Sa PH12 Se2

Original Title:
Physics
Principles and Problems
By:
Paul W. Zitzewitz
Todd George Elliott
David G. Haase
Kathleen A. Harper
Michael R. Herzog
Jane Bray Nelson
Jim Nelson
Charles A. Schuler
Margaret K. Zorn
www.macmillanmh.com
English Edition Copyright 2009 the McGrawHill CompaniesInc

All rights reserved
Arabic Edition is published by Obeikan under agreement with
The McGrawHill CompaniesInc 2008
. :
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8 ....................................
7-1 9 ..
7-2 17 .....
Electromanetism

.

.
36 ................................................
8-1 37 ....................
8-2
49 ................................

Quantun Theory

.

.

)(STM

DNA

.STM

36
The Atom
62 ..........................................................
9-1 63 ................................
9-2 77 ...........................
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.

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. .

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.

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62
10
94 ........................
10-1 95 ...............
10-2 107 ........................
10

Solid-State Electronics

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94
11
124 ....................................
11-1 125 .......................................

11-2 132 .....
11-3 141 ...........................
11

Nuclear Physics

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.

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124

160
161
192
195
Electromanetism

.

.

7-1

Interactions of Electric and

Magnetic Fields and Matter

.

AM
L M

N
B
B CC D
D E
E FF G
G B
H
H CII D
JJ K
K F
LL M
M N
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A AM
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540 kHz .1690 kHz
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3
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VHF

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.
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9
Mass of an Electron

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.
7-1

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q/m =1.759 10 11 C/kg q/m q
.
1.602 10-19 C
7-2
e-
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11
1.759 10 C / kg
m9.1110-31 kg
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.

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11
.
. .1.67 10-27 kg

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9.11 10-31 kg 2.0 105 m/s

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1
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m= 9.1110-31 kg
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v= 2.0 105 m/s B= 3.010-2 T
q= 1.60210-19 C
3
___ = Bqv
r
mv
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___________________
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.
.2 6.0 10-2 T .3.0103 N/C

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3
.4 0.60 T .4.510 N/C

12
The Mass Spectrometer

.

.q/m

.
.
q/m .
.q/m

.
.

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. V
.
7-3 .
7-3

a

13
K L M N
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1
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___
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B :
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14
2

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1
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2
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r=0.053 m
q3.20 10 C V34 V r0.053 m

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3
Br
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_______________________(
3.210-19 C)(0.050T) (0.053m)2
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= m
=3.310-26 kgm
3.310-26 kg
_______________
20
1.6710-27 kg/
_____ = N
=
m
.
20 22 .
.5
.6
.7
.8
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6.0102 N/C .
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4.345%
50
51
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54
55
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7-1
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16

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.12
.13
.14

4.2104 m/s
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www.obeikaneduction.com
7-2
Electric and Magnetic Fields in Space
.

.

.
.

.

.

.

.
Electromagnetic Waves

1821
.
.
.

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.
.7-5a
.
.

7-5a

.
7-5
b
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E
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17
1860

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3.00108 m/s c .
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3.00= c108 m/s

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.15
.16
.17
.18
18
3.21019 Hz
5.701014 Hz
8.2 1014 Hz
2.2 10-2 m

.
.
:

__c
___ =v
K
v m/s c m/s
.3.00108 m/s K .
K=1.00000 .c K=1.00054

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.19
.20
.21

c = 299792458 m/s .
1.77
2.43 108 m/s

.7-6
.

7-6 .

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c
7-6

a

cb
a
19
B
B
v
7-7
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.
.
Hz
106Hz
1 MHz
10 m
1 km
108Hz
10 Hz
1016Hz
10-4 m
(0.1 mm)
10-6 m
(1 m)
1018Hz
1020Hz
7-8
10-9 m
(1 nm)
10-12 m
(1 pm)
1022Hz
1024Hz
1014Hz
1 cm
1012Hz
10 m
100 m
1m
1 GHz
10
10-15 m
20
.
.7-1
.1
.2
.3
.

.4 .7-1
7-1
(nm)
390 455
492 577
597 622
455 492
577 597
622 700

Producing Electromagnetic Waves

AC
1 kHz .
7-8 .

)( .

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7-9 .
7-9
21

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KE PE
7-10a
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KE . KE
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PE = 0
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PE =
KE = 0
I
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++ ++
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7-11
.
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7-11
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1 GHz .100 GHz

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.
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23

Reception of Electromagnetic Waves
7-12

. 7-12

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. - - UV

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1.510-5 m

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1.98 108 m/s

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UV
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www.obeikaneducation.com
25
Electromagnetic Wave Shielding
.

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:
.
.
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AM-FM
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obeikaneducation.com
27
Cellular Phones
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28

.RF

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AMFM .2

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71
Interactions of Electric and Magnetic Fields and Matter

.
__ q
__
=v
Br
.
.
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= 2V
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7-2
Electric and Magnetic Fields in Space
.
.
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29

.28

E c : .
.37
.38
.39
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
:

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30
7-14
.40
.41
.42

.

E/B
. 7-15
.

.43
7-15

.

:
.a
.b
.c

58 MHz
180 MHz

.49 6.610-27 kg 2+
7-1
.44
.45
3.6 104 m/s

.5.8103 N/C

0.20m

0.36T
.7-16
.50
.51
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.a
.b
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12
13

7-17

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.46 6.010 T
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.48
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5.0 cm

):(2+
q= 2(1.610-19C)B= 8.010-2T
r = 0.077 m V = 156 V
.
r1 = 16.23 cm
r2 = 17.97 cm
r2
r1
7-17
7-2
.52
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2.0 cm .

.66 MHz
_41
.
31
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.55
.56
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10.525 GHz
1850 Hz

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101.3MHz
EM 100MHz
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.
___ = c
2f
.58
.59
.60
FM
.94.5 MHz

8.3cm

57

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50.0 mT
9.80 cm q/m
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32
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7.7 A
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0.55N

33
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.2
3.4810-1 Hz B
B
C

0.01T 66 cm

6.3105m/s A
6.3107m/s C
2.0106 m/s B
2.0 1012 m/s D
B = 0.10 T
3.00 108 Hz D
cm
6.6
=r

0.45 T 0.52m
1.6710-27kg

2.2107 m/s C
1.2 m/s A
5.8 108 m/s D
4.7103 m/s B
1.3 108 m/s D
0.5
5.6107 m/s C
=r
9.4104 m/s B
.6
B = 0.45 T
5.4

3.2103 m/s A
DC
.
2m
34
1.04108 Hz C

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9.5710-9 Hz A
:
A
2.87m

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.+e 0.0400m
1.5T

:

.
35

Quantun Theory

.

.

)(STM

DNA

.STM

.
.

36
8-1
A Particle Model of waves
N
A
A B
B A
CC D
B
D E
C
A
E D
F
B
F G
E
G
C H
F
H
D G
IEI H
JF
J K
K
G
I L
H
JL M
K
M
I N
L
J M
K N
L M N
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
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.

.
1-2 m

.:

.

.

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.
.

.
.
.
.

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)(

1889 .
.
- -
.

-
-
.

. :

.

.
37

Radiation from Incandescent Bodies
N L M N
EH FI GJ HK IL M
J K
N
FI
GJ H
IL M
J
K
L M N
K
.1
.2

.3
.4
.5

.6
.7
A

CF DG B C AD BE
A .
B
C AD
BE
CF
DG EH

.

.

.

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.
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.
. .
.
8-1 4000 k 5800 k
.8000 K .

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8-1

38
T4
.
.
.
5800 K 4 1026 W .
1000 J .1000 W
.100 W

.8-1

1887 1900
. 1900

: .
:

E = nhf
h 6.62610-34 J/Hz
n .0,1,2,3
E = (0) hf = 0
E = (1) hf = hf
E = (2) hf = 2 hf
E = (3) hf = 3 hf
n = 0:
n = 1:
n = 2:
n = 3:
E hf 2 hf ... 3hf
__3
__2

3 hf .4 hf
h 6.63 10-34 J/Hz .
.

.
3 hf 2 hf
. hf .
h
.
.

.

1918
.8-2

2.7 K

0 K
8-2

h
6.62610-34JHz
39
The Photoelectric Effect

.
.

.
.
8-3
.

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)( )(
.
.
.
.8-3
- 8-3 -
) (.

a .f0 .

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b
b
40

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) (.

.

1905
.
.

.

E = hf
f Hz h . Hz = 1/s
.J.s
Hz/J

) .(eV
.
)1 eV = (1.6010-19 C)(I V
=1.6010-19 C.V
=1.6010-19 J
)(1240 eV.nm
hc
__ = E
___________ =
1240 eV.nm .
41
hc
hc eV.nm

.
.1 .E = hf
.2 f=c/ .E = hc/
.3 E = hc/ hc eV.nm
nm .eV
hc .eV.nm
.4 hc eV.nm :
)hc = (6.62610-34 J/Hz) (2.998108 m/s
)(l eV
109nm
___________
_____
= 1240 eV.nm
(1.602 10-19 J) 1 m
.5
hc = 1240 eV.nm
)(1240 eV.nm
nm E :eV

.eV
__________ = __ = E
.6
hc

.
nhf
.
.
:
f0 hf0 .
f0 .

.
f0
h-h f0 .

KE = hhf0
.hf0
42
UV
8-4

.8-4
.
.
.
8-4 .

.
.

.

. KE =-qV0 : V0
J/c q .-1.6010-19 C
q
.KE
8-5

.
8-5
.
.

.
.

43
1
4.0 V
.

1
.
.
?=) eV J( KE
V0 = 4.0 V
q= -1.6010-19 C

. W
KE + W = 0 J
KE .
.KE
W=qV0
V0=4.0Vq=-1.6010 19C
KE = - W
= -q V0
)= -(-1.60 10-19 C) (4.0 V
) ( 1.60 10 J
= +60 10-19 J
l eV
_________ )KE = (+6.410-19J
-19
= 4.0 eV
.
.

.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
44
2.3 eV
6.2 106 m/s eV
1
5.7 V
.eV
3.2 V .
.
5.0 g
.1.0 cm/s
.E= nhf
.1 .
.2 5.01014 Hz
.
.3 .

.8-6

.h

= ____ = h
KE
f
.
8-6 f0 .KE = 0 f0
x 4.41014 Hz .
.
.hf0 f0

.
12
11
10
eV

1905 1916

.

.

1921 .
1923

8-6
) (1014 Hz
45
2
.
.a .
.b 348 nm eV
0 536 nm
? =W
0 = 536 nm
? = KE
hc = 1240 eV.nm
.a .
hc
__ = W= hf0
0 = 536 nm, hc = 1240 eV.nm
.b .
=348nm
.
__W=
__ =hcE
hc
E = 3.56 eV W = 2.31 eV
3
1240 eV.nm
________ =
= 2.31 eV
536 nm
1240 eV.nm
________ = E
1240 eV.nm
________ =
= 3.56 eV
348 nm
__ = KE = hf hf0
__ -
hc
0
hc
=EW
= 3.56 eV-2.31 eV
= 1.25 eV
eV .KE
.

.
.6
.7
.8
.9
46
Hz eV .310 nm
eV
425 nm 1.96 eV
3.5 eV .193 nm

4.50 eV

The Compton Effect
- -
. 1916
.E/c E = h
.
/c = 1/ .
hf
h
__
__ =p
= c
1922
. .
X 8-7a
X . X

. .8-7b
X X
X X.
.E= hc/
E = hf
.
.
X
.
10-3 nm X
10-2 nm .
= 0
= 90
= 90
8-7

a

bX
47
= E
= mv
= hf
h
= mc2
= hf
h
=
8-8
a

b

. X
. -
.8-8

.
8-1
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
48

.

X

.
.

.

=532 nm .

1.44 V eV
.15
.16
.17
.18

650 nm .
eV
X
. X
0.02 nm .eV
X
.
X
X

. -
-

8-2
Matter Waves

.

:
1923 .
.
De Broglie Waves

.p= mv
p= h/ :
__ = p = mv

. .

.

.

.
___
= p__ = mv

. .
. 1927

.

X

.
.
. 8-9

.
.
8-9
-
-

.
0.145 kg .38 m/s
6.63 10-34 J.s
___ = _____________ =1.2 10-34 m

=mv
h
)(0.145 kg)(38 m/s
.

-
-
.
49
3
75 V
1
V = 75 V m = 9.1110-31 kg
h = 6.63 10-34 J.s
q = -1.610-19 C
?=
-
75 V

1
__ = KE = -qV KE
mv 2
2
1
__ m2v2 = -qv
KE
2
_____
-2qV
_____
m
m = 9.11 1
0-31kg
q= -1.6010 19 C V = 75 V
0
m9.11 1
-34
kg
v5.110 ms
___________________
)-2(-1.60 10-19 C)(75 V

__________________
)(9.1110-31 kg
p = 4.6 10 24 kg. m/s
= 5.1 106 m/s

p = mv
)= (9.1110-31 kg)(5.1106 m/s
= 4.610-24 kg.m/s
h = 6.63 10-34 J.s
=v
__ =
p
h
6.6310
J.S
____________ =
-34
kg.m/s
m = 0.14 nm
4.610
24
= 1.4 10
-10
m/s v nm .
v .
0.1 nm X .
.19
.20
.21
.22
50
7.0 kg 8.5 m/s :

.a .b
250 V .
0.125 nm
3 .0.14 nm eV
) (m = 1.67 10-27 kg
+y
Particles and Waves

.
.
) (STM " ".
.

.
.
.

.8-10
.
.
.

-
. -
.
.
+x
= 0
+y
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+x
8-10

a
b
8-2
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27

.

125 V

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.28
.

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250 nm) __21 (

51

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52
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B A
D CCE A
AC BB
CFH D
DDF B
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GGI
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4 cm . R.
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14 cm .
V .
B
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10

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.
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.
) .
(.
.1
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.
9
53
1981
(STM)
.
.

STM .
90%
V
d = 1 nm
STM
1nm
.1

.2

.3
54
8-1
Aparticle Model of waves

.
.
.

.
E = nhf

.
)(1240 eV.nm
_________ hc
__ = E = hf
=

.
KE = hh0
h .
- -
.

.

hf
h
__
__ =p
= c
8-2
.
.
Matter Waves

.
.
h
h
__
___
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.

.
55

.29
.38

:
.
.39
.40
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
56

.

.

.

.
.

.
p .p = mv

.

:
.a
.b
.c

:
.a
.b
.c .
.41
.42

8-1
:
.a

.b

.c
4000 k 8000 k

. :
.a
.b
.43
.44
.45

. :
.a
.b

8-11
.49

.8-12

.a
.b
21 m/s
0.10 m
.50
8-11
8-1
.46
.47
.48

5.4410-19 J
n 1

4.810-19 J

4.0102 nm
.51
.52
.53
5.0 V
8-12
.3.00 1014 Hz

6.50 102 nm

4.4 1014 Hz
1.00 1015 Hz

.

) (= 6980 nm
57
.54
4 10-11 J
.

3000 h :
.a

.b
20%

8-2
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
58

3.0 106 m/s

3.0 10-10 nm

.5.0 103 V :
.a
.b
0.02 eV.
.a
.b .

13.65 eV:
.a .
.b .
.c

.
.0.519 nm
.60

0.18 nm
.a

.b
0.18 nm

.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
.67

3.8 V
8.0 1014 Hz

1.6 1015 Hz

) (2H 3.3 10-27 kg
.2.5 1014 m/s
4.7 eV
.a
.b 15 nm

eV
2.48 eV

400.0 nm
. :
.a .
.b .eV
.68
.69

. ) (eV

20.0 nm
.8-13
1.2 1015 Hz :
.a
.b
.c
eV
167 nm
.71

1.5 10-11 W/m2
.8-14
.a

.b
8-14

.
= 550 nm
= 7.0 mm
=167 nm
.72
.70
8-13
-
.632.8 nm
.a
.
.b
) 0.5 mW (5 10 -4 J/s

8-14

.8-1
)
.
(
.
h
__
q
h
__ .
. q
59
8-1
nm
V0eV
200
4.20
300
2.06
400
1.05
500
0.41
600
0.03
.73
.74
60

.
2.8108 m/s
1.4104 N/C

.5
:
.1

.

A
__3 h
3 h C
h B
.2
.3
.4
95.0 V
.

2.52 10-10 m C
5.02 10-22 m A
5.10 106 m D
1.26 10-10 m B
4 h D
95 V
.
B
.6
.
391 km/s )
-31
.(9.1110 kg
C
.
4.8 10-15 m C
3.5 10-25 m A
D
1.86 10-9 m D
4.79 10-15 m B
.
.7
1.14 1015 Hz
A
8.77 10-16 J C
5.82 10-49 J A
.
1.09 10-12 J D
7.55 10-19 J B
B .
5.17 eV
C
.
.
2.31 eV
D
2.86 eV C
0.00 eV A
.
7.48 eV D
2.23 eV B

.8 45 m/s
2.3 10-34 m kg
.
.

.
61
The Atom
.

.

.
. .

.

.

.
62
9-1

50
5 10 25
100

.1
.2
.3
.4
N
JJ K
K LL M
M N
II
A
A B
B CC D
D EE FF G
G H
H
100
.
.

.
1
.
) 5 10 25 (50

.
.
3
.

The Bohr Model of the Atom
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.
63
The Nuclear Model
.

)( .
.
.

.

.

.
.
.
.

. 9-1

.

) .(90
.9-2
15
.
9-1

64
9-2

20.000

. .
99.9% .

. .
10.000 .

. -
-
.
9-3

.
.

.
.

. 9-3 .
c
9-3

a
b
c
65
9-4
a . .
b 9-4a
- -
c

.

.
.
9-4b 9-4c .
.

. .
.
.
66
.

.
.
.
9-5
1814
.
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.
.

. .

.9-6a
.

9-6b 9-6c
.

.
9-6

a
b

c
750 nm
400 nm
750 nm
400 nm
67

.
.

.

- .
.
.

.

.
:
.9-7
.

.
.

.
.10-9 s
.

.
1911
.
. 1911
.
9-7
656 nm
68
486 nm
410 nm 434 nm
Quantized Energy
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.

.
. .
9-9
.

.

.
.

. .
9-8

.

.
.
.

.

.
= hf E

.
9-9

69
= E3 - E1 E 1
= E2 - E1 E 2
= E3 - E2 E 3
>E 3 >E 2 E 1
1 < 2 < 3
E3
E2
Ei Ef
E :
= Ef Ei
9-10 .
E
= E
2
E
= Ef Ei
E1
9-10
=E
E = hf E

.
.
Predictions of the Bohr Model

.

.

.

. -
.

.
.
.

q +q r
.F =k q2/r2 :
a =v2/r :

. :
= maF
mv
___ =
r
2
k
q2
___
2
k .9.0 109 N.m2/C2

70

.mvr :
h/2 h . n
k
q
mv
___
___ =

.mvr = nh/2 r
r

:
2
______ =rn
2
2
h2n2
4 kmq
n
n
4
k .
-
n = 1 .
(6.62610-34 J.s)2(1)2
N.m /C )(9.1110 kg)(1.6010
___________________________________ =r1
2
2
9
2
2
-31
-19
)C
4 (9.010
= 5.3 10-11 J2. s2/N. m2. kg

0.053 nm= 5.3 10-11 m

-kq2/2r : :
2 k2mq4h2
_________En =-
1
__
n2

:
En =-2.17 10-18 J__2
1
n
En =-13.6 eV__2
1
n
n -13.6 eV
.n2

. n

r .E r n E
.1/n2

L
F M
G N
H I J K L M

M
H N
I J K L M N
.1
.2
.3

.4
.5
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.7
71
J K
D
E
K
F G
L
CI
E
J

. .

.
.
.

.

.9-11

.
n = 3
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9-11
n=2
E6
0.38 eV
0.54 eV
E4
0.85 eV
E5
n=6
n=5
n=4
E3
n=3
1.51 eV
E2
3.40 eV
n=2
n=1
72
E1
13.6 eV
1
n = 1 .n=2
.
E1 .E2
.
n = 1 =E1
n = 2 =E2
=E
.
= 1
E2
n =2
n=1
E1
En =-13.6 eV__2
1
n
1
E1 =-13.6 eV___2
)(1
E1 =-13.6 eV
En =-13.6 eV___2
1
)(2
E2 =-3.40 eV
E E f
.Ei
E= Ef-Ei
Ei = E1 Ef = E2
E1 = 13.6 eV E2 =3.40 eV
= E2-E1
)= -3.40 eV (-13.6 eV
= 10.2 eV
.
.

10 eV .
73
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
: .
E3 E2 .
E4 E2 .
hn
______ = rn n = 1

4 kmq
. - - n2 . r1
5.3 10-11 m .0.053 nm
.
2.5 10-15 m 5 10-11 m .
7.5 cm
2
2
n = 2
.n = 1 . E1 E2 .1
1
E1 . E2

.
= f
E1 =-13.6 eV
=
E2 =-3.40 eV
= E
E23.40 eV
E
E1 13.6 eV
E Ef .Ei
E = Ef-Ei
= E1-E2
Ef= E1 Ei = E2
E1 = 13.6 eV E2 =3.40 eV
E
f= ___
h
hc=1240eVnmE=10.2eV
74
)= -13.6 eV (-3.40 eV

= -10.2 eV
E
___ = f
h
__ =
c
f
E = hf
= f
c
______ =
)(E/h
= 1240 eV. nm/10.2 eV

= 122 nm
.
.SI .

.

.400 nm
.6
.7
.8
2 .3 97
8.82 eV .6.67 eV
.a
.b
.-54.4 eV
.304 nm

.

.

n = 5 n = 3
.
.1

.2

.3 632.8 nm

= 632.8 nm
E5 n =5
E4 n =4
E3 n =3
E2 n =2
E1 n =1
75
.
.

.
.
-
- 9-12 1922.
9-12

9-1
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13

.

.0.0265 nm

. .
76
.14
.15

101 .100

1.5 10 -15 m .

r = 5 cm
n = 1
9-2
The Quntum Model of the Atom

.

.
.

From Orbits to an Electron Cloud
.
.
mv . = h/mv :
.mvr = hr/ :
mvr = nh/2 . :

n=2r
nh
hr
__
___=
2 r n
. 9-13 .
1926 .

.

.

.
n = 2.9
n=5

.
.
.

.
9-13

n
n=5n=3
n=2.9
n=3
77
.
9-14
.
.

.
.

=n
2

.
. .
9-14

0.053nm=
10
10
n=2
n=1
10
10
10
10
n=1
78
10
10
Lasers

. .

.
.
.
.

9-15 .
.

.
.
ba9-15
79
9-16
E2
E1
(a) hf
2E 1
E
= E2 E1(b)E
Ehf
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a
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Ehf
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E1
E1

9-16a .
1917

. .

9-16b
.

.
. :
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.
1959
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80
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.
.
.
.
.

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.

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99.9%

0.1 % .

.
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.

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) (

.

.
. 2 mm
.
. .
.
9-17

9-18
81
9-1
nm
krF
248
N2
337
420
476.5488.0514.5
632.8
635680
8401350
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Ar
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Laser Applictions
CD DVD .

.
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200 nm .
.
. 91
.
12 mm
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.

.

.

.
82

.
13001500 nm
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

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.

.
9-19

9-20

9-20
.
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9-2
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cm
cm
cm2
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200
200
200
200
200
200
cm2
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.
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.
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1923

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1999

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.

1920 .

.
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106105
.

1995
.

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) :
.
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.
.
1997
86
9-1

.
.
.

. .

. n -13.6 eV

1
.n2
__En =-13.6 eV
n2

) ( .
.
= Ef-EiE
)(.

n :
______ =rn
2
2
h2n2
4 kmq
9-2
The Quantum Model of the Atom
.

.
.
.
.

87

.23
.31
:

.
.32
.33
.34
.35
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
88

.

.

.

) 0.8 mW (8 10-4 W .
100 W

.
.36
.37
.38

.

.

E4
E1 .

.39
9-21 6.2 eV
.
.
.45
eV
2.93
0.00
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.41
.42
eV
5.43
4.86
4.64
)E4 (-4.95
)E3 (-5.52
)E2 (-5.74
9-21

.

.
- -

9-1
.44
E2
)E1 (-10.38
.43
6.08
E
E9 10
5.58
E7 E8
5.32 5.49
E6
E
4.62 5.16 5.18
E4 5
E3
4.55
4.13

5.16 eV
2.93 eV .

6.00 10 2 nm
E6
6
5
4
3
2
E1
.46
eV
10.38
8.82
8.81
7.90
7.70
6.67
0.00
)E9 (-1.56
)E8 (-1.57
)E7 (-2.48
)E6 (-2.68
)E5 (-3.71

E 2
2.93 eV .
1.20 eV .
.9-22
9-22
.E6

E2 .2-22
.47 E7 E2
.48
.49
.

.
9-21 49 .50
.E6
.a
.b
E2
89
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
.56
.-4.95 eV
.

E5 E4 E3 E2 E6
51
:
E6-E5 .a
E6-E3 .b
E4-E2 .c
E5-E2 .d
E5-E3 .e
52

.

.53

94.3 nm .

.n = 3

:
.a .
.b .
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(.
9-2
.57
90
CD
.
840 nm
ev
.58
.59
.60
.61
GaInNi
.2.90 eV
.a
.b

.
eV
.9-1

.
.a
840 nm
427 nm

.b
5.0 m W .840 nm
HeNe HeNe

.632.8 nm 543.4 nm 1152.3 nm :
.a
.
.b .

.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
14.0 eV
.

E5 E6 .
.n = 2
.a 332 nm
. .
.b

.

n = 3
n = 2

"" .
.

.

n = 1 n = 2
546 nm 579 nm
.68
.69
436 nm
9-23

67

. 9-21
. .

-
.
" )
+1 s
___( .
7

.

.
E2 E1
.67
9-23

.

91

.70
.71
.

.
.532 nm

.
.
.72
.73
92

:
.a .
E
__
B
.b

.7.5 V

5 6
.

:
.1
.2
.3

A
B
C
D
.405 nm

3.06 eV C
0.22 eV A
4.05 eV D
2.14 eV B
.

E7 E4
167 nm A
500 nm C
251 nm B
502 nm D
eV
0.00
.4
)E4 = (-4.95
)E3 = (-5.52
)E2 = (-5.74
eV
10.38
8.82
8.81
7.90
7.70
6.67
5.43
4.86
4.64
0.00
)E9 = (-1.56
)E8 = (-1.57
)E7 = (-2.48
)E6 = (-2.68
)E5 = (-3.71
E6
E5
E4
-0.38 eV
-0.54 eV
-0.85 eV
E3
-1.51 eV
E2
-3.40 eV
E1
.5
.6
-13.6 eV

E3 C E6
E2 A E5
E6 D E2
E3 B E2

E4 E2
) (1 eV = 1.6 10-19 J
6.15 1014 Hz C
2.55 1014 Hz A
1.08 1015 Hz D
4.32 1014 Hz B

.7
n = 5

n = 2
)E1 = (-10.38

A .
B .
C
.
D
.

.
93
10

Solid-State Electronics

.
.

.

.
94
10-1

L
J
K
I
Conduction in Solids

N
NE
B C
A D
B E
C F
) D
G
E H
F
G
I
H
JA
KIB LJA
C M
KB
D
LC
E
M
D
F
G F
H.1 GI H
J
A.
n
( 9-12 V
.p
.
.2
.3
.4
.5
100
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

.

.

.

95

.

.
.
Band Theory of Solids
.
.

.
.
10-1

. 10-1
)
.(0.8 nm

C Si
E = 1.1 eV
E = 5.5 eV
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
)(nm
96
C29-01A-845813
Final
.

.10-1

.

10-1
)(
.
.

.
10-1

) ( .

.
10-2

C29-02A-845813
Final
.

.
1.1 eV
.

.
0.7 eV

.

.

0.27 nm 10-1

.
.

.10-2
97
.
.
.

.
Conductors
10-3

.

.10-3 106 m/s
10-5 m/s
. -.

. .
.
1
)(free e-/cm 3
= 8.96 g/cm3 M = 63.54 g/mol
NA = 6.021023 atom/mol .
: e
= 8.96 g/cm3
M = 63.54 g/mol
NA = 6.021023 atom/mol
98
? = /cm
3
free e
) (free e-
1
_______ = free e-
______
)(NA )( __)(
3
atom
cm
M
free e-/1 atom = 1 free e-/1 atom

NA = 6.021023 Atoms/mol
M = 63.54 g/mol
= 8.96 g/cm3
1 mol 8.96 g
63.54 g 1 cm
6.021023 atoms
1 mol
1 free e
_______( =
) ) (______________) (______)(_____3
1 atom
=8.491022 free e-/cm3
cm3 .
.cm3
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
7.13 g/cm3 .65.37 g/mol

.

.
.
.
.
.
2835g .
.
Insulators
.
10-4
.
510 eV
.10-4a 5 eV
.
99
E = 5 eV
E = 1 eV
10-4

ba
C29-05A-845813
Final

10-2
.

.
.
Semiconductors

.
104b 1 eV

.

Si Ge .
.

.

.10-5a

.
.

.

. 10-5b

.
10-5

ba
100
C29-06A-845813
Final
e-

.
.
.
.

.

.
2

3
10
1.4510 . cm
2.33 g/cm3 28.09 g/mol
= 2.33 g/cm3
M = 28.09 g/mol
Si
= /cm
3
free e
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
___(= free e
) free e
__()1 ) (M
1
______
______ 10
)(1.4510
atom
N
cm3
-
NA = 6.0210 atoms/mol
23
M = 28.09 g/mol
28.09 g 1 cm
1 mol
_____()______( )
)
______________( =
23
3
2.33 g
1 mol
freee-/cm3Si=1.451010freee-/cm3
atoms
6.0210
) 1.4510 free e
_______________(
3
-
= 2.33 g/cm3
e-
free e-/cm3 = 1.451010 :
Si
NA= 6.021023 atoms/mol
Si
Si
10
cm
free e / atom
= 2.9010
-13

.
101
.6 5.23 g/cm3 .72.6 g/mol 2.25 1013 free e-/ cm3

.7
.8
.9
.10

5
1.8910 free e-/cm3 .200.0 K

-10
9.23 10 free e-/cm3 .100.0 K

10
1.1610 free e-/cm3 .200.0 k

3.47 free e-/cm3 .100.0 K

Doped Semiconductors
.

.
)(.
n
As
.n 10-6a As
Si .
. As
.

.10-7a
n .
102
p
Ga
.p Ga Si

.10-6b

p
.
.10-7b
.
p n
.
.

1000 .

.
.
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
As
As
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Ga
Ga
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
10-6

C29-08A-845813

C29-08A-845813
Final
Final
a

b
n 10-7
a

p
b
103
C29-09A-845813
Final

.
.

.

3

.
.
.a
.b

1.45 1010 free e-/ cm3
.c
Si
Si
Si
Si
As
Si
Si
Si
Si
/106 Si atoms
1 As atom
1 free e-/As atom

4.991022 Si atoms/cm3
1.451010 free e-/cm3
C29-10A-845813
Final
free e-/ cm3 =
2
.a
free e- / As atom
= 1 free e-/ 1 As atom
As atoms / Si atoms
atoms
free e
free e
_______ As atoms
______(
_______( =) As
________( )
) ( Sicm
)
3
As atom Si atoms
cm3
-
free e
1 free e
1 As atom
_________( =)
____________( )
)
______(
1 As atmos 1106 Si atoms
cm3
-
22
4.9910 Si atoms
)
_______________(
3
cm
= 1 As atom/1106 Si atoms
Si atoms/cm3
= 4.991022 Si atoms/cm3
104
= 4.99 10 free e /cm
16
.b
4.991016 free e- /cm3
Si
1.451010 free e- /cm3 Si
Si free e / cm
_____________________ ( =
)
Si free e- /cm3
Si 4.99 1016 free e- /cm3
______________________________( =
)
Si 1.45 1010 free e-/cm-
3
= 3.44106
.c

.
3
.
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
1104

3
510
6
1.131015
cm3 .400.0 K

.
12
4.4510 cm3 .400.0 k

14
.
.

. .

.
105
10-1
.16
.17
.18
106

.

) (8 C
.

.

.

9 eV .

.19
8 eV

.20
.

.

.21

8 C

.13 C

.
10-2
Electronic Devices

CD
.
.

.

.
Diodes
) ( .
p
.n

p

.n
. 108a
p n .pn
n p
p .
p n
n p .
RR
RR
n n
10-8
(a) pn

b
c
n n
p p
II
p p
II
107

.
.
.
.

10-8b

n
p
:
.
.
.
10-8c
-
.
0.7 V - p
. .
n . p
. .

10-9
10-9 .

) 10-11 A (.
15
10
5
0
1
21
22
25
23
(V)
C29-13A-845813
Final
108
(mA)
20

.
AC DC .
.
-
- - 4
.
4
I/V 10-9
.470
.12 mA

470 . .
= 0.012 A
Vd = 0.70 V
? = Vb
Vb
Vd
R=470
2
C29-14A-845813
V = IR
Final
.

I = 0.012 A R= 470 Vd = 0.70 V
Vb = IR + Vd
= (0.012 A) (470 ) + 0.70V
=6.3 V
.
.
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
2.5 mA 4
2.5 mA
4

23
0.40 V 12 mA.
470
109

.

. .LEDs

.
CD
.10-10
10-10 .

pn
.

.

.
.
.
.
.
180
1.8 V
10.0 mA 1.8 V
0.0 mA .
110
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
1.8
1.4
1.0
(V)
0.6
0.2
0.0
)(mA
4 Vb = 1.8 V
R = 180 .
.1 .
.2
0.70 V.
.3
.
.4 .
.
npn
pnp
C
B
E
C
n
B =
C =
E =
10-11

.(a)pnp
(b)npn
p
B
p
E

Transistors and Integrated Circuits

npn n

.p
10-11

10-12 .npn pn
Vc .
.
VB

IB .

800 nm

GaAAs
80 mA

2V
10-12
npn
.
IB
.IC

. IB

.RC VB
111
PP

JJ
KK
M
M NN
L L
OO
DC
470

GFCl

.1
.2
.3
10-13

112
II
.RC

.
.pnp
AA
BB CC
DD
EE
FF
G
G nH
H
npn .

.
VB
10-12 . VB IB

IC ) 100 (.
50 300
.
.
.

.
) ( .
10 cm 30 cm 1 m
2 m 10-14

1 mm .
.

.
10-14
.
.
.

.

.

)( .
.
.

10-2
.27
:

.IE=IB+IC
95
.28 10-10

10 mA
0.70 V .

1 V:
.a .
.
.b
.29
.30
.31
.32

pn

p

55 A 6.6 mA
.
npn
p
.
113

p .n
n
.p
.pn .

.1
.
.

.2
.
.
.
b
N FD
B A
C B
D CE D
FE
G F
H GI AHJ BK
I
CAJL
DB
K
ME
CL
M
GEN
HF
IG JH KI LJ
.
GFCl
.
0-12 V DC
100
1/2 W 1 W
1N4002

0-100 mA DC
(0-5) V DC

.3
.
.4 100 .
.5
100
.
.6
.

.
114
mA
mA
0
0.1
.1
0.2
y .x
1.9
.1
2.0
.7 ) (a
.
.

0 0.8 V

0.1 V
. :
.8 1N4002
) (b .
.9
) (
.

.
.10
0 2.0 V 0.1 V
.
.
100
.100
0 2 V
.1

.2

.1

.1
20 mA

75-150 mA

.

MP3

115
Artificial Intelligence
.1955
"
" .

.

.

.

.

.

.
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

116

.
.

.1
.2
.3

Conduction in Solids10-1

)(

.

.
.
n
.

p
.
Electronic Devices10-2
.
AC .DC

.

.
.
.

npn pnp

.
117

.33

:
.
10-15
LED
.41 10-15
.42
.43
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
P

.

.

. .
.40
118
10-14 :
.
.44
.45
.46

10-15

.

:
8 eV
3 eV

a,b,c 10-16 .
10-16
.47
.48
.49
.50
.51
.52
10-17
L1 L2
.
10-1
.53
10-17

B C N P Si Al Ge :p
.Ga As In Sn Sb

pn

A 10-18a
AC
10-18b
.54

0.971 g/cm3
22.99 g/mol
.
1.55109 e-/cm3
0C
2.33 g/cm3
28.09 g/mol

10-2
.55
LED
1.2 V .
10-19

.

.a LED
.b
b
AC
10-18
.56
10-19

3101 mA
.
1.2 V
119
.57
.58

I/V 10-9
270

.15 mA
10-20

:
.a .
.b .
.c .
10-20
.61
.62
.63
.59 10-20

0.70 V
220 :
.a .
.b .
.c .
.60
120

.1.1 eV

.64
E = 1240 eV.nm/
Si
1.0 nA
C 0
.

104 C
) .

.( 8C
Ge
1.5 A
0 C
.

104 C
) .

.(13 C
LED
550 nm

.
eV .
10-21
:
.a .
.b .A1
.c A2
220 V
10.0 V
A2
A1
10-21
.65
10-22
.
.a ) (c b a

.b
)(
.c

.d .
.67
.68
.69
c
.66
10-22

I/V
.
9 V .

0.040 A

10-23
10-23

0.035 A

.

.

.

.70
2 .00 m .23 C

.978 C
121
.6
n p
.1
.......
C .
A .
D .
B
A
B
C
D
.2
.7 1 cm3
- -

.8650 kg/m3
A
9.261024 C
1.241021 A
B
1.171027 D
9.261022 B
C
.3 45 A
D
.8.5 mA
.8

.8 C
205 C
110 A
2.0 nA 0 C

240 D
190 B
. 112 C

.4 5 A

A
5 A
1 mA
10 mA
190 A D
.5 4.75 mA
250
122
1.19 A
18.9 A
4.75 mA
1190 mA D
11A A
44A C
33A B
66A D

.9
485
0.70 V
14 mA
R =485
I =14 mA
V d =0.70 V
Vb
.

.

.
123
11

Nuclear Physics

.

.

.
.

.

.
124
11-1

.1
.2
.3
.4
6-3

6-3
.
.
.

.

.
N
JJ K
K LL M
M N
II
A
A B
B CC D
D EE FF G
G H
H

.

.

The Nucleus

.

.
.

.

.
1896

)(
.

.

)(.
125
Description of

.
.
.

.
. 1932

. Z
.
.
= Ze
1800
1u u
1.66 10 -27 kg
A .u
) A (u

10-14 m . 10.000
11-1
ba
126

.

1.4 1018 kg/m3 .
.
1p
2n
1p
1n
1p
2n
1p
1n
1p
0n
1p
0n
2p
2n
2p
1n
2p
2n
2p
1n

?Do all elementes have the same mass numbers
A
.u 10.84
1 u
.
.

.

. .
20 u .22 u

10
12 . .
.
.11-1

.
.20.183 u
.

. .
) (12- u
1
__ .12 Z
12
A
AZX X
12
. 12-
10
6C
1020Ne .1022Ne
.1
.2
.3
.4
235 234 .238

.92
.15
20080Hg

.
127

?What holds the nucleus to gether

.

.
.
The Strong Nuclear Force

. 100.
1.4 10-15 m
.
.

.

4.21042 .
Binding Energy of the Nucleus
E = mc2

.
24He
. 1.007276 u
.1.00 8665 u
.4.0318824 u
4.002603 u .
.0.029279 u
.
128
.
) (
.
) .1u (1.6605 10-27 kg
2.9979 108 m/s
.
E = mc2
= (1.6605 10-27 kg ) (2.9979 10 8 m/s)2
= 1.4924 10-10 kg. m2/s2
= 1.4924 10-10 J
.
)E = (1.4924 10-10 J)(l eV/1.60217 10-19 J
= 9.3149 10 8 eV
= 931.49 MeV

1u 931.49 Mev 11-2
.
. A
56 .Fe 2656 Fe
.

A = 56
.2656 Fe

.
A
-4
-6
4He
16O
56Fe
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
12C
20
-8
MeV
-2
11-2
A
-10
129
56 .
238 - 234 -
.

.
.
.
.

.

.
. 31H
3.016049 u 1.007825 u .1.008665 u
1
= 1.007825 u
= 1.008665 u
= 3.016049 u
931.49 Mev =1 u
=
=
=
) ( .
+ 1.007825 u + :
2.017330 u
:
3.025155 u

u
- :
- 33..016049
025155 u
:
-0.009106 u
.
) )(u E = (1 u
)E = (-0.009106 u) (931.49 MeV/u
-0.009106u
931.49MeVu
130
E =-8.4821 MeV
u .MeV
.
3.2 -2 MeV-3 MeV
.
:
931.49
.49Mev
11.008665MeV
11.007825 ==.008665uu
= 007825 uu
=
1u1u
==931
12
95 ..15 .12.0000 u 66C:
.a .
.b MeV
6 . .2.014102 u :
.a
.b MeV
15
7 . 157 N .15.010109 u:
.b .
.a .
16
8 . 8 O .15.994915 u :
.b
.a

.
. ) (
. .
11-1
.
.10
.11
9 136 C 126 C:
115 B 116 C

31H . 32 He

.

.
.12
.13
.14
10

146Cu .14.00307 u
a .
b .

)(Z = 8

) .(Z = 14
.

131
11-2

.
.

.

.
.
Nuclear Decay and Reachons
1896 .

.

.
. )
( .
.

Radioactive Decay
1899

.
.
) ( ) ( ) ( .
6 mm
.
.42 He
. 42He 4 .2
A 4 Z
238
U
2
.
92
234
90 Th .
.

.

.

N Z N1
Z+1 .
.
.
. .
.11-1
.

238
14 20682 Pb.
U
92
132
11 1
A A4
Z Z2
N N -2
AA
ZZ
NN
AA
ZZ+1
N N1

Nuclear Reactions and EguaHons

.
.
.
11-3 .
.

. 11-3a :
23892U 23490Th+ 42He .
.4 + 234 = 238 :
.2 + 90 = 92 :

-01e ) . 00v
( .
3-3b :

Pa+ -01e+ 00 v
234
91
Th
234
90

.
.
b
0v
0
11-3
238
(a) 234
234
(b) 234
4 He
2
234 Th
90

0
-1 e
234 Pa
91
238 U
92
234 Th
90
133
2
:
.a
.b
1
226 Rn
Ra
88
Pb
209
82
Bi
226
.a
+ 222 Ra+
Rn
88
86
= 42He
209
Pb 209
.b+ Bi +
82
83
= 00 v = -01e
2
.a
209
83
Ra 24He+ 222
Rn
86
42He
00v -01e .b
3
222
86
226
88
Pb 209
Bi+ -10e + 00 v
83
209
82
4 + 222 = 226 .a 0 + 0 + 209 = 209.b . .
82=83-1+0 .b .
88=2+86 .a .
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
134
23492U 23090Th .
23090Th 22688Ra .
22688Ra 22286Rn .
20982Pb 21483Bi . .
146C . 147N
.

.
. 612C+ 11H 137N

.
3
.
1
= = 24He 147N
= H
1
1
.
Z .A
N 11H + AZX
14
7
A = 4 + 141 = 17
He +
4
2
Z = 2 + 71 = 8
. Z = 8 . . 178 O
.4 + 14 = 1 + 17 : 2 + 7 = 1 + 8 :
.20
:
14
Cr? + e+ v .b
C? + -01e+ 00 v .a
6
259
104 .
263 Rf
Sg

106
15
. .
7 N
:
0
0
.21
.22
.23
.a
Pb
210
82
.b
Bi
210
83
.c
Th
0
-1
234
90
55
24
Np
.d
239
93
22688Ra
1600 . 1600
22688Ra 1600
. 3200
. 210 -
276 .
1.0
3/4
1/2
1/4

.
.11-4 .
11-4

135
11-2
Co
8.07
10.6
0.7
138
7.1108
4.51 109
2.85
60
27
Pb
30
14
6
5730
12.3
3
1
131
53
212
82
Po
194
84
210
84
Po
235
92
Pu
236
94
Pu
242
94
238
92

.11-2

.
= (1/2)t

) (1/2 t t
.

.
14 .
.
3.79 10
,

. .

. 13153I 8.07 .
131- 4 105/
.
8.07 2 105/
.
.
SI ).(Bq
5
11-4 11-2 :
.24 31H .1.0 g
24.6
238
.25 93Np 2.0 . 4.0 g

.26 210 1/9 .2 106 Bq
1/6 .
.27 31H
.

136
Artificail Radioativity

.
. )
. +01e
.
.
.

PET
) ( . .11-5
.
6027Co .
.

.
Nuclear Fission

1930 .
1934

.
1939 .

.

.
.

.
.
1
92
n+ 235
U 36
Kr+ 141
Ba+3 10n+200 MeV .
0
92
56

. 235
0.215 u .
3.21 10-11 J .2.00 102 Mev .
11-5
PET
189F
189F
PET

---
137
1n
0
235U
92
1n
0
1n
0
92 Kr
36
235U
92
235U
92
1n
0
141Ba
56
1n
0
235U
92
1n
0
1n
0
92 Kr
36
1n
0
235U
92
141Ba
56
141Ba
56
1n
0
23592U
.

.
.11-6

11-7

92 Kr
36
1n
0
1n
0
235U
92
11-6
235
1n
0
141Ba
56
1n
0
235U
92
92 Kr
36
235U
92
Nuclear Reactors

23592U
. 1%
238
. 238 U
235 99% U
U
92
92
92
239
. 92U

235
23892U 92U .
23592U
. 23592U

.
. .

23592U . 23892U
23592U
.
23592U
.
235

. 92U
.
138
11-8

200 .
.11-7
.
.

.
.

.
.

. .11-8

. .
23592U Kr Ba
. .
.
.

.
Nuclear Fusion

11-9 .

. .

)( .
K L M N
N 50
L M

50

50 .1
.2

2 .3

.4

.5

.6

11-4
139
J
K
I
J
H

.
4- .25 MeV
H .20 eV
.
4 He
2
2
1
3
1
1n
0
11-9
..
H + 11H 12H + +10e + 00v
1
1
H+ 21H 32He+
1
1
He+ 32He 42He+2 11H
3
2
32He .
) (
42He .
.
.
- 2 107 k
.
.
.
11-2
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
140
210
Po
84
. .
11- 4
11-2
13153I .

.

.33
.34
21H
.

.
1
1
H+ 1H 21H+ +10e+ 00v
1

. .

.
.
11-3
The Building Blocks of Matter

.
.
1930
.
.
Linear Acceleration
.11-10
.
.
.

.
.
. 105 eV .
.
.
.
.
b

.

.
11-10
3.3 km

a20GeV
141
The Synchrotron

.
.11-11b

.

11-11a
) .1 Tev (1012 eV
)
( .
Paricle Detectors
.
.
.
11-11 .
(a) 2 km .

b
. .
.

. )(

.
. .11-12
11-12

142
.

.

.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.11-13
11-13

-
.
.
.

.
.
.

.11-14a
.
5000
.11-14b
b
11-14

a

b
a
143
0
-1 e
0
+ 1e
11-15
11-16

2e
3
23 e
d
1
e
3
23 e
1
e
3
d
1
e
3
23 e 1 e
3
144
1920 .
.
.

. .11-15
Particles
1930
.
.

.
.

. 1931
1934 .
" " .
1956 .

1937 . 1935
.
.
1947 .
.

.
10-23s
.
".
"
An timatter
The Standerd Model
1960

.11-16
.
.
:
.
106
105
W
104
102
(MeV)
103
101
100
101
107
11-17

ude
cs

bt
E
mc2
108
109
.
.

.
.
.

.11-17
Protons and Neutrons
1
2
) u (+ __3 e ) d (- __3 e
.p = uud
. (__23 +__23 +- __13 )e=+e
n = u dd .(__23 + - __13 + - __13 )e=0 .

.

. .
145

Conversions Between Mass and Energy

.E = mc2 9.11 + 10-13 kg .
:
2
)E = 2 (9.11 10-31 kg)(3.00 108 m/s
)E = (1.64 10-13 J) (1 eV/1.60 10-19 J
1.02 MeVE = 1.02 106 eV

.

.1.02 MeV
.
1.02 MeV .
e-+ e+
.
" "

+
e e
.
. e- +
.

11-18 .11-18

. .
1.02 MeV

1.02 MeV
.

.
u
+__23 u -__23
__ 2
__ 2
1
__
uud +1 .- 3 - 3 + 3 =-1 u u d

.

.
.
146
.

. 1836 .
.
1955.
.35
.36
.37
.38
. 1.67 10-27 kg
.a .
.eV
.b
.c .
.
225 keV .357 keV
.1.008665 u
.a .MeV
.b .
0.1135 u .

Beta Decay and the weak interaction
.

.

. .
.
1
n 11p+ -01e+ 00 v
:
0
.

+01e . 00 v
e+ 00 v
+1
P 11n+
1
1

.

.
.
23892U .
.
.1
.
.2
147
11-19
w
- e- - d uw
e-
WW-
d
u u
d
u d
uud udd .
.11-19
: d u w- w-
.
w+ w+
.
.
Z
Z

1979 . w+w- Z 1983.

.
.
Testing the Standard Model
11-19 .
) (

.

.
.

.

.

w z .
.
148

.11-20

.
.

1970 .
.

.
.

.
.
11-20

1987A

b a
c

.

. " : " .
.
11-3
.39
.40
.41

11-11
.
11-18
- .

.42
.43

.
.
u d+ w+ w+ e+ +

.
149

.
.
. 400800 V
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
FFJC G
K
D H
LE
M
IIF JN
NK L M N
G
H
JG K
KH LLI M
MJ N

.

.

.
.
.
.
.
150
(cpm =
cm
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
cpm
cpm

cpm
.3
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.1
.2
cpm
cpm

.1\d2

.
.1
.
1 m .2

.

.
.3
.
.

18 cm 6 cm
.
- -
.

.

.
151
Thermonuclear Fusion
152
11-1
The Nucleus
11-2
11-3
.
: ) (
) ( )(
.

A .Z
. t
:
= (1/2)t
.
.
.
The Building Blocks of Matter
.Z
.A
.
.

E= mc2
Nuclear Decay and Reactions
.

.
.
.
.

- .
153

.44
.53
:

W .
.54
.55
.56
.57
.58
.45
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
.51
.52
154
:
235 - 238 -

.
:

)
(

.a
.b
.c

.59
.60
.61
.62

.
.

11-2
H+ 11H 13H

.

.
.63

.
.a
.b :

.c a b
11-2
.70
.71
.72
11-1
.64
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
10947 Ag

) (
30 34

32
16S 31.97207 u
:
.a .
.b
.c
127 N
12.0188 u :
.a
.b :
127N 147N
147N . 14.00307 u

2.0 10-15 m .

.
.
4
He
2
-28.3 MeV

.73
.74
.75
.76
.77
.78

. 22286Rn
. 3689Kr
:
225
Ac 42He+ ____ .a
89
227
Ra -01e+ ___+____ .b
88
65
Cu+ 10n ___ 11p+_____ .c
29
235
U+ 10n 96
Zr+3( 01n)+____ .d
92
40
3.0 .
:
9.0.b 12.c
6.0.a

.
.

115B
.
.a
.b .
.c
. .

2.0 101 .TNT
TNT .5.0 1012 j
235- 3.21 10-11j/
235

2
1H
. 22H
103 20984Po .
100 g 3.1 g
155
11-3
.79
.80
.81
.ud
.
:
uu .a
11-21
du .b
dd .c
.82
.83
.84
156
.
:
.a .ddu
.b .u ud
2.0 km

.
.a
.
.b 8.0 GeV
2.5 MeV .

400.0 GeV
.c
400.0 GeV
.d

.
11-21

.85
.86
.87
.88
.

:
14
N+ 42He___ .a
7
27
Al+ 42He___ .b
13
.15h 21186Rn
60 h

(2.0141024u) 12H
.
.
232.03724 u= 23292U
22890Th = 228.0287 u
= 4.0026 u
5.3 MeV

.89
.
E E/c c .
-

.
.90
.91
.92
1.02 MeV

.

25 MeV .

4 1026 W

11-3
20
5 . .
20

.
.
.93
.94
.95
.96
.400.0 nm
) (.
.a .
.b .eV
14.0 eV
.

113
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
987
375
150
70
40
25
18
157
.6
:
.1
.2

6028Ni 60
28
32
28
28
28
32
32
32
28
32
28
28
:
212
Pb 212
Bi+e+v
82
83
A
B
C
D
.8
.3 Po 210 -

Pb A
Pb B
.4
206
82
Pb C
208
82
Pb D
210
80
131 -
.2.5 108 Bq 8.
16
6.3 107 Bq B
.5
210
84
.9
210
85
1.6 107 Bq A
.7

C
A
D
B
210 - 138 .
2.34 kg

1.51 g C
0.644 mg A
10.6 g D
1.50 mg B

.
)
.(0.51 Mev
931.49 MeV C
0.51 MeV A
1863 MeV D
1.02 MeV B
1.3 108 Bq C
2.5 108 Bq D
:
+ 147N 146C+
A
B
H A
1
1
H C
3
1
H B
2
1
H D
4
2
C
D
158

.

.

.
.

.10 235 - 3.2 10-11 J
. TNT 4 109 J
. 235 -
20.000
TNT
159
160
.I symbols
.II Measurement and Significant Digits

.
.
Significant Digits

.
. .
.
:
9 cm 10 cm
. 9 cm 10 cm
9.0 cm .10.0 cm
9.5 cm 9.6 cm
9.5 cm 9.6 cm
9.50 cm 9.60 cm
161
.
.
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
: :
5.0 g
14.90 g
12
300.00 mm
123
304 s
13
0.0

5.06 s
0.0060 mm ) 6 (
140 mm ) 1 4(

.1 :
12.007 kg .d
1405 m .a
5.8106 kg .e
2.50 km .b
3.0310-5 ml .f
0.0034 m .c
:
.
.1
.
.2
162
12
24
13
124
14
)( ) ( .
.1 5
.

.2 5
.

.3 5

.4 5
:

:
8.7645 8.76
8.7676 8.77
8.7519 8.8
92.350 92.4
92.25 92.2
2
3
4
4
:
.2
(2)1405 m .a
(2) 2.50 km .b
(1) 0.0034 m .c
(3)12.007 kg .d
163
Rounding
Operations with Significant Digits
. .
Addition and subtraction
: 4.1 m 1.456 m 20.3 m
4.1 m 20.3 m
.
1.456 m
4.1 m
+20.3 m
25.856 m
25.9m
Multiplication and division
: 20.1 m 3.6 m
(20.1 m)(3.6 m)=72.36 m2
3.6 m .
.

72 m
:

.3
2.33 km + 3.4 km + 5.012 km .a
3.40 cm 7.125 cm .c
164
45 g - 8.3 g .b
54 m 6.5 s .d
/
.
1
(-10.0 m/s2)(2.50)2
2
d=19 m + (25.0 m/s)(2.50 s) +

= 5.0 101 m
19 m .
) = 70.0 m - 10.0 m( m
29 s - 11 s
=
3.3 m/s
29 s 11 s .
Multistep Calculation
.

.
.
580N2 1300N2
1800N2
(24 N)2 + (36 N)2
=F
576 N2 + 1296 N2
1872 N2
43 N
165
Combination
.III Fractions Ratios Rates and Proportions
Fractions

.
.
.
____
_____________
=

.
pn
___
:
pw
P .
( pp ) =1
__
) ( ) ( = ) _(
) () (=
pn
pw
p
__
p
n
__
w
n
__
w
n
__ =
w
.
s
__ . __t
: a
b
st
__s
__ = __t

a
b
ab
.
.
s
__ . __t
: a
b
b
__s __t = __s
__
.
a
a
t
b
) () (
) () (
sb
__ =
at

.

.
__ 2
1
__ .
: a
b

.1
166
) () ( ) () (
a
__
a
b
__
+ __2b
b
__ 1 +
__ = 2
1
__
a
a
b
b
2a
__ =
__ +
ab
ab
b+2a
____ =
ab
.4 .
_ y
3
1
__ 1
__
__
+ x .a
y x .c
.b
.d
a
___ 3 -
__
2b
) () (
2a
___ 1
__
5
Ratios
.
3 2 2 : 3 2 3 3:2 2
__ .
3
Rates
.1
: 98km 2.0 .
98km 2.0 98km

______
) ( 2.0 ) ( kmh
) = (49) ( km
h
2.0h
____
____
____ = 98km
98
______
2.0h
km/h = 49 km per h
__ a
c
__
.
Proportions = : d b
d b
.

. .
__ = c
: a
__ .a
b
__ = c
a
__
d
b
ad = bc
bc
___ = a
.5 :
4 .a
__ = 2
__
x
3
13 .b
n
___ = ___
75 15
s
___
36
___
16 = 12 .c
2.5 .d
____ = 7.5
____
w
5.0
167
.IV Exponents Powers Roots and Absolute value
Exponents
a
.
an a n.
an a a .n
an
.

v0 0 .
a n
) an = ( a1 ) ( a2 ) ( a3 ) ( an
:
:
104 = (10) (10) (10) (10) = 10,000
23 = (2) (2) (2) = 8
:
:
a0 = 1
20 = 1
130 = 1
a n
1
___ =an
an
: .
1 =1
__ = 21
1
168
1 =1
__ = 22
2
(a) (a) = a
9
= (3) (3) = 3
= a2
(8.0) (8.0) = 8.0
= 64
38.44 = 6.200
39 =6.244997 = 6.2
3
.
3
_1
1
.
__ . b =b 3
3
:
:
(5.00)(5.00)(5.00) = 5.00
= 125
3
39.304 = 3.4000
.
.6
676 .c
22 .a
.b
729
.d
:
.7
.a
16a2b4
.8 :
.a
n3
.b
.b
46.656
9t6
1
___
a
169
Square and Cube Roots

.
.
1
__
1
__ . b = b 2 .

2
:
:
Operations With Exponents

b a .
: :
(am) (an) = am+n
: :
am/an = amn
:
(am)n = a mn :

:
n
am = am/n :
: a b
(ab)n = anbn

.
.9
t3 .b
(d2n)2 .c
x2 t / x3 .a
2qv
m
___
_
.10
q m
x2 x .d
Absolute Value
n . n | |n
.

:
3
3
|3| = 3
-1
-2
-4 -3
| 3| = 3
.V Scientific Notation
a10n 1 a 10 n . 10
n a .10
a10n
170
10
Large Numbers - Using Positive Exponents

10 )
( ) ( .
a
1 a <10 a .
.10 e 2.4 e+11=2.41011
E
.
: 7530000 .
n
a ) 7.53 ( .7.5310
6
7530000 = 7.53106
.
a

a .
:
2.389105 = 2.38900105 = 238900
171
10 1
.
6.73 10-28 kg
1.000103 kg/m3 1000
. 1000 kg/m3
.

.
Small Numbers-Using Negative Exponents

1 a < 10 a
a .
. 10
.
: 0.000000285
a ) 2.85 ( .2.8510n
0.000000285 = 2.8510-7
a .a
a .

:
1.6 10-4 = 00001.6 10-4 = 0.00016
.11 :
456000000 .a
.12 .
3.03 10-7 .a
0.000020.b
9.7 1010 .b
Operations with Scientific Notation

.

.10
)(4.010-8) (1.2105) = (4.01.2) (10-8 105
10
) = (4.8) (10 8+5

)= (4.8) (10 3
10
= 4.810 3

.10
:
7
7
_____ = 9.6010
____ 9.60
10
_________
10
1.60
1.60103
103
= 6.00 1073
10
) ( )
= 6.00 104
172
4.8104 0.48105
(3.2105) + (4.8105) = (3.2+4.8) 105

= 8.0105
)(3.2105) + (4.8104) = (3.2105)+ (0.48105
/ .

= (3.2+0.48) 105
= 3.68105
= 3.7105
.
.13
(5.210-4) (4.0108) .a
(2.4103) + (8.0104) .b
.VI Equations
Order of Operations

.
.
) ( ] [ } {
.1
.
.2 .
.3 / .
.4 / .
:
:
4+3 (41) 23 = 4+3 (3) 23
: 1
=4+3 (3) 8
: 2
=4+98
: 3
=5
: 4
173

10 .
10 10 .
.
.

/
.
Solving Equations

.

.
c b a:
a (b+c) =ab+ac
a (bc) =abac
: :
)3 (x + 2) = 3 x + (3) (2
=3x+6

: x 3 = 7

: t + 2 = -5
x3 = 7
x3+3=7+3
x=10
t+2=5
t+22=52
t=7
/

.
1
__

: a = 3
4
ac=bc
a
b
__
__
c = c , for c 0
1a=3
__
4
) (__14 a ) ( 4 ) = 3 ( 4
a = 12
174
: 6 n = 18
6 n = 18
18
__
6
6n
___
=
6
n=3
: 2 t + 8 = 5 t 4 t
2t+8=5t4
8+4=5t2t
12 = 3 t
4=t
Isolating aVariable
-
-
.1
) P ( .
PV=nRT
V
__ (
)
PV
nRT
___
____ =
V
V
nRT
V
__ ( P
____ = )
V
V
nRT
____
P= V
V=1
__
V
.14 .x
2 + 3 x = 17 .a
x 4 = 2 3x .b
x+4
____ = t 1
.c
3
b+x
____ = a
c .d
2x+3
_____ = 6
.e
x
ax + bx + c = d .f
Square Root Property

n a n > 0 a2 = n
. a=
175
v .
GmEm
______ = mv2
____
r
r2
rGmEm
______ = mv2
____
r
r2
Gm m
r =1
__
E
______ = mv2
r
. m
m = 1
___
m
GmEm
______ = mv2
____
m
rm
Gm
E
____ = v2
r
Gm
_
r
E
v2 =
Gm
_ = v
r
E
.
v

t .
Quadratic Equations

ax2 + bx + c = 0 a 0
)( 2
. 1
. b = 0 x .

.
Quadratic Formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
a 0 :
-b
b -4ac
__ = x
2
2a

.
.
.
176
.15 .x
4x2 19 = 17 .a
12 3x2 = 9 .b
x2 2x 24 = 0 .c
24x2 14x 6 = 0 .d
Dimensional Calculations

.
2x
a .a = _____2
t
20.5 m 5.00 s a .
2
.m/s
2x
a = _____2
t
)2(20.5 m
__________ = a
(5.00 s)2
1.64 m
_=a
2
a = 1.64 m/s 2

. 1
x v0=67 m/s . t = 5.0 min x = v0 t
60 s = 1
______
1 min
) ( 160mins
______
.

60 s 1 min
.
) ( 5.0 1min ) ( 160mins

______
________
x = v0 t
67 m
_____ = x
s
x = 20100 m = 2.0104 m
177
.16 4.0102 m
___________ = t
16 m/s
.17 5.0 s
a = - 9.80 m / s2 .v = a t
.18 ( 321scm ) ( 160mins ) ( 601hmin ) ( 1001 mcm ) :

________
_______
______
______
100.00 m .9.87 s
.19

Dimensional Analysis

.
df = di+vit+ __21 at2 .m
di
vi
a
m/s
m/s2
s/s =1s2/s2 = 1
__m )(s)+
__( 1
m )(s)2
__(df = m+
s
2 2
s
s
__()= m+(m)(_ss )+ __12 (m
)2
2
)= m+(m)(1)+ __12 (m)(1
m df m

__12

1
. __2 .
= m+m+__21 m
178
) .(x ) .(y
.
) (xy

) (x
) (0,0 .

)(y

)(x
)(0,0

Grahping Data to Determine Relationships

:
.1 .
.

.2
.
.3
.
.4

.5 .

.
.6 .
)(
1500
398
850
225
670
178
220
58
179
.VII Graphs of Relations

)( The Coordinate Plane

. .
) ( 500.
:
400) 500 600 (

.

) 500(
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
.
131 132
Interpolating and Extrapolating
150
100
50
0
1600
1400
1100.
1200
1000
600
800
400
200

) 1100(

.
. 290

Interpreting Line Graph

.a ) -(.
180
Linear Equation
y = mx + b : b m ) (m ) (b
.

y = mx + b

) (x , y
( .
.
y =-( 1 ) x + 3
2
.
3
2
0
0
2
6
181
.b ) -(
Slope

)( )( .
.
) (x2 y2) (x1 y1 )( x = x2-x1

)( ) y = (y2-y1 y . x
y
y2
)(x2 , y2
y -y
y
= x2-x1
x
2
1
)(x1 , y1
=m
x
x2
y1
x1
x
Direct variation
m y = mx y x
x y

x y .
y = mx+b b ). (0,0
) ( F = -kx F k
182
xy = m
1
y =m x
m
= y
x
.
: xy = 90
-9
-15
-30
-45
-10
-6
-3
-2
30
45
15
9
2
6
10
= v f v
f
183
Inverse Variation
x
m y=m/x y
.
x y x y
.
:
Quadratic Graph
:
y= ax2 + bx + c
a 0
) (a .
. y= - x2 + 4x - 1
:

y
-6
-1
2
-1
0
1
-1
-6
4
5
) -(
)(s
)(m
)(m
11
18
)(s
184
(Geometry and Trigonometry) .VIII
(Volume) (Area) (Perimeter)
A=a2
P = 4a
A = lw
P = 2l + 2w
A = r2
SA = 2rh+2r 2
V = (4 )r 3
SA = 4r 2
185
I
w
SA = 6a 2
V = r 2h
b
h
1
A = ( ) bh
2
V=a3
C = 2r
r
h
. .
Area Under a Graph
.a
.b .
a
)(m
+ 1 + 2 ... + 3
186
)(m
)(s
)(s
a b
c c2 = a2 + b2
Right Triangles
c =
a2 + b2
: c a = 4 cm b = 3 cm
c =
a2 + b2
=
(4 cm)2+(3 cm)2
=
16 cm2+9 cm2
=
25 cm2
= 5 cm
45 45 90
2 .
(2 )x
90 60 30
2x
x
(3 )x
187
Trigonometric Ratios
sin
.
cos .tan .SOH-CAH-TOA SOH
CAH . TOA .
sin
= sin
cos
= cos
tan
= tan
sin = _ac
cos = __bc
tan = __ba
: .ABC c =5 cm b = 4 cm a =3 cm
cos sin
3 cm
____= sin
=0.6
5 cm
4 cm
____= cos
=0.8
5 cm
: ABC c = 20.0 cm = 30.0 a . b

b
_______ = cos 30.0
20.0 cm
a
_______
= 20.0sin 30.0
cm
) =10.0 cma =(20.0 cm)(sin 30.0

) =17.3 cmb =(20.0 cm)(cos 30.0
Law of Cosines and Law of Sines
. .c
.
= 90 0 =
188
90 .
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos
: . = 110.0 b = 12.0 cm a =10.0 cm
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos
c =
a2 + b2 - 2ab cos
) (10.0 cm)2 +(12.0 cm)2 - 2(10.0 cm)(12.0 cm)(cos 110.0
) 1.00 102 cm2 + 144 cm2 - (2.40102 cm2)(cos 110.0
= 18.1 cm
a b c A B C.

.
_____ sin B
_____ =
= sinc C
sin A
_____
a
b
: ABC c = 4.6 cm a = 4.0 cm C = 60.0 .A
sin C
_____=
c
sin A
_____
a
a sinC
______ = sin A
c
) (4.0 cm) (sin 60.0
__________________ =
4.6 cm
= 0.75
A = 49
189
Inverses of Sine Cosine and Tangent
. :

y =sin x
y =cos x
y =tan x
x =sin y x =sin y
x =cos-1 y x =cos y
x =tan-1 y x =tan y
-1
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

y = sin x y = cos x .
2 x y -1 .1
y = sin x
-2
-1
y = cos x
-2
-1
.IX Logarithms
b
b x .b 1 x b ) (logb x y
y x = by . x b ) (y
b .x
logb x = y b y = x
: :
1 =-4
1
__ log2
___= 2-4
16
16
log10 1000 = 3
103 = 1000
190

10
5 7 7 .10
Common Logarithms
10 .10
x>0
log10 x = log x
Antilogarithms or Inverse Logarithms

.
: log x = 4 x
log x = 4
104 4
x = 104
L .L =10 Log10 R R
. R 130.
130 =10 Log10 R
10
13 =Log10 R

R =1013
.20 Log3 81= 4
.21 10-3 = 0.001
.22 Log x = 3.125 .x
191

SI
meter
kg
kilogram
second
kelvin
mol
mole
ampere
cd
candela
SI
SI
m/s
m/s
kg/m
kg/m3
kg.m2/s2
joul
kg.m/s2
newton
kg.m /s
watt
kg/m.s
Pa
bascal
m/s
m/s
m3
N.m
J/s
N/m
1 in = 2.54 cm
1kg = 6.02 1026 u
1 atm = 101 kPa
1 mi = 1.61 km
1 oz 28.4 g
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 kg 2.21 lb
1ev = 1.60 10-19 J
1 gal = 3.79 L
1 lb = 4.45 N
1 m = 264 gal
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in
1kwh = 3.60 MJ
1 hp = 746 W
1atm = 1.01 10 N/m

5
1 mol= 6.022 1023
192
1.6610-27 kg
1.66053886 10-27 kg
6.0221023 mol-1
6.02214151023 mol-1
NA
1.3810-23 Pa.m3/K
1.380650510-23 Pa.m3/K
8.31 Pa.m3/mol.K
8.314472 Pa.m3/mol.K
6.6710-11 N.m2/kg2
6.674210-11 N.m2/kg2
193
femto
10-15
baico
10-12
nano
10-9
micro
10-6
mile
10-3
cm
10-2
disa
10-1
dica
da
101
hecto
102
kilo
103
mega
106
giga
109
terra
1012
beta
1015
2467
660.37
2567
1083
2808
1064.43
2080
156.61
1740
327.5
2355
1410
2212
961.93
100.000
0.000
907
419.58
8.642
8.92
937.4
1535
2.702
2830
2750
gcm3
5.35
19.31
8.9910-5
7.30
7.86
11.34
13.546
1.42910-3
2.33
10.5
1.000
7.14
(4 C)
JkgK
JkgK
130
2450
235
2020
4180
388
897
376
710
385
840
2060
450
Jkg
Jkg
5.0710
2.0510
1.64106
6.30104
6.29106
2.66105
8.64105
2.04104
2.72105
1.15104
8.78105
1.09105
2.36106
1.04105
2.26106
3.34105
( )
194
photoelectric effect
.
Compton effect .
transistor
.
threshold frequency .
chain reaction
.
195
: Semiconductors
.
:extrinsic semiconductors
.
:intrinsic semiconductors
.
:radiation .
alpha decay .
beta decay .
gamma decay
.

work function
.
stimulated emission
.
" ".
pair production
fusion .
fission .

nuclear reaction .
.
particles
alpha .
excited state .
ground state .
force carriers .

diode
p .n
.
microchip
electron cloud .
Dopants
.
coherent light
.
incoherent light .
196
binding energy .
electro magnetic spectrum
.
de Broglie wavelength .
absorption spectrum
.
emission spectrum .
depletion layer pn
.
photon
.
weak nuclear force .

strong nuclear force
.
197
atomic number .
mass number .
principal quantum number n
)( _ n . n2
half -life .
Dielectrics -
.
Piezoelectricity
.
quarks .
leptons .

laser
.
uncertainty principle .
energy level .
Mass spectrometer
.
receiver
.
quantized .
.
radioactive
Electromagnetic wave
.
quantum mechanics .
activity .
Isotope .
mass defect .
quantum model .
Standard Model
.
198

nuclide .
nucleons .
atomic mass unit u u .1.6610 -27 kg
.
Antenna
199
111 114 .
116 118 .
200

.
.

.
.

.
.
201

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English Edition Copyright 2009 the McGrawHill CompaniesInc

11-1 125 .......................................

Interactions of Electric and

9.11 10-31 kg 2.0 105 m/s

v= 2.0 105 m/s B= 3.010-2 T

)(3.5 102 T)(1.602 10-19 C

The Mass Spectrometer

q3.20 10 C V34 V r0.053 m

Electromagnetic Wave Shielding

Electric and Magnetic Fields in Space

3.6 104 m/s

.5.4 104 m/s

2.0 1012 m/s D

5.8 108 m/s D

1.3 108 m/s D

The Photoelectric Effect

)= -(-1.60 10-19 C) (4.0 V

0 = 536 nm, hc = 1240 eV.nm

The Compton Effect

___ = _____________ =1.2 10-34 m

)(0.145 kg)(38 m/s

)-2(-1.60 10-19 C)(75 V

p = 4.6 10 24 kg. m/s

= 5.1 106 m/s

h = 6.63 10-34 J.s

7.0 kg 8.5 m/s :

Particles and Waves

Aparticle Model of waves

The Bohr Model of the Atom

The Nuclear Model

The Bohr Model of the Atom

Predictions of the Bohr Model

k .9.0 109 N.m2/C2

= 5.3 10-11 J2. s2/N. m2. kg

= 1240 eV. nm/10.2 eV

The Quntum Model of the Atom

The Bohr Model of the Atom

The Quantum Model of the Atom

Band Theory of Solids

free e-/1 atom = 1 free e-/1 atom

=8.491022 free e-/cm3

7.13 g/cm3 .65.37 g/mol

free e-/cm3 = 1.451010 :

NA= 6.021023 atoms/mol

.6 5.23 g/cm3 .72.6 g/mol 2.25 1013 free e-/ cm3

1 free e-/As atom

1.451010 free e-/cm3

free e-/ cm3 =

= 4.99 10 free e /cm

4.991016 free e- /cm3

1.451010 free e- /cm3 Si

= (0.012 A) (470 ) + 0.70V

235 234 .238

The Strong Nuclear Force

Binding Energy of the Nucleus

Nuclear Decay and Reachons

4 + 222 = 226 .a 0 + 0 + 209 = 209.b . .

. 612C+ 11H 137N

H + 11H 12H + +10e + 00v

He+ 32He 42He+2 11H

The Building Blocks of Matter

The Standerd Model

_ = ___________ =1.2 10-34 m