208

Tuyn tp cng trnh Hi ngh Khoa hc Ton quc

C hc Vt rn bin dng ln th 7
Sn, 27-28/8/2004

Bc tu v g bng vt liu composite

Nguyn Vn t
Trng i hc Thy sn
Abstract. Using composite material to cover wooden boats is one of
the most efficient methods to protect the hull of wooden boats from the
destruction of marine microogranism. This paper introduces the way
to define the shear and separate strength of the three typical groups of
wooden boat - which were covered by composite material - in Viet
Nam, from that promote a suitable technology process to cover
wooden boat by composite material.
1. M u
Theo s liu thng k [1] c bo co hi ngh tng kt ca B Thu sn,
tnh n cui nm 1998, tng s tu thuyn nh c nc ta l trn 70.000 chic,
trong hn 90% l tu v g, lng g hng nm cn thit duy tu bo dng
cho i tu c khong 100.000m3. Hng nm nhng con tu ny u phi ko ln
tu b nh k (co h, xm trt, qut du chai chng thm, sn k h...), chi
ph cho mi ln ln n hng chc triu ng.
Nguyn nhn ch yu lm gim tui th ca tu v g (tu b ph nc v
gim sc bn) l do tc dng ph hy ca cc loi vi sinh vt bin (hu, h...) v
mi trng m mn (lm mc g) gy ra. Nu khc phc tc hi ny - bng cch s
dng vt liu thch hp ngn cch s tip xc trc tip gia g v mi trng nc
bin - s ko di tui th ca tu.
Vi nhng u im ni bt (nh, bn, chng thm v chu nc mn tt),
composite l loi vt liu dng lm lp bc ngoi cho cc tu v g ph hp nht.
Trn c s thc hnh cc th nghim c hc v gii quyt cc vn :
-

Xc nh chiu dy lp composite bc v tu trn c s sc bn ct.

Kim tra bn lp bc theo iu kin un v trt.

Trong bi bo ny trnh by phng php:

- Xc nh t hp vt liu composite ph hp (quy cch v kch thc) vi

tng nhm tu c th nhm m bo lp composite bc tu khng b h hng do
nt, gy di tc ng ca lc ct v mmen un dc tu.

Bc tu v g bng vt liu composite

209

- Xc nh bc inh thch hp khi s dng phng php gia cng bng inh
ng tng lin kt gia lp composite bc ngoi v v g.
2. Vt liu v phng php nghin cu.
2.1. Vt liu
Vt liu composite c t hp t:

Vt liu ct : si thu tinh cc loi (Matting, Woven Roving, Cloth)

Vt liu nn : Nha polyester khng no loi Dynopol 2116.

Vt liu bao ph : Gelcoat G3253T.

Vt liu g : g sao xanh.

Vt liu tng cng : inh ng 3 x 30

2.2. Phng php nghin cu

2.2.1. L thuyt
- Tnh sc bn chung ca tu c theo 3 nhm kch thc : 15, 20 v 25m.
- Xc nh quy cch tm composite bc ngoi ph hp vi 3 loi tu trn (m
bo bn, khng bong tch khi lm vic trn bin).
2.2.2. Thc nghim
Gia cng v kim nghim cc mu composite, g v g bc composite.
3. Kt qu
3.1. Tnh sc bn chung tu v g
n gin, phn loi tu thuyn v g theo quy nh ca Cc bo v ngun
li thu sn (phn loi tu theo kch thc) nh sau:
- Loi c chiu di trung bnh 15m.
- Loi c chiu di trung bnh 20m.
- Loi c chiu di trung bnh 25m.
-

Cc bc tin hnh:
Xy dng biu lc ct v mmen un tng hp ca 3 nhm tu [2].
Xc nh v tr mt ct ngang nguy him (l v tr m lc ct v mmen un t
gi tr cc i).
Tnh gi tr ca ng sut ct cc i max,ng sut un cci max v mmen
un n v cc i MX [2].
Kt qu tnh ton c tng hp trong bng 1.

Bc tu v g bng vt liu composite

210

Bng 1: Tng hp gi tr cc i ca lc ct, mmen un v ng sut

T
T

i lng

n Nhm tu 15m Nhm tu 20m Nhm tu 25m

v Gi tr V tr Gi tr V tr Gi tr V tr

01 Mmen un ln nht T.m 78,57

y
sng

161,70

y
sng

237,74

y
sng

02 Lc ct ln nht

35,36

y
sng

63,573

y
sng

84,22

y
sng

03 ng sut un cc i T.m-2 464,76

Mn

459,66

Mn

335,45

Mn

Mn

488,39

Mn

419,88

Mn

-2

04 ng sut ct cc i T.m 354,03

05

Mmen un n v
KN
cc i MX

22,517

32,86

36,228

3.2. Xc nh quy cch tm composite bc v g ph hp vi tng nhm tu

3.2.1. Xc nh cc hng s n hi v c tnh ca vt liu composite v g
Cc s liu c c nh thc hin cc test c hc nh sau:
-

Kim nghim sc bn ko v un ca t hp vt liu composite theo tiu chun

ISO R527 - 1996 v ISO 178 - 1975 [3].

Kim nghim sc bn ct t hp vt liu composite theo tiu chun ASTM 2344 [3].

Kim nghim sc bn ko v un ca vt liu g theo tiu chun TCVN 364 1970 v TCVN 365 - 1970 [4]

Qu trnh kim nghim c tin hnh trn my ko vn nng HTE-H50-S.

Kt qu cho trn bng 2.
Bng 2: Bng tng hp c tnh vt liu composite v g
Vt liu
composite

Ct mt
Ct WR80
Ct WR300
Ct WR600
FRP01
FRP02
FRP03
G sao xanh

S12
G12
(MPa) (MPa)

k
(MPa)

Thnh phn c tnh

E1, E 2
E45
(MPa)
(MPa)

157.9
122.5
83.6
98.6
140.5
136
134
83.55

91.13
118.7
133.6
125.4
120.8
90.42
103.0
69.9

4097
5406
6069
6106
5263
4105
4493
7209/1144

1707
1131
778
781
595

4097
3007
2414
2492
2073

12

u
(MPa)

Eu
(MPa)

0.2
0.125
0.13
0.12
0.17
0.16
0.165
0.024

165.3
165.6
135.4
104.8
166.1
152.7
148
95.13

6782
8244
9650
9650
6340
6652
5747
6704

Bc tu v g bng vt liu composite

211

trong :
-

FRP01: Tm composite c nn l nha 2116 v ct si sp xp theo quy cch:

[M300/WR600/M450/WR80]

FRP02: Tm composite c nn l nha 2116 v ct si sp xp theo quy cch:

[M300/WR600/M300/WR80]

FRP03: Tm composite c nn l nha 2116 v ct si sp xp theo quy cch:

[M300/WR300/M300/WR80]

M300: Si thu tinh dng matting c trng lng 300g/m2.

M450: Si thu tinh dng matting c trng lng 450g/m2.

WR600: Si thu tinh dng Woven Roving c trng lng 600g/m2.

WR300: Si thu tinh dng Woven Roving c trng lng 300g/m2.

WR80: Si thu tinh dng Woven Roving c trng lng 80g/m2.

3.2.2. Xc nh chiu dy lp composite bc v tu trn c s sc bn ct

a. Tnh ton.
Xt mt ct nguy him khi tu g bc composite hot ng ch ti thit
k. Theo [2] ta c:

Hay

N = Sc*J*f / S

(1)

Sc = (N*S)/(J*f)

(2)

Hnh 1: Mt ct ngang tu g bc composite

trong :
- Sc: ng sut ct sinh ra trong tm composite v tr ang xt.
- J: mmen qun tnh ca phn t din tch composite ang xt.
- S: mmen tnh ca tit din phn t ang xt.
- f: chiu dy lp composite bc.

Bc tu v g bng vt liu composite

212

Nu gi b l chiu rng phn t composite ang xt, yC l khong cch t tm

phn t din tch n trc trung ho, b qua cc thnh phn v cng b bc cao, ta
c:
S = b* f*yc

J = b* f*yc2.

Thay cc gi tr ca S v J vo (2) ta :
Sc = N/(yc * f) ; hay f = N/(Sc*yc)

(3)

b. Kt qu.
Chn quy cch tm composite bc cho cc nhm tu ln lt nh sau: FRP01
cho nhm 25m, FRP02 cho nhm 20m, FRP03 cho nhm 15m. Kt qu tnh ton
cho trong bng 3.
Bng 3: Xc nh chiu dy ti thiu lp bc theo sc bn ct.
i lng tnh ton
Lc ct cc i N
yc
Quy cch tm composite bc
ngoi

n v

Tu 25m

Tu 20m

Tu 15m

842200

635730

353600

mm

3600

2700

1900

FRP01

FRP02

FRP03

140,5

136

134

ng sut ct cho php ca lp

N/mm2

composite bc tu [Sc]

(MPa)

Chiu dy ti thiu f lp bc

mm

1,66

1,73

1,38

Chiu dy lp bc thc t t

mm

2,8

2,6

1,8

1,61

1,88

H s an ton n

3.2.3. Kim tra bn lp bc theo iu kin bn un v trt

a. Xc nh ng sut pht sinh trong b mt tip xc gia g v composite.
Xt mt on v tu (g bc composite) chu tc ng ca mmen un n v
MX nh hnh 2.
z
Mx
Go

x
x
xy

FRP

Hnh 2: M hnh dm g bc composite chu un.

Bc tu v g bng vt liu composite

213

Theo [5], di tc dng thun tu ca mmen un MX, ng sut pht sinh

lp th k no trong tm composite c xc nh theo biu thc:

(
= z(Q
= z(Q

)
).M
).M

k
*
k
*
k
*
kxx = z Q11
D11
+ Q12
D12
+ Q16
D16
.M x

kyy
kxy

k
12

*
*
k
*
D12
+ Q k22D12
+ Q16
D16

k
16

*
k
*
*
D11
+ Q 26
D12
+ Q k66D16

(4)

Cc s hng ca ma trn Q v D ng vi lp th k bt k (g cng c xem

l mt lp trong tm composite g bc composite ) c xc nh thng qua cc
c trng vt liu ca bn thn lp th k, v c xc nh theo [5].
Trong tnh ton chn gc ln lt theo 3 gi tr : 00 (tng ng vi khi tu
chy song song sng), 450 (tng ng vi khi tu chy cho sng) v 900 (tng
ng vi khi tu chy vung gc vi sng). Kt qu cho trn bng 4.
Bng 4: ng sut mt tip xc g - composite.
Loi tu

00
Tu 25m

FRP
xy

(MPa)

(MPa)

(MPa)

2,986

0,3696

0,0

10,68

-1,442

-1,961

900

12,79

2,331

0,0

45

4,278

0,5189

0,0

450

13,48

-1,952

-2,411

15,89

2,877

0,0

3,994

0,4563

0,0

450

13,56

-1,953

-2,385

900

15,92

2,841

0,0

90
0
Tu 15m

FRP
yy

0
Tu 20m

FRP
xx

V tr

Mmen n v
(KN)

36,23
Lp gia g v
composite
32,86

Lp gia g v
composite

22,52

b. Ch to v kim nghim cc mu g bc composite.

-

Ch to mu:

Mu c ch to t g sao, bc composite theo cc quy cch FRP01, FRP02,

FRP03 khng gia cng v c gia cng vi bc inh ln lt l 30, 40, 50 v
60mm
-

Kt qu kim nghim mu:

Kt qu kim nghim un v tch g bc composite c cho trong cc bng

5, 6.

Bc tu v g bng vt liu composite

214

Bng 5: Bng tng hp kt qu kim nghim un g bc FRP.

Nhm mu
G sao + FRP 01 + inh
ng bc 50
G sao + FRP02 + inh
ng bc 50
G sao + FRP03 + inh
ng bc 50
G sao + FRP01 + khng
gia cng
G sao + FRP02 + khng
gia cng
G sao + FRP03 + khng
gia cng

Kch thc
b x h (mm)

Cc thng s
K/c Span
Lc Max
L (mm)
(N)

Scbn un
(MPa)

225x30

400

28.220

83.6

225x28

400

27.650

94.1

220x30

400

26.951

81.7

225x30

400

27.303

92.9

225x28

400

28.254

96.1

220x30

400

29.030

88.0

Bng 6: Sc bn tch ca lp composite bc ngoi g.

Cc thng s
Loi mu

Kch thc
phn tip xc
axb (mm)

Lc Max
(N)

Sc bn
tch
(MPa)

G sao + FRP01 + khng gia cng

50x50

2875

1,15

G sao + FRP01 + inh ng bc 30

30x30

4644

5,16

G sao + FRP01 + inh ng bc 40

40x40

6096

3,81

G sao + FRP01 + inh ng bc 50

50x50

7808

3,12

G sao + FRP01 + inh ng bc 60

60x60

6516

1.81

G sao + FRP01 + inh ng bc 70

70x70

7791

1,59

4. Kt lun
Da vo cc bng tng hp 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6 c th thy:
1. Quy cch tm composite bc tu nh la chn m bo chu c ng sut
ct v ng sut un khi tu hot ng ton ti.
2. Khi khng c gia cng c hc cc b bng inh ng, ng sut tch cc i
sinh ra trong mt phn cch gia g v composite c gi tr vt qu gii hn
bn tch (1,96MPa; 2,41MPa v 2,38MPa so vi 1,15MPa).

Bc tu v g bng vt liu composite

215

3. Khi s dng phng php gia cng c hc cc b bng inh vi bc inh a

50mm s m bo cht lng bm dnh gia lp composite vi lp g (cho
c 3 nhm).
4. V mt kinh t, hin nay chi ph bc tu bng composite theo quy trnh
xut khong 150-180.000/m2 (tu theo nhm kch thc tu). Gi thnh ny
hon ton c th chp nhn c i vi ng dn cc tnh min Trung v nam
b.
5. Nn tip tc nghin cu bn ca inh v g v tu sau tng qung thi gian
(khong tng nm) hot ng ca tu trong mi trng bin.
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Bo co tng kt nm 1998 - B Thu Sn.
[2]. Ng Kiu Nhi, Trn Cng Ngh. C hc kt cu tu thu. Nh xut bn Giao
thng vn ti 1998.
[3]. ISO . Tiu chun xc nh c tnh ca vt liu cht do.
[4]. B Xy Dng (1997). Tuyn tp tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam, Tp X. Nh
xut bn Xy dng.
[5]. Trn ch Thnh . Vt liu Compozit. Nh xut bn Gio dc 1994.