2
+ _
+ +

,
x x
x x m
I ;
4 2
_

,
m m
( theo nh l Vi-et)
Ta c I
MN m = 4, (1) 2x
2
4x = 0 A(0; 4), B(2;0)
Cu 19: (2 im) Cho hm s
2 3
2
x
y
x
2) Cho M l im bt k trn (C). Tip tuyn ca (C) ti M ct cc ng tim cn ca (C) ti A v
Cu I: 2) Ta c:
2 x ,
2 x
3 x 2
; x M
0
0
0
0

,
_
,
( )
2
0
0
2 x
1
) x ( ' y

Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ( C) ti M :
( ) 2 x
3 x 2
) x x (
2 x
1
y :
0
0
0 2
0

To giao im A, B ca () v hai tim cn l:
( ) 2 ; 2 x 2 B ;
2 x
2 x 2
; 2 A
0
0
0
,
_
Ta c:
0
0
2 2 2
2 2
+ +

A B
M
x x x
x x , M
0
0 B A
y
2 x
3 x 2
2
y y

+
M l trung im AB.
Mt khc I(2; 2) v IAB vung ti I nn ng trn ngoi tip IAB c din tch:
S =
2
2 2 2 0
0 0 2
0 0
2 3 1
( 2) 2 ( 2) 2
2 ( 2)

1
_
1
1 + +

1

1
, ] ]
x
IM x x
x x
Du = xy ra khi

3 x
1 x
) 2 x (
1
) 2 x (
0
0
2
0
2
0
M(1; 1) v M(3; 3)
x
y
x
2 1
1
+
.
2) Gi M l giao im ca hai ng tim cn ca (C). Tm trn th (C) im I c honh
dng sao cho tip tuyn ti I vi th (C) ct hai ng tim cn ti A v B tho mn:
MA MB
2 2
40 +
.
Cu I: 2) TC: x 1 ; TCX:
y 2
M(1; 2). Gi s
x
I x
x
0
0
0
2 1
;
1
_

+
,
(C), (x
0
> 0).
PTTT vi (C) ti I:
x
y x x
x
x
0
0
2
0
0
2 1
3
( )
1
( 1)

+
+
+

x
A
x
0
0
2 4
1;
1
_

+
,
, ( )
B x
0
(2 1;2 + .

MA MB
2 2
40 +

x
x
x
2
0
2
0
0
36
4( 1) 40
( 1)
0
+ +
+ '
>

x
0
2
(y
0
= 1) I(2; 1).
x
y
x
2 4
1
+
.
2) Tm trn th (C), hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng MN, bit M(3; 0), N(1; 1).
Cu I: 2) Phng trnh ng thng MN:
x y 2 3 0 + +
. Gi I(a; b) MN a b 2 3 0 + + (1)
Phng trnh ng thng d qua I v vung gc vi MN l:
y x a b 2( ) +
.
Honh cc giao im A, B ca (C) v d l nghim ca phng trnh:
x
x a b
x
2 4
2( )
1
+
+
(x 1)

x a b x a b
2
2 (2 ) 2 4 0 + +
(x 1)
A, B i xng nhau qua MN I l trung im ca AB.
Khi :
A B
I
x x
x
2
+

a b
a
2
4
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
a b
a b
a
2 3 0
2
4
+ +
'

a
b
1
2

'

Suy ra phng trnh ng thng d:

y x 2 4
A(2; 0), B(0; 4).
43:
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
x
y
x
2 1
1
.
2) Gi I l giao im hai tim cn ca (C). Tm im M thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti M
vung gc vi ng thng MI.
Cu I: 2) Giao im ca hai tim cn l I(1; 2). Gi M(a; b) (C)
a
b
a
2 1
1
(a 1)
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti M:
a
y x a
a
a
2
1 2 1
( )
1
( 1)

+
Phng trnh wng thng MI:

y x
a
2
1
( 1) 2
( 1)
+
Tip tuyn ti M vung gc vi MI nn ta c:

a a
2 2
1 1
. 1
( 1) ( 1)

a b
a b
0( 1)
2( 3)

Vy c 2 im cn tm M
1
(0; 1), M
2
(2; 3)
Bi 3. Cho hm s
2 4

1
x
y
x

+
.
2. Tm trn th (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng MN bit M(-3; 0) v N(-1; -1).
Gii.
2. Gi 2 im cn tm l A, B c
6 6
; 2 ; ; 2 ; , 1
1 1
A a B b a b
a b
_ _

+ +
, ,
Trung im I ca AB: I
2 2
;
2 1 1
a b a b
a b
+ _
+

+ +
,
Pt ng thng MN: x + 2y +3= 0
C :
. 0 AB MN
I MN

'
uuur uuuur
=>
0 (0; 4)
2 (2; 0)
a A
b B

>
' '

Bi 8. Cho hm s
2x 3
y
x 2
c th (C).
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (C)
2.Tm trn (C) nhng im M sao cho tip tuyn ti M ca (C) ct hai tim cn ca (C) ti A, B sao
cho AB ngn nht .
Gii.
Vy im M cn tm c ta l
: (2; 2)
Bi 10. Cho hm s
2 +
x
x m
y
c th l
) (
m
H
, vi
m
l tham s thc.
2. Ly im
1
M m; 2
m 2
_
+

,
( ) C
. Ta c :
( )
( )
2
1
y' m
m 2

.
Tip tuyn (d) ti M c phng trnh :

( )
( )
2
1 1
y x m 2
m 2
m 2
+ +
Giao im ca (d) vi tim cn ng l :

2
A 2; 2
m 2
_
+

,
Giao im ca (d) vi tim cn ngang l : B(2m 2 ; 2)
Ta c : ( )
( )
2
2
2
1
AB 4 m 2 8
m 2
1
+ 1
1
]
. Du = xy ra khi m = 2
77
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho khi 1 m .
2. Tm m ng thng
0 1 2 2 : + y x d
ct
) (
m
H
ti hai im cng vi gc ta to thnh
mt tam gic c din tch l
.
8
3
S
Gii.
2. Honh giao im A, B ca d v
) (
m
H
2
1
2
+
+
+
x
x
m x
2 , 0 ) 1 ( 2 2
2
+ + x m x x (1)
Pt (1) c 2 nghim
2 1
, x x
phn bit khc 2
'

<
'
+
>
2
16
17
0 ) 1 ( 2 2 ) 2 .( 2
0 16 17
2
m
m
m
m
.
Ta c
. 16 17 .
2
2
4 ) ( . 2 ) ( . 2 ) ( ) (
2 1
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
m x x x x x x y y x x AB + +
Khong cch t gc ta O n d l
.
2 2
1
h
Suy ra ,
2
1
8
3
16 17 .
2
2
.
2 2
1
.
2
1
. .
2
1

m m AB h S
OAB
tha mn.
Bi 24. Cho hm s:
1
2( 1)
x
y
x
+
4. Tm nhng im M trn (C) sao cho tip tuyn vi (C) ti M to vi hai trc ta mt tam gic
c trng tm nm trn ng thng 4x + y = 0.
Gii.
2. Gi M(
0
0
0
1
;
2( 1)
x
x
x

+
)
( ) C
l im cn tm. Gi tip tuyn vi (C) ti M ta c phng trnh.
:
' 0
0 0
0
1
( )( )
2( 1)
x
y f x x x
x

+
+
( )
0
0 2
0
0
1 1
( )
2( 1)
1
x
y x x
x
x

+
+
+
Gi A = ox
A(
2
0 0
2 1
2
x x
;0)
B = oy
B(0;
2
0 0
2
0
2 1
2( 1)
x x
x

+
). Khi to vi hai trc ta OAB c trng tm l: G(
2 2
0 0 0 0
2
0
2 1 2 1
;
6 6( 1)
x x x x
x
_

+
,
.
Do G
ng thng:4x + y = 0
2 2
0 0 0 0
2
0
2 1 2 1
4. 0
6 6( 1)
x x x x
x

+
+
( )
2
0
1
4
1 x
+
(v A, B
O nn
2
0 0
2 1 0 x x
)
Chuyn KHO ST HM S

0 0
0 0
1 1
1
2 2
1 3
1
2 2
x x
x x

+

+

Vi
0
1 1 3
( ; )
2 2 2
x M ; vi
0
3 3 5
( ; )
2 2 2
x M .
Bi 31. Cho hm s
1 2
2
x
x
y
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.
2. Tm nhng im trn th (C) cch u hai im A(2 , 0) v B(0 , 2)
Gii.
2. Pt ng trung trc an AB : y = x
Nhng im thuc th cch u A v B c hong l nghim ca pt :
x
x
x
+
1 2
2

2
5 1
2
5 1
0 1
2
x
x
x x
Hai im trn th tha ycbt :
,
_
+ +
,
_

2
5 1
,
2
5 1
;
2
5 1
,
2
5 1
Bi 32. Cho hm s
2
3 2
x
x
y
2. Cho M l im bt k trn (C). Tip tuyn ca (C) ti M ct cc ng tim cn ca (C) ti A v
Gii.
2. Ta c:
2 x ,
2 x
3 x 2
; x M
0
0
0
0

,
_
,
( )
2
0
0
2 x
1
) x ( ' y
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ( C) ti M c dng:

( ) 2 x
3 x 2
) x x (
2 x
1
y :
0
0
0 2
0

To giao im A, B ca ( ) v hai tim cn l:
( ) 2 ; 2 x 2 B ;
2 x
2 x 2
; 2 A
0
0
0
,
_
Ta thy
M 0
0 B A
x x
2
2 x 2 2
2
x x

+
+
, M
0
0 B A
y
2 x
3 x 2
2
y y

+
suy ra M l trung im ca AB.
Mt khc I = (2; 2) v tam gic IAB vung ti I nn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic IAB c din tch
S =

1
]
1
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
+ 2
) 2 x (
1
) 2 x ( 2
2 x
3 x 2
) 2 x ( IM
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
Du = xy ra khi

3 x
1 x
) 2 x (
1
) 2 x (
0
0
2
0
2
0
Do c hai im M cn tm l M(1; 1) v M(3; 3)
Bi 40. Cho hm s y =
1
x
x

Chuyn KHO ST HM S
2. Tm ta im M thuc (C), bit rng tip tuyn ca (C) ti M vung gc vi ng thng i
qua im M v im I(1; 1). (M(0 ; 0) ; M(2 ; 2) )
Gii.
2. Vi
0
1 x
, tip tuyn (d) vi (C) ti M(x
0
;
0
0
1
x
x
) c phng trnh :
0
0 2
0 0
1
( )
( 1) 1
x
y x x
x x
+

2
0
2 2
0 0
1
0
( 1) ( 1)
x
x y
x x
+

(d) c vec t ch phng
2
0
1
( 1; )
( 1)
u
x

r
, 0
0
1
( 1; )
1
IM x
x

uuur
(d) vung gc IM iu kin l :

0
0 2
0 0 0
0
1 1
. 0 1.( 1) 0
2 ( 1) 1
x
u IM x
x x x

+

r uuur
+ Vi x
0
= 0 ta c M(0,0)
+ Vi x
0
= 2 ta c M(2, 2)
TNG N TP CHUN B THI I HC
HM BC BA
1) Cho hm s
3 2
3 2 y x x +
(C)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C).
2) Tm trn ng thng (d): y = 2 cc im m t c th k c ba tip tuyn n th (C).
2) Cho hm s y x mx x
3 2
3 9 7 + c th (C
m
).
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s khi m 0 .
2. Tm
m
(C
m
) ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng.
3) Cho hm s
3 2
3 1 y x x +
c th (C).
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C).
2. Tm hai im A, B thuc th (C) sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti A v B song song vi nhau v
di on AB =
4 2
.
. 4) Cho hm s y = x
3
+ (1 2m)x
2
+ (2 m)x + m + 2 (m l tham s) (1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi m = 2.
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m th hm s (1) c im cc i, im cc tiu, ng thi honh
ca im cc tiu nh hn 1.
5) Cho hm s
3
3 (1) y x x
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1).
2) Chng minh rng khi m thay i, ng thng (d): y = m(x +1) + 2 lun ct th (C) ti mt
im M c nh v xc nh cc gi tr ca m (d) ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit M, N, P sao cho
tip tuyn vi th (C) ti N v P vung gc vi nhau.
6) Cho hm s
3 2
2 ( 3) 4 + + + + y x mx m x c th l (C
m
).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C
1
) ca hm s trn khi m = 1.
2) Cho (d) l ng thng c phng trnh y = x + 4 v im K(1; 3). Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m
sao cho (d) ct (C
m
) ti ba im phn bit A(0; 4), B, C sao cho tam gic KBC c din tch bng
8 2 .
7) Cho hm s
3 2
3 2 + y x m x m (C
m
).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s khi m = 1 .
2) Tm m (C
m
) v trc honh c ng 2 im chung phn bit
8) Cho hm s:
3
3 y x x
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
2) Tm trn ng thng y = x cc im k c ng 2 tip tuyn ti th (C).
9) Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 + y x x .
2) Gi d l ng thng i qua im A(3; 4) v c h s gc l m. Tm m d ct (C) ti 3 im
phn bit A, M, N sao cho hai tip tuyn ca (C) ti M v N vung gc vi nhau.
10) Cho hm s
3 2
( ) 3 4 + f x x x .
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s .
2) Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s: G(x)=
3 2
1 1
2sin 3 2sin 4
2 2
_ _
+ + +

, ,
x x
11) Cho hm s
3 2
2 ( 3) 4 y x mx m x + + + + c th l (C
m
)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s trn khi m = 1.
12) Cho ng thng (d): y = x + 4 v im K(1; 3). Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m sao cho (d) ct (C
m
)
ti ba im phn bit A(0; 4), B, C sao cho tam gic KBC c din tch bng
8 2
.
13) cho hm s
3 2
3 + + y x x m (1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi m = 4.
2) Tm m th hm s (1) c hai im cc tr A, B sao cho
0
120 . AOB

14) Cho hm s
3
y x x
.
1) Kho st s bin thin v th (C) ca hm s.
2) Da v th (C) bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh: x
3
x = m
3
m
15) Cho hm s :
3 2
(1 2 ) (2 ) 2 + + + + y x m x m x m (1) ( m l tham s).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 2.
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m th hm s (1) c im cc i, im cc tiu, ng thi honh
ca im cc tiu nh hn 1.
16) Cu I: (2 im) Cho hm s :
3
3 y x m x ( )
(1)
2) Tm k h bt phng trnh sau c nghim:
3
2 3
2 2
1 3 0
1 1
log log ( 1) 1
2 3
<
'
+
x x k
x x

17) Cho hm s :
3 2 3
3 1
2 2
+ y x mx m
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 1.
2) Xc nh m th hm s c cc im cc i, cc tiu i xng vi nhau qua ng thng y
= x.
18) Cho hm s: y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ mx + 1 c th (C
m
); (m l tham s).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s khi m = 3.
2) Xc nh m (C
m
) ct ng thng y = 1 ti 3 im phn bit C(0; 1), D, E sao cho cc tip
tuyn ca (C
m
) ti D v E vung gc vi nhau
19) Cho hm s y x x x
3 2
1 8
3
3 3
+ (1)
2) Lp phng trnh ng thng d song song vi trc honh v ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit
A, B sao cho tam gic OAB cn ti O (O l gc to ).
20) Cho hm s
y x mx m x
3 2
2 ( 3) 4 + + + +
(C
m
).
2) Cho im I(1; 3). Tm m ng thng d:
y x 4 +
ct (C
m
) ti 3 im phn bit A(0; 4), B, C
sao cho IBC c din tch bng
8 2
.
21) Cho hm s
y x x mx
3 2
3 1 + + +
c th (C
m
) (m l tham s).
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
2) Xc nh m (C
m
) ct ng thng d: y = 1 ti 3 im phn bit C(0; 1), D, E sao cho cc tip
tuyn ca (C
m
) ti D v E vung gc vi nhau.
22) Cho hm s
3 2
1
2 3 .
3
y x x x + .
2) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C), bit tip tuyn ny i qua gc ta O.
23) Cho hm s
3 2
( ) 2 y f x x mx m + (1) ( m l tham s).
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti duy nht mt im.
24) Cho hm s y x x mx
3 2
3 1 + + + c th l (C
m
); ( m l tham s).
2) Xc nh m (C
m
) ct ng thng y = 1 ti ba im phn bit C(0;1), D, E sao cho cc tip
tuyn ca (C
m
) ti D v E vung gc vi nhau.
25) Cho hm s y x mx mx
3 2 2
2 9 12 1 + + + (m l tham s).
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m hm s c cc i ti x
C
, cc tiu ti x
CT
tha mn:
C CT
x x
2
.
.
26) Cho hm s
y x x
3 2
3 2 +
.
2) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh :
m
x x
x
2
2 2
1

.
HM TRNG PHNG
27) Cho hm s
4 2 2
( ) 2( 2) 5 5 + + + f x x m x m m (C
m
)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s vi m = 1
2) Tm m (C
m
) c cc im cc i, cc tiu to thnh 1 tam gic vung cn.
28) Cho hm s y x x
4 2
5 4, + c th (C).
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C).
2. Tm m phng trnh x x m
4 2
2
5 4 log + c 6 nghim
29) Cho hm s:
4 2
(2 1) 2 + + y x m x m (m l tham s ).
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m th hm s ct trc Ox ti 4 im phn bit cch u nhau.
30) Cho hm s
4 2
5 4, + y x x c th (C)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C).
2) Tm m phng trnh
4 2
2
| 5 4| log + x x m c 6 nghim.
31) Cho hm s
4 2 2
2 y x mx m m + + +
(1).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s khi m = 2.
2) Tm m th hm s (1) c 3 im cc tr lp thnh mt tam gic c mt gc bng
0
120
.
32) Cho hm s
4 3 2
2 3 1 (1) + + y x mx x mx .
2) nh m hm s (1) c hai cc tiu.
33) Cho hm s:
4 2
2 1 y x x +
.
2) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh:
4 2
2
2 1 log 0 + + x x m (m>0)
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
34) Cho hm s y x m m x m
4 2 2
2( 1) 1 + + (1)
2) Tm m th ca hm s (1) c khong cch gia hai im cc tiu ngn nht.
35) Cho hm s
y x mx m
4 2
1 +
(C
m
)
2) Chng minh rng khi m thay i th (C
m
) lun lun i qua hai im c nh A, B. Tm m cc
tip tuyn ti A v B vung gc vi nhau.
36) Cho hm s
+ + y x mx m m
4 2 2 4
2 2
(1), vi m l tham s.
2) Chng minh th hm s (1) lun ct trc Ox ti t nht hai im phn bit, vi mi < m 0.
37) Cho hm s
y x mx
4 2 2
2 1 + +
(1).
2) Chng minh rng ng thng
y x 1 +
lun ct th hm s (1) ti hai im phn bit vi mi
gi tr ca m
HM PHN THC
38) Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 1
1
+
c th (C).
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s .
2. Vi im M bt k thuc th (C) tip tuyn ti M ct 2 tim cn ti Av B. Gi I l giao im
hai tim cn . Tm v tr ca M chu vi tam gic IAB t gi tr nh nht
39) Cho hm s
2
1 2
+
+
x
x
y c th l (C).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s.
2) Chng minh ng thng d: y = x + m lun lun ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B. Tm
m on AB c di nh nht.
40) Cho hm s
1
1
+
x
y
x
(C).
2) Tm trn trc tung tt c cc im t k c duy nht mt tip tuyn ti (C).
.
41) Cu I: (2 im) Cho hm s
( )
3 1
2 4
+
+ +
x m
y
m x m
c th l (C
m
) (m l tham s)
2) Xc nh m sao cho ng thng (d): y = x + m ct th (C) ti hai im A, B sao cho di
on AB l ngn nht.
42) Cho hm s
2 1
1
+
x
y
x
(C)
2) Tm cc im M thuc th (C) sao cho tng cc khong cch t M n hai tim cn ca (C) l
nh nht.
43) Cho hm s
2 4
1
+
x
y
x
.
2) Tm trn (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng MN bit M(3;0) v N(1; 1)
44) Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
(C)
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
2) Tm m ng thng d: y = x + m ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho OAB vung ti
O.
45) Cho hm s
2 3
2
x
y
x
2) Cho M l im bt k trn (C). Tip tuyn ca (C) ti M ct cc ng tim cn ca (C) ti A v
46) Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x
.
2) Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr thc ca m, ng thng (d) y = x + m lun ct th (C) ti
hai im phn bit A, B. Tm gi tr nh nht ca on AB.
.
47) Cho hm s y =
2 1
1

x
x
.
2) Gi I l giao im ca hai ng tim cn, A l im trn (C) c honh l a. Tip tuyn ti A
ca (C) ct hai ng tim cn ti P v Q. Chng t rng A l trung im ca PQ v tnh din tch
tam gic IPQ.
48) Cho hm s y =
x 2
2x 3
+
+
(1).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1).
2) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s (1), bit tip tuyn ct trc honh, trc tung
ln lt ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho OAB cn ti gc ta O.
49) Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 1
1
+
.
2) Gi M l giao im ca hai ng tim cn ca (C). Tm trn th (C) im I c honh
dng sao cho tip tuyn ti I vi th (C) ct hai ng tim cn ti A v B tho mn:
MA MB
2 2
40 +
.
50) Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 4
1
+
.
2) Tm trn th (C), hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng MN, bit M(3; 0), N(1; 1).
51) Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 1
1
.
2) Gi I l giao im hai tim cn ca (C). Tm im M thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti M
vung gc vi ng thng MI.
52) Cho hm s
m x m
y
x
2
(2 1)
1

.
2) Tm m th ca hm s tip xc vi ng thng
y x
.
53) Cho hm s
x
y
x
2
2 3
+
+
(1).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1).
2) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C), bit tip tuyn ct trc honh, trc tung ln lt ti
hai im phn bit A, B v tam gic OAB cn ti O.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
54) Cho hm s
3
1
x
y
x
+
.
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua im ( ) 1;1 I
v ct th (C) ti hai im M, N sao cho I
l trung im ca on MN.
55) Cho hm s
x
y
x
2
2
+
.
2) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C), bit rng khong cch t tm i xng ca (C) n
tip tuyn l ln nht.
56) Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 1
1
.
2) Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) sao cho tip tuyn ny ct cc trc Ox , Oy ln lt ti
cc im A v B tha mn OA = 4OB.
THI I HC -TIM CN -CP IM I XNG
s 1 (DBKA - 07)Cho hm s y =
2
4 3
2
x x
x
+
(C)
1. Kho st v v th hm s (C) ca hm s cho .
2.Chng minh rng tch cc khong cch t mt im bt k trn th (C)
n cc tim cn ca n l mt hng s
s 2 (DBKD - 06) Cho hm s y = -
3
2
11
3 .
3 3
x
x x + +
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho .
2.Tm trn th (C) hai im phn bit M,N i xng nhau qua trc
tung.
s 3 (CT-KD-04) (DB-KB-04)Cho hm s y = x
3
-3mx
2
+ 9x +1 (1) vi m l tham s
.
1.kho st v v th hm s (1) khi m = 2
2 Tm m im un ca th hm s (1) thuc ng thng d: y = x + 1
s 4 (DB-KD-04)Cho hm s
1 +
x
x
y (1) c th (C) .
1.Kho st hm s (1).
2.Tm trn (C) nhng im M sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng
d: 3x +4y =0 bng 1.
s 5
(CT -KB-03)Cho hm s y= x
3
3x
2
+ m (1) ( m l tham s ).
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi m=2.
2.Tm m th hm s (1) c hai im phn bit i xng vi nhau qua
gc ta .
HD2:Goi M(x
0
;y
0
)
(Cm)
im i xng vi M qua O l M(-x

0
;-y
0
)
-y
0
=f(-x
0
)
-( x
3
3x
2
+ m)= = -x
3
3x
2
+ m
.6x
2
= 2m
0
3
m
m
x
>
'
t

Vy(Cm) c 2 im i xng nhau qua 0x khi m>0
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
s 7 thi
Cu I.( 2 im)Cho hm s
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s.

2.Tm trn th nhng im cch u hai trc to .
MC LC
BI 1: N IU HM S
VAN E 1: Xet chieu bien thien cua ham so
VAN E 2: Tm ieu kien e ham so luon ong bien hoac nghch
bien tren tap xac nh (hoac tren tng khoang xac nh)
VAN E 3: ng dung tnh n ieu e chng minh bat ang thc
BI 2: CC TR
VAN E 1: Tm cc tr cua ham so
VAN E 2: Tm ieu kien e ham so co cc tr
BI 3: MAX-MIN
VAN E 1: Tm GTLN, GTNN cua ham so bang cach lap bang bien
thien
Gii thiu s s v BT
BI 4:TIM CN
BI 5: KHO ST V V TH
BI 6: S TNG GIAO
BI 7: BIN I TH
BI 8: BIN LUN BNG TH
BI 9: PHNG TRNH TIP TUYN
VAN E 1: Lap phng trnh tiep tuyen cua ng cong (C): y = f(x)
VAN E 2: Tm ieu kien e hai ng tiep xuc
BI 10: CC DNG NG BIT
VAN E 1: Tm iem co nh cua ho o th (C
m
): y = f(x, m)
VAN E 2: Tm iem ma khong co o th nao cua ho o th (C
m
): y
= f(x, m) i qua
VAN E 3: Tm iem ma mot so o th cua ho o th (C
m
): y = f(x,
m) i qua
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
VAN E 4: Tm iem tren o th (C): y = f(x) co toa o nguyen
VAN E 5: Tm cap iem tren o th (C): y = f(x)
oi xng qua ng thang d: y = ax + b
VAN E 6: i xng tm-trc
VAN E 7: Tm cap iem tren o th (C): y = f(x) oi xng qua iem
I(a; b)
VAN E 8: Khoang cach
VAN E 9: Qu tch
LI GII THIU
Cho cc em hc sinh thn mn. Nm nay l nm cui cp ca cc em, v v th chng ta dnh
c mt nm hoch nh cuc i mnh. Thy khng c g cho cc em lm hnh trang ln ng, ch
c mt phn qu nh l bi dng kin thc cho cc em v chp nhng i cch cc em t mnh
bay cao. Tuy cun sch khng dy nhng vi mc ch LTH, cc em c th m hc th s t im
ti a.
Thy cng l con ngi nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st hay li k thut ... cc em c mnh
dng ng gp kin Thy xin cm n.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Mi chi tit cc em c lin lc trc tip Thy V Thanh Bnh. S t: 0917.121.304. a ch: vo
hm 125- ng Hong Vn Th- Q.Ninh Kiu- TP Cn Th.
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Sao gp nhau li c phi chia tay
Con tu n ri i nhanh qu i
Sn ga c n t mnh khng hiu ni
Thng nm vi y ni nh nim thng.
Mi hai nm sng di mi trng
Trong tnh thng thy c, b bn
Mi hai nm - c tng di v hn
sp ht ri, nhanh qu, thi gian.
Nh thu ln u n lp
Rt r sau m, ng ngc xung quanh
L e d m mt mu xanh
Ta kh gi th thm tn c gio.
i nh cu th nh tng nt ch
Vi bng hnh ngn ni con sng
Qu hng ta bt ngt cnh ng
C nh b tin hin v trong c tch.
L hc tr ai li khng tinh nghch
Ta chng th qun ln pht ngy xa
C bt ng gc lp - v ta a khc
Nc mt hm qua cn mn n by gi.
Thng nm hc tr tri i m
Ho hc n h, ch i ting ve
Ta cng bit bng lng mu tm
V ngh rng phng v khc nh.
Thi gian qua chng ni vi hng me
Ta cng v tnh lt tng trang v
Khi hoa go ht thi rc r
Ta cht hiu mnh nh mt thi gian...
Cn li y dng ch khc trn bn
Bi phn trng tc thy thm bc
Bng i hy en cng vi nm, vi thng
Xin ng ai xa bi hc hm qua ...
Tht l gn, m sao cng rt xa
Ta lm nhm m li tn tng a
Ve ng khc, phng ng t lng ta na
Nng ng vng ng ngn bui chia tay.
Lp hc i hy li ni ny
Khung ca s, thi ta cho nh
Bng lng tm trong sn trng lng l
L vy tay cho, t t nh ngi i !
Chuyn KHO ST HM S
Ngy ra trng c k c ci
Sao nc mt c ln di trn m
Mun ni cng nhau i iu nhng kh qu
C l nc mt mnh ni ht nim thng.
Ta chia tay nhau chn mt con ng
Chp chng nhng bc u t lp
Thy c chp cho ta i cnh
Bng sc ca mnh hy c bay mau.
Xin gi li trng, nhng k nim v nhau
Tui b th i, ta gi ngi li
Mt ong y nng, con tim khc khoi
Thn thc nghn ngo - thi nh trng i !

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Hm s lun nghch bin

Bai 4. Tm m e ham so:

ong bien trong khoang (1; +).

ong bien tren khoang (1; +).

( ) 0 , 0 1 cos ) ( ' > < x x x f ( ) 0 , 0 sin 0 ) ( > < < x x x x f

0 sin ) ( ' ' > + x x x f

+ > < <

Bai 2. Tm cc tr cua cac ham so sau:

Khi s dung ieu kien can e xet ham so co cc tr can

Theo inh li Viet va theo bai, ta co:

. T (1) va (3), ta co:

(thoa(*)). Vy gia tri cn tim la:

. Ham s co cc ai va cc tiu thi

phng trinh (*)

phng trinh (*) v nghim hoc co nghim x = 0.

. Ham s co cc tiu ma khng co

phng trinh (*) v nghim hoc co nghim kep x = 0

co mot gia tr cc ai bang 0.

Bai 4. Tm a, b, c, d e ham so:

co cc ai, cc tieu va tch cac gia

co gia tr cc ai M va gia tr cc tieu m

co hai iem cc tr nam hai pha oi vi truc

co khoang cach gia hai iem cc tr bang 10.

co hai iem cc ai va cc tieu nam ve hai

co hai iem cc tr va khoang cach gia

co hai iem cc tr trong goc phan t

co mot iem cc tr nam trong goc

Bi 11. Khi ham so co cc ai, cc tieu, viet phng trnh ng

GV:L Th Bch Tuyt Trng THPT Qunh Lu 2 Ngh an

BI 2. Tm cac tiem can cua o th cac ham so sau:

BI 3. Tm cac tiem can cua o th cac ham so sau:

(1) co hai nghiem phan biet

c hai nghim phn bit vi mi m v

c hai nghim phn bit

c hai nghim phn bit

D c (I) c hai nghim phn bit khi v ch khi phng trnh

VD10: Cho ham s

(1) co ba nghim phn bit

(2) co hai ngim phn bit

(d) ct (C) tai ba im phn bit A, B, D

phng trinh (**) co hai nghim phn bit khac

> thoa yu cu.

* Ham s co hai cc tri

Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit khc 0

Theo inh li Viet, ta co:

. Khi o phng trinh (1) co bn nghim phn bit:

Bai 3. Tm m e o th cac ham so:

cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet.

cat nhau tai hai iem co hoanh o trai dau.

cat truc hoanh tai hai iem phan biet co hoanh o

cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet A, B. Khi o tm m

cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet A, B. Khi o tm m

cat nhau tai hai iem phan biet A, B. Khi o

1.Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C

.Hc sinh t v hnh

Do s nghim ca phng trnh bng s

. iu kin (2) c ngha: x > 1.

GV:L Th Bch Tuyt Trng THPT Qunh Lu 2 Ngh an 49

+ tao vi ng thang d: y = ax + b mot goc th tan

VD5: Cho ham s