Class 9 Maths TamilMedium

KDiu
sik w aJ bra kwJ thJJnk!

-kndhka bg. Rjudh

r_f ia cW bra jeho cs midJ gfY jukhd fia
bfhLf jHf muR rk flij mKfgLsJ. jidna f Ka
fUjhf bfhL fja VgL khwfis khztf vthW vbfhs brtJ
vgij fU bfhL jf nja ghll mik ( NCF ) 2005 flik
csthW f kW gf gahW Mafis csla tYe FGth
cUthfgLsJ.

fj vgJ f fyhd fUJfis f va thijfsh aitF
xU bkhahF. fj JiznahL jid w _yK 109 (Nano) nghw fa
vfis 10100 (Googolplex) nghw fbga vfis kj j fLghL gF
bfhzuKo. kof nghw ghl gbuL jiyfis bfhl xU
Ka bjhFghF. xbthU ghlgF f RUfkhd Kfiufis, v J
bfhSgoahd sffis bfhL Muwd. khztfis CFf bghUL
xbthU maha bjhlfY wj fj tYef Ka gf g
sfgLsJ. nkY RUfkhd tiuaiwf, Ka fUJf, njwf kW g
fzFf Mad ghl bfhLfgLsJ. xbthU maha WY
mghl khztf vbdd fwjd vgij RUfkhf idlgLwJ.
tHfkhd fzLfUJ khztf rW fodkhd fzLfis brtjF ghl
cj vd enwh.

fja njitia g bjJ bfhs, mjid vjhf J bfhs
thifnahL bjhlila fzFf ifahsgLsd. jifa thifnahL bjhlila
fzFf, Ka fUJf, tiuaiwf kW njwfis vjhf J bfhs VJthf
vLJfhLfSl f va mik bfhLfgLsd. jifa vLJfhLfis
J bfhtnjhL kLkyhk, tiuaiwf vfhuzfSfhf bfhLfgLsd vgij
bjthf mJbfhSj ntL. j _y fyhd fzFfis btntW tf
vjhf vthW gJ vgij ma J ttFF.

ghl fiz ftU tzfis bfhL mlgLsjh khztf
fj ghl mHif uf, jfsJ fUJfis kwtfSl gkhbfhs kW
a fUJfis cUthf ttif br vd enwh. xU khzt jh rF
xU ruhr kjDF, jh fw fjij vjhf aitfhj tiu mkhzt
fj bfhifia bjthf mJljhf eh fUj KoahJ. vdnt fj vgJ btW
fzLfis kLnk brtJ my mJ m rh gFia Kiwahf bragLj cjwJ
vgJ bjthwJ.

vdnt fj wig ghuhl mj kig bjJ bfhs
FlgLs mogil fjaiy ff ntL. ah fjij f MJ fwhnuh
mt fj KaJtij, gaghil mt.

fjij gogJ, gilgJ xUt th wgrkhF. ukhdJky,
ijahdJky fj. thifia wfitf cj xU irfU. mjid L
Phdij bgWnth, knth! kynth! tsnth!! thnth!!!.
Kidt V. runrfu
kW Ma FG
(iii)
FpLf
P(A)
A vw f fjf
(probability of the event A)
rk ahr
(symmetric difference)
a vf (natural numbers)
KGvf (whole numbers)
KGf (integers)
nr (union)
bkbaf (real numbers)
btL (intersection)
Knfhz (triangle)
midJ fz (universal Set)
nfhz (angle)
cW (belongs to)
brFJ (perpendicular to)
cWgy(does not belong to)
||
iz (parallel to)
jF cfz (proper subset of)
czJwJ (implies)
cfz (subset of or is contained in)
vdnt (therefore)
Y
1
jF cfzky (not a proper subset of)
Vbd (since (or) because)
cfzky
(not a subset of or is not contained in)
rk (equal to)
rkiy (not equal to)
lFiw (less than)
Fiw myJ rk (less than or equal to)
l mf (greater than)
mf myJ rk (greater than or equal to)
rkhdkhd (equivalent to)
Al (or) A c
A- ufz
(complement of A)
Q (or) { } btWfz myJ ik fz
jk (absolute value)
njhuhakhf rk
(approximately equal to)
| (or) : mjgo myJ vwthW (such that)
/ (or) ,
n(A)
Mv myJ brbt
(number of elements in the set A)
P(A)
A- mLF fz (power set of A)
|||ly
nj nghW (similarly)
(empty set or null set or void set)
(iv)
rtrk (congruent)
KbwhUik (identically equal to)
ig (pi)
if myJ Fiw (plus or minus)
njw Ko (end of the proof)
bghUslf
1.
fza
1-34
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

mKf
fzfis sFj
fzij FL Kiw
fzf gntW tiff
fz braf
fz brafis btglf _y FLj
mKf
jKW vfis jrkto FLj
jKwh vf
bkbaf
jKwh _yf
jKwh _yf jhd ehF mogil braf
jKwh _yf gFia jgLJj
tFj Kiw
2.
1
1
3
7
18
25
bkba bjhF
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
35-69
bkbaf jhd ma FpLf

kW kliff
3.

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
70-92
ma FpL
ma Fpil jrkFpo khWj
kliff
bghJ kliff
4.
afj
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.
Mabjhiy totfj
5.1
5.2
5.3
35
38
45
46
55
60
63
67
70
73
75
84
93-128
mKf
afj nfhitf
gYW nfhitf
njw
fhu njw
afj KbwhUikf
gYW nfhitfis fhugLJj
nea rkghLf
xU kh cs nea mrkghLf
129-150
mKf
fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw
U fSF ilgl bjhiy
(v)
93
93
94
100
103
105
111
121
126
129
130
139
6.
Knfhza
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
151-172
mKf
151
Knfhza jf
151
y w nfhzf Knfhza jf
158
u nfhzf Knfhza jf
163
Knfhza mltizia gagLJ Kiw
166
7.
toa
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
173-193
mKf
toa mogil fUJf
ehfu
izfu
tlf
173
174
178
179
183
8.
msa
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
9.
brKiw toa
9.1 mKf
9.2 Knfhz rhj w nfhL JLf
9.3 xU t brY nfhLf
194-210
mKf
tlnfhzgF
fdrJuf
fdbrtff
211-223
10.
tiuglf
10.1 mKf
10.2 nea tiugl
10.3 tiuglf gaghL
11.
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
211
212
216
224-231
224
224
228
232-257
mKf
fbt gut tiugl tot
ruhr
iliy ms
KfL
12.
fjf
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
rahd ilia njbjL

ilf
194
195
203
206
232
232
239
248
253
258-275
mKf
mogil fUJf kW tiuaiwf
fjf
fjf - X mDgt Kiw (gl Kiw)
(vi)
258
259
261
261
276-288
289-300
fza
No one shall expel us from the paradise that
Cantor has created for us
- DAVID HILBERT
Kjik Fnfhf
fzij tiuaWj
tj Kiw, fzflik Kiw kW goa
Kiw fzfis FLj
gntW tifahd fzfis milahs fhz
fzbrafis J bfhSj
fzf kW fzbrafis btglf
Ff fWbfhSj
n (A , B) -fhd
Nuij
gagL
va
fzFfis brj
#h{ nfl
(1845-1918)
fza
mogilfUJf
1.1 mKf
#h{ nfl

fja Ka gfhWtJ midJ
fY gagLjgLtJ fz vw fUjhF.
midJ
totfis

fja
fzfshf fUj Ko vgjh, fja
fzFpL Kiw xU trahd mikghf
fUjgLwJ. fzbfhiffis J bfhtj
_y fja fUJfis X mikghf fU,
mtiw xGFgL fzfshf vGj, jf
ahf J bfhs Ko. d, tF
a vf, jKW vf kW bkbafis
vthW fzfshf vGjyh vd eh gof
cnsh. ghlgF, fzbfhiff g,
fza y mogilbraf g gofyh.
1.2 fzfis sFj
(Georg Cantor) vw
b#k ehL fja
mPuh cUthfglJ.
a bjhl vdgL
xU tif Ko bjhl
FJ mt Muhjh.
mjdogil
ed fja
gFghf
mogilahf fza
mikJsJ vd
bgUghyhd fja
mPf VW
bfhld. nfl

jff bjhF, khztf FG, xU
eho cs khyf goa, ehzaf
bjhF
nghwt
bjhF
myJ
FG
vw brhfis eh mofo gagLJnwh.
bghUf bjhF myJ FG vgtiw fj
Kiw FL Kiwna fzkhF.
1
gahdJ fhy
fLofgl
fja jf KiwF
mogilahf mikjJ.
maha 1
Ka fUJ
fz

eF tiuaWfgl bghUf bjhF fz vdgL.
fz cs bghUf mfz cWf vdgL.

xU fz eF tiuaWfglJ vgJ fja fz xU
Kakhd gghF. mjhtJ, bfhLfgl vjbthU bghUS mfz
xU cWghF myJ cWghfhJ vd bjthf FLtjhF.

nkY, xU fz cs cWf midJ btntwhdit. mjhtJ
vj U cWfS rkky.
tU bjhFf vit eF tiuaWfglit?

(1)
c tF cs M khztf bjhF.
(2)
2,4,6,10 kW 12 vw vf bjhF.
(3)
j eho cs midJ khtlf bjhF.
(4)
ey iuglf bjhF.

(1), (2) kW (3) Mait eF tiuaWfglit. Mfnt mit
fzfshF. (4) MdJ eF tiuaWfglJ my. Vbd, ey iugl
vw thij eF tiuaWfgliy. vdnt, (4) fzkhfhJ.

bghJthf, fzfis A, B, C nghw My bga vGJfsh Fngh.
fz cWfis a, b, c nghw My a vGJfsh Fngh.

Fpil goj
!
- xU cW myJ - csJ
x vgJ fz A- cW vgij x ! A vd vGJnth.

b
- xU cWgy myJ - iy
x vgJ fz A- cWgy vgij x b A vd vGJnth.

vLJfhlhf,
A = "1, 3, 5, 9 , vw fzij fUJf.
1 vgJ fz A- cWghF. jid 1 ! A vd vGjyh.
3 vgJ fz A- cWghF. jid 3 ! A vd vGjyh.
8 vgJ fz A- cWgy. jid 8 b A vd vGjyh.
2
fza
vLJfhL 1.1
A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , vf. fhlfis ! myJ g vw bghUjkhd FL
uf.

(i) 3 ....... A
(ii) 7 ....... A
(iii) 0 ...... A

(iv) 2 ...... A
(i)
3! A
( a 3 vgJ A- cWghF)
(ii) 7 g A ( a 7 vgJ A- cWgy)
(iii) 0 g A ( a 0 vgJ A- cWgy)
(iv) 2 ! A ( a 2 vgJ A- cWghF)
1.3 fzij FL Kiw (Representation of a Set)

xU fzid tU _W tf myJ Kiwf VnjD xwh
Flyh.

(i)
tj Kiw myJ tUzidKiw (Descriptive Form)

(ii) fzflik Kiw myJ Kiw (Set-Builder Form or Rule Form)

(iii) goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw (Roster Form or Tabular Form)
1.3.1 tj Kiw
Ka fUJ
tj Kiw
fz cs cWfis thijfsh bjthf tF

Kiw tj myJ tUzid Kiw vdgL.

vit fz cWf kW fz cWf my
vgij RUfkhf, bjthf bjgjhf tj Kiw
mika ntL.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)
midJ a vf fz.

(ii) 100 I l Fiwthd gfh vf fz.

(iii) midJ My vGJf fz.
1.3.2 fzflik Kiw
Ka fUJ
fzflik Kiw
xU fz cs cWf midJ iw br gf
mogil fzij FL Kiw fzflik KiwahF.
Fpil goj
|myJ : mjgo myJ vwthW
A = " x : x vgJ CHENNAI vw brh cs xU vGJ ,
fzid, x vgJ CHENNAI vw brh cs XU vGJ
vwthWs vyh x- fz A vdgofyh.
3
maha 1
vLJfhlhf,
(i)
N = " x : x xU a v ,
(ii)
P = " x : x vgJ 100I l Fiwthd xU gfh v ,
(iii)
A = " x : x xU My vGJ ,
1.3.3 goa Kiw

Ka fUJ
goa Kiw
xU fz cWfis { } vw xU nrho milF goaLtJ

goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw vwiHfgLwJ.
vLJfhlhf,

(i) A vgJ 11I l Fiwthf cs uilgil a vf
fz vf. fzid goa Kiw tUkhW vGjyh.
A = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ,
(ii) A = " x : x xU KG (Integer) kW - 1 # x 1 5 ,
fzid goa Kiw tUkhW vGjyh.
A = "- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,
(i) goa Kiw fz xbthU cW xnubahU Kiw kLnk

goalgl ntL. tHfkhf xU fz Vfdnt tj
cWf L tuhJ.

(ii) COFFEE vw brh cs vGJf fz A vf.
mjhtJ, A={ C, O, F, E }. goa Kiw vGjgLs A vw
fz tU bjhFf bghUjkwit.

"C, O, E ,
(vyh cWfS goalgliy)
"C, O, F, F, E ,
(F vw vGJ UKiw goalgLsJ)
(iii) goa Kiw FLnghJ xU fz cWfis vj

tirY vGjyh. vdnt 2, 3 kW 4 Matiw cWfshf
bfhl fzid tUkhW bghUSila (bghUjkhd) goa
mikfshf vGjyh.
"2, 3, 4 ,

"2, 4, 3 ,
"4, 3, 2 ,
nkfl fzf xbthW xnu fzij Fwd.

(iv) xU fzkhdJ Koyh myJ KoW Mdh mf vifyhd
cWfis bgUjh, goal gl cWf mik bjhlJ
brY vgij "5, 6, 7, g , myJ "3, 6, 9, 12, 15, g, 60 , vgt
csJ nghW g vw _W bjhlfsh (ellipsis) FLnth.
4
fza
(v) xU fz cs cWf KG mikig J bfhS

tif nghJkhd tuf bfhLfglh kLnk g vw
bjhlahd _W fis gagLj ntL.
fzfis FL gntW Kiwf
tj Kiw
midJ My
cbuGJf fz
fzflik Kiw
goa Kiw
{ x : x xU My
cbuGJ}
{a, e, i, o, u}
15-F Fiwthfnth
{ x : x xU xiwgil
myJ rkkhfnth cs
v kW 0 1 x # 15 }
xiwgil vf fz
0-F 100-F il
{ x : x xU KG fd v
cs KG fd vf
kW 0 1 x 1 100 }
(Perfect Cube numbers) fz
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
{1, 8, 27, 64}
vLJfhL 1.2

tU fzf cWfis goa Kiw vGJf
(i)
7- klFfshf cs if KGf fz.
(ii)
20 I l Fiwthd gfh vf fz.
(i)

7- klFfshf cs if KGf fzij goa Kiw

{7, 14, 21, 28,g} vd vGjyh.
(ii) 20 I l Fiwthf cs gfh vf fzij goa Kiw

{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} vd vGjyh.
vLJfhL 1.3

A = { x : x xU a v # 8} vw fzij goa Kiw vGJf.
A = { x : x xU a v # 8 }.

fz cs cWf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
vdnt, goa Kiw fzid tUkhW vGjyh.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
vLJfhL 1.4

tU fzfis fzflik Kiw FLf.
(i)
X = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}
(ii)
A = $1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g .
2 3 4 5
5
maha 1
(i)
X = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}
X vw fz thu vyh ehfis bfhLsJ.
vdnt, X vw fzij fzflik Kiw tUkhW Flyh.

X = {x : x thu xUeh}
(ii) A = $1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g . . fz A- cs cWf gFf 1, 2, 3, 4, g

2 3 4 5
MF.
vdnt, A vw fzij fzflik Kiw tUkhW Flyh.
A = $ x : x = 1 , n ! N .
n
1.3.4 M v myJ brbt (Cardinal Number)
Ka fUJ
M v
xU fz cs cWf vif mfz M v

myJ brbt vdgL.
Fpil goj
n(A)
A vw fz cs cWf
vif
A vw fz M viz n(A) vd Fngh.

vLJfhlhf,
A = #- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - vw fzij vLJ bfhf.
fz A- 7 cWf csd.
vdnt, A vw fz M v 7 MF.
mjhtJ, n (A) = 7
vLJfhL 1.5

tU fzf M viz fhf
(i)
A = {x : x vgJ 12- xU gfhfhu}
(ii)
B = {x : x ! W, x # 5}
(i)

12- fhuf 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. 12- gfh fhuf 2, 3.

goa Kiw fz AI tUkhW vGjyh. A = {2, 3} vdnt, n(A) = 2.
6
fza
(ii) B = {x : x ! W, x # 5}
goa Kiw fz BI tUkhW vGjyh. B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
fz B- MW cWf csd. vdnt, n(B) = 6
1.4 fzf gntW tiff (Different kinds of Sets)

1.4.1 btWfz (Empty Set)
Ka fUJ
btWfz
cWf yhj fz btWfz myJ ikfz myJ

btWikfz vwiHfgL
Fpil goj
Q myJ { }
btWfz myJ ikfz

myJ btWikfz
btWfzij Q myJ { } vw Fplh Fngh.

vLJfhlhf,
A = # x : x < 1, x ! N - vw fzij fUJf.

1I l Fiwthd a v vJ iy.
vdnt, A vw fz cWf vJ iy.
id TJ
ila !
n (Q) = ?
` A ={ }
F
va a vw bkba Ka gF twJ. mij

nghynt fza, btWfz Q MdJ Ka gfhWwJ.
1.4.2 KoW fz (Finite set)

Ka fUJ
KoW fz
xU fz cs cWf vif a myJ KoW

(vifFgl) v v, mfz KoW fz vdgL.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)

8-F 9-F ilgl a vf fz A vf.

8-F 9-F il vj a vQ iy.
vdnt, A = { } ` n(A) = 0.
A vgJ KoW fzkhF.

7
maha 1
X = {x : x xU KG kW - 1 # x # 2 } vw fzij fUJf
(ii)
goa Kiw X vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh.
X = {- 1 , 0, 1, 2}.
vdnt, X xU KoW fzkhF.
KoW fz M v KoW vzhF.
` n(X) = 4
1.4.3 Koyh fz (Infinite set)

Ka fUJ
Koyh fz
xU fz cs cWf vif KoW v my

v, mfz Koyh myJ Kowh fzkhF
vLJfhlhf,

tU fzij fUJf.
KG vf fz W I goa Kiw W = {0, 1, 2, 3, g }vd vGjyh.

KG vf fz Koyh vifs cWfis
bfhoUgjh, W Koyh fzkhF.
Koyh fz M v KoW v my.
vLJfhL 1.6

tU fzf KoW kW Koyh fzf vit vd TWf.
(i)
A = {x : x vgJ 5- klF, x ! N }
(ii)
B = {x : x xU uil gfhv}
(iii)
50 I l bga if KGfis bfhl fz.
(i)
A = {x : x xU 5- klF, x ! N }. goa Kiw fzij vGj,
A = {5, 10, 15, 20, ...}
` A vw fz Koyh fzkhF.
(ii) B = {x : x xU uil gfhv}.
gfh vf 2 kLnk uil gfhv MF.
goa Kiw B vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh
B = { 2 }. vdnt, B KoW fzkhF.

8
fza
(iii) X vgJ 50 I lbga if KGf fz vf.
goa Kiw X vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh.
X = {51, 52, 53, ...}
fz X vzw cWfis bfhLsJ. vdnt, X Koyh fzkhF.
1.4.4 XUW fz (Singleton set)

Ka fUJ
XUW fz
xnubahU cWig kL bfhLs fz XUW fz

vwiHfgL.
vLJfhlhf,

A = {x : x xU KG kW 1 < x < 3} fzij goa Kiw vGj, A = { 2 }
vd ilF.
fz A xnubahU cWig bfhLsJ.
Mfnt, A XUW fzkhF.
u
i
tUtd midJ
aikahjjhF.
xnu
fzky
vgij
bfhtJ
(i) btWfz Q
(ii) btW fzij kL xU cWghf bfhl fz {Q }
(iii) aij kL xU cWghf bfhl fz {0}
1.4.5 rkhd fzf (Equivalent sets)

Ka fUJ
rkhd fz
A, B vw U fzf cs cWf vif rk v,

mit rkhd fzf vdgL.
A, B vw fzf rkhd fzf v, n(A) = n(B) MF.
Fpil goj
rkhdkhd
A, B vgd rkhdkhdit v, A c B vd vGjyh

vLJfhlhf,
A = { 7, 8, 9, 10 } kW B = { 3, 5, 6, 11 } vw fzfis fUJf.
F n(A) = 4 kW n(B) = 4.
` A.B
9
maha 1
1.4.6 rk fzf (Equal sets)

Ka fUJ
rk fz
A, B vw U fzf cs cWf mit vGjgLs

tiria bghUgLjhk rahf mnj cWfis
bfhoUjh, mit rk fzf vdgL.
mthW
iyba, mit rkkw fzf vdgL.
A, B vw fzf rk v,
(i) fz A- xbthU cW fz B- cWghf UF.
(ii) fz B- xbthU cW fz A- cWghf UF
Fpil goj
rk
A, B vw fzf rk v, A = B vd
vGjyh.
rkky
A, B vw fzf rkkwit v,
A ! B vd vGjyh.
vLJfhlhf,
A = { a, b, c, d } kW B = { d, b, a, c } vw fzfis fUJf.
A, B vw fzf rahf mnj cWfis bgWsd.
` A = B
A,
B vw fzf rk v, n(A) = n(B) MF. Mdh n(A) = n(B)
F
v A, B vw fzf rkkhf Uf ntoa mtaiy.

vdnt, rk fzf midJ rkhd fzfshF. Mdh, rkhd

fzf midJ rk fzfshf Uf ntoa mtaiy.
vLJfhL 1.7

bfhLfgl A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} kW
B = {x : x vgJ uo klF, x ! N kW x # 14 }
Mad rkfzfsh vd TWf.
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} kW

B = {x : x vgJ uo klF, x ! N kW x # 14 }
goa Kiw vGj, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
A, B vw U fzfS rahf mnj cWfis bgWsjh, A = B MF.

10
fza
1.4.7 cfz (Subset)

Ka fUJ
cfz
fz A- cs xbthU cW fz B- cWghf
UFkhdh, A MdJ B- X cfzkhF. jid Fpo
A 3 B vd vGjyh.
Fpil goj
cfz myJ cslaJ
A 3 B vgij A vgJ B- cfz myJ A vgJ B-

cslaJ vd gongh.
cfzky myJ cslfhjJ
A M B vgij A vgJ B- cfzky myJ A vgJ B-

cslfhjJ vd gongh.
vLJfhlhf,

A = {7, 8, 9} kW B = { 7, 8, 9, 10 } vw fzfis fUJf. F fz A-
xbthU cW fz B- cWghf Ugij fhnwh.
vdnt, A vgJ B- cfzkhF. mjhtJ, A 3 B .
(i) xbthU fzK jdFjhnd cfzkhF. mjhtJ, A vw
vjbthU fzF A 3 A MF.

F

(ii) btWfz vjbthU fzJF cfzkhF. mjhtJ, A vw
vjbthU fzF Q 3 A .

(iii) A 3 B kW B 3 A v, A = B MF.

j kWjiy cik. mjhtJ, A = B v, A 3 B kW B 3 A
MF.

(iv) xbthU fzK (Q Iju) Fiwjgr mfzij,
Q ia U cfzfshf bfhoUF.
1.4.8 jF cfz (Proper subset)

Ka fUJ
jF cfz
A 3 B kW A ! B vwthW U, fz A MdJ fz B- jF
cfz vdgL. jid Fpo A 1 B vd vGjyh. B vgJ
A- if fz (Super set) vdgL.
Fpil goj
1
jF cfz
A 1 B vgij A vgJ B- jF cfz vd gongh.

11
maha 1
vLJfhlhf,
A = {5, 7, 8} kW B = { 5, 6, 7, 8 } vw fzfis fUJf.
F, A- xbthU cW B- cWghF. nkY A ! B .
vdnt, A vgJ B- jF cfzkhF.
(i) jF cfz, if fzijl Fiwjgr xU cWigahtJ
F
Fiwthf bgUF.
(ii) vjbthU fzK mfznf jF cfzkhfhJ.

(iii) btWfz
Q MdJ
mfzijju
kw
vyh
fzfSF jF cfzkhF. [btWfz Q -F jF

cfz iy] mjhtJ, Q I ju kw vjbthU fz
A-F Q 1 A MF.
(iv) ! kW 3 vw FpLfSfhd ntWghil J bfhtJ
mtakhF. x ! A vw FpL, x vgJ A- cW vgij
FLwJ. A 3 B vw FpL, A vgJ B- cfz vgij
FLwJ.

vdnt, Q 3 {a, b, c} vgJ rahdJ. Mdh, Q ! {a, b, c} vgJ ray.
x ! {x}, vd vGJtJ rahdJ.

vGJtJ ray.
Mdh, x = {x} myJ x 3 {x} vd
vLJfhL 1.8

tU TWfis cikahf, fhlf 3 myJ M vw Ffis
bfhL uf.

(b) {a, b, c} ----- {b, e, f, g}
(a) {4, 5, 6, 7} ----- {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(a) {4, 5, 6, 7} vw fz cs xbthU cW {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} vw

fz cWghf csJ.

vdnt, fhl 3 vw Fia Lf.
mjhtJ, {4, 5, 6, 7} 3 {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(b) a! {a, b, c} Mdh, a g {b, e, f, g}
vdnt, fhl M vw Fia Lf.
mjhtJ, {a, b, c} M {b, c, f, g}

12
fza
vLJfhL 1.9

tU TWfis cikahf 1, 3 vw FpLf vij fhlf
lntL vd khf.

(i)
{8, 11, 13} ----- {8, 11, 13, 14}
(ii)
{a, b, c} ------, {a, c, b}
(i) {8, 11, 13} vw fz xbthU cW {8, 11, 13, 14} vw fz

cWghf csjh, fhl 3 vw Fia lntL.

` {8, 11, 13} 3 {8, 11, 13, 14}
nkY 14 ! {8, 11, 13, 14}. Mdh 14g {8, 11, 13}
vdnt, {8,11, 13} vw fz {8,11,13, 14} vw fz jF cfzkhF.
Mjyh, fhl 1 vw Fia lyh.

` {8,11, 13} 1 {8,11,13, 14}
(ii) { a, b, c} vw fz xbthU cW, {a, c, b} vw fz

cWghf csJ.
vdnt, U fzfS rk fzfshF. {a, b, c} vgJ {a, c, b} vw

fz jF cfzkhfhJ.

vdnt, fhlij 3 vw Fia bfhL kLnk ug Ko.
1.4.9 mLFfz (Power Set)

Ka fUJ
mLFfz
A vw fz midJ cfzfis bfhl fz,

mfz mLFfz vdgL.
Fpil goj
P(A)
A- mLFfz
A- mLFfz P(A) vd FfgLwJ.

vLJfhlhf,
A = {- 3, 4 } vw fzij vLJbfhf.
fz A- cfzf
Q, {- 3}, {4}, {- 3, 4} MF.

vdnt, A- mLF fz
P (A) = "Q, {- 3}, {4}, {- 3, 4} ,
13
maha 1
vLJfhL 1.10

A = {3, {4, 5}} vw fz mLFfzij vGJf.
A = {3, {4, 5}}

A- cfzf, Q, "3 ,, ""4, 5 ,,, {3, {4, 5}}
` P (A) = "Q, "3 ,, ""4, 5 ,,, {3, {4, 5}} ,
xU KoW fz cfzf vif

f mf ms cWfis bfhLs fzfSF cfzfis vG
mt vifia fhgJ fodkhF. vdnt, bfhLfgl xU KoW

fz vjid cfzfis bfhoUF vgij fhz xU ia fhngh.
(i)
A = Q vw fz mfzij kLnk cfzkhf bfhoUF.
(ii)
A = {5} vw fz cfzf Q kW {5} MF.
(iii)
A = {5, 6} vw fz cfzf Q, {5}, {6} kW {5, 6} MF.
(iv)
A = {5, 6, 7}
vw
fz
cfzf Q, {5}, {6}, {7}, {5, 6}, {5, 7}, {6, 7}
kW {5, 6, 7} MF.

tuf tU mltid fhlgLsJ.

cWf
vif
cfzf
vif
1 = 20
2 = 21
4 = 22
8 = 23

nkfl mltiz, xU fz cs cWf vif xiw
mff, cfzf vif U klfhwJ vgij fhLwJ.
mjhtJ, xbthU iyY cfzf vif 2- mLfhf csJ
vgij bjwJ. vdnt, fl bghJia eh bgWnwh.
m cWf bfhl xU fz
n (A) = m & n [P (A)] = 2 m
cfzf vif 2 m MF.

vdnt, m cWf bfhl xU fz jF cfzf vif
j 2 m cfzf bfhLfgl fzK cslsJ.
2 m - 1 MF.
14
fza
vLJfhL 1.11

tU fzf xbth cfzf kW jFcfzf
vifia fhf.

(i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14}
(i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} . vdnt, n (A) = 5 .

cfzf vif = n 6 P (A) @ = 25 = 32 .
jF cfzf vif = 25 - 1 = 32 - 1 = 31
(ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14} . n (A) = 8 .
cfzf vif = 28 = 25 # 23 = 32 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 256
jFcfzf vif = 28 - 1 = 256 - 1 = 255
g 1.1
1.
tUtdt vit fzfshF? ckJ ilF fhuz TWf.
(i)
ey jff bjhF
(ii)
30 I l Fiwthf cs gfhvf bjhF
(iii)
f wikahd gJ fj Maf bjhF
(iv)
c gYs khztf bjhF
(v)
midJ uilgil vf bjhF
2.
A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} vf. fhlfis ! myJ g vw FpLf rahd

FL uf.
(i)
0 ----- A
(ii) 6 ----- A
(iv)
4 ----- A
(v) 7 ----- A
3.
tU fzfis fzflik Kiw vGJf.
(i)
midJ if uilgil vf fz
(ii)
20I lFiwthf cs KG vf fz
(iii)
3- klFfshf cs if KGf fz
(iv)
15I l Fiwthf cs xiw a vf fz
(v)
TAMILNADU vw brh cs vGJf fz
4.
tU fzfis goa Kiw vGJf.
(i)
A = {x : x ! N, 2 1 x # 10}
(ii)
B = $ x : x ! Z, - 1 1 x 1 11 .
2
2
15
(iii) 3 ----- A
maha 1
(iii)
C = {x : x xU gfh v kW 6- xU tFv}
(iv)
X = {x : x = 2 n, n ! N kW n # 5}
(v)
M = {x : x = 2y - 1, y # 5, y ! W}
(vi)
P = {x : x xU KG, x2 # 16}
5.
tU fzfis tj Kiw vGJf.
(i)
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
(ii)
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
(iii)
C = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
(iv)
P = {x : x vgJ SET THEORY vw brh cs xU vGJ}
(v)
Q = {x : x vgJ 10-F 20-F ilgl xU gfhv }
6.
tU fzf M vfis fhf.
(i)
A = {x : x = 5 n, n ! N kW n 1 5}
(ii)
B = {x : x xU My bkbaGJ}
(iii)
X = {x : x xU uil gfhv}
(iv)
P = {x : x < 0, x ! W }
(v)
Q = { x: - 3 # x # 5, x ! Z }
7.
tU fzf vit KoW fzf kW vit Koyh fzf

vd fhf.
(i)
A = {4, 5, 6, ...}
(ii)
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 75}
(iii)
X = {x : x xU uil av}
(iv)
Y = {x : x vgJ 6- klF kW x > 0}
(v)
P = KARIMANGALAM vw brh cs vGJf fz.
8.
tU fzf vit rkhd fzfshF?
(i)
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(ii)
X = {x : x ! N,1 1 x 1 6}, Y = {x : x xU My cbuGJ}
(iii)
P = {x : x xU gfhv kW 5 1 x 1 23 }
Q = {x : x ! W, 0 # x 1 5 }
9.
tU fzf vit rkfzfshF?
(i)
(ii)
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 3, 2, 1}

A = {4, 8, 12, 16}, B = {8, 4, 16, 18}
16
fza
(iii)
X = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Y = {x : x xU uil KG 0 < x < 10}
P = {x : x vgJ 10- klF, x ! N }
(iv)
Q = {10, 15, 20, 25 30, .... }
10.
nH bfhLfgLs fzfUJ rkfzfis nj brf.
A = {12, 14, 18, 22}, B = {11, 12, 13, 14}, C = {14, 18, 22, 24}
D = {13, 11, 12, 14}, E = {- 11, 11 }, F = {10, 19}, G = {11, - 11 }, H = {10, 11}
11.
Q = {Q} MFkh? fhuz TWf.
12.
tU fzf vit rkfzf? fhuz TWf.
0, Q, {0}, {Q}
13.
nfhol lfis 3 myJ M vw FpLfis bfhL uf.
(i) {3} ----- {0, 2, 4, 6}
(ii) {a } ----- {a, b, c}
(iii) {8, 18} ----- {18, 8}
(iv) {d} ----- {a, b, c}
14.
X = {- 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2} kW Y = {x : x xU KG kW - 3 # x 1 2} vf.
(i) X vgJ Y- cfzkhFkh?
15.
A = {x : x vgJ 3 M tFgL if KG} vw fz
B = {x : x vgJ 5- klF, x ! N } vw fzF cfzkhFkh vdnrhf.
16.
tU fzf mLFfzfis vGJf.
(i) A = {x, y}
17.
tU fzf cfzf kW jF cfzf vifia
(ii) X = {a, b, c}
(ii) Y vgJ X- cfzkhFkh?
(iii) A = {5, 6, 7, 8}
(iv) A = Q
fhf.

(i)
A = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18}
(ii)
B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
(iii)
X = {x : x ! W, x g N}
18.
(i)
(iii)
A = Q v, n 6 P (A) @ fhf
(iv) n 6 P (A) @ = 1024 v, n(A) fhf.
19.
(ii) n (A) = 3 v, n 6 P (A) @ fhf
n 6 P (A) @ = 512 v, n(A) fhf.
n 6 P (A) @ = 1 v, A vw fzij g vd TwKo?

17
maha 1
20.
A = {x : x vgJ 11I l Fiwthf cs xU a v}
B = {x : x xU uilgil v kW 1 < x < 21}
C = {x : x xU KG kW 15 # x # 25 } v
(i)
A, B, C vw fzf cWfis goaLf.
(ii)
n(A), n(B), n(C) Matiw fhf.
(iii)
tUdtiw r (T) myJ jtW (F) vd TWf.

(a) 7 ! B
(c) {15, 20, 25} 1 C
(b) 16 g A
(d) {10, 12} 1 B
1.5 fz braf (Set Operations)

1.5.1 btgl (Venn Diagram)

toa fUJf myJ ffis
sf, y rkaf fzFf f
fhz glf myJ tiuglfis eh
gagLJnwh.

fja fzfSF ilnaahd
bjhlfis Ff kW fzbrafis
ghJ J bfhs eh gagLJ
glf btglf MF.
#h bt
(1834-1883)
#h bt vw oZ ehL
fj nkij fzfSF fz
brafSF cs bjhlfis
fzh fhgjF cj
tiuglf tiu Kiwia
gagLdh.
1.5.2 midJfz (Universal Set)

bfhLfgl
thjF
bghUjkhd
midJ
cWfis
csla xU fzid fUJtJ y neuf gaDsjhwJ.

Ka fUJ
midJfz
xU Fl thjF vLJ bfhl midJ

cWfis csla fz midJfz vdgL.
midJfz U vw Fplh FlgL.
vLJfhlhf,

jrka eh thjF vLJ bfhl cWf KGf v,
midJ fz U vgJ midJ KGf fzkhF. mjhtJ, U = {n : n d Z}

F
xbthU fzF midJfz khWglyh.

18
fza

btglf _y FL nghJ bghJthf
midJfzij xU brtfkhf, mj jF
cfzfis tlf myJ tlfshf
Fngh. mt cWfis gl cns
vGJnth.
U
A
3
1 5 6
4 7
8
gl 1.1
1.5.3 xU fz ufz (Complement of a Set)

Ka fUJ
ufz
fz A- yhj Mdh midJ fz U- cs cWfis

bfhl fz, A- ufz vdgL. A vw fz
ufzij Al myJ A c vd Fngh.
Fpil goj
Fpo, Al = {x : x ! U kW x g A}
vLJfhlhf,
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} kW A = {b, d, g, h} v.
Al
A
Al = {a, c, e, f}

btgl, fz A- ufz Al I gl
Al (HlgF)
1.2- csJ ngh Flyh.

(i) (Al )l = A
gl 1.2
(ii) Ql = U
(iii) U l = Q
1.5.4 U fzf nr (Union of Two Sets)

Ka fUJ
nrfz
A, B vw U fzf nrfz vgJ A myJ B myJ

uoY cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF. jid A , B
vd vGjyh.
Fpil goj
nr
A , B vgij A nr B vd gongh.
Fpo, A , B = {x : x ! A myJ x ! B}
19
maha 1
vLJfhlhf,
A = {11, 12, 13, 14} kW
B = {9, 10, 12, 14, 15} v,
A , B = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
U fzf nrid btgl
gl 1.3- csthW Flyh.

F
(i)
A , A = A
A , B (HlgF)
gl 1.3
A , Q = A
(ii)
(iii)
A , Al = U
(iv) A vw fz midJfz U- cfz v, A , U = U

(v)
A 3 B v, v kLnk A , B = B
(vi)
A,B = B,A
vLJfhL 1.12

tU fzf nrid fhf.
(i)
A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} kW B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(ii)
X = {3, 4, 5} kW Y = Q
id TJ
ila !
A 1 (A , B) kW
B 1 (A , B) vd
TwKokh?
(i) A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} kW B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

1, 2, 3, 5, 6 ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
(5, 6 Ug tJsd)
` A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(ii) = {3,4,5}, Y = Q . Y- cWf vJ iy.
` X , Y = {3, 4, 5}
1.5.5 U fzf btL (Intersection of Two Sets)
Ka fUJ
btLfz
A, B vw U fzf btLfz vgJ A kW B uoY

bghJthf cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF. jid A + B vd
vGJnth.
Fpil goj
btL
A + B vgij A btL B vd gofyh.

Fpo, A + B = {x : x ! A kW x ! B} vd vGJnth.
20
fza
vLJfhlhf,
A
A = {a, b, c, d, e} kW B = {a, d, e, f} vf.
` A + B = {a, d, e}

U fzf btLfzij gl 1.4-
fhosthW btgl _y Flyh.
F
(i) A + A = A
(iii) A + Al = Q
(ii)
A+Q = Q
(iv)
A+B = B+A
A + B (HlgF)
gl 1.4
(v) A vgJ midJfz U- cfz v A + U = A

(vi) A 3 B v, v kLnk A + B = A
vLJfhL 1.13

(i) A = { 10, 11, 12, 13}, B = {12, 13, 14, 15}
(ii) A = {5, 9, 11}, B = Q v, A + B fhf.
id TJ ila!
(i) A = {10, 11, 12, 13} kW B = {12, 13, 14, 15}.
(A + B) 1 A kW
(A + B) 1 B vd TwKokh?
12, 13 vgd A kW B uoF bghJthdit.

` A + B = {12, 13}

(ii) A = {5, 9, 11} kW B = Q .
A kW B-F bghJthd cW vJ iy vgjh, A + B = Q

Fiu
B 3 A vwthW cs A, B vw fzf nr kW btL

Matiw btglf _y Kiwna gl 1.6 kW gl 1.7-
fhosthW Fngh.
A
B
B3A
gl1.5
A
B
A , B (HlgF)
gl1.6
A + B (HlgF)
gl1.7
1.5.6 btlhfzf myJ nruhfzf (Disjoint Sets)

Ka fUJ
btlhfz
A kW B vw U fzfSF bghJthd cW iyba,

mU fzfS btlhfzf
myJ nruhfzf
vdgL.
A kW B vw fzf btlhfzf v, A + B = Q MF.
21
maha 1
vLJfhlhf,
A = {5, 6, 7, 8} kW
fzfis fUJf.
= {11, 12, 13} vw
U
A
nghJ A + B = Q . vdnt, A kW B vgd

btlhfzfshF.

A, B vw U btlhfzfis gl 1.8-
fhosthW btgl _y Flyh.
F
(i) A kW B vw U btlhfzf
nrig gl 1.9- fhosthW btgl
_y Ffyh.
(ii) A + B ! Q v, A kW
UfzfS
btL
(overlapping sets) vdgL.
btlhfzf
gl1.8
B vw
fzf
U
A
A , B (HlgF)
gl1.9
vLJfhL 1.14

bfhLfgl A = {4, 5, 6, 7} kW B = {1, 3, 8, 9} vw U fzfSF A + B
fhf.
A = {4, 5, 6, 7} kW B = {1, 3, 8, 9}. F A + B = Q .

vdnt, A kW B vgd btlhfzfshF.
1.5.7 U fzf ahr (Difference of Two sets)
Ka fUJ
fzf ahr
A kW B vw U fzf ahr fzkhdJ, A- cs

Mdh B- yhj cWfis bfhl fzkhF. U fzf
ahrkhdJ A - B vd FfgL.
Fpil goj
A-B
A ahr B
Fpo, A - B = {x : x ! A kW x g B}
njngh, B - A = {x : x ! B kW x g A} .
vLJfhlhf,
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} vw fzfis fUJf.
A - B Ifhz A-UJ B- cs cWfis eh Fnwh.
` A - B = {2, 3}
F
(i) bghJthf, A - B ! B - A .
(iii) U - A = Al
22
(ii) A - B = B - A + A = B
(iv) U - Al = A
fza

A kW B vw U fzf ahrkhdJ gl 1.10 kW gl 1.11
Mat fhlgLsthW btglf _y FfgL. HlgF U
fzf ahrij FwJ.
B
U
A
BA
AB
gl 1.10
gl 1.11
vLJfhL 1.15

A = {- 2, - 1, 0, 3, 4}, B = {- 1, 3, 5} v (i) A - B (ii) B - A fhf.
A = {- 2, - 1, 0, 3, 4} kW B = {- 1, 3, 5} .

(i) A - B = {- 2, 0, 4} (ii) B - A = { 5 }
1.5.8 fzf rk ahr (Symmetric Difference of Sets)
Ka fUJ
U fzf rk ahr
A kW B vw U fzf rk ahrkhdJ mt
ahrf nrghF. jid A D B vdFLnth.
Fpil goj
A rkahr B
ADB
Fpo, A D B = (A - B) , (B - A)
vLJfhlhf,
A = {a, b, c, d} kW B = {b, d, e, f} vw fzfis fUJf.
A - B = {a, c} kW B - A = {e, f } vd eh bgWnwh.
` A D B = (A - B) , (B - A) = {a, c, e, f}
U
A
A kW B vw U fzf rk
ahrkhdJ
gl
1.12-
fhlgLsthW
btgl _y FfgL. HlgF A kW B

fzf rk ahrij FwJ.

(i) A 3 A = Q
(ii) A 3 B = B 3 A
B-A
A-B
A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A)
gl1.12
(iii) btgl 1.12- UJ A 3 B = " x: x g A + B , vd vGjyh. vdnt

A kW B uoF bghJthf yhj cWfis goaLtj
_y eh A 3 B - cWfis neuoahf fhzKo.
23
maha 1
vLJfhL 1.16

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} v, A 3 B fhf.
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13}

A - B = {2, 3} kW B - A = {9, 13}.

Mjyh, A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A) = {2, 3, 9, 13}
g 1.2
1.

tU fzfSF A , B kW A + B fhf.
(i) A = {0, 1, 2, 4, 6} kW B = {- 3, - 1, 0, 2, 4, 5}
(ii) A = {2, 4, 6, 8} kW B = Q
(iii) A = {x : x ! N, x # 5} kW B = { x : x vgJ 11I l Fiwthd gfhv}
(iv) A = {x : x ! N, 2 1 x # 7} kW B = {x : x ! W, 0 # x # 6}
2.

A = {x : x vgJ 5- klF, x # 30 kW x ! N },
B = {1, 3, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 25} v, (i) A , B (ii) A + B fhf.
3.
X = {x : x = 2n, x # 20 kW n ! N} kW
Y = { x : x = 4n, x # 20 kW n ! W } v, (i) X , Y (ii) X + Y fhf.
4.

U = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 17, 21, 35, 52, 56},

P = {7 M tFgL vf}, Q = {gfhvf} v,
{x : x ! P + Q} vw fz cWfis goaLf.
5.

tU fzf vituL btlhfzf vd TWf.

(i) A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {x : x xU uilgil v < 10, x ! N }
(ii) X = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, Y = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
(iii) P = {x : x xU gfhv < 15} ; Q = {x : x vgJ 2- klF kW x < 16}
(iv) R = {a, b, c, d, e}, S = {d, e, a, b, c}
6.
U = {x : 0 # x # 10, x ! W} kW A = {x : x vgJ 3- klF} v,

Al I fhf.
(ii) U vgJ a vf fz kW Al vgJ midJ gFvf
fz v, A I fhf.

7.

8.

9.
(i)
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} , A = {a, b, c, d} kW B = {b, d, f, g} v, tU

fzfis fhf.
(i) A , B
(ii) (A , B)l
(iv) (A + B)l
(iii) A + B
U = {x :1 # x # 10, x ! N} , A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} kW B = {2, 3, 5, 9, 10} v,
tU fzfis fhf.
(i) Al
(ii) Bl
(iii) Al , Bl
(iv) Al + Bl
U = {3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18}, M = {3, 7, 9, 11} kW N = {7, 11, 15, 17} v,
tU fzfis fhf.
24
fza
(i) M - N
(ii) N - M
(v) M + (M - N)
(vi) N , (N - M) (vii) n (M - N)
10.

A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}, B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}, C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} kW
D = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} v, tUtdtiw fhf.
(i) A - B (ii) B - C
11.
U = {x : x vgJ 50 I l Fiwthd if KG},
A = {x : x vgJ 4 M tFgL},
B = {x : x I 14 M tFjh 2 ilF}
v, (i) U, A kW B Mat cWfis goaLf.
(iii) C - D
(iii) N l - M
(iv) D - A
(iv) M l - N
(v) n (A - C)
(ii) A , B , A + B , n (A , B) , n (A + B) Matiw fhf

12.
tU fzf rk ahr fhf.
(i)
(ii) P = {x : 3 1 x 1 9, x ! N}, Q = {x : x 1 5, x ! W}
(iii) A = {- 3, - 2, 0, 2, 3, 5}, B = {- 4, - 3, - 1, 0, 2, 3}
13.
btgl 1.13I gagL tU dhfSF ila.
(i) U, E, F, E , F kW E + F t
cWfis goaLf.

14.
X = {a, d, f, g, h}, Y = {b, e, g, h, k}
U
F
(ii) n (U) , n (E , F) kW n (E + F) Matiw

fhf.
(i) U, G kW H t cWfis goaLf
(ii) G l ,
H l , G l + H l , n (G , H)l kW n (G + H)l
Matiw fhf.
11
10
gl 1.13
btgl 1.14I gagL tU dhfSF

ila.
U
H
G
1
10
gl 1.14
1.6 fz brafis btglf _y FLj

bghGJ nkY y fz brafis btglf _y FLnth.
(a)
A , B
(b)
^ A , Bhl
gl 1.15
gl 1.16
25
maha 1
(c)
Al , Bl
go 1 : Al gFia HLf
U
U
A
go 2 : Bl gFia HLf
U
A
Al , Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.17

njngh, fhQ glf HlgFf xbthW tU
fzbrafis Fwd.
A
U
A
^ A + Bhl (HlgF)
gl 1.19
A + B (HlgF)
gl 1.18
U
A
A + Bl (HlgF)
Al + B (HlgF)
gl 1.20.
gl 1.21
Fiu
fzf kW fz brafis
U
btglf _y Fl tU Kiwia eh 1
B
gagLjyh.
A

fzf A kW B vgit midJ
2
3
4
fzij gl 1.22- csthW ehF gFfshf
wJ. ehF gFfS milahsfhf
vlgLwd. j vLj Ug
gl 1.22
ngh (arbitrary)mikayh.
gF 1 A kW B vw UfzfSF btnas cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 2 A- cs Mdh B- yhj cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 3 A kW B vw U fzfSF bghJthd cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 4 B- cs Mdh A- yhj cWfis bfhoUF.
26
fza
vLJfhL 1.17
U
A
mUYs glij nghw btglf tiuJ
tU fzfis FF gFfis HLf

(i) Al (ii) Bl
(i)
Al
(ii)
(iii) Al , Bl
(iv) (A , B)l
(v) Al + Bl
U
A
Hl F
fz
Hl gF
Al
1 kW 4
Al (HlgF)
gl 1.24
Bl
U
A
Hl F
fz
Hl gF
Bl
1 kW 2
Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.25
(iii)
Hl F
Al , Bl
U
A
Al , Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.26
(iv)
gl 1.23
(A , B)l
U
A
(A , B)l (HlgF)
gl 1.27
27
fz
Hl gF
Al
1 kW 4
Bl
1 kW 2
Al , Bl
1, 2 kW 4
Hl F
fz
Hl gF
A,B
2, 3 kW 4
(A , B)l
maha 1
(v)
Al + Bl
Hl F
U
A
Al + Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.28
Ka Kof
fz
Hl gF
Al
1 kW 4
Bl
1 kW 2
Al + Bl

A kW B vw KoW fzfSF tU gaDs y Kofis eh
fhngh.
U

(i)
n (A) = n (A - B) + n (A + B)
A
B

(ii)
n (B) = n (B - A) + n (A + B)

(iii)
n (A , B) = n (A - B) + n (A + B) + n (B - A)
(iv)
n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)
(v)
A + B = Q vD nghJ, n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) .
(vi)
n (A) + n (Al ) = n (U)
B-A
A+B
A-B
gl 1.29
vLJfhL 1.18

bfhLfgl btglUJ tUtdtiw fhf.
(i) A
nkY n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vd rghf.
(ii) B
(iii) A , B
(iv) A + B
btglUJ (i) A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
gl 1.30
(ii) B = {3, 6, 9,}
bghGJ, n (A) = 8, n (B) = 3, n (A , B) = 8, n (A + B) = 3 .
n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 8 + 3 - 3 = 8
(iii) A , B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (iv) A + B = {3, 6, 9}
vdnt, n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = n (A , B)

U
vLJfhL 1.19

A a
bfhLfgLs btglUJ

(i) A (ii) B (iii) A , B (iv) A + B Matiw
fhf. nkY n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vd
rghf.
28
d
g
b
e
h
f i
j
gl 1.31
fza
btglUJ
(ii) B = {b, c, e, f, h, i, j}
(i)
A = {a, b, d, e, g, h}
(iii)
A , B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j } (iv) A + B = {b, e, h}
vdnt, n (A) = 6, n (B) = 7, n (A , B) = 10, n (A + B) = 3 .

n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 6 + 7 - 3 = 10
vdnt, n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = n (A , B) MF.
vLJfhL 1.20
n (A) = 12, n (B) = 17 kW n (A , B) = 21 v, n (A + B) fhf.
n (A) = 12, n (B) = 17 kW n (A , B) = 21

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vw Nuij gagLj,
n (A + B) = 12 + 17 - 21 = 8
vLJfhL 1.21
xU efu cstf 65% egf j iuglfis 40% egf
My iuglfis fhwhf. 20% egf j kW My

iuglf uil fhwhf. U bkh iuglfis
ghfhjtf vjid rjj vdfhf.
ef cs bkhj egf 100 ng vf. T vgJ j iugl fhngh
fz kW E vgJ My iugl fhngh fz vf.
wF n (T) = 65, n (E) = 40 kW n (T + E) = 20 .

U iuglf VnjD xU bkh iuglijahtJ fhQ
kf rjj
n (T , E) = n (T) + n (E) - n (T + E)
= 65 + 40 - 20 = 85

vdnt, U iuglf vj xU iuglij ghfhjt rjj

100 - 85 = 15
khWKiw

btglUJ,
U
iuglf
VnjD xU iuglijahtJ fhQ kf
rjj = 45 + 20 + 20 = 85

vdnt, U bkhiuglf vj xU
iuglij ghfhjt rjj = 100 - 85 = 15
29
T
45
20
20
gl 1.32
maha 1
vLJfhL 1.22

1000 FLgf eljgl X M, 484 FLgf rhu
mLig, 552 FLgf vth mLig gagLJtjhf flaglJ.
midJ FLgfS U mLf Fiwjgr VnjD xU mLig
gagLJwhf v, uL tif mLfis gagLJ FLgf
vjid vd fhf.
E vgJ rhu mLig gagLJ FLgf fz kW G vgJ
vth mLig gagLJ FLgf fz vf.

n (E) = 484, n (G) = 552, n (E , G) = 1000 .

uL tif mLfis gagLJ FLgf vif x vf.
d, n (E + G) = x

n (E , G) = n (E) + n (G) - n (E + G) vw Nuij gagLj,
1000 = 484 + 552 - x
& x = 1036 - 1000 = 36
vdnt, 36 FLgf uL tif mLfis gagLJwd.

khWKiw

484 - x
552 - x
gl 1.33
x = 36
btglUJ,
484 - x + x + 552 - x = 1000
&
1036 - x = 1000
&
- x = - 36
vdnt, 36 FLgf uL tif mLfis gagLJwd.
vLJfhL 1.23

50 khztf cs xU tF, xbthU khztD fj myJ ma
myJ uoY nj bgWsd. 10 khztf uL ghlfY nj
bgWsd kW 28 khztf ma nj bgWsd. fj
nj bgw khztf vjid ng?
M = fj nj bgw khztf fz vf.

S = ma nj bgw khztf fz vf.
d, n (S) = 28, n (M + S) = 10 , n (M , S) = 50
n^ M , S h = n^ M h + n^ S h - n^ M + S h
&
50 = n^ M h + 28 - 10
n^ M h = 32
30
fza
khWKiw

btglUJ,
x + 10 + 18 = 50
M
x
x = 50 - 28 = 22
10
18
gl 1.34
fj nj bgw khztf vif = x + 10 = 22 + 10 = 32
g 1.3
1.
tU fzf cWfis bfhLfgl btgl rahd

l Ff.
U
M
U = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13}
M = {5, 8, 10, 11}, N = {5, 6, 7, 9, 10}
2.
A, B vw U fzf, A vgJ 50 cWfis B vgJ 65 cWfis

kW A , B vgJ 100 cWfis bfhoUjjh, A + B vgJ vjid
cWfis bfhoUF?
3.
A, B vw Ufzf Kiwna 13 kW 16 cWfis bgUjh, A , B

bgWs Fiwjgr kW mfgr cWf vifia fhf
4.
n (A + B) = 5, n (A , B) = 35, n (A) = 13 v, n (B) fhf.
5.
n (A) = 26, n (B) = 10, n (A , B) = 30, n (Al ) = 17 v, n (A + B) kW n (,)

fhf.
6.
n (,) = 38, n (A) = 16, n (A + B) = 12, n (Bl ) = 20 v, n (A , B) fhf.
7.
n^ A - Bh = 30, n^ A , Bh = 180, n^ A + Bh = 60 vwthW cs uL KoW

fzf A kW B v, n^ Bh I fhf.
8.
xU efu kf bjhif 10000. tf 5400 ng brjh A I 4700

ng brjh B I gowd. 1500 ng uL brjhfis
gowd. U brjhf xiw Tl gofhj egf vjid
ng vd fhf.
9.
xU g cs midJ khztfS fhgJ myJ ifgJ

myJ uL isahLwhf. mtf 300 khztf fhgJ,
270 khztf ifgJ, 120 khztf uL isahLfis
isahLwhf v,
(i)
(ii) ifgJ kL isahL khztf vif
(iii) g cs bkhj khztf vif Matiw fhf.
gl 1.35
fhgJ kL isahL khztf vif
31
maha 1
10.
xU nj, 150 khztf My myJ fj Kj tF

kbgf bgWsd. tf 50 khztf My kW
fj uoY Kj tF kbgf bgWsd. 115 khztf
fj Kj tF kbgf bgWsd. My kL Kj
tF kbg bgw khztf vjid ng?
11.
30 egf cs xU FG, 10 ng nj mUJthf Mdh fh

mUjkhlhf. 18 ng nj mUJthf. FG cs xbthU egU
uo Fiwjgr xiwahtJ mUJthf v, fh mU
nj mUjhjtf vjid ng vd fhf.
12.
xU uhk 60 FLgf csd. t 28 FLgf j kL

ngRwhf . 20 FLgf cUJ kL ngRwhf. j kW cUJ
uoid ngR FLgf vjid vd fhf.
13.
xU g 150 khztf gjh tF nj nj bgWsd.

tf nkiy tF 95 khztf I-F zjhf.
82 khztf II-F zjhf 20 khztf U f
vjF zfiy v, uL fSF zj
khztf vjid ng vd fhf.
14.
rhjd gaghL Wtd xU ca mfh u. tUila

cs gahsf caukhd kufis btLthf myJ
fg VWthf. mik, u mtUila WtdF jdJ
rhghd tu mifia tUkhW mDdh.
vDila g 100 gahsf, 55 ng caukhd kufis

btLthf, 50 ng fg VWthf, 11 ng ulil brthf, 6
ng uo vij bra khlhf. mt mDa tu rahdjh?
15.
A kW B vgd n (A - B) = 32 + x, n (B - A) = 5x kW n (A + B) = x
vwthW cs U fzf vf. tufis btgl_y sFf.
n (A) = n (B) vd bfhLfgoU (i) x- k (ii) n (A , B) Matiw
fzLf.
16.
xU g eilbgw ngR kW Xa nghof gF bgw khztf

rjjij tU mltiz fhLwJ.
ngho
khztf rjj
ngR
Xa
uL
55
45
20
32
fza
tufis Ff btgl tiuf kW mjid gagL

(i)
ngR ngho kL gFbgw
(ii) Xa ngho kL gF bgw
(iii) vjbthU nghoY gFbgwhj

17.
khztf rjj fhf.
xU uhk bkhj kf bjhif 2500. tf 1300 egf A

tif nrhig, 1050 egf B tif nrhig 250 egf uL
tif nrhfis gagLJwhf.
U tif nrhfis
gagLjhjtf rjj fhf.
id bfhf
eF tiuaWfgl bghUf bjhF fz vdgL.
xU fzid tU _W tf VnjD xwh Flyh

(i)
tj Kiw myJ tUzid Kiw (Descriptive Form)
(ii) fzflik Kiw myJ Kiw (Set-Builder Form or Rule Form)

(iii) goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw (Roster Form or Tabular Form)
xU fz cs cWf vif mfz M v myJ

brbt vdgL.
cWf yhj fz btWfz vwiHfgL.
xU fz cs cWf vif a myJ KoW

(vifFgl) v v, mfz KoW fz vdgL.
mthW iyba, mJ Koyh fz vdgL.
A, B vw U fzf cs cWf vif rk v, mit

rkhd fzf vdgL.
A, B vw U fzf cs cWfmit vGjgLs tiria

bghUgLjhk rahf mnj cWfis bfhoUjh, mit
rk fzf vdgL.
fz A- cs xbthU cW fz B- cWghf UFkhdh, A

MdJ B- X cfzkhF.
A 3 B kW A ! B
cfz vdgL.
A vw fz midJ cfzfis bfhl fz, mfz

mLFfz vdgL. A- mLFfz P(A) vd FfgLwJ.
m cWf bfhl xU fz cfzf vif 2 m MF.
vwthW U, fz A MdJ fz B- jF
33
maha 1
m cWf bfhl xU fz jF cfzf vif 2 m - 1

MF.
fz A- yhj Mdh midJfz U- cs cWfis bfhl

fz, A- ufz vdgL. A vw fz ufzij Al
vd Fngh.
A, B vw U fzf nrfz vgJ A myJ B myJ uoY

cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF.
A, B vw U fzf btLfz vgJ A kW B uoY

bghJthf cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF.
A kW B vgd btlhfzf v, A + B = Q
A kW B vw U fzf ahr fzkhdJ, A- cs Mdh

B- yhj cWfis bfhl fzkhF.
A kW
B vw U fzf rk
A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A) vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
A kW B vw KoW fzfSF tU gaDs y Kofis eh

fhngh.
(i)
n (A) = n (A - B) + n (A + B)
(ii)
n (B) = n (B - A) + n (A + B)
(iii)
n (A , B) = n (A - B) + n (A + B) + n (B - A)
(iv)
n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)
(v)
A + B = Q vD nghJ, n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B)
34
ahrkhdJ
bkba bjhF
Life is good for only two things, discovering mathematics and
teaching mathematics
- SIMEON POISSON
Kjik Fnfhf
avf, KG vf kW KGfis id
Tj.
jKW vfis KoW /

jrkvfshf tifgLJj.
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk vf Ugij

J bfhSj.
r blof
KoW kW Kowh jrk vfis vnfho

Fj.
r blof
jKwh vf ehF mogil brafis J

bfhSj.
jKwh v gFia jgLJj.
2.1
RH
jiks
(1831-1916)
(Richard Dedekind)
vgt fbgw
fja mPf
xUtuhth. t khbgU
fja mP
mKf
fh ul fh vgt
mwhl
thif
rhjhuzkhf
eh
gagLJ bjhiy, neu, ntf, gugs, yhg,
el, btgiy nghw msitfis Fl
gagLJ
vf bkbaf MF. a
vf
bjhFig
njitnfg
bknkY
tha isthf bkbaf bjhF
njhaJ. kj Kj vz bjhla nghJ
a vf tHfF tjd. .K 1700 M
MLf vaf dfis gagLd.
.K 500 M Mo nuf fj mPf
jhfu jiyik MuhJ jKwh vf
njitia czjd. . 1600M MLf
Fiw vfis VWbfhs bjhld. . 1700
M MLf Efj bkbaf
fz bjthf tiuaWfglhk gagLjglJ.
. 1871- #h{ nfl vgt bkbafSF
Kj Kj rahd tiuaiwia mjh.
35
khztuhth. t E
afj, afj
va Mat
Kakhd Muhfis
nkbfhL bkba
fUjhfF
mojsij mikjh.
nfl vgtuh
cUthfgl fza
KaJtij czJ
gagLatf tU
xUtuhth. bjh Eg
f Efjij
nghj nghJ cUthd
blof JL
(Dedekind cut) ga
tiuaiw bkbaf
Kakhd nfhghL MF.
maha 2
ghl bkbaf y gfis g eh fhzyh. K tFf

eh fW bfhl gntW v bjhFfis g Kj id Tnth.
2.1.1 a vf (Natural Numbers)
nfhL 1- tyw
vQtjF gagL 1, 2, 3, g vgd a vf kL Koyhk
L brY.
vdgL.
a vf fzij N vd Fngh.
i.e., N = {1, 2, 3, g}
gl 2.1
a vf fa v 1 MF. btf Koyhk

bjhlJ brtjh fbga v vJ vd TwKoahJ.
Fiu
2.1.2 KG vf (Whole Numbers)

a vfSl a nrjJ KG vf
fzkhF.
KG vf fzij W vd Fngh.
nfhL 0-
tyw kL
Koyhk wJ.
W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, g }
0
gl 2.2
KG vf fa v 0 MF.
1) xbthU a vQ xU KG vzhF.
Fiu
2) xbthU KG vQ xU a vzhf Uf
ntoa mtaiy. Vbd, 0 d W Mdh
W
N
0gN
3) N 1 W
2.1.3 KGf (Integers)
a vf kW mt Fiw vf tWl a nrj fz
KGf vdgL.
Z vgJ Zahlen, v w
nfhL 0- U
wK Koyhk
brwJ.
KGf fzij Z vd
b#k thijUJ
Fngh.
bgwglJ. vQj
vgJ j bghUshF. Z = { g - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, g}
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
gl 2.3
36
bkba bjhF
1, 2, 3, g vgd if KGf vdgL.

- 1, - 2, - 3 , g vgd Fiw KGf vdgL.
vdnt,
"g - 3, - 2, - 1, 1, 2, 3, g ,
akw KGf fzkhF.
Fiu
vgJ
id TJ ila !
0 vgJ if KGth myJ

Fiw KGth?
1) xbthU a vQ xU KG MF.
Z
W
2) xbthU KG vQ xU KG MF.
3) N 1 W 1 Z
2.1.4 jKW vf (Rational Numbers)
p
vw to mik v KW
p kW q KGf, nkY q ! 0 v,
q
v vdgL.
vLJfhlhf, 3 = 3 , - 5 , 7 vgd jKW vfshF.
6 8
1
U KGfSF
jKW vf fz Q vd FlgL.
il vfis
p
fhnwh.
Q = ' : p ! Z, q ! Z, kW q ! 0 1
q
-2
-1 43 12 41 0
1
4
1
2
3
4
gl 2.4
Fiu
1) xU jKW v if, Fiw myJ akhf

Ufyh.
n
2) xU KG n -I 1 vw to vGjyh. vdnt,
xbthU KG xU jKW vzhF.
W
Q
3) N 1 W 1 Z 1 Q
Ka Kof
1)
uL btntW jKW vf a kW b vgtF ilna

a < a + b < b vwthW a + b vw xU jKW v mik.
2
2
2)
bfhLfgl
uL
vfSilna vzw
vf UF.
jKW
jKW
vLJfhL 2.1
1 kW 3 Ma vfSilna cs
4
4
VnjD uL jKW vfis fhf.
37
id TJ ila !
j vgij jKW
vfSl bjhl
gLj Kokh?
maha 2
1 kW 3 tF ilna mik xU jKW v

4
4
1 1 + 3 = 1 (1) = 1

2`4 4j 2
2
1 kW 3 tF ilna mik jKW v 1 1 + 3 = 1 # 5 = 5
2
4
2`2 4j 2 4
8
1 kW 5 vw jKW vf 1 , 3 -F ilna mikJsd.

4 4
2
8
1 kW 3 tF il vzw jKW vf csd.

4
4
vLJfhL 2.1- ekF ilj 1 , 5 vgit mthwhd uL
2 8
vfshF.
g 2.1
1.
tU TWf vit r myJ jtW vd TWf.
(i) xbthU a vQ xU KG v MF.

(ii) xbthU KG vQ xU a v MF.
(iii) xbthU KG xU jKW v MF.
(iv) xbthU jKW vQ xU KG v MF.
(v) xbthU jKW vQ xU KG MF.
(vi) xbthU KG xU KG v MF.
2.
a vgJ xU jKW v MFkh? cf ilF fhuz TWf.
3.
- 5 kW - 2 vw vfSF ilna cs VnjD uL jKW

7
7
vfis fhf.
2.2 jKW vfis jrkto FLj

p
vw jKW v jrk totij tFj Kiw eh bgwyh.
q
p vw viz q M tFF nghJ y gofSF d akhF
myJ viyY akhfhJ kW L L tU v bjhF
ahf ilF.
iy (i) y gofSF d akhF

Kj, 7 -I jrk tot vGJnth. F 7 = 0.4375

16
16
38
bkba bjhF
0.4375
nkfl vLJfhoUJ, 7 - jrktotij tFj
16
Kiw fhQ nghJ y gofSF d akhtij 16 7.0000
64
fhnwh. nkY jrk Ko bgWwJ.
60
48

ijnghynt, tFj Kiwia gagL tU
120
jKW vfis jrk to vGjyh.
112
1
7
8
9
527
80
= 0.5, = 1.4, = - 0.32,
= 0.140625,
= 1.054

2
5
25
64
500
80
0

j vLJfhLf jrk fshdJ y gofSF

d KWbgWtij fhnwh.
Ka fUJ
KoW jrk
p
, q ! 0 vw to cs v jrk thdJ Ko bgW
q
p
v,
- jrk KoW jrk (Terminating decimal
q
expansion) vdgL. KoW jrk idbfhl v KoW
jrk v vdgL.
iy (ii) viyY akhfhJ

xbthU jKW vQ KoW jrk id bgUFkh?
dhF ilaFK, 5 , 7 kW 22 Ma jKW vf

11 6
7
3.142857 142857g
jrk fis fhngh.
7 22.00000000
1.1666g
0.4545g
21
6 7.0000
11 5.0000
10
60
44
7
10
30
60
6
28
55
20
40
50
14
36
44
60
40
60
56
36
55
40
50
40
35
36
j
50
40
49
j
10
j
5
7
22
`
= 0.4545g ,
= 1.1666g ,
= 3.142857 1g
11
6
7

vdnt, midJ jKW vf jrk fS KWbgW Uf
ntL vw mtaiy.
39
maha 2

nkfl vf jrk fis tFj Kiw fhQ nghJ
viyY akhfiy. nkY Fl ilbtf ilw
f tir khwhk L L tUtij fhnwh. Mjyh < L
L tU yff bjhFia (repeating block of digits) eh bgWnwh.
Ka fUJ
Kowh RH jrk
p
, q ! 0 vw v jrk fhQ nghJ viyY
q
akhfiy v, < L L tU
p
yff bjhF ilF. iy - jrk
q
Kowh RH jrk myJ Kowh tU jrk (Nonterminating and recurring decimal expansion) vdgL. Kowh RH
jrk id bfhl v Kowh RH jrk v vdgL.

jrk v yff bjhF L L tUtijFf,
mj bjhF J nfhoL (bar) fho, kw v bjhFfis lyh.
vLJfhlhf,
5 , 7 kW 22 - fis tUkhW vGjyh.
11 6
7
5
7 = 1.16666g = 1.16
= 0.4545g = 0.45 ,

11
6
22 = 3.142857 1452857 g = 3.142857

7

n vw v jiy 1 MF. nkY avf jiyf
n
jKW vfshF. Kj gJ abyf jiyf jrk totfis
tU mltiz fhLwJ.

jiy
jrk v tif
1.0
KoW jrk v
0.5
KoW jrk v
0.3
Kowh RH jrk v
0.25
KoW jrk v
0.2
KoW jrk v
0.16
Kowh RH jrk v
0.142857
Kowh RH jrk v
0.125
0.1
Kowh RH jrk v
10
0.1
KoW jrk v
KoW jrk v
40
bkba bjhF
Mfnt,
xU jKW viz KoW jrk thfnth myJ Kowh
RH jrk thfnth Flyh.

j kWjiy cikahF. mjhtJ,

KoW jrk myJ Kowh RH jrk it bgWs xU v
jKW vzhF.

jid tU vLJfhLf _y sFnth.

2.2.1 KoW jrk vfis P to Fj
q
p
(p, q ! Z kW q ! 0) vw tot

KoW jrk viz vjhf
q
Flyh. mthW FL Kiwia
tU vLJfho _y
sFnth.
vLJfhL 2.2
p
to vGJf. F p, q vgd KGf kW q ! 0.
q

(i) 0.75
(ii) 0.625
(iii) 0.5625 (iv) 0.28
(i) 0.75
= 75 = 3
100
4

(ii) 0.625 = 625 = 5
1000
8

(iii) 0.5625 = 5625 = 45 = 9
10000
80 16

(iv) 0.28
= 28 = 7
100
25
fhQ jrk vfis
2.2.2 Kowh RH jrk viz P to Fj

q
p
(p, q ! Z kW q ! 0) vw totF khW

Kowh RH jrk viz
q
p
Kiw vjhd bra my. Kowh RH jrk viz
totF khW
q
Kiwia tU vLJfho _y sfyh.
vLJfhL 2.3
p
, to vGJf. F p, q KGf kW q ! 0.
q
(ii) 0.001
(iii) 0.57
(iv) 0.245
(v) 0.6
(vi) 1.5
tUtdtiw
(i) 0.47
(i) x = 0.47 vf. x = 0.474747g

F uL yf bjhF 47 L L tUtjh, UwK 100 M
bgUFf.

100 x = 47.474747g = 47 + 0.474747g = 47 + x

99 x = 47
x = 47
99
` 0.47 = 47
99
41
maha 2
(ii) x = 0.001 vf. x = 0.001001001g
_W yff L L tUtjh, U wK 1000 M bgUFf.
1000 x = 1.001001001g = 1 + 0.001001001g = 1 + x

1000 x - x = 1
999 x = 1
` 0.001 = 1
x = 1
999
999
(iii) x = 0.57 vf. wF x = 0.57777g
UwK 10 M bgUf,
10 x = 5.7777g
= 5.2 + 0.57777g = 5.2 + x
9 x = 5.2

x = 5.2
9
52

x =

` 0.57 = 52 = 26
90
90 45

(iv) x = 0.245 vf. wF x = 0.2454545g

UwK 100 M bgUf,
(v)
100 x = 24.545454g = 24.3 + 0.2454545g

99 x = 24.3
= 24.3 + x
vLJfhL 2.3 (vi)
khWKiw
x = 24.3
99
0.245 = 243 = 27
990
110
x = 0.6 vf. d x = 0.66666g
x = 1.5 vf.
mjhtJ, x = 1.55555g
UwK 10 M bgUf,
10 x = 15.5555g

UwK 10 M bgUf,
` 10 x x = 14

10 x = 6.66666g = 6 + 0.6666g = 6 + x
9 x = 14

9x = 6
= 14 = 1 5
x
9
9
6
2
2
= ` 0.6 =

x =
vLJfhL2.3- cs
9
3
3
vyh fzFfis

(vi) x = 1.5 vf. d x = 1.55555g
p
, p, q KGf kW

UwK 10 M bgUf,
q
q ! 0 to vGj,

10 x = 15.5555g = 14 + 1.5555g = 14 + x
khW
Kiwia

9 x = 14
gagLjyh.

x = 14 ` 1.5 = 1 5
9
9
42
bkba bjhF
p

vdnt, Kowh RH jrk id bgWs xbthU viz , ( p, q
q
KGf kW q ! 0 ) vw to vGj KowJ.

xU jKW v jrk tot Kowjh myJ Kowhjjh vgij
fla tU ia gagLJnwh.
p
p
, q ! 0 to cs jKW viz m
, ( p ! Z kW m, n ! W )
q
2 # 5n
vw to vGj Kokhdh, mj jKW v KoW jrk
idbgUF. mthiyba, mj jKW v Kowh RH
jrk id bgUF.

jrk vf 10- mLFfis d gFfsh bfhoUF kW
2,5 vgit 10- gfh fhuf vw cikf mogil KothdJ
mikJsJ.
vLJfhL 2.4

tFj Kiwia gagLjhk, tU vf jrk f
vitbait KoW jrk myJ Kowh RH jrk it bgUF vd
tifgLJf.

(i) 7
16
(ii) 13
150
(iii) - 11
75
(iv) 17
200

(i)
16 = 24
7 . vdnt, 7 vgJ KoW jrk it bgUF.

7 = 7 =
4
4
16
16
2
2 # 50
(ii) 150 = 2 # 3 # 52
13 =
13

150
2 # 3 # 52
p

J m
, vw to iy. vdnt, 13 vgJ Kowh RH jrk it
150
2 # 5n
bgUF.
(iii) - 11 = - 112
75
3#5
p

J m
, vw to iy. vdnt, - 11 vgJ Kowh RH jrk
75
2 # 5n
it bgUF.
17 =
17
= 317 2 .
200
8 # 25
2 #5
bgUF.
(iv)
vdnt, 17 vgJ KoW jrk it

200
vLJfhL 2.5

0.9 I jKW vzhf khWf.

43
maha 2
x = 0.9 vf. d x = 0.99999g

UwK 10 M bgUf
10x = 9.99999g = 9 + 0.9999g = 9 + x

( 9x = 9
( x = 1. mjhtJ, 0.9 = 1
cf
jidF
(a 1 vgJ jKW v)
eh 0.9 = 1 vd Unjh. J aLtjhf iyah?
0.9999g vgJ 1-I lFiwthdJ vd bgUghyhndh

fUJwd.
Mdh
cik
mJty.
nkfl
thjUJ 0.9 = 1 vgJ bjthwJ. nkY KothdJ
3 # 0.333g = 0.999g kW 3 # 1 = 1 vw cikfis iw
3
brwJ. njngh, xbthU KoW jrkid
Koyhj 9-f bjhFahf vGJtj _y Kowh
RH jrk thf Flyh.
vLJfhlhf,6 = 5.9999g ,
2.5 = 2.4999g .
g 2.2
1.
tU jKW vfis jrk vfshf kh mit xbthW

vtif jrk id bgWsJ vd TWf.
(i) 42
100
(v) 1
11

2.

(ii) 8 2
7
(vi) - 3
13
(iii) 13
55
(vii) 19
3
(iv) 459
500
(viii) - 7
32
tFj Kiwia gagLjhk, tU jKW vf vit

KoW jrk id bgUF vd fhf.
(ii) 11
(iii) 27 (iv) 8
(i) 5
64
12
40
35
3.
fl jrk vfis jKW vfshFf.
(i) 0.18
(ii) 0.427
(iii) 0.0001
(iv) 1.45
(v) 7.3
(vi) 0.416
4.
1 I jrk to vGJf. L L tU v bjhF vjid

13
yff csd?
5.
1 kW 2 Mat jrk fis tFj Kiw fhf.

7
7
tFj Kiwia gagLjhk 1 - jrk id gagL
7
3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Mat jrk fis bgWf.
7 7 7 7
44
bkba bjhF
2.3
jKwh vf (Irrational Numbers)
K tFf gw v nfhL ga ghlfUJfis L id

Tnth. jKW vfis v nfho Ff Ko vgij eh mJnsh.
nkY
vj
uL
jKW
vfSilna vzw jKW vf
csd vgij mJnsh. cik
jKW vf myhj vylfh nkY
jhfu
gy vf v nfho csd. mjhtJ, Kowh
(.K 569 - .K 479)
kW RH jikaw jrk fis bfhl
vzw vf vnfho csd. Mfnt
jKW vf bjhFig nkY gLj
.K 400 M MLf,
ntoaJ mtakhwJ.
nuf
ehL
fj
mP
tU jrk id vLJbfhf.
0.808008000800008g
(1)
J Kowh jrk thF. j jrk RH
jhfu t tjtf Kj
Kj d to vGj Koahj
vfis
fLojd.
mtif vf jKwh vf
vwiHfggld.
jikilajh?
jrk (1) MdJ xU Fl mikid bgWsJ vgJ
cik. Mdh, vj xU yff bjhF L L
fhzglhjjh jrk RH jikawJ.
Mfnt, jrk Kowh kW RH jikaw ( tU jikaw) (nonterminating and recurring) jrkthF vdnt, J xU jKW viz FfhJ.
tif vf jKwh vf vdgL.
Ka fUJ
jKwh v
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bfhl v

p
xU jKwh v MF. vdnt, xU jKwh viz
q
(F p ,q KGf kW q ! 0 ) vw to vGjKoahJ.
2 , 3 , 5 , e, r, 17 , 0.2020020002g nghwit jKwh vfSF nkY
y vLJfhLfshF.
F
(1)- vLJbfhl jrk v cs vQU 8-F gyhf

e Ug ngh vjbthU a viz gagL vzw
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk fis bgwKo.
r I g mJ bfhf: 18 M who gF fja mPf

yhg, by#l Mnah r xU jKwh v vd Ujhf.
22 ( xU jKW v) vgij r (xU jKwh v)- njhuha kghf
7
vLJ bfhtJ tHf.
45
maha 2
jrk f tifghL
jrk
KoW
(jKWv)
KotwJ
RH
RH
jikawJ
jikilaJ
( jKW v) ( jKwh v)
2.4 bkbaf (Real Numbers)

Ka fUJ
bkbaf
bkbaf fzkhdJ jKW kW jKwh vf nr fzkhF.

Mfnt, xbthU bkbaQ xU jKW vzhfnth myJ jKwh
vzhfnth UF.
mjhtJ, xUbkba jKW v my v, mJ xU Kwh vzhF.
midJ bkbaf fzij R vd Fngh.

b#k ehL fja mPf #h{ nfl kW r blof
UtU jjna Mfis nkbfhL xbthU bkbaQ v
nfho xU jj ah FfgL vd, v nfho Js xbthU
xU jj bkbazh FfgL vd Ujd.
v nfho Js xbthU xU jj bkbaid FF.

mnjngh, xbthU bkbaQ v nfho Js xU jj ah
FlgL.

bkbaf fz csls fzfSF ilnaahd bjhlfis
tU gl sFwJ.
bkbaf R
jKW vf Q
KGf Z
KG vf W
a
vf
N
jKwh vf
gl 2.5
46
bkba bjhF
2- tf _yij jrk thf fhngh.

1.4142135g
1 2.00 00 00 00 00
1
24 100
96
281
2824
28282
400
281
11900
11296
60400
56564
282841
383600
282841

2828423
10075900
8485269
28284265
159063100
141421325

` 2 = 1.4142135g
17641775
h

tFj braiy bjhlJ br nghJ ilF jrk thdJ Kowh
kW RH jikaw yffis bfhoUgij fhzyh. 2 - jrk
Kowh kW RH jikawJ. vdnt, 2 xU jKwh vzhF.

F
(i)
3 , 5 , 6 ,g vgt jrk f Kowh kW RH

jikawit. vdnt 3 , 5 , 6 ,g vgd jKwh vfshF.
(ii) xU ifKG tf_y vbghGJ jKwh vzhF
vgJ cikay.
vLJfhlhf, 4 = 2, 9 = 3,
vgd jKW vfshF.
25 = 5 g. vdnt
4,
9,
25 ,
(iii) KG tfv myhj vjbthU ifKG tf _yK xU

jKwh vzhF.
2.4.1 jKwh vfis vnfho Fj

2 kW
(i)
2 I v nfho Fj.
3 vw jKwh vfis v nfho Ffyh.

v nfhil tiuf. O vgJ a vw viz, A vgJ 1 vw
viz FLkhW O kW A vw fis v nfho Ff. mjhtJ,
OA = 1 myF.
47
maha 2
AB = 1 myF vd UFkhW AB=OA I tiuf. OB I nrf.
brnfhz Knfhz OAB-, jhfu njwgo,

OB2 = OA2 + AB2

= 12 + 12

OB2 = 2
B
2
1

OB = 2
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
3

gl 2.6

O- tyw C vw vnfhil btLkhW O I ikakhf OB I
Mukhf bfhl xU tl tiuf.
bghGJ, glUJ OC = OB =
2 vgJ bjthwJ.
vdnt, vnfho Js C vw
(ii)
2 I FwJ.
3 I v nfho Fj.

v nfhil tiuf. O vgJ a vw viz C vgJ 2 I
FFkhW O kW C vw fis (i)- csthW v nfho Ff.

` OC =
2 myF. CD = 1 myF csthW CD= OC I tiuf. ODI nrf.
brnfhz Knfhz OCD- jhfu njwgo,

2
= ^ 2 h + 12 = 3
` OD =
OD2 = OC2 + CD2

3
A
1
C E
2 3 2
gl 2.7

O- tyw E vw v nfhil btLkhW OI ikakh
ODI Mukhf bfhl xU tl tiuf. glUJ OE = OD = 3 vgJ
bjthwJ. vdnt, v nfho Js E vw 3 I FwJ.
vLJfhL 2.6

tUtdt vit jKW myJ jKwh vf vd tifgLJf.
(i) 11
(ii) 81
(iii) 0.0625
(iv) 0.83
(v) 1.505500555g
(i)
81 = 9 = 9 , xU jKW v .
1
(iii) 0.0625 xU KoW jrk .
11 xU jKwh v. (11xU KGtf v my)
(ii)
` 0.0625 xU jKW vzhF.

48
bkba bjhF
(iv) 0.83 = 0.8333g
j jrk Kowh kW RH jiksJ.
` 0.83 jKW vzhF.
(v) 1.505500555g jrk Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk

thF. ` 1.505500555g xU jKwh vzhF.
vLJfhL 2.7
5 kW 9 MatF ilgl VnjD _W jKwh vfis fhf.

7
11
0.714285g
7 5.000000
49
10
7
30
28
20
14
60
56
40
35
50
j
0.8181g
11 9.0000
88
20
11
90
88
20
j
5 = 0.714285
7
9 = 0.8181g = 0.81
11
5 kW 9 tWF ilna (mjhtJ 0.714285... kW 0.8181... MatWF

7
11
ilna) _W jhKwh vfis fhz, eh Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk
fis bfhl _W vfis fhz ntL. cik, 5 -F 9 -F
7
11
il J nghw vzw vf csd. mt _W vf,

0.72022002220002g
0.73033003330003g
0.75055005550005g
vLJfhL 2.8

tU rkghLf
x, y, z
vgd jKW myJ jKwh
vfis Fwdth vgij khf.

(i) x3 = 8
(ii) x2 = 81
(iii) y2 = 3
49
(iv) z2 = 0.09
maha 2

(i)
x3 = 8 = 2
& x = 2 , xU j KW v.
(8 vgJ xU KG fd v)
(ii) x2 = 81 = 92
(81 xU KG tf)
& x = 9, xU jKW v.
(iii) y2 = 3 & y = 3 , xU jKwh v.

2

(iv) z2 = 0.09 = 9 = ` 3 j
100
10

& z = 3 , xU jKW v.
10

g 2.3
1.
5 I vnfho Ff.
2.
3 kW
5 tF ilna VnjD _W jKwh vfis fhf.
3.
3 kW 3.5 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.
4.
0.15 kW 0.16 tF il VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.
5.
4 kW 5 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf..

7
7
6.
3 kW 2 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.
7.
1.1011001110001g kW 2.1011001110001g tF il xU jKW

viz, xU jKwh viz fhf.
8.
0.12122122212222g kW 0.2122122212222g tF ilna VnjD

uL jKW vfis fhf.
(F : 2 Kj 8 Koa cs fzFfSF vzw f UF. mthwhd

f VnjD uL myJ _W f nghJkhdJ.)
2.4.2 bkbafis vnfho Fj

vjbthU bkbaiz jrkthf Flyh vd fnlh. J
xU bkbaiz v nfho Ff cjwJ.

3.776 I eh v nfho Fngh. 3.776 vgJ 3-F 4-F il
csJ vgJ ekF bj.

v nfho 3 kW 4 tF ilgl gFia f mU fhngh.

-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
gl . 2.8
50
bkba bjhF

3-F 4-F ilgl gFia 10 rkghffshf J, gl 2.8-
fhosthW FLnth. 3- tyw cs Kj FpL 3.1, ulhtJ
3.2 vd bjhlJ FfgLsJ. 3-F 4-F ilgl FpLfis
bjthf fhz cUbgUF fzhoia gagLJnth. j cUbgUf
gl 2.8- csthW UF.

bghGJ 3.776 MdJ 3.7-F 3.8-F il Ugij fhnwh.
vdnt eKila ftdij 3.7 kW 3.8 tF ilgl gF(gl 2.9)
nk brYJnth.
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.7 3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79
3.8
gl. 2.9

3.7 kW 3.8 tF ilgl gFia L 10 rkghffshf
ngh. Kj FpL 3.71,ulhtJ 3.72 vd bjhlJ FlgLsJ.
FpLfis bjthf fhz, 3.7-F 3.8-F ilgl gF gl 2.9-
fhosthW cUbgUf bragLsJ.

nghJ 3.776 vgJ 3.77-F 3.78-F il Ugij fhnwh.
Mfnt, 3.77-F 3.78-F ilgl gFia L 10 rkghffshf J
gl 2.10- fhosthW bgjh fhngh.
3.7
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79
3.8
3.77 3.771 3.772
3.773
3.774
3.775
3.776
3.777
3.778
3.779
3.78
gl. 2.10

Kj FpL 3.771, mLj FpL 3.772 vd bjhlJ FlgLsJ.
3.776 vgJ Fpo Mwhtjhf Ugij fhnwh.

thW,cUbgUF fzho_y Uvf ilbtia bgjh
vfis vnfho FF Kiw bjhl cUbgUf Kiw (process of successive
magnification) vdgL.

Mfnt, vnfho J KoW jrk it bgWs xU bkba
iyia nghJkhd ms bjhl cUbgUf brJ fhzyh.

nghJ, Kowh kW RH jiks jrk id bfhl xU
bkbaiz vLJbfhL v nfho J mj iyid fhz
KgLnth.
51
maha 2
vLJfhL 2.9

4.26 I v nfho J 4 jrk lUjkhf mjhtJ, 4.2626 Koa
bgjh fhf.
vnfho J 4.26 - iyia bjhl cUbgUf Kiw fhngh.
KiwahdJ gl. 2.11- fhlgLsJ.

go 1: 4.26 vgJ 4-F 5-F il Ugijfhnwh.
go 2: 4-F
5-F
10
ilglgFia
rkghffshfJ,
cUbgUF fzhoia gagL 4.26 vgJ 4.2-F 4.3-F

il Ugij fhnwh.

go 3: 4.2-F 4.3-F ilglgFia 10 rkghffshf J,

vgJ 4.26-F
cUbgUF fzhoia gagL, 4.26

4.27-F il Ugij fhnwh.

go 4: 4.26-F 4.27-F ilglgFia 10 rkghffshf J

cUbgUF fzhoia gagL, 4.26 vgJ 4.262-F
4.263-F il Ugij fhnwh.
go 5: 4.262-F
4.263-F ilglgFia 10
rkghffshf J,
cUbgUF fzhoia gagL, 4.26 vgJ 4.2625-F

4.2627- F il Ugij fhnwh.
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
4.2 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.3
4.26 4.261 4.262 4.263 4.264 4.265 4.266 4.267 4.268 4.269 4.27
4.262 4.2621 4.2622 4.2623 4.2624 4.2625 4.2626 4.2627 4.2628 4.2629 4.263
gl. 2.11
52
bkba bjhF

glUJ, 4.26 vgJ 4.262I l 4.263-F beUfkhf mikJsij
fhnwh.

njKiwia gaL v nfho J Kowh kW RH jikaw
jrk id bfhl xU bkba iyia njitahd ms Jakhf
fhzyh.

nkfl thjfUJ, xbthU bkbaiz vnfho J
xU jj ah Ffyh vw KoF tUnwh. nkY v nfho Js
xbthU xnu xU bkbaiz kLnk FF vd Ko brayh.
g 2.4
1.

bjhl cUbgUf Kiwia gagL

(i) v nfho J 3.456- iyia fhf.
(ii) v nfho J 6.73- iyia 4 jrk lUjkhf fhf.
2.4.3 bkbaf gf

a , b vw VnjD uL bkbafSF, a = b myJ a > b myJ

a < b MF.
uL bkbaf TLj, fj kW bgUf L xU bk

vzhF.
xU bkbaiz, akyhj bkbazh tFf ilgJ xU

bkbazhF.
jKW vfis nghynt bkbafS mil , nr , gkhW

, Tl kW bgUf gL fis iw brwd.
xbthU bkbaQ mjDila vkiw bkbaiz

bgWsJ. a jdFjhnd v kiwahF. nkY a vgJ
FiwvQ my ifvQ my.

U jKW vf TLj, fj, bgUf kW tFj (ajh
tFgij ju) xU jKW vzhF. UD, U jKwh vf
TLj, fj, bgUf kW tFj y neuf jKW vzhf khW.

jKW vf kW jKwh vf bjhlghd y cikfis fhngh.

Ka fUJ
1. xU jKW v kW xU jKwh v t TLj myJ

fj vbghGJ xU jKwh v MF.
2. xU akw jKW v kW xU jKwh v t

bgUf myJ tFj xU jKwh v MF.
3. uL jKwh vf TLj, fj, bgUf kW tFj

vbghGJ xU jKW vzhF vd TwKoahJ. J jKW
vzhfnth myJ jKwh vzhfnth Ufyh.
53
maha 2
Fiu
a xU jKW v kW
b xU Kwh v v,
(i) a + b xU jKwh v (ii) a - b xU jKwh v
(iv) a xU jKwh v
(iii) a b xU jKwh v
b
b
xU jKwh v
(v)
a
vLJfhlhf,
(i) 2 + 3 xU jKwh v
(iii) 2 3 xU jKwh v
(ii) 2 - 3 xU jKwh v
(iv) 2 xU jKwh v
3
2.4.4 bkbaf tf_y

a > 0 xU bkba vf.
a = b vg bghU b2 = a kW b > 0 vgjhF.
2 # 2 = 4 vgjh 2 vgJ 4- xU tf _ykhF. Mdh (- 2) # (- 2) = 4

vgjh - 2 vgJ 4- xU tf _ykhF. uLF ilna cs
FHgij jf,
vw FpL Kjik myJ if tf _yij
FwJ vd tiuaWngh.

tf _y bjhlghd y gaDs KbwhUikfis FLnth.
a, b vgd if bkbaf v,
1
ab =
a =
b
a
b
^ a + b h^ a - b h = a - b
4
5
a b
â + b hâ - b h = a2 - b
^ a + b h^ c + d h =
ac + ad + bc + bd
^ a + b h = a + b + 2 ab
2
vLJfhL 2.10

uL jKwh vfis, mt
(i)
TLj xU jKwh v
(ii) TLj xU jKwh v my
(iii) fj xU jKwh v
(iv) fj xU jKwh v my
(v) bgUf xU jKwh v
(vi) bgUf xU jKwh v my
(vii) tFj xU jKwh v
(viii) tFj xU jKwh v my
vUFkhW fhf.
54
bkba bjhF
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(v)
3 - 2 , xU jKwh v.
3 kW
5 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.
mt bgUf
(vi)
18 kW
(vii)
15 kW
18 #
2 =
36 = 6, xU jKW v.
mt tFj
(viii) 75 kW
3 # 5 = 15 , xU jKwh v.
mt bgUf
mt fj (5 + 3 ) - ( 3 - 5 ) = 10, xU jKW v.
3 kW
(iv) 5 + 3 kW 3 - 5 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.
2 + (- 2 ) = 0, xU jKW v.
mt fj
3 - 2 = 2 3 , xU jKwh v.
2 kW - 2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt TLj
3 - 2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.
mt TLj2 + 3 +
2 + 3 kW
15 =
3
15 =
3
5 , xU jKwh v.
mt tFj
75 =
3
75 = 5, xU jKW v.
3
2.5 jKwh _yf (Surds)

2,
3,
5 vgd
jKwh
vf
vgij
ehknth.
vjbthU jKW v tffshf vGj KoahJ.
2,
tiw
3
3,
vgd jKW vf fd_yf. tiw vjbthU jKW v

fdfshf vGjKoahJ. tif jKwh vf jKwh _yf (surds
or radicals) vdgL.
55
maha 2
Ka fUJ
jKwh _yf
a xU if jKW v kW n xU ifKG vf.

jKwh v v,
a xU
a vgJ jKwh _y vdgL.

Fpil goj
xU jKwh _y bghJ tot

vgJ _yFpL
n vgJ _y tir
a vgJ mokhd vdgL.
_yFpL
tir
n
mokhd
2.5.1 jKwh _y mLFF tot

n
id TJ ila !
1
a 3 kW a3 uL
1
n
a vw jKwh _y mLFF tot a MF.

vLJfhlhf,
btntwhdit V?
1
8 vgj mLFFtot ^8 h5 MF.
y jKwh _yf mLFF tot, tir kW mokhd Mait

tU mltid bfhLfgLsd.
jKwh
_y
mLFF
tot
52
14
^14h3
74
50
^50h2
11
^11h5
Fiu
tir
mokhd
14
50
11
a vgJ xU jKwh _y v
(i) a vgJ xU if jKW vzhF.

(ii)
a vgJ xU jKwh vzhF.

56
bkba bjhF
tU mltiz A kW B Ma uL ufY cs vf jKwh

vfshF.
2+ 3
3
3
5+ 7
100
10 - 3 3
12
15 + 5

nkfl mltiz A vw u cs vf j Kwh _yfshF.
B vw u cs vf jKwh vf. Mdh, jKwh _yf my.

Mfnt, xbthU jKwh _yK jKwh vzhF, Mdh, xbthU
jKwh vQ xU jKwh _ykhf Uf ntoa mtaiy.
2.5.2 xU jKwh _yij va to(Simplest Form) vGJj

xU jKwh _yij mj va totkhf RU vGjKo.
vLJfhlhf,
50 vw jKwh _yij vLJbfhnth.

50 =
Mfnt, 5 2 vgJ
25 # 2 =
25
2 =
52
2 =5 2
50 va totkhF.
2.5.3 xj kW xth jKwh _yf (Like and Unlike Surds)

va to cs uL jKwh _yf tir kW mokhd rk
v, mit xj jKwh _yf (like surds) vdgL. mthW iyba,
mit xth jKwh _yfshF.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)
5 , 4 5 , - 6 5 vgd xj jKwh _yf.

(ii)
10 ,
3,
5,
81 vgd xth jKwh _yf.
2.5.4 KGikahd jKwh _yf (Pure Surds)

xU jKwh _y jKW v Fzf myJ bfG 1 v, mJ
KGikahd jKwh _y vdgL.

vLJfhlhf,
3,
5 , 4 12 ,
80 vgd KGikahd jKwh _yfshF.
2.5.5 fy jKwh _yf (Mixed Surds)

xU jKwh _y Fzf myJ bfG 1-I ju ntW jKW
vzhf U, mJ fy jKwh _y vdgL.
57
maha 2
vLJfhlhf, 2 3 , 5 3 5 , 3 4 12 vgd fy jKwh _yfshF.

xU fy jKwh _yij KGikahd jKwh _ykhf khwyh,
Mdh, midJ KGikahd jKwh _yfis fy jKwh _yfshf
khw KoahJ.

(i)
80 = 16 # 5 = 4 5
(iii)
17 xU KGikahd jKwh _y. Mdh, jid fy jKwh
(ii) 3 2 =
32 # 2 =
9 # 2 = 18
_ykhf khw ayhJ.

_yFpL f
m, n vgd if KGf kW a, b vgd if jKW
vf v,
n
(i)
^n ah = a =
(iii)
a=
mn
an
a =
n m
a
2
(i) I gagL ^ a h = a ,
(ii)
a#n b =
(iv)
a =
b
ab
a
b
a3 = ^ 3 a h = a vd bgwyh.
vLJfhL 2.11

tU jKwh _yfis mLFF to vGJf.
(i)
(ii)
bfhLfgl
vGJnwh.

(i)
(iii)
jKwh
7 =7 2
(ii)
_yfis
1
8 = 84
(iii)
(iv) 8 12
mLF
Fto
6 = 63
tUkhW
1
(iv) 8 12 = ^12h8
vLJfhL 2.12

tU jKwh _yfis va to vGJf.

(i) 3 32

(i) 3 32
(ii)
=
63
8#4 =
(iii)
8#3 4 =
(ii)
63 = 9 # 7 = 9 # 7 = 3 7
(iii)
243 =
(iv)
256 =
81 # 3 =
3
64 # 4 =
(iv)
256
23 # 3 4 = 2 3 4
81 # 3 =
3
243
64 # 3 4 =
92 # 3 = 9 3
3
43 # 3 4 = 4 3 4
vLJfhL 2.13

tU fy jKwh _yfis KGikahd jKwh _yfshf vGJf.

(i) 16 2
(ii) 3 3 2
(iii) 2 4 5
58
(iv) 6 3
bkba bjhF

(i)
16 2
27 # 2 =
(iii) 2 4 5
162 # 2
162 # 2 =
(ii) 3 3 2
= 4 16 # 5 =
(iv) 6 3
â 16 = 162 h
256 # 2 =
512
33 # 2
3
â 3 = 3 33 h
54
24 # 5
4
â 2 = 4 24 h
80
62 # 3
â 6 = 62 h
36 # 3 = 108
vLJfhL 2.14

32 vgJ jKW vzh myJ jKwh vzh vd fhf.
32 = 16 # 2 = 4 2
4 xU jKW v kW
` 4 2 vgJ xU jKwh v. mjhtJ 32 xU jKwh vzhF.
2 xU jKwh v
vLJfhL 2.15

tU vf jKW vfsh myJ jKwh vfsh vd fhf.
(i) 3 + 3
(ii) ^4 + 2 h - ^4 - 3 h
(v) 2
3
(vi) 12 # 3
(i)
3+ 3
3 xU jKW v kW
jKwh vzhF.
(iii)
18
2 2
(iv) 19 - ^2 + 19 h
3 xU jKwh v. vdnt, 3 + 3 xU
(ii) ^4 + 2 h - ^4 - 3 h
= 4 + 2 - 4 + 3 =
(iii)
18 =
2 2
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
9#2 =
2 2
2 + 3 , xU jKwh v.
9 # 2 = 3 , xU jKW v.
2
2 2
19 - ^2 + 19 h = 19 - 2 - 19 = - 2 , xU jKW v.
2 F 2 xU jKW v kW
3
xU jKwh v.
12 # 3 = 12 # 3 =
3 xU jKwh v. Mfnt,
36 = 6, xU jKW v.
59
2
3
maha 2
2.6 jKwh _yf jhd ehF mogil braf

2.6.1 jKwh _yf TlY fjY

xj jKwh _yfis Tl ff Ko.
vLJfhL 2.16

RUFf :
(i) 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 32
(ii)
(iii) 3 16 + 8 3 54 - 3 128
48 - 3 72 - 27 + 5 18
(i) 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 32
= 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 16 # 2
= 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 # 4 # 2
= ^10 - 2 + 16h 2 = 24 2
(ii)
48 - 3 72 - 27 + 5 18
16 # 3 - 3 36 # 2 - 9 # 3 + 5 9 # 2
16 3 - 3 36 2 - 9 3 + 5 9 2
= 4 3 - 18 2 - 3 3 + 15 2
= ^- 18 + 15h 2 + ^4 - 3h 3 = - 3 2 + 3
(iii)
16 + 8 3 54 - 3 128
8 # 2 + 8 3 27 # 2 - 3 64 # 2
8 3 2 + 8 3 27 3 2 - 3 64 3 2
= 2 3 2 + 8 # 3 # 3 2 - 4 3 2
= 2 3 2 + 24 3 2 - 4 3 2
= ^2 + 24 - 4h 3 2 = 22 3 2
2.6.2 jKwh vf bgUf

uL xj jKwh _yf bgUfgyid fhz tU ia
gagLjyh.

a#n b =
ab
60
bkba bjhF
vLJfhL 2.17
RUFf : (i) 3 13 # 3 5
(ii)
32 # 4 8
(i)
13 # 3 5 = 3 13 # 5 =
(ii)
32 # 4 8 =
32 # 8
2 5 # 23 =
65
28 =
24 # 24 = 2 # 2 = 4
2.6.3 jKwh _yf tFj

xj jKwh _yf tFjiy tU ia gagL fhzyh.
n
n
a =
b
a
b
vLJfhL 2.18

(i) 15 54 ' 3 6
RUFf :
(ii) 3 128 ' 3 64
(i)
15 54 ' 3 6
(ii)
= 15 54 = 5
3 6
54 = 5 9 = 5 # 3 = 15
6
128 ' 3 64
=
3
3
128 =
64
128 =
64
jKwh _yf tirf btntwhf U, mtiw

xnutir bfhl Kwh _yfshf kha d bgUf
myJ tFj braiy nkbfhs ntL.

Ko:
vLJfhlhf,
a =
(i)
5 =
m
n
12
12
53 =
12
54
(ii) 4 11 =
11 4 =
112
2.6.4 jKwh _yfis xLj

xnu tir bfhl Kwh vfis xl Ko. xnu tir bfhl
jKwh vf fbga mokhd bfhl jKwh v bgaJ MF.

jKwh vf tirf rkiy v, mt tirfis
rkgLa wF mokhdfis xl ntL.
61
maha 2
vLJfhL 2.19
3,
4,
5 vw jKwh vf tirfis rkkhFf.
bfhLfgl jKwh vf tirf 2, 3 kW 4.

2, 3 kW 4- . . k 12. vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12
bfhl jKwh vzhf khWnth.

3 = 12 36 = 12 729
4 = 12 44 =
5 = 12 53 = 12 125
12
256
vLJfhL 2.20

vJ bgaJ?
5 myJ
bfhLfgl jKwh vf tirf 3 kW 4.

bfhLfgl jKwh vf xbthiw rk tir bfhl jKwh
vfshf khw ntL.
3 kW 4 t ..k 12. vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12

bfhl jKwh vzhf khWnth.

5 = 12 53 = 12 125
4 = 12 44 =
12
256 >
12
12
256
125
&
4 >
vLJfhL 2.21

2,
4,
3 vw jKwh vfis
(i) VWtir vGJf
(ii) wF tir vGJf.
2 , 4 4 and 3 vw jKwh vf tirf Kiwna 3, 4 kW 2.
2, 3 kW 4- ..k 12.

vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12 bfhl jKwh vzhf
khWnth.

2 = 12 24 =
12
16
4 = 12 43 =
12
64
3 = 12 36 =
12
729
` VWtir:
2,
4,
wFtir:
62
3,
4,
2 .
bkba bjhF
g 2.5
1.
tUtdtW vit jKwh _yf kW vit jKwh _yf

my vgij fhuzJl TWf.
(i)
2.
RUFf.
(i) ^10 + 3 h^2 + 5 h
(iii) ^ 13 - 2 h^ 13 + 2 h
3.
tUtdtiw RUFf.
(i) 5 75 + 8 108 - 1 48
2
(iii) 4 72 - 50 - 7 128
4.
tU jKwh _yfis va to vGJf.
(i) 3 108
5.
tUtdtiw KGikahd jKwh _yfshf vGJf.
(i) 6 5
6.
tUtdtiw RUFf.
(i)
(v) 3 35 ' 2 7 (vi)
7.
tUtdt vJ bgaJ?
(i)
8.
wFtir kW VWtir vGJf.
(i)
8 # 6 (ii)
98
(ii)
3 (ii)
(ii)
7 #3 8
(v)
4 # 3 16
(ii) ^ 5 + 3 h
(iv) ^8 + 3 h^8 - 3 h
(ii) 7 3 2 + 6 3 16 - 3 54
(iv) 2 3 40 + 3 3 625 - 4 3 320
(iii) 192
(ii) 5 3 4
2 myJ
5 , 3,
(iii) 180 # 5 (iv) 4 5 ' 8
(ii)
5 # 18
90
(iv)
625
(iii) 3 4 5
(iv) 3 8
4
(iii)
(iv)
8 # 4 12
3 #6 5
48 ' 8 72
3 myJ
2, 3 4 , 4 4
4 (iii)
(iii)
3 myJ 4 10
2, 9 4, 6 3
2.7 jKwh _yf gFia jgLJj

jgLJ fhu
xU nfhit gF cs cW tf_y myJ
_yFpLF cs if vzhf U gFia jKW
vzh rkkhd nfhitahf khW Kiw, gFia jgLJ
Kiw vdgL.

uL jKwh vf bgUf xU jKW v
v, xW kbwh jgLJ fhu (rationalizing factor)
MF.
63
maha 2
(i)
a , b vgd KGf kW x , y vgd if KGf vf. wF

â + x h kW â - x h vgd xW bfhW jgLJ fhufshF.
(ii)
â + b x h
Fiu
kW
fhufshF.
(iii)
â - b x h
vgd
xW
bfhW
jgLJ
x + y kW x - y vgd xW bfhW jgLJ fhufshF.
(iv)
a + b vgJ a - b - iz myJ Jiza (conjugate) v vd

miHfgL. njngh a - b iz v a + b MF.
(v)
xU v gFia jgLj, mbt bjhF kW gFfis

jgLJ fhuah bgUf ntL.
(vi) xU jKwh _yF xW myJ xWF nkgl jgLJ

fhuf Ufyh.
vLJfhL 2.22
2 - gFia jgLJf.

3
bfhLfgl v gF kW bjhFia

3 M bgUf
2 = 2 # 3 = 2 3
3
3
3
3
vLJfhL 2.23
1
- gFia jgLJf.

5+ 3
gF cs v 5 + 3 . j iz v myJ jgLJ fhu
5- 3.

1
1
=
#5- 3
5- 3
5+ 3
5+ 3
= 25 - 3 2 = 5 - 3 = 5 - 3
25 - 3
22
5 -^ 3h
vLJfhL 2.24
1
- gFia jgL RUFf.

8-2 5
gF cs v 8 - 2 5 . vdnt, j jgLJ fhu 8 + 2 5
MF.

1
1
=
# 8+2 5
8-2 5 8+2 5
8-2 5
8+2 5
2
8 - ^2 5 h
2
= 8 + 2 5
44
= 8+2 5
64 - 20
=
64
2^4 + 5 h 4 + 5
=
22
44
bkba bjhF
vLJfhL 2.25
1
- gFia jgL RUFf.

3+ 5
gF cs v
MF.
3 + 5 . vdnt, j jgLJ fhu
1
=
3+ 5
3- 5
3- 5
1
#
3+ 5
3- 5
3-5
3- 5 =
2
2
^ 3h -^ 5h
3 - 5
-2
3- 5
5- 3
2
vLJfhL 2.26

7 -1 +
7 +1
7 + 1 = a + b 7 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
7 -1
7 -1 +
7 +1
7 +1 =
7 -1
7 -1 #
7 +1
7 -1 +
7 -1
7 +1 #
7 -1
^ 7 - 1h
^ 7 + 1h
+
2
2
^ 7h - 1 ^ 7h - 1
= 7+1-2 7 + 7+1+2 7
7-1
7-1
= 8-2 7 + 8+2 7
6
6
= 8-2 7 +8+2 7
6
= 16 = 8 + 0^ 7 h
6
3
` 8 + 0^ 7 h = a + b 7 ( a = 8 , b = 0.
3
3
vLJfhL 2.27

x = 1 + 2 v, ` x - 1 j - kig fhf.
x
x =1+ 2
1
( 1 =
x
1+ 2
1
#1- 2
1+ 2 1- 2
65
7 +1
7 +1
maha 2
= 1 - 2 = 1 - 2 = -^1 - 2 h
1-2
-1
` x - 1 = ^1 + 2 h - "-^1 - 2 h,
x
= 1 + 2 + 1 - 2 = 2
2
vdnt, ` x - 1 j = 22 = 4.
x
g 2.6
1.
tUtdt jgLJ fhufis fhf.
(i) 3 2
(ii)
(iii)
75
(iv) 2 3 5
(v) 5 - 4 3
(vi)
2 + 3
(vii)
5 - 2
(viii) 2 + 3
2.
tUtdt gFfis jgLJf.
(i) 3
5
3.
gFia jgL RUFf.
(i)
4.
(ii)
2
3 3
(iii)
1
1
(ii)
(iii)
11 + 3
9+3 5
2 . 1.414,
3 . 1.732,
1
12
(iv) 2 7
11
1

11 + 13
5 . 2.236,
(iv)
3
(v) 33 5
9
5 + 1 (v) 3 - 3
5 -1
2+5 3
10 . 3.162 v, tUtdt
kfis 3 jrk lUjkhf fhf.

(iii) 5 - 3
3
10 - 5
2
(i) 1
2
(ii) 6
3
(v) 3 - 5
3+2 5
(vi)
5.
5 + 6 = a + b 6 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5- 6
6.
^ 3 + 1h
7.
8.
9.
10.
5+ 2
5- 2
(vii)
3 + 1
3 -1
(iv)
(viii)
1
10 + 5
4-2 3
5 +1 +
5 -1
= a + b 3 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5 - 1 = a + b 5 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5 +1
4 + 5 - 4 - 5 = a + b 5 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
4- 5
4+ 5
x = 2 + 3 v, x2 + 12 - k fhf.
x
2
x = 3 + 1 v, ` x - 2 j - k fhf.
x
66
bkba bjhF
2.8 tFj Kiw (Division Algorithm)

xU fz fhz gagL eF tiuaWfgl bjhlahd
gof Kiw myJ tKiw (algorithm) vdgL. ghlgF tFj
Kiw vdgL KGf f Kakhd gid fhzyh.

xU KGit akw kbwhU KGth tFF nghJ, xU KGit <thf
kbwhU KGit ahf bgWnwh vgij K tFf mJnsh.
vdnt,

vLJfhlhf,

d =
13
5
<
2
tFv
3
+
5
+

j tFjiy, tFj braiy fz
cWfshf bfhL tUkhW kh vGjyh.
bfhshk
(1)
KGfis
13 = 5(2) + 3
nfhitahdJ, (1)I tF v 5M bgUFtj _y ilwJ. kh
vGjgL KGf tFjiy tFj Kiw (Division Algorithm) vnwh.

a kW b vgd VnjD uL if KGf v, a = bq + r ,
0 # r 1 b vwthW q kW r vw uL Fiwaw KGf UF.

nkfl T q myJ r akhf Ufyh.
vLJfhL 2.28

tFj Kiwia gagL, tU nrhof < kW fhf.
(i) 19, 5
(ii) 3, 13
(iii) 30, 6
(i)
19, 5
bfhLfgl nrhoia a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot tUkhW vGjyh.
19 = 5(3) + 4
[19I 5M tFf < 3, 4 ilwJ]
` < = 3;
= 4
(ii) 3, 13
bfhLfgl nrhoia a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot tUkhW vGjyh.
3 = 13(0) + 3
` < = 0;
= 3
67
maha 2
(iii) 30, 6
bfhLfgl nrhoia 30, 6I a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot

tUkhW vGjyh.
30 = 6(5) + 0
[30I 6M tFf < 5, 0 ilwJ]
` < = 5;
= 0
g 2.7
1.
tFj Kiwia gagL tU nrhof < kW fhf.
(i) 10, 3
(ii) 5, 12
(iii) 27, 3
id bfhf

p
p
, q ! 0 vw to cs v jrk thdJ Ko bgW v, -
q
q
jrk KoW jrk (Terminating decimal expansion) vdgL. KoW
jrk idbfhl v KoW jrk v vdgL.
p
q , q ! 0 vw v jrk fhQ nghJ viyY

akhfiy v, < L L tU yff bjhF
p
ilF. iy
- jrk Kowh RH jrk myJ
q
Kowh tU jrk (Non-terminating and recurring decimal expansion)
vdgL. Kowh RH jrk id bfhl v Kowh RH jrk v
vdgL.
xU jKW vid KoW jrk thfnth myJ Kowh RH jrk

thfnth Flyh.
p
p
, q ! 0 to cs jKW viz m
, ( p ! Z kW m, n ! W )
q
2 # 5n
vw to vGj Kokhdh, mj jKW v KoW jrk id
bgUF. mthiyba, mj jKW v Kowh RH jrk
id bgUF.
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bfhl v xU jKwh
p
v MF. vdnt, xU jKwh viz , (F p, q KGf kW
q
q ! 0) vw to vGjKoahJ.
bkbaf fzkhdJ jKW kW jKwh vf nr
fzkhF.
68
bkba bjhF
xbthU bkbaQ xU jKW vzhfnth myJ

jKwh vzhfnth UF.
xUbkba jKW v my v, mJ xU Kwh vzhF.
xU jKW v kW xU jKwh v t TLj myJ

fj vbghGJ xU jKwh v MF.
xU akw jKW v kW xU jKwh v t bgUf
myJ tFj xU jKwh v MF.
uL jKwh vf TLj, fj, bgUf kW tFj
vbghGJ xU jKW vzhF vd TwKoahJ. J jKW
vzhfnth myJ jKwh vzhfnth Ufyh.
a xU if jKW v kW n xU ifKG vf.
v v,
a xU jKwh
a vgJ jKwh _y vdgL.
m, n vgd if KGf kW a, b vgd if jKW vf v

n
(i) ^ n a h = a = n a n
(ii) n a # n b = n ab
(iii)
xU
a =
mn
a =
nfhit
n m
a
gF
a = n a
b
b
cs
cW
(iv)
tf_y
myJ
_yFpLF cs if vzhf U gFia jKW

vzh rkkhd nfhitahf khW Kiw, gFia jgLJ Kiw
vdgL.
uL jKwh vf bgUf xU jKW v v, xW
kbwh jgLJ fhu (rationalizing factor) MF.
a kW b vgd VnjD uL if KGf v, a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b
vwthW q kW r vw uL Fiwaw KGf UF.
69
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
Seeing there is nothing that is so troublesome to mathematical practice,
nor that doth more molest and hinder calculators, than the multiplications,
divisions, square and cubical extractions of great numbers....I began therefore to consider in my mind by what certain and ready art I might remove
those hindrances
- JOHN NAPIER
Kjik Fnfhf
#h nea
ma FpL Kiw vfis Fj.

mLFF mikid klif mikid
xiw kbwhwhf khWj.
klif fis J bfhSj.
klif mltiz
gagLJj.
kW
klif
fis
(1550 - 1617)
#h nea (John Napier)
1550- bklh lt
vD l wjh. J
jnghJ mt bganyna
mikJs nea
3.1 ma FpL (Scientific Notation)
gfiy fHf

fbga kW fa vfis ifahS
nghJ ma mPf, bghahsf kW
bjh tYef Mnah ma Fpoid
gagLJwd.
x ntf dhoF
29,900,000,000 br.., UJ NaDFs u
92,900,000 ikf, vyuhDila vil 0.000549
mQ vil myFf. thwhd vfis RUfkhd
Kiw Flyh. jid ma FpL vg.
j _y afis mf vif
vGJj kW lkhW iHfis jfyh.
bklh tshf
ikagF csJ.
klifia fLoj
#hnea fjij
bghGJnghfhf
Muhjt.
MoUJ
jnghija
vLJfhlhf,

29,900,000,000 = 299 # 108 = 2.99 # 1010

92,900,000 = 929 # 10 = 9.29 # 10
5
0 $ 000549 = 549 = 5.49

1000000
10000
= 5.49 # 10- 4
70
fjtYef l
kW Io tir
#h neaU l
bgWwh.
bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

mjhtJ, fbga myJ fa viz xU jrk v 1 # a 1 10 kW
10- KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh.
Ka fUJ
maFpL
xU v N I ma Fpo 1-UJ 10-F cs jrk v

kW 10- KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh.
n
mjhtJ, N = a # 10 , F 1 # a 1 10 kW n xU KG.
vfis jrkFpoUJ ma Fpo khw mLFF f
mogilah mikwJ. m, n vgd a vf kW a bkba vf.

mLFF f tUkhW bfhLfgLwd.
(i)
(ii)
am # an = am + n
am = am-n
an
(iii) â mhn = a mn
(iv) a m # b m = â # bhm
(bgUf )
(tFj )
(mLF )
(nrif )
a ! 0 -F a- m = 1m vd a0 = 1 vd eh tiuaWnwh.
a
3.1.1 xU viz ma Fpo vGJj

xU viz ma Fpo khWtjfhd gof tUkhW.
go 1: jrkia mj lJgf th akw xnu xU yf

csthW efJ.
go 2: giHa kW a jrkF ilna cs yffis vQf.
J 10- mLF n I FF.
go 3: jrk lJw khdh mLF n MdJ if v, jrk
tyJw khdh mLF n MdJ Fiw v.
vLJfhL 3.1

9781 I ma Fpo FLf.
bghJthf KGfis vGJ nghJ jrk Fgiy.

9 7 8 1 .
3

jrk lJw _W lf giHa iyUJ efwJ. vdnt
10- mLF 3 MF.

` 9781 = 9.781 # 103

71
maha 3
vLJfhL 3.2

0 $ 000432078 I ma Fpo FLf.
0 . 0 0 0
1
4 3 2 0 7 8
4
jrk tyJw 4 lf giHa iyUJ efwJ. vdnt 10-

mLF -4 MF.

` 0.000432078 = 4.32078 # 10- 4
xU viz ma Fpo kh vGJ nghJ, bfhLfgl

v cs jrkid lJgf th p lf
efdh mij <Lbra 10 p M bgUFnwh. mnjnghW, jrkid
tyJgf th r lf efdh mij <L bra 10- r M bgUFnwh.
Fiu
vLJfhL 3.3

tU vfis ma Fpo vGJf.
(i) 9345
(ii) 205852
(iii) 3449098.96
(iv) 0.0063
(v) 0.00008035
(vi) 0.000108

(i)
5 . = 9.345 # 10 , n = 3 Vbd, jrk lw 3
(ii) 205852 = 2
8 5
9345 = 9 3
lf efwJ.

2 . = 2.05852 # 105 , n = 5 Vbd, jrk
lw 5 lf efwJ.

(iii) 3449098.96 = 3 4 4 9 0 9 8 . 9 6 = 3.44909896 # 106 , n = 6 Vbd,

6
jrk lw 6 lf efwJ.

(iv) 0.0063 = 0 . 0
3 = 6.3 # 10- 3 , n = 3 Vbd, jrk tyw

.
3 lf efwJ.

(v) 0.00008035 = 0 . 0
0 3 5 =8.035 # 10- 5 , n = 5 Vbd,
jrk tyw 5 lf efwJ.

(vi) 0.000108 = 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 8 = 1.08 # 10- 4 , n = 4 Vbd, jrk

1
tyw 4 lf efwJ.
72
3.2 ma Fpil jrkFpo khWj

ma Fpo cs vfis jrk vf tot mofo Ff
ntoajhwJ. ma FpL vfis jrk vfshf khWtjfhd gof
tUkhW.

go 1: jrk viz (a) vGJf.

go 2: jrkia 10- mL cs vF (n) Vg efJ. if v
tywK, Fiw v lwK efJ. njit v afis nrf.

go3: vfis jrk to vGJf.
vLJfhL 3.4

tU vfis jrk to vGJf.

(i) 5.236 # 105
(i)
(iii) 6.415 # 10- 6

3
1 .7
5.236 # 105 = 523600
1.72 # 10 = 1720000000
9
-6
6.415 # 10
= 0.000006415
(iv) 9.36
(iv) 9.36 # 10- 9
5.2
(iii) 6.415
5.236
(ii) 1.72
(ii) 1.72 # 109
6 . 4 1 5
9 . 3
9.36 # 10- 9 = 0.00000000936
3.2.1 ma Fpo bgUf kW tFj

fbga (googolplex)myJ fa vf bgUf myJ tFjiy
ma Fpo vjhf brayh.

vLJfhL 3.5

tUtdtiw ma Fpo vGJf.
(i) ^4000000h3
(ii) ^5000h4 # ^200h3
(iii) ^0.00003h5
(iv) ^2000h2 ' ^0.0001h4
(i)
Kj vfis (mil FF csij) ma Fpo vGJf.

4000000 = 4.0 # 106

nghJ, UwK mLF 3-F caj ilgJ,
73
maha 3
^4000000h3 = ^4.0 # 106h = ^4.0h3 # ^106h
= 6.4 # 101 # 1018 = 6.4 # 1019
= 64 # 1018

(ii) ma Fpo,
5000 = 5.0 # 103 kW 200 = 2.0 # 102 vd vGjyh.
` ^5000h4 # ^200h3 = ^5.0 # 103h # (2.0 # 102) 3
= ^5.0h4 # ^103h # ^2.0h3 # ^102h
= 625 # 1012 # 8 # 106 = 5000 # 1018

= 5.0 # 103 # 1018 = 5.0 # 1021

(iii) ma Fpo, 0.00003 = 3.0 # 10- 5 vd vGjyh.

` ^0.00003h5 = ^3.0 # 10- 5h = ^3.0h5 # ^10- 5h
= 243 # 10- 25 = 2.43 # 102 # 10- 25 = 2.43 # 10- 23

(iv) ma Fpo,
2000 = 2.0 # 103 kW 0.0001= 1.0 # 10- 4 vd vGjyh.
` ^2000h2 ' ^0.0001h4 =

^2.0 # 103h
(1.0 # 10- 4) 4
^2.0h2 # (103) 2
4
^1.0h4 # ^10- 4h
6
= 4 #-10
= 4.0 # 106 -^- 16h = 4.0 # 1022
10 16
g 3.1
1.
tU vfis ma Fpo vGj.
(i) 749300000000
(ii) 13000000
(iii) 105003
(iv) 543600000000000
(v) 0.0096
(vi) 0.0000013307
(vii) 0.0000000022
(viii) 0.0000000000009
2.
tU vfis jrk vGj.
(i) 3.25 # 10- 6
(ii) 4.134 # 10- 4
(iii) 4.134 # 104
(iv) 1.86 # 107
(v) 9.87 # 109
(vi) 1.432 # 10- 9
3.
tU vfis ma Fpo Fl.
(i) ^1000h2 # ^20h6
(ii) ^1500h3 # ^0.0001h2
(iii) ^16000h3 ' ^200h4
(iv) ^0.003h7 # ^0.0002h5 ' ^0.001h3
(v) ^11000h3 # (0.003) 2 ' ^30000h

74
3.3 kliff (Logarithms)

f fyhd fzLfis f vikahFtjfhfnt kliff
cik njhWfgld. mit bgUffis Tlfshf khWtjfhf
mikfgld. fghf fLogjF Kng f mf yffis
bfhl vfis bgUFtjF myJ tFgjF kliff cjd. Vbd,
vfis bgUFtij l klif bra mt mLFfis TLnwh.
aa bgUghyhd f midJ mLFF to miktjh
mQfU rgjkhd f R Fiwf, fhkh c kW xU iyahd fhy
ms mQfU ciy r VgL khwf Mat fzLf
klif f aikahjjhwJ.

klifFpil mKfgLJtjF bkbaf mLFFpil
Kj mKfgLJnth.
3.3.1 mLFFpL (Exponential Notation)
a xU if v vf. x xU KG v a x vgij g
Kdnu mJnsh.
1
n
xU if v n MtJ mLF a v mJ a vd ekF bj. p xU
KG kW q xU if KG v, a q vgij vthW tiuaWgJ vgij g F

fhngh.
p

= p # 1 vgij ftf, mLFF cikahf Uf ntLbk,
q
q
1 p
p
q
vdnt, a q = ^ a h vd eh tiuaWngh. vLJfhlhf, 8 5 = ^5 8 h kW
p
a = ` a q j = ^ a hq
-7
3
-7
= ^3 5 h

thW a > 0 v, midJ jKW vf x-F a x - bghUis
bfhLJnsh. nkY a > 0 v, midJ jKwh vf x-F a x -
tiuaiwia mLFF f bghUJkhW gLj Ko. eh F
a x - tiuaiwia jKwh v x-F tiuaWf nghtiy. Vbd, mjF
fj caghlf fhzgL fUjhff njitahwJ.
3.3.2 klifFpL (Logarithmic Notation)

a > 0, b > 0 kW a ! 1 v, a- vj mLF b-F rkkhwnjh mj
mLfhdJ a I mokhdkhf bfhl b- klif MF.
Ka fUJ
klifFpL

a vgJ 1 I jj xU if v kW x xU bkba
(if, Fiw myJ a) vf. a x = b v, mLF x MdJ
mokhd a I bghWj b- klif vd miHngh. jid
x = log a b vd vGJnth.
75
maha 3
x = log a b vgJ b = a x vw mLFF mik klif mik MF.
U mikfY mokhd xnw MF.

vLJfhlhf,
mLFF mik
klif mik
24 = 16
log2 16 = 4
log8 2 = 1
3
1
log4 ` j =- 3
8
2
83 = 2
3
-2
=1
8
vLJfhL 3.6

tU klif mikid mLFF mikghf khw.
(i) log4 64 = 3
(ii) log16 2 = 1
4
(iii) log5 ` 1 j =- 2 iv) log10 0.1 =- 1

25
log4 64 = 3 ( 43 = 64
(i)
(ii) log16 2 = 1 ( (16) 4 = 2

4
1
(iii) log5 ` j =- 2 ( ^5 h- 2 = 1
25
25
-1
(iv) log10 0.1 =- 1 ( ^10h = 0.1
vLJfhL 3.7

tU mLFF mikid klif mikghf khw.
(i) 3 = 81
(iv) (216) 3 = 6
(ii) 6- =
1
1296
(v) ^13h- 1 = 1
13
(i)
1 ( log
1
=4
6 ` 1296 j
1296
3
(iii) ` 1 j4 = 1 ( log 1 ` 1 j = 3
81
27
4
81 27
1
(vi) (216) 3 = 6 ( log216 6 = 1
3
(v) ^13h- 1 = 1 ( log13 ` 1 j = - 1
13
13
3 = 81 ( log3 81 = 4
4
(ii) 6- =
76
(iii) ` 1 j4 = 1
81
27
vLJfhL 3.8

kLf (i) log8 512 (ii) log27 9 (iii) log16 ` 1 j

32

(i)

x = log8 512 vf.

x
vdnt, 8 = 512
` log8 512 = 3
x = log27 9 vf.
(ii)
(mLFF mik)
8 x = 83 ( x = 3
(mLFF mik)
vdnt, 27 = 9
3 x
^3 h = ^3 h2 (UwK mokhd 3 Mf khWf)
3x
2
3 = 3 ( 3x =2 ( x = 2
3
2

` log27 9 =
3

(iii)
x = log16 ` 1 j vf.
32
x
vdnt, 16 = 1 (mLFF mik)
32
4 x
^2 h = 1 (UwK mokhd 2 Mf khWf)

^2h5
2 = 2- ( 4x = - 5 ( x = - 5
4x
` log16 ` 1 j = - 5
4
32
vLJfhL 3.9

tU rkghLfis f.
1
(i) log5 x =- 3 (ii) x = log 1 64 (iii) log x 8 = 2 (iv) x + 3 log8 4 = 0 (v) log x 7 6 = 1
3
4

(i)
(ii)
log5 x =- 3
3
(mLFF mik)
5- = x
x = 13 ( x = 1
125
5
x = log 1 64
4
x
` 1 j = 64
(mLFF mik)
4
x
1x = 43 ( 4- = 43 ( x = - 3
4
77
maha 3
(iii) log x 8
=2
x2
= 8
8 =2 2
x + 3 log8 4 = 0
(iv)
- x = 3 log8 4 = log8 4
x = log8 64 ( ^8 h- x = 64
(mLFF mik)
^8 h- x = 82
( x = -2
log x 7 6 = 1
3
(v)
1
6
(mLFF mik)
( x 3 = 7 6
1 1
(mLFF mik)
1 1
1
3
3
7 = `7 2 j vd vGJf. d, x 3 = `7 2 j
` x = 72 =
klif f
1.
bgUf : xnu mokhdij cila U if vf
bgUfgy klifahdJ, mU vf kliff
TLjYF rkkhF. mjhtJ,

log a (M # N) = log a M + log a N ; a, m, n if vf, a ! 1
2.
tFj : xnu mokhdij cila U if vf
tFj klifahdJ, bjhF klifUJ gF
klifia fjYF rkkhF.mjhtJ,

log a ` M j = log a M - log a N ; a, m, n if vf, a ! 1
N
3.
mLF : xU v mL klifahdJ mj
v klifid mLfh bgUFtjF rkkhF. mjhtJ,

log a ^ M hn = n log a M ; a, m if vf, a ! 1
mokhd khw : M, a, b vgd if vf kW a ! 1 ,

b ! 1 v,

log a M = ^log b M h # ^log a bh
4.
iu:
(i)
a xU if v kW a ! 1 v, log a a = 1.
(ii) a xU if v kW a ! 1 v, log a 1 = 0.
(iii) a kW b if vf
kW log a b = 1 .
log b a
a ! 1 , b ! 1 v, ^log a bh # ^log b ah = 1
(iv) a kW b if vf kW b ! 1 v, blogb a = a .
78
(v) a > 0 v, log a 0 tiuaWfgliy.
(vi) b,x kW y if vf, b ! 1 kW log b x = log b y v, x = y MF.

j kWjiy cik.
(vii) vyh kliffY mokhd 1 Mf yhk ghJ bfhsntL.

Vbd, mokhd 1 cila klifia fUdh, vLJfhlhf,
log1 9 I fUdh, j k x v, x = log1 9 myJ 1 x = 9 vd
ilwJ. Mdh vj bkba x -F 1 x = 9 vd ilfhJ.
vLJfhL 3.10

(ii) log5 4 + log5 ` 1 j

100
RUFf (i) log5 25 + log5 625
(i) log5 25 + log5 625 = log5 ^25 # 625h
(a log a ^ M # N h = log a M + log a N )
= log5 ^52 # 54h = log5 56 = 6 log5 5 (a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )
= 6^1 h = 6
(a log a a = 1)
(ii) log5 4 + log5 ` 1 j = log5 `4 # 1 j

100
100
(a log a ^ M # N h = log a M + log a N )
= log5 ` 1 j = log5 c 12 m = log5 5- 2 = - 2 log5 5

25
5
= - 2^1 h = - 2
(a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )
(a log a a = 1)
vLJfhL 3.11

RUFf log8 128 - log8 16
log8 128 - log8 16 = log8 128

16
(a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )

N
(a log a a = 1)
= log8 8 = 1
vLJfhL 3.12

log10 125 = 3 - 3 log10 2 vd %.
3 - 3 log10 2 = 3 log10 10 - 3 log10 2 = log10 103 - log10 23

= log10 1000 - log10 8 = log10 1000

8
= log10 125
` log10 125 = 3 - 3 log10 2

79
maha 3
vLJfhL 3.13
log3 2 # log4 3 # log5 4 # log6 5 # log7 6 # log8 7 = 1 vd %.
3
log3 2 # log4 3 # log5 4 # log6 5 # log7 6 # log8 7

= ^log3 2 # log4 3h # ^log5 4 # log6 5h # ^log7 6 # log8 7h
= log4 2 # log6 4 # log8 6 = ^log4 2 # log6 4h # log8 6 (a log a M = log b M # log a b )
= log6 2 # log8 6 = log8 2 =
1
1
3 = 3 log 2
log2 2
2
1
=
(a log2 2 = 1)
3
1
log2 8
(a log a b =
1 )
log b a
(a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )
vLJfhL 3.14

25- 2 log5 3 - kig fhf.
25- 2 log5 3

= ^52h- 2 log5 3 = 5- 4 log5 3

=5
log5 3-4
(a n log a M = log a M n )
= 3- 4 = 14 = 1
81
3
(a blogb a = a)
vLJfhL 3.15

f log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 7
log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 7

1
+ 1 + 1 = 7
log x 16 log x 4 log x 2
1 + 1 + 1 =7
log x 24 log x 22 log x 2
1
+ 1
+ 1 = 7
4 log x 2 2 log x 2 log x 2
(a log a b =
1 )
log b a
(a n log a M = log a M n )
1 1
7
1
1
8 4 + 2 + 1 B log 2 = 7 ( 8 4 B log 2 = 7
x
x
1 = 7# 4
log x 2
7
1 )
log b a
(mLFF mik)
log2 x = 4 (a log a b =
24 = x
`
x = 16
80
vLJfhL 3.16

1
= 1
2 + log x 10 3
1
= 1
2 + log x 10
3
FWF bgUf bra, eh bgWtJ
2 + log x 10 = 3

( log x 10 = 3 - 2 = 1
x1 = 10
(mLFF mik)
` x = 10
vLJfhL 3.17

f log3 ^log2 xh = 1
(1)
log2 x = y vf.
wF, log3 y = 1
31 = y
(mLFF mik)
` y = 3
y = 3 vd (1)- gl log2 x = 3 vd ilwJ.
vdnt, 23 = x
` x = 8
(mLFF mik)
vLJfhL 3.18

f log2 ^3x - 1h - log2 ^ x - 2h = 3
log2 ^3x - 1h - log2 ^ x - 2h = 3

( a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )
log2 ` 3x - 1 j = 3
N
x-2

(mLFF mik)
23 = 3x - 1
x-2

8 = 3x - 1
x-2

FWF bgUf bra, eh bgWtJ
8^ x - 2h = 3x - 1 ( 8x - 16 = 3x - 1
8x - 3x = - 1 + 16 ( 5x = 15
` x =3
81
maha 3
vLJfhL 3.19
log5 1125 = 2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7 vd %.
2
2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7
2
= log5 6 - log5 (16) 2 + 3 # 2 log49 7 = log5 36 - log5 4 + 3 log49 7
= log5 ` 36 j + 3 log49 49 = log5 9 + 3^1 h

4
= log5 9 + 3 log5 5 = log5 9 + log5 ^5h3
= log5 9 + log5 125 = log5 ^9 # 125h = log5 1125
` log5 1125 = 2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7
2
vLJfhL 3.20
f log5 7x - 4 - 1 = log5 x + 2
2
log5 7x - 4 - 1
= log5 x + 2
2

log5 7x - 4 - log5 x + 2 = 1
2

log5 c 7x - 4 m = 1
2
x+2
log5 ` 7x - 4 j2 =
x+2
1 log 7x - 4 =
2 8 5 ` x + 2 jB
1
2
1
2
( a log a M = n log a M )
log5 ` 7x - 4 j = 1
x+2
1
5 = 7x - 4 (mLFF mik)
x+2
( a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )

N
7x 4 = 5(x + 2)
FWF bgUf bra,
7x - 4 = 5x + 10 ( 7x - 5x = 10 + 4
2x = 14
` x = 7
g 3.2
1.
tU TWf vit r myJ jtW vd fhf.
(i) log5 125 = 3
(ii)
(iii) log4 ^6 + 3h = log4 6 + log4 3
log2 25
(iv) log2 ` 25 j =

log2 3
3
(v) log 1 3 = - 1
(vi) log a ^ M - N h = log a M ' log a N
log 1 8 = 3
2
82
2.
tUtdtF rkkhd klif mikid fhf.
(i) 24 = 16
= 1
(v) 25 2 = 5
(vi) 12- 2 = 1
4
144
tUtdtF rkkhd mLFF mikid fhf.
3.

4.

(ii) 35 = 243
(iii) 10- 1 = 0.1
-2
3
(iv) 8
(ii) log9 3 = 1
2
1
(v) log64 ` j = - 1
(iv) log 3 9 = 4
2
8
tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) log6 216 = 3
(i) log3 ` 1 j
81
(iv) log 1 8
2
(iii) log5 1 = 0
(vi) log0.5 8 = - 3
5
(ii) log7 343
(iii) log6 6
(v) log10 0.0001
(vi) log 3 9 3
5.
tU rkghLfis f.
(i) log2 x = 1
2
(iv) log x 125 5 = 7
6.
tUtdtiw RUFf.
(i) log10 3 + log10 3
(iii) log7 21 + log7 77 + log7 88 - log7 121 - log7 24 (iv) log8 16 + log 52 -
(v) 5 log10 2 + 2 log10 3 - 6 log64 4
7.
tU xbthU rkghoid f.
(i) log4 ^ x + 4h + log4 8 = 2
(ii) log6 ^ x + 4h - log6 ^ x - 1h =1
(iii) log2 x + log4 x + log8 x = 11

6
(iv) log4 ^8 log2 xh = 2
(v) log10 5 + log10 ^5x + 1h = log10 ^ x + 5h + 1
(vi) 4 log2 x - log2 5 = log2 125
(vii) log3 25 + log3 x = 3 log3 5
(viii) log3 ^ 5x - 2 h - 1 = log3 ^ x + 4 h

2
8.
log a 2 = x , log a 3 = y kW log a 5 = z v, tU xbth kid

x , y kW z t _y fhf.
(i) log a 15
(ii) log a 8
(iii) log a 30
(iv) log a ` 27 j
125
(v) log a `3 1 j
3
(vi) log a 1.5
(ii) log 1 x = 3
(iii) log3 y = - 2
(v) log x 0.001 = 3
(vi) x + 2 log27 9 = 0
(ii) log25 35 - log25 10

1
log13 8
(vi) log10 8 + log10 5 - log10 4
8
83
maha 3
9.
tUtdtiw %f.
(i) log10 1600 = 2 + 4 log10 2
(ii) log10 12500 = 2 + 3 log10 5
(iii) log10 2500 = 4 - 2 log10 2
(iv) log10 0.16 = 2 log10 4 - 2
(v) log5 0.00125 = 3 - 5 log5 10
(vi) log5 1875 = 1 log5 36 - 1 log5 8 + 20 log32 2

2
3.4 bghJ kliff (Common Logarithms)

fzLfSF jrk vQU mogil vzhd 10 I mokhdF
jf ahd vzhf vLJ bfhsgLwJ. mokhd 10 Mf cs kliff
bghJ kliff vdgL.
vdnt, tU fzFf klifahdJ
mokhd yhk gagLjgLwJ. mjhtJ, log N vgJ log10 N vd bghU
bfhsgLwJ. tU mltizia fUJf.
v N
0.0001 0.001 0.01
N mLF
F mik
10-
log N
0.1
10- 3 10- 2 10- 1
10
10
0
100
10
10
1000
10
10000
10

vdnt N vgJ 10- KG v mLF v, log N vgJ xU KG MF.
3.16- myJ 31.6- myJ 316- klif vd?
nghJ, 3.16 = 10
0.4997
1.4997
; 31.6 = 10
; 316 = 10
2.4997
` log 3.16 = 0.4997 ; log 31.6 = 1.4997 ; log 316 = 2.4997 .

1- UJ 10 tiu cs xU v klif 0- UJ 1 tiu cs xU
v MF; 10- UJ 100 tiu cs xU v klif 1- UJ 2 tiu
cs xU v MF. Jnghnw kw vf kliffS mik.

xU klif KGv gF neTW (characteristic) vd jrkd
gF gkhdTW (mantisa) vd miHfgLwJ. vLJfhlhf,

log 3.16 = 0.4997 ; neTW 0 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

log 31.6 = 1.4997 ; neTW 1 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

log 316 = 2.4997 ; neTW 2 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

xiw l Fiwthd vf klif xU Fiw v MF. xU v
klif Fiw vzhf Uj nghY, mj gkhdTid vnghJ if
vzhfnt vLJ bfhnwh.

neTid fhgjF ma FpL xU wghd
2
bfhLwJ. ma Fpo, 316 = 3.16 # 10 . vdnt, eh bgWtJ

Kiwia
log 316 = log (3.16 # 10 )

= log 3.16 + log 10
= 0.4997 + 2 = 2.4997 .
vdnt, 10- mLF klif neTid fhgjF gagLwJ.
84
vLJfhL 3.21

tUtdt neTid vGJf.
(i) log 27.91
(ii) log 0.02871
(iii) log 0.000987
(iv) log 2475.

(i)
ma Fpo, 27.91 = 2.791 # 10
` neTW = 1
ma Fpo, 0.02871 = 2.871 # 10-
(ii)
` neTW = 2
(iii) ma Fpo, 0.000987 = 9.87 # 10-
` neTW = 4
(iv) ma Fpo, 2475 = 2.475 # 10
` neTW = 3
tU fgo xU v neTid ghj khu
khf Ko.
xiw l mfkhd xU v neTW Fiwaw (non-negative)
kilaJ. nkY mJ jrkF K cs yff
vifia l xW Fiwthf UF.
(i)
(ii) xiw l Fiwthd xU v neTW Fiw (negative)

kilaJ nkY mJ jrkia mLJ cldoahf bjhlJ tU
af vifia l xW mfkhf UF. neT
Fiw Fia 1, 2, ... vd vGJnth. vLJfhlhf, 0.0316- neTW 2 .
(iii) gkhdTW vnghJ if MF.
vLJfhL 3.22

log 4586 = 3.6615 vd bfhLfgLsJ v, tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) log 45.86
(ii) log 45860
(iii) log 0.4586
(iv) log 0.004586
(v) log 0.04586
(vi) log 4.586
log 4586- gkhdTW 0.6615.

(i)
log 45.86 = 1.6615
(ii) log 45860 = 4.6615
(iii) log 0.4586 = - 1 + 0.6615 = 1 .6615
(v) log 0.04586 = - 2 + 0.6615 = 2 .6615 (vi) log 4.586 = 0.6615

85
(iv) log 0.004586 = - 3 + 0.6615 = 3.6615
maha 3
3.4.1 klifia fhQ Kiw

xU v neTW Vfdnt TwglJ nghy v ma Ko
vgjh, klif mltiz btW gkhdTWfis kLnk bfhoUF.
rk yffis tir khwhk bfhLs, Mdh jrk kL khWgL
vyh vf kliff gkhdTWfS xnw. gkhdTWf
ehF jrk Ujkhd vzhf bfhLfgLsJ.

klif mltiz tU _W gFfis bfhlJ.
(i)
(ii) mLJ gJ uf 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 vw jiyfis bfhL

gkhdTWfis bfhLsJ.
(iii) j ufSF mLJ ruhr ahr vw jiy L 9

uf csJ. j uf 1, 2, ..., 9 vw vfsh FfgLwJ.
Kj u 1.0, 1.2 ,1.3,...vd 9.9 tiu cs vfis bfhlJ.

tU vLJfho _y bfhLfgl xU v gkhdTid
vthW fhgJ vW eh sFnth.
1

bfhLfgl v 40.85 vf. jid 40.85 = 4.085 # 10 vd vGjyh.

` neTW 1 MF.

4.0 vw vQF vnu cs iu tUkhW klif mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.
ruhr ahrf
0
4.0 .6021 .6031 .6042 .6053 .6064 .6075 .6085 .6096 .6107 .6117
10

N = 4.0-F neuhf yf 8 MtJ uYF nH cs viz eh Ff
mj v 0.6107 . wF ruhr ahr 5 MtJ uYF nH cs v
0.0005 I vLJbfhs njitahd gkhdTW 0.6107 + 0.0005 = 0.6112.
` log 40.85 = 1.6112 .

3.4.2 vkliff (Antilogarithms)

xU v klif x v, mj viz x- vklif vd miHfgL.
ij antilog x vd vGjyh. mjhtJ, log y = x v, y = antilog x MF.
3.4.3 vklifia fhQ Kiw

jf fil bfhLfgLs vklif mltiz _y xU
v vklifia fhzyh. j mltiz vklif k
ehF jrk Ujkhf bfhLfgLsJ.

vklifia fhz, eh gkhdTiw kL fU bfhsntL.
KGv gF vjid yff csJ vd fhz myJ jrkF
mLJ vjid af csJ vd fhz eh neTiw gagLJnwh.

klif mltizia vthW gagLj ntL vW nkny
Fnlhnkh mJ nghynt vklif mltizia gagLj ntL.
86
jf fil bfhLfgLs klif mltizia

ehF yfis bfhl vfSF kLnk gagLj Ko.
vdnt gF fgL vyh klif fzFfY vfis ehF yf
vfshf kh bfhnwh.
F:
vLJfhL 3.23

(i) log 86.76
(ii) log 730.391
(iii) log 0.00421526 fhf.
(i) 86.76 = 8.676 # 10
(ma FpL)
` neTW 1 MF. gkhdTiw fhz 8.676 vw viz

vLJbfhsntL.
mltizUJ, log 8.67
= 0.9380
6- ruhr ahr
= 0.0003
log 8.676 = 0.9380 + 0.0003 = 0.9383
` log 86.76 = 1.9383
(ii) 730.391 = 7.30391 # 102
(ma FpL)

vLJ bfhsntL. ij 7.304 (ehfhtJ jrk yf 9, 5 I
l bgaJ) vd vLJbfhs ntL.
mltizUJ, log 7.30 = 0.8633
4- ruhr ahr
log 7.304 = 0.8633 + 0.0002 = 0.8635
= 0.0002
log 730.391 = 2.8635
(iii) 0.00421526 = 4.21526 # 10- 3
(ma FpL)

vLJbfhs ntL. ij 4.215 vd vLJbfhs ntL.
(ehfhtJ jrk yf 2, 5 I l Fiw).
mltizUJ, log 4.21 = 0.6243
5- ruhr ahr
= 0.0005
log 4.215 = 0.6243 + 0.0005 = 0.6248

` log 0.00421526 = - 3 + 0.6248 = 3.6248
87
maha 3
vLJfhL 3.24
tUtdt vklifid fhf.
(i) 1.8652
(ii) 0.3269 (iii) 2.6709
(i)
neTW 1 MF. vdnt mj v, KGv gF uL
yffis bfhLsJ. gkhdTW 0.8652.

mltizUJ, antilog 0.865 = 7.328
2- ruhr ahr = 0.003
antilog 0.8652 = 7.328 + 0.003 = 7.331
antilog 1.8652 = 73.31
(ii) neTW 0 MF. vdnt mj v, KGv gF xU yfij
bfhLsJ. gkhdTW 0.3269.

9- ruhr ahr = 0.004
` antilog 0.3269 = 2.118 + 0.004 = 2.122

(iii) neTW - 2 . vdnt mj v KGv gF UfhJ. nkY

jrkia mLJ cldoahf xU a UF. gkhdTW
0.6709.
9- ruhr ahr = 0.010
antilog 0.6709 = 4.677 + 0.010 = 4.687
` antilog 2.6709 = 0.04687
vLJfhL 3.25

(i) 42.6 # 2.163
(ii) 23.17 # 0.009321 Mat kid fhf.
(i)
x = 42.6 # 2.163 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log ^42.6 # 2.163h
= log 42.6 + log 2.163

= 1.6294 + 0.3351 = 1.9645
` x = antilog 1.9645 = 92.15
88
(ii) x = 23.17 # 0.009321 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log ^23.17 # 0.009321h = log 23.17 + log 0.009321
= 1.3649 + 3.9694 = 1 + 0.3649 - 3 + 0.9694
=- 2 + 1.3343 =- 2 + 1 + 0.3343
=- 1 + 0.3343 = 1.3343
x = antilog 1.3343 = 0.2159
vLJfhL 3.26

(i) ^36.27h6
(ii) ^0.3749h4
(iii)
0.2713 Mat kid fhf.
(i)
x = ^36.27h6 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log ^36.27h6 = 6 log 36.27 = 6^1.5595h = 9.3570

` x = antilog 9.3570 = 2275000000

(ii) x = ^0.3749h4 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log ^0.3749h4 = 4 log 0.3749 = 4^1.5739h = 4^- 1 + 0.5739h
= - 4 + 2.2956 = - 4 + 2 + 0.2956 = - 2 + 0.2956 = - 2.2956
= 2.2956
` x = antilog 2.2956 = 0.01975

(iii) x =
0.2713 = (0.2713) 5 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

1
log x = log (0.2713) 5 = 1 log 0.2713

5
= 1 ^1.4335h = - 1 + 0.4335
5
5
^- 1 - 4h + 4 + 0.4335
=
5
= - 5 + 4.4335 = - 5 + 4.4335
5
5
5
=- 1 + 0.8867 = 1.8867
` x = antilog 1.8867 = 0.7703

89
maha 3
vLJfhL 3.27

RUFf
(i)
(46.7) # 65.2

(2.81) 3 # (4.23)
(ii)
(84.5) # 3 0.0064
2
(72.5) # 62.3
1
(i)
(46.7) # 65.2
x=
=
(2.81) 3 # (4.23)
46.7 # (65.2) 2
3
(2.81) # 4.23
vf.
UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log >
46.7 # (65.2) 2
3
(2.81) # 4.23
H
1
= log 46.7 + log (65.2) 2 - log (2.81) - log 4.23

= log 46.7 + 1 log 65.2 - 3 log 2.81 - log 4.23
2
= 1.6693 + 1 (1.8142) - 3 (0.4487) - 0.6263
2
= 1.6693 + 0.9071 1.3461 0.6263
= 2.5764 1.9724 = 0.6040
` x = antilog 0.6040 = 4.018
(ii)
(84.5) # 3 0.0064
x =
2
(72.5) # 62.3
(84.5) # (0.0064) 3
=
vf.
1
2
(72.5) # (62.3) 2
UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

1
(84.5) # (0.0064) 3
log x = log >
1 H
2
(72.5) # (62.3) 2
4
= log (84.5) + log (0.0064) 3 - log (72.5) - log (62.3) 2

= 4 log 84.5 + 1 log 0.0064 - 2 log 72.5 - 1 log 62.3
3
2
= 4(1.9269) + 1 (3.8062) - 2 (1.8603) - 1 (1.7945)
3
2
= 7.7076 + 1 (- 3 + 0.8062) - 3.7206 - 0.8973
3
= 3.0897 + (1+0.2687) = 3+0.08971+0.2687
= 2+0.3584 = 2.3584

` x = antilog2.3584 = 228.2
90
vLJfhL 3.28
log4 13.26 - kig fhf.
log4 13.26
= log10 13.26 # log4 10
= log10 13.26 #
(a log a M = log b M # log a b )
1
log10 4
(a log a b =
1 )
log b a
= 1.1225 = x vf.
0.6021

wF x = 1.1225 . UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
0.6021
log x = log ` 1.1225 j
0.6021
= log 1.1225 - log 0.6021 = 0.0503 - 1.7797
= 0.0503 - (- 1 + 0.7797) = 0.0503 + 1 - 0.7797
= 1.0503 - 0.7797 = 0.2706

` x = antilog 0.2706 = 1.865
g 3.3
1.
tUtdtiw ma Fpo vGJf
(i)
92.43
(ii) 0.9243
(iii) 9243
(iv) 924300
(v) 0.009243
(vi) 0.09243
2.
tUtdt neTid fhf.
(i) log 4576

(iv) log 0.0756
3.
log 23750- gkhdTW 0.3576 v, tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) log 23750

(iv) log 0.2375
4.
klif mltizia gagL tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) log 23.17

(iv) log 0.001364
5.
vklif mltizia gagL tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) antilog 3.072
(ii) antilog 1.759
(iii) antilog 1 .3826
(iv) antilog 3.6037
(v) antilog 0.2732
(vi) antilog 2.1798
(ii) log 24.56

(v) log 0.2798
(iii) log 0.00257

(vi) log 6.453
(ii) log 23.75

(v) log 23750000
(ii) log 9.321

(v) log 0.9876
(iii) log 2.375

(vi) log 0.00002375
(iii) log 329.5

(vi) log 6576
91
maha 3
6.
kLf.
(i) 816.3 # 37.42
(ii) 816.3 ' 37.42
(iii) 0.000645 # 82.3
(iv) 0.3421 ' 0.09782
(v) ^50.49h5
(vi)
(vii) 175.23 # 22.159

1828.56
(viii)
(ix)
^76.25h3 # 3 1.928
^42.75h5 # 0.04623
(x)
0.7214 # 20.37
69.8
28 # 5 729
46.35
(xi) log9 63.28
561.4
(xii) log3 7
id bfhf
xU v N I ma Fpo 1 # a 1 10 vd cs jrkv kW10-

KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh. mjhtJ,
N = a # 10 n F 1 # a 1 10 kW n xU KG.
x
a = b (a > 0, a ! 1) v, x vgJ mokhd a cila b- klifahF.

ij x = log a b vd vGJnth.
bgUf : log a (M # N) = log a M + log a N ; a, M,N if vf, a ! 1
tFj : log a ` M j = log a M - log a N ; a, M, N if vf, a ! 1

N
n
mLF : log a (M) = n log a M ; a, M if vf, a ! 1
mokhd khw : log a M = log b M # log a b, a ! 1, b ! 1 .
xU klif KGv gF neTW (characteristic) vd jrkd

gF gkhdTW (mantisa) vd miHfgLwJ.
92
afj
Mathematics is as much an aspect of
culture as it is a collection of algorithms
- CARL BOYER
Kjik Fnfhf

gYW nfhitfis tifgLJj.

njwij gagLJj.
fhu njwij gagLJj.
afj KbwhUikfis gagLJj.
gYW nfhitia fhugLJj.
U khf cs nea rkghLfis j.
xU kh cs mrkghil j.
ilnahghl
4.1 mKf

afj vgJ J bfhs ayhj
fUJfis bfhl f fodkhd bjhlfis
RUfkhf, bjthf, ntfkhf kW nfgtfis
F goahf vLJ TWtjhF.
ax = b
2
vw nea rkghL, ax + bx = c vw Ugo
rkghL kW x2 + y2 = z2 nghw gntW khfis
cila khf Koahj rkghLfis f
gHfhy vJ kW ghnyhah kf ma
KglUJ afj tuyhW MuwJ.
4000 tUlfSF nkyhf J ts bgWsJ.
Mdh 17 M who k tfgl
afj va fzFf kW bjhlf eh
iwa iy FlgLtJ nghy UjJ.
20M who KgF afjkhdJ
monfhf bjhFghf cUbtLjJ. d j
monfh cf ed afj vd TwglJ.
a Kakhd Kof flagld. nkY
afj fj midJ JiwfY kW
ma ggy JiwfY gagLjgLwJ.
4.2
afj nfhitf (Algebraic Expressions)

Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj vw ehF
mogil fj braf, mLFFf myJ
93
(..200 - ..284)
myJ
(. 214 -. 298)
fh vw efu thj
ilnahghl (Diophantus)
xU bAyo fj
mP Mth. mt thj
fhy bjthf bjahjjh
W MLfSF Kng
thUfyh vd
fUjgLwJ. g_W f
mla xU fjijayhd
mbkofh vw f
bjhFid vGdh. Mdh
mt vsit Kj
MW f kLnk. toa
KiwfUJ ghnyha
fjaUJ mit
khWglit. nkY t njhuha
fSF gyhf frahd
fis KjikgLdh.
Mfnt mbkofh yhdJ
nuf ghuga fjaYl
jsnt bghJthf UjJ.
maha 4
_yfis fblLj Matiw gagL vf kW khf

izig bfhL mikfgL nfhitjh xU afj nfhit.
3
2
2
2
vLJfhlhf, 7, 7, x , 2x - 3y + 1 , 5x - 1 , rr kW rr r + h vgd
4xy + 1
afj nfhitf. y khf nfhit vgJ mkhfis kLnk
bfhLs nfhit vd bghUgL. xU afj nfhit khfns
yho mJ kh vd bghUgL. xU afj nfhit khfSF
vfis ulgL nghJ ilfbgW isbt mkhf
kfSFlhd nfhit k vdgL.

xU afj nfhit gFf Tl myJ fj Ffsh
izfgoUjh mJ afj TLj vdgL. xbthU gF
mjF Kdh cs Fl nrJ xU cW vdgL. vLJfhlhf,
2
2
2
2
1
1
3x y - 4xz + rx- y vw afj TLj 3x y , - 4xz kW rx- y Mad
y
y
cWfshF.

xU cW VnjD xUgF jKs gFl bgUfgoU,
mgFahdJ jKs gF bfG myJ Fzf vdgL. vLJfhlhf,

2
2
2
- 4xz vw cW z - bfG - 4x kW xz - bfG 4 MF. 4 I nghW
y
y
y
2
khfyhj bfG vbfG vdgL. 5x y kW - 12x2 y nghw cWf
vbfGf kLnk ntWgLsjh, itf xj cWf vdgL.
2
4rr nghw afj nfhit xnu xU cWig bfhl afj
nfhitahf fUjgL. thwhd xU cWig bfhl nfhitahdJ XUW

nfhit vdgL. uL cWfis bfhl nfhitahdJ <UW nfhit
2
vdgL. vLJfhlhf, 3x + 2xy vgJ xU <UW nfhit. mnjnghW

-1
- 2xy
+ 3 x - 4 vgJ xU _W nfhit vd uL myJ mjF
nkgl cWfis bfhl nfhit xU gYW nfhit vd miHfyh.
4.3 gYW nfhitf (Polynomials)

tFf khf yhjJ, _y Ff cns khf yhjJ
kW if KGfis mLFfshf bfhl, khfis bfhL mik
1
afj nfhit xU gYW nfhit MF. vLJfhlhf, - 2xy- + 3 x - 4

2 4
vw _W nfhit xU gYW nfhitay. UD 3x y + 2 xy - 1 vw
2
_W nfhit x kW y vw khfis bfhl xU gYW nfhitahF.
khfyhj - 1 vw cW gYW nfhit khahF. gYW
2
nfhitYs cWf vbfGf gYW nfhit bfGfshF.
nknys gYW nfhit bfGf 3, 2 kW - 1 MF.
2
94
afj

xU gYW nfhitYs xU cW go vgJ mWYs
khf mLFf TLj MF. mLFfis TL nghJ xU kh
mLF iyba mj mLF xW vd fUjntL. vLJfhlhf,
7
3 2
9xy - 12x yz + 3x - 2 vw gYW nfhit 9xy7 vw cW go 1 + 7 = 8
3 2
kW - 12x yz vw cW go 3 + 1 + 2 = 6 kW 3x vw cW go 1 MF.
kh cW go a vd vnghJ vLJ bfhs ntL.

xU gYW nfhit akyhj bfGit bfhl cWf f
caj go bfhl cW go mgYW nfhit go (degree) vd TwgL.
vLJfhlhf, nkny vLJ bfhl gYW nfhit go 8. 0 vw XUW
kh xU gYW nfhitahf fUjglhY j Fl gYW
nfhitF go tiuaWf gliy.
4.3.1 xU kh mikj gYW nfhitf

ghl gF xU kh mikj gYW nfhitfis kLnk eh
vLJ bfhnth.
Ka fUJ
xU kh mikj gYW nfhit
x vw xU kh mikj xU gYW nfhit afj

mik
p(x) = an x + an - 1 x
n-1
+ g + a2 x + a1 x + a0 , an ! 0
F a0, a1, a2, g, an - 1, an Mad khf kW n vgJ xU

Fiwaw if KG.
F, n vgJ gYW nfhit go kW a1, a2, g, an - 1, an vgd
gYW nfhit bfGf. a0 vgJ kh cW. an x n, an - 1 x n - 1, g, a2 x2, a1 x, a0.
Mad gYW nfhit p^ xh - cWf. vLJfhlhf, 5x2 + 3x - 1 vw
gYW nfhit x2 - bfG 5, x - bfG 3 kW 1 vgJ kh. gYW
nfhit _W cWf 5x2, 3x kW 1 MF.

4.3.2 gYW nfhitf tiff

Ka fUJ
cWf vif mogilyhd

gYW nfhitf tiff
XUW nfhit
xnu xU cWig bfhl gYW nfhit XUW nfhit
vdgL.
<UW nfhit
uL cWfis kLnk bfhl gYW nfhit <UW
nfhit vdgL.
_W nfhit
_W cWfis kLnk bfhl gYW nfhit _W
nfhit vdgL.
95
maha 4
1. xU <UW nfhitahdJ, btntW gofis bfhl uL

XUW nfhitf TLj MF.
2. xU _W nfhitahdJ, btntW gofis bfhl _W

XUW nfhitf TLj MF.
3. xU gYW nfhitahdJ, XUW nfhit myJ uL
myJ mjF nkgl XUW nfhitf TLj MF.
Ka fUJ
go mogil gYW nfhitf tiff
kh gYW nfhit
go akhf cs xU gYW nfhit kh gYW nfhit MF.
j bghJtot : p (x) = c, F c xU bkba.
xUgo gYW nfhit myJ nea gYW nfhit
go xwhf cs xU gYW nfhit xUgo gYW nfhit MF.
j bghJtot : p (x) = ax+b, a kW b bkbaf nkY a ! 0 .
Ugo gYW nfhit
go ulhf cs xU gYW nfhit Ugo gYW nfhit vdgL.
2
j bghJ tot: ax + bx + c , F a, b kW c Mad bkbaf
nkY a ! 0 .
Kgo gYW nfhit
go _whf cs xU gYW nfhit Kgo gYW nfhit vdgL.
j bghJ tot : p (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d F a, b, c kW d Mad
bkbaf nkY a ! 0 .
vLJfhL 4.1

tU gYW nfhitfis mt cWf vifia
bghWJ tifgLJf.
3
(i) x - x
(ii) 5x
(v) x + 2
(vi) 3x
(ix) 6
(x) 2u + u + 3
(iii) 4x + 2x + 1
4
(vii) y + 1
23
(xi) u - u
(iv) 4x
3
20
18
(viii) y + y + y
(xii) y

5x, 3x , 4x , y kW 6 vgd XUW nfhitf Vbd, t xnu xU
cW csJ.
23
x3 - x2, x + 2, y + 1 kW u - u vgd <UW nfhitf Vbd,

t uL cWf csd.

20
18
4x + 2x + 1, y + y + y kW 2u + u + 3 vgd _W nfhitf
Vbd, t _W cWf csd.
96
afj
vLJfhL 4.2

tU gYW nfhitfis mt gofis bghWJ tifgLJf.
(i) p (x) = 3
(iv) p (x) = 3x
(vii) p^ xh = x3 + 1
(x) p (x) = 3
2
(ii) p (y) = 5 y + 1
2
(v) p (x) = x + 3
2
(iii) p^ xh = 2x3 - x2 + 4x + 1
(vi) p (x) = 7
(viii) p (x) = 5x - 3x + 2
(ix) p (x) = 4x
(xii) p (y) = y3 + 3y
(xi) p (x) = 3 x + 1
p (x) = 3, p (x) = 7, p (x) = 3 vgd kh gYW nfhitf.

2
p (x) = x + 3 , p (x) = 4x , p (x) = 3 x + 1 vgd xUgo gYW nfhitf
Vbd, kh x- f caj go 1.
p (x) = 5x - 3x + 2, p (y) = 5 y + 1, p (x) = 3x
2
nfhitf Vbd, kh f caj go 2.

vgd
Ugo
gYW
p^ xh = 2x3 - x2 + 4x + 1 , p (x) = x3 + 1 , p (y) = y3 + 3y vgd Kgo gYW
nfhitf Vbd, kh f caj go 3.
g 4.1
1.
tU afj nfhitf xU cW mikj gYW nfhitah

vd TW. cDila ilF fhuz TWf.
(i) 2x5 - x3 + x - 6

2.
(iv) x - 1
(v) 3 t + 2t
(vi) x3 + y3 + z6
x
tU xbthY x2 kW x- bfGfis fhf.
(i) 2 + 3x - 4x2 + x3

3.
(iv) 1 x2 + x + 6
3
tU gYW nfhitf xbth goid fhf.
(i) 4 - 3x2
4.
tU gYW nfhitfis mt goid bghWJ tifgLJf.
(i) 3x2 + 2x + 1
(ii) 4x3 - 1
(iii) y + 3
(iv) y2 - 4
(v) 4x3
(vi) 2x
5.
go 27 Mf cs xU <UW nfhit, go 49 Mf cs xU XUW nfhit,

go 36 Mf cs xU _W nfhit MatF X cjhuz jUf.
(ii) 3x2 - 2x + 1
(ii)
3 x + 1
(ii) 5y + 2
(iii) y3 + 2 3
(iii) x3 + 2 x2 + 4x - 1
(iii) 12 - x + 4x3
97
(iv) 5
maha 4
4.3.3 gYW nfhitf af

p^ xh = x2 - x - 2 vw gYW nfhitia fUJf. x =- 1 , x = 1 kW
x = 2 v, p^ xh - kfis fhngh.
2
p (- 1) = (- 1) - (- 1) - 2 = 1 + 1 - 2 = 0
p (1) = (1) - 1 - 2 = 1 - 1 - 2 =- 2
p (2) = (2) - 2 - 2 = 4 - 2 - 2 = 0
mjhtJ, x = 1, 1 kW 2 vD nghJ gYW nfhit p^ xh- kf
Kiwna 0, 2 kW 0 MF.

kh y kfSF gYW nfhit k a v, mj
k gYW nfhit a vdgL.

p^- 1h = 0. vdnt x = 1 vgJ p^ xh = x2 - x - 2 vw gYW nfhit
xU a MF. njnghW, x = 2 v, p (2) = 0 . vdnt x = 2 vgJ p^ xh-

xU a MF.
Ka fUJ
gYW nfhit a
p^ xh vgJ x- xU gYW nfhit vf.

vgJ p^ xh- xU a vd TWnth.
pâh = 0 v, a
xU gYW nfhit af vif gYW

nfhit goF rkkhfnth myJ mjF Fiwthfnth UF.
fh bubl fh (1777 - 1855) vgt 1798 M ML jdJ Muh
gl go fLiu n go gYW nfhitF rahf n f cL vd
%Jsh. j Kakhd Ko afj mogil njw vdgL.
F
vLJfhL 4.3

p^ xh = 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 v, (i) p^- 1h kW (ii) p^2h Matiw
fhf.
p^ xh = 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

(i)
(ii)
p^- 1h = 5 (- 1) - 3 (- 1) + 7 (- 1) - 9 = - 5 - 3 - 7 - 9
` p^- 1h = - 24
3
p^2h = 5 (2) - 3 (2) + 7 (2) - 9 = 40 - 12 + 14 - 9

` p^2h = 33
98
afj
vLJfhL 4.4

tU gYW nfhitf afis fhf.
(i) p^ xh = 2x - 3
(ii) p^ xh = x - 2
p^ xh = 2x - 3 = 2` x - 3 j vd bfhLfgLsJ.
2

vdnt, p` 3 j = 2` 3 - 3 j = 2^0h = 0 vd eh bgWnwh.
2
2 2

` x = 3 vgJ p^ xh - a MF.
2

(ii) p^ xh = x - 2 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

(i)
nghJ, p^2h = 2 - 2 = 0
` x = 2 vgJ p^ xh - a MF.
4.3.4 gYW nfhit rkghLf _yf

p^ xh vgJ xU gYWnfhit vf. d p^ xh = 0 vgJ x- mikj
xU gYW nfhit rkghL vdgL.

p^ xh = x - 1 vw gYW nfhitia vLJ bfhf. x = 1 vgJ gYW
nfhit p^ xh = x - 1 - a MF. nghJ, p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit
rkghil vLJ bfhf. mjhtJ, x - 1 = 0-I vLJ bfhnth. x - 1 = 0 v,
x = 1 MF. x = 1 vgJ gYW nfhit rkghL p^ xh = 0 - _y MF.

vdnt, gYW nfhit af, xj gYW nfhit
rkgho _yf MF.
Ka fUJ
gYW nfhit rkgho _y
x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit rkghil

iw brjh, x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit
rkgho xU _y vdgL.
vLJfhL 4.5

tU gYW nfhit rkghLf _yfis fhf.

(i) x - 6 = 0
(ii) 2x + 1 = 0
(i) x - 6 = 0 v, x = 6
` x = 6 vgJ x - 6 = 0 - xU _y MF.

(ii) 2x + 1 = 0 v, 2x = - 1 ( x = - 1
2
1

` x = - vgJ 2x + 1 = 0 - xU _y MF.
2
99
maha 4
vLJfhL 4.6

tU gYW nfhit rkghLfSF
FLsitf _yfsh vd Muhf.

(i) 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0; x = 2, 3
(ii) x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0; x = 1, 2
mtF
vnu
p^ xh = 2x2 - 3x - 2 vf.
(i)
nghJ, p^2h = 2 (2) - 3 (2) - 2 = 8 - 6 - 2 = 0
(ii)
x = 2 vgJ 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0- xU _yMF.
Mdh, p^3 h = 2 (3) - 3 (3) - 2 = 18 - 9 - 2 = 7 ! 0
x = 3 vgJ 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0- xU _y MfhJ.

p^ xh = x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 vf.
3
p^1 h = (1) + 8 (1) + 5 (1) - 14 = 1 + 8 + 5 - 14 = 0

x = 1 vgJ x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0- xU _y MF.
3
Mdh, p^2h = (2) + 8 (2) + 5 (2) - 14 = 8 + 32 + 10 - 14 = 36 ! 0
x = 2 vgJ x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0- xU _y MfhJ.
g 4.2
1.

tU gYW nfhitf afis fhf.

(i) p (x) = 4x - 1
(ii) p (x) = 3x + 5 (iii) p (x) = 2x
2.

tU gYW nfhit rkghLf _yfis fhf.

(i) x - 3 = 0
(ii) 5x - 6 = 0
(iii) 11x + 1 = 0
(iv) - 9x = 0
3.
tU
gYW
nfhit
rkghLfSF,
FLsitf _yfsh vd Muhf.
(i) x2 - 5x + 6 = 0; x = 2, 3
(ii) x2 + 4x + 3 = 0; x = - 1 , 2
(iii) x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 = 0; x = 1, - 2 , 3
(iv) x3 - 2x2 - x + 2 = 0; x = - 1 , 2, 3
(iv) p (x) = x + 9
mtF
4.4 njw (Remainder Theorem)

njw
p^ xh vgJ VnjD xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD
xU bkba vf. p^ xh-I ( x - a ) vw nea gYW nfhitah
tFjh ilF pâh MF.
100
vnu
afj
1. p^ xh -I ^ x + ah M tFjh ilF p (- a) MF.

2. p^ xh -I âx - bh M tFjh ilF p` b j MF.
a
3. p^ xh -I âx + bh M tFjh ilF p`- b j MF.
a
4. F - a , b kW - b Maitf Kiwna tFf x + a ,
a
a
ax - b kW ax + b Mat af MF.
F
vLJfhL 4.7

4x3 - 5x2 + 6x - 2 I ( x - 1 ) M tFjh ilF ia fhf.
p^ xh = 4x3 - 5x2 + 6x - 2 vf. x - 1 - a 1.
p^ xh I ( x - 1 ) M tFjh ilF p^1 h MF.
nghJ,
p^1 h = 4 (1) - 5 (1) + 6 (1) - 2
= 4 - 5 + 6 - 2 = 3

` = 3.
vLJfhL 4.8

x3 - 7x2 - x + 6 I ^ x + 2h M tFjh ilF ia fhf.

p^ xh = x3 - 7x2 - x + 6 vf. x + 2 - a - 2 MF.
p^ xh I ( x + 2 ) M tFjh ilF p^- 2h MF.

3
nghJ, p^- 2h = (- 2) - 7 (- 2) - (- 2) + 6
= - 8 - 7^4h + 2 + 6
= - 8 - 28 + 2 + 6 = - 28
` = - 28

vLJfhL 4.9

2x3 - 6x2 + 5ax - 9 vgij ( x - 2 ) M tFf ilF 13 v, a-
kig fhf.

p^ xh = 2x3 - 6x2 + 5ax - 9 vf. ^ x - 2h - a 2.
p^ xh -I ^ x - 2h M tFjh ilF p^2h MF.

p^2h = 13 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

( 2 (2) - 6 (2) + 5a (2) - 9 = 13
2^8 h - 6^4h + 10a - 9 = 13
16 - 24 + 10a - 9 = 13
10a - 17 = 13
10a = 30
`
a = 3
101
maha 4
vLJfhL 4.10

x3 + ax2 - 3x + a I ( x + a ) M tFjh ilF ia fhf.
p^ xh = x3 + ax2 - 3x + a vf.
p^ xh -I ^ x + ah M tFjh ilF p^- ah MF.

3
p^- ah = (- a) + a (- a) - 3 (- a) + a = - a3 + a3 + 4a = 4a
` = 4a .
vLJfhL 4.11
f^ xh = 12x3 - 13x2 - 5x + 7 I ^3x + 2h M tFjh ilF ia

fhf.
f^ xh = 12x3 - 13x2 - 5x + 7 .
f^ xh -I ^3x + 2h M tFjh ilF f`- 2 j MF.
3
3
2

nghJ,
f`- 2 j = 12`- 2 j - 13`- 2 j - 5`- 2 j + 7
3
3
3
3
= 12`- 8 j - 13` 4 j + 10 + 7
27
9
3
= - 32 - 52 + 10 + 7 = 9 = 1
9
9
3
9

` = 1.
vLJfhL 4.12

gYW nfhitf 2x3 + ax2 + 4x - 12 kW x3 + x2 - 2x + a Matiw
^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF f rk v, a- kig fhf. nkY
ia fhf.
p^ xh = 2x3 + ax2 + 4x - 12
kW q^ xh = x3 + x2 - 2x + a vf.

p^ xh -I ^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF p^3 h MF.

nghJ,
p^3 h = 2 (3) + a (3) + 4 (3) - 12
= 2^27h + a^9h + 12 - 12
(1)
= 54 + 9a

q^ xh -I ^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF q^3 h MF.
nghJ,
q^3 h = (3) + (3) - 2 (3) + a
= 27 + 9 - 6 + a
= 30 + a
102
(2)
afj
f rk vd bfhLfgLsjh, p^3 h = q^3 h MF.

mjhtJ, 54 + 9a = 30 + a ( (1), (2) Mat go )

9a - a = 30 - 54
8a = - 24

` a = - 24 = - 3
8

a = - 3 vd p^3 h - gl, eh bgWtJ
p^3 h = 54 + 9^- 3h = 54 - 27 = 27
= 27.
g 4.3
1.
nH bfhLfgLs Kj gYW nfhitia ulh gYW

nfhitah tFF nghJ ilF ia njwij gagL
fhf.
(i)
3x3 + 4x2 - 5x + 8 ,
x-1
(ii) 5x + 2x - 6x + 12 ,
(iii) 2x3 - 4x2 + 7x + 6 ,
x+2

2.
3.
4.
x-2
(iv) 4x - 3x + 2x - 4 ,
x+3
3
2
(v) 4x - 12x + 11x - 5 ,
2x - 1
4
3
2
(vi) 8x + 12x - 2x - 18x + 14 , x + 1
(vii) x3 - ax2 - 5x + 2a ,
x-a
3
2x3 - ax2 + 9x - 8 I ( x - 3 ) M tFf ilF 28 v, a- kig

fhf.
^ x + 2h M tFF nghJ x3 - 6x2 + mx + 60 vD nfhitahdJ 2 I
jUkhdh m- kig fhf.
^ x - 1h vgJ mx3 - 2x2 + 25x - 26 I tFwJ v, m- kig
fhf.
5.
gYW nfhitf x3 + 3x2 - m kW 2x3 - mx + 9 Matiw

^ x - 2h M tFjh ilF f rk v, m - kig fhf.
nkY ia fhf.
4.5 fhu njw (Factor Theorem)

fhu njw
p^ xh vgJ xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD xU
bkba vf. pâh = 0 v, ( xa) vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu MF.
F
p^ xh - xU fhu ( xa) v, pâh = 0 MF.

103
maha 4
vLJfhL 4.13

^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh = 2x3 - 5x2 - 28x + 15 vw gYW nfhit xU
fhuah vd kh.
fhu njwgo, p^5h = 0 v, ^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh- xU fhu MF.

p^5h = 2 (5) - 5 (5) - 28 (5) + 15
nghJ,
= 2^125h - 5^25h - 140 + 15

= 250 - 125 - 140 + 15 = 0
` ^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh = 2x3 - 5x2 - 28x + 15 - xU fhu MF.
vLJfhL 4.14

^ x - 2h vgJ 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 vw gYW nfhit xU fhuah
vd kh.
p^ xh = 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 vf.
fhu njw go, p^2h = 0 v, ^ x - 2h vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu MF.
3
nghJ, p^2h = 2 (2) - 6 (2) + 5 (2) + 4 = 2^8 h - 6^4h + 10 + 4
= 16 - 24 + 10 + 4 = 6 ! 0
` ^ x - 2h vgJ 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 5 - xU fhu MfhJ.
vLJfhL 4.15

^2x - 3h vgJ 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 - xU fhuah vd kh.
p^ xh = 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 vf. fhu njw go, p` 3 j = 0 v,

2

^2x - 3h vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu MF.

nghJ,
3
2
p` 3 j = 2` 3 j - 9` 3 j + 3 + 12 = 2` 27 j - 9` 9 j + 3 + 12
2
2
2
2
8
4
2
= 27 - 81 + 3 + 12 = 27 - 81 + 6 + 48 = 0
4
4
2
4
` ^2x - 3h vgJ 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 - xU fhu MF.
vLJfhL 4.16

( x - 1 ) vgJ x3 + 5x2 + mx + 4 - xU fhu v, m- kig fhf.
p^ xh = x3 + 5x2 + mx + 4 vf
^ x - 1h vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt, p^1 h = 0 MF.
(1 + 5 + m + 4 = 0
p^1 h = 0 ( (1) + 5 (1) + m (1) + 4 = 0

m + 10 = 0
` m = - 10
104
afj
g 4.4
1.
tU gYW nfhitfSF ^ x + 1h vgJ xU fhuah vd kh.
(i) 6x4 + 7x3 - 5x - 4
(ii) 2x4 + 9x3 + 2x2 + 10x + 15
(iii) 3x3 + 8x2 - 6x - 5
(iv) x3 - 14x2 + 3x + 12
2.
^ x + 4h vgJ x3 + 3x2 - 5x + 36 - xU fhuah vd kh.
3.
fhu njwij gagL ^ x - 1h vgJ 4x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 7 - xU fhu

vd fh.
4.
5.
^2x + 1h vgJ 4x3 + 4x2 - x - 1 - xU fhuah vd kh.

^ x + 3h vgJ x3 - 3x2 - px + 24 - xU fhu v, p - kig fhf.
4.6 afj KbwhUikf (Algebraic Identities)

Ka fUJ
afj KbwhUikf
xU rkghL mYs khf vkF

UFkhdh, mrkghL xU KbwhUik vdgL.
cikahfnt

tU KbwhUikfis vlh tF fUnwh. Kj mtiw
gagL y fzFfis ngh. KbwhUikfis th _wh
go cs _W nfhitfSF fhngh.
2
(a + b) (a - b) / a - b
^ x + ah^ x + bh / x2 + â + bh x + ab
(a + b) / a + 2ab + b
(a - b) / a - 2ab + b
vLJfhL 4.17

KbwhUikfis gagL tUtdtiw bjGJf.
(i) (2a + 3b) (ii) (3x - 4y) (iii) ^4x + 5yh^4x - 5yh
2
2
2

(i) (2a + 3b) = (2a) + 2^2ah^3bh + (3b)
2
= 4a + 12ab + 9b

(ii) (3x - 4y) = (3x) - 2^3xh^4yh + (4y)

2
= 9x - 24xy + 16y

(iii) ^4x + 5yh^4x - 5yh = (4x) - (5y)

2
= 16x - 25y

(iv)
^ y + 7h^ y + 5h = y + ^7 + 5h y + ^7h^5h
2
= y + 12y + 35
105
(iv) ^ y + 7h^ y + 5h
maha 4
2
4.6.1 (x ! y ! z) - thf
2
(i) (x + y + z) = (x + y + z) (x + y + z)

= x (x + y + z) + y (x + y + z) + z (x + y + z)

= x2 + xy + xz + yx + y2 + yz + zx + zy + z2
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
2
(x + y + z) / x + y + z + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

(ii) (x - y + z)
= 6 x + (- y) + z @2
= x + (- y) + z + 2 (x) (- y) + 2 (- y) (z) + 2 (z) (x)

2
2
2
= x + y + z - 2xy - 2yz + 2zx
(x - y + z)
/ x2 + y2 + z2 - 2xy - 2yz + 2zx
njnghW, tU thffS ilwd.

2
(iii) (x + y - z) / x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy - 2yz - 2zx
(iv) (x - y - z) / x + y + z - 2xy + 2yz - 2zx
vLJfhL 4.18

bjGJf (i) (2x + 3y + 5z)
(iv) (7l - 9m - 6n)
(ii) (3a - 7b + 4c) (iii) (3p + 5q - 2r)
(i)
= 4x + 9y + 25z + 12xy + 30yz + 20zx
(ii) (3a - 7b + 4c)
2
2
(2x + 3y + 5z) = (2x) + (3y) + (5z) + 2^2xh^3yh + 2^3yh^5zh + 2^5zh^2xh
= (3a) + (- 7b) + (4c) + 2^3ah^- 7bh + 2^- 7bh^4ch + 2^4ch^3ah

2
= 9a + 49b + 16c - 42ab - 56bc + 24ca
(iii) (3p + 5q - 2r)
2
2
= (3p) + (5q) + (- 2r) + 2 (3p)^5qh + 2^5qh^- 2r h + 2^- 2r h^3ph
= 9p + 25q + 4r + 30pq - 20qr - 12rp

(iv) (7l - 9m - 6n)

2
2
2
= (7l) + (- 9m) + (- 6n) + 2^7lh^- 9mh + 2^- 9mh^- 6nh + 2^- 6nh^7lh
2
= 49l + 81m + 36n - 126lm + 108mn - 84nl

106
afj
4.6.2 KbwhUikfis gagL ^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch- bgUfgy fhz

^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch = 6^ x + ah^ x + bh@^ x + ch
= 6 x2 + â + bh x + ab @^ x + ch
3
2
2
= x + (a + b) x + abx + cx + c (a + b) x + abc
= x3 + (a + b + c) x2 + (ab + bc + ca) x + abc
^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch / x3 + â + b + ch x2 + âb + bc + cah x + abc
4.6.3 (x ! y) 3 - thf
nkny cs KbwhUik a = b = c = y vd ul,
^ x + yh^ x + yh^ x + yh = x3 + ^ y + y + yh x2 + 6^ yh^ yh + ^ yh^ yh + ^ yh^ yh@ x + ^ yh^ yh^ yh
(x + y) 3 = x3 + ^3yh x2 + ^3y2h x + y3
= x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3
(x + y) 3 / x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3
(x + y) 3 / x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)
(myJ)
nkny cs KbwhUik y-F g y vd vLJbfhs,

(x - y) 3 / x3 - 3x2 y + 3xy2 - y3
(x - y) 3 / x3 - y3 - 3xy (x - y)
(myJ)

4.6.2 kW 4.6.3- cs KbwhUikfis gagL tU
fzFfis ngh.
vLJfhL 4.19

bgUf gy fhf.
(i) ^ x + 2h^ x + 5h^ x + 7h
(ii) â - 3hâ - 5hâ - 7h
(iii) ^2a - 5h^2a + 5h^2a - 3h
(i)
^ x + 2h^ x + 5h^ x + 7h
= x + ^2 + 5 + 7h x + 6^2h^5h + ^5h^7h + ^7h^2h@ x + ^2h^5h^7h
= x + 14x + (10 + 35 + 14) x + 70
= x + 14x + 59x + 70
107
maha 4
(ii)
â - 3hâ - 5hâ - 7h = 6 a + ^- 3h@6 a + ^- 5h@6 a + ^- 7h@
= a + (- 3 - 5 - 7) a + 6^- 3h^- 5h + ^- 5h^- 7h + ^- 7h^- 3h@ a + ^- 3h^- 5h^- 7h

3
= a - 15a + (15 + 35 + 21) a - 105
= a - 15a + 71a - 105
(iii)
^2a - 5h^2a + 5h^2a - 3h = 62a + ^- 5h@62a + 5 @62a + ^- 3h@
= (2a) + (- 5 + 5 - 3) (2a) + 6^- 5h^5h + ^5h^- 3h + ^- 3h^- 5h@^2ah + ^- 5h^5h^- 3h

3
= 8a + (- 3) 4a + (- 25 - 15 + 15) 2a + 75
3
= 8a - 12a - 50a + 75
vLJfhL 4.20
2
a + b + c = 15 kW ab +bc +ca =25 v, a + b + c I fhf.
(a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2âb + bc + cah .
2
2
vdnt, 15 = a + b + c + 2^25h
225 = a + b + c + 50
2
` a + b + c = 225 - 50 = 175
vLJfhL 4.21

bjGJf. (i) (3a + 4b)
(ii) (2x - 3y)
(i)
(3a + 4b) = (3a) + 3 (3a) ^4bh + 3^3ah (4b) + (4b)

3
= 27a + 108a b + 144ab + 64b

3
(ii) (2x - 3y) = (2x) - 3 (2x) ^3yh + 3 (2x) (3y) - (3y)
= 8x - 36x y + 54xy - 27y
vLJfhL 4.22

jFj KbwhUikfis gagL tU xbthid kLf.
(i) ^105h3
(ii) ^999h3
(i)
^105h3 = ^100 + 5h3
= ^100h3 + ^5h3 + 3^100h^5h^100 + 5h (a^ x + yh3 = x + y + 3xy^ x + yh)
= 1000000 + 125 + 1500^105h
= 1000000 + 125 + 157500 = 1157625

108
afj
(ii) ^999h3 = ^1000 - 1h3

= ^1000h3 - ^1 h3 - 3^1000h^1 h^1000 - 1h
3
3

(a^ x - yh3 = x - y - 3xy^ x - yh)

= 1000000000 - 1 - 3000 (999)
= 1000000000 - 1 - 2997000 = 997002999
x kW y- Tl, fj kW bgUfiy csla y gaDs KbwhUikf.

3
x + y / ^ x + yh3 - 3xy^ x + yh
x - y / ^ x - yh3 + 3xy^ x - yh
nkny cs KbwhUikfis gagL y fzFfis ngh.
vLJfhL 4.23

x + y = 4 kW xy = 5 v, x + y I fhf.
3
x + y = ^ x + yh3 - 3xy^ x + yh vd ekF bj.

`
x + y = ^4h3 - 3^5h^4h = 64 - 60 = 4
vLJfhL 4.24

x - y = 5 kW xy = 16 v, x - y I fhf.
3
x - y = ^ x - yh3 + 3xy^ x - yh vd ekF bj.

x - y = ^5h3 + 3^16h^5h = 125 + 240 = 365
vLJfhL 4.25

3
x + 1 = 5 v, x + 13 - kig fhf.
x
x
3
x + y = ^ x + yh3 - 3xy^ x + yh vd ekF bj.

3
3
y = 1 vd ul, x + 13 = ` x + 1 j - 3` x + 1 j
x
x
x
x
3

= (5) - 3 (5) = 125 - 15 = 110
vLJfhL 4.26

y - 1 = 9 v, y3 - 13 - kig fhf.
y
y
3
x - y = ^ x - yh3 + 3xy^ x - yh vd ekF bj.

3
3
x = y, y = 1 vd ul, y - 13 = c y - 1 m + 3 c y - 1 m
y
y
y
y
3

= (9) + 3 (9) = 729 + 27 = 756
109
maha 4
tU KbwhUik nkgof gagLjgLwJ.

x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz / (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx)
F
x+y+z = 0 v, x3+y3+z3= 3xyz MF.
vLJfhL 4.27

2
2
2
RUFf ^ x + 2y + 3zh^ x + 4y + 9z - 2xy - 6yz - 3zxh
2
(x + y + z) (x + y + z - xy - yz - zx) = x + y + z - 3xyz vd ekF bj.

`
(x + 2y + 3z)(x + 4y + 9z - 2xy - 6yz - 3zx)
= ^ x + 2y + 3zh
3
6 x2 + ^2yh2 + ^3zh2 - ^ xh^2yh - ^2yh^3zh - ^3zh^ xh@
= (x) + (2y) + (3z) - 3 (x) (2y) (3z)

3
= x + 8y + 27z - 18xyz
vLJfhL 4.28

kLf 12 + 13 - 25
x = 12 , y = 13 , z =- 25 vf. d,
x + y + z = 12 + 13 - 25 = 0
x + y + z = 0 v, x + y + z = 3xyz vd ekF bj.

3
` 12 + 13 - 25 = 12 + 13 + ^- 25h3 = 3^12h (13)^- 25h = - 11700
g 4.5
1.
tUtdtiw bjGJf.
(i) ^5x + 2y + 3zh2
2.
fhf.
(i) ^ x + 1h^ x + 4h^ x + 7h
(ii) ^ p + 2h^ p - 4h^ p + 6h
(iii) ^ x + 5h^ x - 3h^ x - 1h
(iv) ^ x - ah^ x - 2ah^ x - 4ah
(v) ^3x + 1h^3x + 2h^3x + 5h
(vi) ^2x + 3h^2x - 5h^2x - 7h
3.
afj KbwhUikfis gagL x2 - bfG, x - bfG kW kh

cWfis fhf.
(i) ^ x + 7h^ x + 3h^ x + 9h
(ii) ^ x - 5h^ x - 4h^ x + 2h
(iii) ^2x + 3h^2x + 5h^2x + 7h
(iv) ^5x + 2h^1 - 5xh^5x + 3h
(ii) ^2a + 3b - ch2 (iii) ^ x - 2y - 4zh2
110
(iv) ^ p - 2q + r h2
afj
4.
3
2
^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch / x - 10x + 45x - 15 v, a + b + c , 1 + 1 + 1 kW
2
a + b + c Matiw fhf.
6.
3
bjGJf : (i) ^3a + 5bh3 (ii) ^4x - 3yh3 (iii) c2y - 3 m
y
3
3
3
3
3
k fhf : (i) 99
(ii) 101
(iii) 98
(iv) 102 (v) 1002
7.
2x + 3y = 13 kW xy = 6 v, 8x + 27y I fhf.
8.
x - y =- 6 kW xy = 4 v, x - y - kig fhf.
9.
3
x + 1 = 4 v, x + 13 - kig fhf.
x
x
3
x - 1 = 3 v, x - 13 - kig fhf.
x
x
2
2
2
RUFf : (i) ^2x + y + 4zh^4x + y + 16z - 2xy - 4yz - 8zxh
5.
10.
11.

12.
(ii) ^ x - 3y - 5zh^ x + 9y + 25z + 3xy - 15yz + 5zxh

3
k fhf : (i) 6 - 9 + 3
(ii) 16 - 6 - 10
4.7 gYW nfhitfis fhugLJj

(Factorization of Polynomials)

afj nfhitf bgUf gyid nfhitf TLjyhfnth
myJ ahrkhfnth vthW gL gig gagL J vGJtij

g fnlh.
vLJfhlhf,
2

(i) x^ x + yh = x + xy

(ii) x^ y - zh = xy - xz
(iii) a (a - 2a + 1) = a - 2a + a

, nfhitf TLj myJ ahrfis vthW bgUf gydhf
khWtJ vgij fngh.

nghJ, ab+ac -I vLJbfhf. gL ia gagL
a (b + c) = ab + ac vgij khWKiw ab + ac = a (b + c) vd vGjyh. Kiw
ab + ac vgij a (b + c) vd vGJtJ fhugLJj vdgL. ab kW ac vw
uL cWf a vgJ xU bghJ fhu. njnghW,

5m +15 = 5^mh + 5^3 h = 5(m +3).
b ( b 5) + g (b 5) ( b 5) vgJ bghJ fhu.
b^b - 5h + g^b - 5h = ^b - 5h^b + gh

111
maha 4
vLJfhL 4.29

tUtdtiw fhugLJf.
3
(i) pq + pr - 3ps (ii) 4a - 8b + 5ax - 10bx (iii) 2a + 4a
(iv) 6a - 18a + 42a

(i) pq + pr - 3ps = p (q + r - 3s)

(ii) 4a - 8b + 5ax - 10bx = ^4a - 8bh + (5ax - 10bx)

= 4 (a - 2b) + 5x (a - 2b) = (a - 2b) (4 + 5x)
3
2

(iii) 2a + 4a
2
2a vgJ 2a kW 4a Mat bgU bghJ fhu.

3

` 2a + 4a = 2a â + 2h .
5
3
2

(iv) 6a - 18a + 42a
2
6a vgJ 6a , - 18a kW 42a Mat bgU bghJ fhu.
` 6a - 18a + 42a = 6a (a - 3a + 7)
4.7.1 KbwhUikfis gagL fhugLJj.

(i) a + 2ab + b / (a + b)
(ii) a - 2ab + b / (a - b)
(myJ) a - 2ab + b / (- a + b)
(iii) a - b / â + bhâ - bh
2
(iv) a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca / (a + b + c)
vLJfhL 4.30
2
fhugLJf (i) 4x + 12xy + 9y
(iv) (a + b) - (a - b)

(i)
(v) 25 (a + 2b - 3c) - 9 (2a - b - c)
(iii) 9a - 16b
( i i ) 16a - 8a + 1 = (4a) - 2 (4a)^1 h + (1) = (4a - 1)
( i i i ) 9a - 16b = (3a) - (4b) = ^3a + 4bh^3a - 4bh
( i v ) (a + b) - (a - b)
(vi) x - x
4x + 12xy + 9y = (2x) + 2 (2x) (3y) + (3y) = (2x + 3y)
(ii) 16a - 8a + 1
(myJ) ^1 - 4ah 2
= 6â + bh + â - bh@6â + bh - â - bh@
= (a + b + a - b) (a + b - a + b) = ^2ah^2bh = ^4hâh^ bh
( v ) 25 (a + 2b - 3c) - 9 (2a - b - c) = 65â + 2b - 3ch@2 - 63^2a - b - ch@2
= 65â + 2b - 3ch + 3^2a - b - ch@ 65â + 2b - 3ch - 3^2a - b - ch@

= ^5a + 10b - 15c + 6a - 3b - 3ch^5a + 10b - 15c - 6a + 3b + 3ch
= ^11a + 7b - 18ch^- a + 13b - 12ch
112
afj
5
4
2 2
2
( v i ) x - x = x^ x - 1h = x 6(x ) - (1) @
2
2
2
2
2
= x^ x + 1h^ x - 1h = x^ x + 1h6(x) - (1) @
= x^ x + 1h^ x + 1h^ x - 1h
4 . 7 . 2 a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca / (a + b + c)

gagL fhugLJj.
vw KbwhUikia
vLJfhL 4.31

fhugLJf a + 4b + 36 - 4ab - 24b + 12a

2
a + 4b + 36 - 4ab - 24b + 12a

2
= (a) + (- 2b) + (6) + 2 (a) (- 2b) + 2 (- 2b)^6h + 2^6hâh = (a - 2b + 6)

F :
2
2
2
(a - 2b + 6) = 6^- 1h (- a + 2b - 6) @2 = ^- 1h2 (- a + 2b - 6) = (- a + 2b - 6)
vLJfhL 4.32

fhugLJf 4x + y + 9z - 4xy + 6yz - 12zx

2
4x + y + 9z - 4xy + 6yz - 12zx

2
= (2x) + (- y) + (- 3z) + 2^2xh^- yh + 2^- yh^- 3zh + 2^- 3zh^2xh
= (2x - y - 3z) (myJ) (- 2x + y + 3z)
3
3
4.7.3 x3 + y3 kW x - y Matiw fhugLJj
3
x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 = (x + y) vd ekF bj.
mjhtJ, x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y) = (x + y) 3
( x3 + y3 = (x + y) 3 - 3xy (x + y)
= (x + y) 6(x + y) 2 - 3xy @

= (x + y) (x2 + 2xy + y2 - 3xy)
= (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
x3 + y3 / (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
x3 - 3x2 y + 3xy2 - y3 = (x - y) 3 vd ekF bj.

mjhtJ, x3 - y3 - 3xy (x - y) = (x - y) 3
113
maha 4
3
( x3 - y3 = (x - y) + 3xy (x - y)
= (x - y) 6(x - y) + 3xy @
2
= (x - y) (x2 - 2xy + y2 + 3xy)
= (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)
x3 - y3 / (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)
nkny cs KbwhUikfis gagL tU nfhitfis fhugLJnth.

vLJfhL 4.33

fhugLJf (i) 8x + 125y
(ii) 27x - 64y
8x + 125y = (2x) + (5y)
(i)
2
2
= (2x + 5y)6(2x) - (2x) (5y) + (5y) @
2
= (2x + 5y)(4x - 10xy + 25y )
(ii)
27x - 64y = (3x) - (4y)
2
2
= (3x - 4y)6(3x) + ^3xh^4yh + (4y) @
2
2
= ^3x - 4yh^9x + 12xy + 16y h
g 4.6
1.
tU nfhitfis fhugLJf.
(i) 2a - 3a b + 2a c
(ii) 16x + 64x y
(iv) xy - xz + ay - az
(v) p + pq + pr + qr
2.
(i) x + 2x + 1
(iii) b - 4
3.
(i) p + q + r + 2pq + 2qr + 2rp (ii) a + 4b + 36 - 4ab + 24b - 12a
(iii) 9x + y + 1 - 6xy + 6x - 2y (iv) 4a + b + 9c - 4ab - 6bc + 12ca
(v) 25x + 4y + 9z - 20xy + 12yz - 30zx
4.
(i) 27x + 64y
(iv) 8x - 27y
(ii) 9x - 24xy + 16y
(iv) 1 - 36x
(iii) 10x - 25x y
(ii) m + 8
(v) x - 8y
(iii) a + 125
114
afj
4.7.4 ax 2 + bx + c ; a ! 0
vw to cs Ugo gYW nfhitfis
fhugLJj

Jtiu gYW nfhitf Fl tiffis, KbwhUikfis
gagL fhugLJjiy ghnjh. gF (i) a = 1 kW (ii) a ! 1

vDnghJ, ax2 + bx + c
vw Ugo gYW nfhitia KbwhUikia
gagLjhk vthW U nea gYW nfhitfshf gJ vgij ghngh.
(i)
x2 + bx + c vw to cs Ugo gYW nfhitfis

fhugLj.
^ x + ph kW ^ x + qh vgd x2 + bx + c - uL fhuf v, eh
bgWtJ,

x2 + bx + c = ^ x + ph^ x + qh
= x^ x + ph + q^ x + ph
= x2 + px + qx + pq
= x2 + (p + q) x + pq
UJ, x2 + bx + c = ^ x + ph^ x + qh vd fhugLj p , q vw U
vfis c = pq kW b = p + q vwthW fhz ntL.

tU fzFfis fhugLj j mogil ia gagLJnth.
vLJfhlhf,

(1)
x2 + 8x + 15 = ^ x + 3h^ x + 5h
F c = 15 = 3 # 5 kW 3 + 5 = 8 = b
x2 - 5x + 6 = ^ x - 2h^ x - 3h
(2)
F c = 6 = ^- 2h # ^- 3h kW ^- 2h + ^- 3h = - 5 = b
x2 + x - 2 = ^ x + 2h^ x - 1h
(3)
F c = - 2 = ^+ 2h # ^- 1h kW ^+ 2h + ^- 1h = 1 = b
x2 - 4x - 12 = ^ x - 6h^ x + 2h
(4)
F c = - 12 = ^- 6h # ^+ 2h kW ^- 6h + ^+ 2h = - 4 = b
nkny cs vLJfhLf kh cW U fhuf, mt
TLj x- bfGF rkkhf csthW fLofgLwJ.

115
maha 4
vLJfhL 4.34

tUtdtiw fhugLJf.
(i) x2 + 9x + 14
(ii) x2 - 9x + 14
(iii) x2 + 2x - 15
(iv) x2 - 2x - 15
(i)
x2 + 9x + 14
fhugLj p , q vw U vfis pq = 14 kW p + q = 9 vwthW
eh fhzntL.
x2 + 9x + 14 = x2 + 2x + 7x + 14
= x^ x + 2h + 7^ x + 2h
= ^ x + 2h^ x + 7h
` x2 + 9x + 14 = ^ x + 7h^ x + 2h

14 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 14
15
2, 7
9
njitahd fhuf 2, 7
(ii) x2 - 9x + 14
fhugLj p , q vw U vfis pq = 14 kW p + q = 9 vwthW

eh fhzntL.
14 -
fhuf
x2 - 9x + 14 = x2 - 2x - 7x + 14
fhuf
TLj
1, 14
15
= x^ x - 2h - 7^ x - 2h
2, 7
9
= ^ x - 2h^ x - 7h
njitahd fhuf2, 7
` x2 - 9x + 14 = ^ x - 2h^ x - 7h
(iii) x2 + 2x - 15
fhugLj p , q vw U vfis pq = - 15 kW p + q = 2 vwthW
eh fhzntL.
x2 + 2x - 15 = x2 - 3x + 5x - 15
15 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
= x^ x - 3h + 5^ x - 3h
1, 15
14
= ^ x - 3h^ x + 5h
3, 5
2
` x2 + 2x - 15 = ^ x - 3h^ x + 5h
njitahd fhuf 3, 5

(iv) x2 - 2x - 15

fhugLj p , q vw U vfis pq = - 15 kW p + q = - 2
vwthW eh fhzntL.
15 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
x2 - 2x - 15 = x2 + 3x - 5x - 15
1, 15
14
= x^ x + 3h - 5^ x + 3h
3, 5
2
= ^ x + 3h^ x - 5h
2
` x - 2x - 15 = ^ x + 3h^ x - 5h
njitahd fhuf 3, 5
116
afj
(ii) ax2 + bx + c vw to cs Ugo gYW nfhitfis

fhugLJj
a ! 1 vgjh ax2 + bx + c - nea fhuf ^rx + ph kW ^ sx + qh vw

to UF.

vdnt, ax2 + bx + c = ^rx + ph ^ sx + qh

= rsx2 + (ps + qr) x + pq

UwK x2 - bfGfis xl, eh bgWtJ a = rs njnghW x-
bfGfis xl, eh bgWtJ b = ps + qr kW kh cWfis xl,
bgWtJ c = pq
it ekF bjgJ vd bt, ps kW qr vw U bkbaf
TLj b kW mbtf bgUf ^ psh # ^qr h = ^ pr h # ^ sqh = ac
vdnt, ax2 + bx + c -I fhugLj, eh U vf TLj b-F

rkkhf mt bgUfgy ac-F rkkhf UFkhW fhzntL.
ax2 + bx + c -I fhugLj gw ntoa gof tUkhW.
go1 : x2 - bfGit kh cWl bgUf ntL.
go2 : bgUfgyid Ufhufshf f ntL. mthW F

nghJ fhuf TLj x - bfGF rkkhf UfntL.
go3 : bgUfgyid U nrhofshf J fhugLjntL.
vLJfhL 4.35

tUtdtiw fhugLJf.

(i) 2x2 + 15x + 27
(ii) 2x2 - 15x + 27

(iii) 2x2 + 15x - 27
(iv) 2x2 - 15x - 27
(i) 2x2 + 15x + 27

x2 - bfG = 2 ; kh cW = 27

` mt bgUf = 2 # 27 = 54
x - bfG = 15

mjhtJ, eh fhz ntoa U vf bgUf 54 kW mt
TLj 15
54 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj

mU vf 6 kW 9
1, 54
55
2
2

2x + 15x + 27 = 2x + 6x + 9x + 27
2, 27
29
3, 18
21

= 2x ^ x + 3 h + 9 ^ x + 3 h
6, 9
15

= ^ x + 3h^2x + 9h
njitahd fhuf 6, 9
2

` 2x + 15x + 27 = ^ x + 3h^2x + 9h
117
maha 4
(ii) 2x2 - 15x + 27

2
x - bfG = 2 ; kh cW = 27
mt bgUf = 2 # 27 = 54
x - bfG = 15
` U vf bgUf = 54;
mt TLj = 15
2x - 15x + 27 = 2x - 6x - 9x + 27
= 2x^ x - 3h - 9^ x - 3h
= ^ x - 3h^2x - 9h
` 2x - 15x + 27 = ^ x - 3h^2x - 9h
(iii) 2x2 + 15x - 27

2
x - bfG = 2 ; kh cW = 27
mt bgUf= 2 #- 27 = - 54
x - bfG = 15
` U vf bgUf = 54;
mt TLj = 15
2x + 15x - 27 = 2x - 3x + 18x - 27
= x^2x - 3h + 9^2x - 3h
= ^2x - 3h^ x + 9h
` 2x + 15x - 27 = ^2x - 3h^ x + 9h

(iv) 2x2 - 15x - 27
2
x - bfG = 2 ; kh cW = -27
mt bgUf= 2 #- 27 = - 54
x - bfG = 15

` U vf bgUf = 54;
mt TLj = 15
2x - 15x - 27 = 2x + 3x - 18x - 27
54 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 54
53
2, 27
25
3, 18
15
njitahd fhuf 3, 18
54 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 54
55
2, 27
29
3, 18
21
6, 9
15
njitahd fhuf 6, 9
= x^2x + 3h - 9^2x + 3h
= ^2x + 3h^ x - 9h
` 2x - 15x - 27 = ^2x + 3h^ x - 9h

118
54 -
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 54
53
2, 27
25
3, 18
15
njitahd fhuf 3, 18
afj
vLJfhL 4.36

fhugLJf ^ x + yh2 + 9^ x + yh + 8
x + y = p vf.

d bfhLfgl rkghL p + 9p + 8 vd khWwJ.

2
p - bfG = 1; kh cW = 8
mt bgUf = 1 # 8 = 8
fhuf
TLj
1, 8
p- bfG = 9
8 -
fhuf
U vf bgUf = 8;
mt TLj = 9
2
njitahd fhuf
1, 8
p + 9p + 8 = p + p + 8p + 8
= p^ p + 1h + 8^ p + 1h
= ^ p + 1h^ p + 8h

p = x + y vd ul ilgJ,
^ x + yh2 + 9^ x + yh + 8 = ^ x + y + 1h^ x + y + 8h
vLJfhL 4.37
3
2

fhugLJf (i) x - 2x - x + 2
(ii) x + 3x - x - 3
(i)
p (x) = x - 2x - x + 2 vf.
p (x) vgJ Kgo gYW nfhit, vdnt jF _W nea
fhuf Ufyh. kh cW 2. 2- fhuf 1, 1, 2 kW 2 MF.

3
p (- 1) = (- 1) - 2 (- 1) - (- 1) + 2 =- 1 - 2 + 1 + 2 = 0
` (x + 1) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MF.
p^1 h = (1) - 2 (1) - 1 + 2 = 1 - 2 - 1 + 2 = 0
` (x - 1) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MF.
p^- 2h = (- 2) - 2 (- 2) - (- 2) + 2 =- 8 - 8 + 2 + 2 =- 12 ! 0
` (x + 2) vgJ p (x) - xU fhu MfhJ.
p (2) = (2) - 2 (2) - 2 + 2 = 8 - 8 - 2 + 2 = 0
p (x) - _W fhuf (x + 1), (x - 1) kW (x - 2) MF.
` x - 2x - x + 2 =(x + 1) (x - 1) (x - 2) .
119
maha 4
khW Kiw

x - 2x - x + 2 = x (x - 2) - 1 (x - 2)
2
= (x - 2)(x - 1)
= (x - 2)(x + 1)(x - 1)
3
[a a - b = (a + b) (a - b) ]

(ii) p (x) = x + 3x - x - 3 vf.

p (x) vgJ Kgo gYW nfhit, vdnt jF _W nea
fhuf Ufyh.kh cW 3. 3 - fhuf 1, 1,3 kW 3 MF.

p (- 1) = (- 1) + 3 (- 1) - (- 1) - 3 =- 1 + 3 + 1 - 3 = 0
3
p (1) = (1) + 3 (1) - 1 - 3 = 1 + 3 - 1 - 3 = 0

3
p (- 3) = (- 3) + 3 (- 3) - (- 3) - 3 =- 27 + 27 + 3 - 3 = 0
p (x) - _W fhuf (x + 1), (x - 1) kW (x + 3) MF.
` x + 3x - x - 3 =(x + 1) (x - 1) (x + 3) .
g 4.7
1.
tU xbthid fhugLJf.
(i) x + 15x + 14
(iv) x - 14x + 24
(vii) x + 14x - 15
(x) x - 2x - 99
2.
tU xbthid fhugLJf.
(i) 3x + 19x + 6
(iv) 14x + 31x + 6
(vii) 6x - 5x + 1
(x) 2a + 17a - 30
(xiii) 2x - 3x - 14
3.
tUtdtiw fhugLJf.
(i) â + bh2 + 9â + bh + 14
4.
tUtdtiw fhugLJf.
(i) x + 2x - x - 2
(iii) x + x - 4x - 4
(ii) x + 13x + 30
(v) y - 16y + 60
(viii) x + 9x - 22
(xi) m - 10m - 144
(iii) y + 7y + 12
(vi) t - 17t + 72
(ix) y + 5y - 36
2
2
(xii) y - y - 20
(vi) 9y - 16y + 7
(ix) 3x + 5x - 2
(viii) 3x - 10x + 8
(xi) 11 + 5x - 6x
(xiv) 18x - x - 4
(iii) 2x + 9x + 10
(v) 5y - 29y + 20
2
(ii) 5x + 22x + 8
(ii)
(xii) 8x + 29x - 12
(xv) 10 - 7x - 3x
^ p - qh2 - 7^ p - qh - 18
(ii) x - 3x - x + 3
(iv) x + 5x - x - 5
120
afj
4.8 nea rkghLf (Linear Equations)

a, b Mad khfshf kW a ! 0 vd bfhl ax + b = 0 vwikj
xU kh cs nea rkghLfis id Tnth.
vLJfhlhf, 3x + 2 = 8 I ngh.

3x = 8 - 2 ( 3x = 6 ( x = 6 ( x = 2
3

cik, xU khia bfhl nearkghLF xnu xU (jj)
kLnk cL.
4.8.1 U khf xU nrho nea rkghLf

U khf cs nea rkgho bghJtot ax + by = c , F a, b
kW c vgd khf nkY a ! 0 , b ! 0 .
x , y vw Ukhf mikj xU nrho nea rkghLfis vLJbfhnth.

a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2
(1)
(2)
F, a1, a2, b1, b2, c1 kW c2 vgd khf kW a1 ! 0 , b1 ! 0 , a2 ! 0
kW b2 ! 0 .

U rkghLfis ^ x0, y0h t brjh, ^ x0, y0h vgJ U

rkghLf xU MF. Mfnt, U rkghLfSF fhgJ
mtiw iw br tir nrho ^ x0, y0h I fLogjhF.

uL Kiw, f Kiw kW FWF bgUf Kiw Mad
rkghLf bjhFF fhQ y Kiwf MF.

ghlgF uL Kiwia kLnk vLJbfhL Ukhf
cs nea rkghLfSF fhngh.
uL Kiw (Substitution Method)

j Kiw, xU rkgho cs U khf xiw kw rhghf
fLoJ d mij mLj rkgho uL fhngh.

vLJfhL 4.38
tU xUnrho rkghLfis uL Kiw f.

2x + 5y = 2 kW x + 2y = 3
2x + 5y = 2

(1)
x + 2y = 3
(2)
121
maha 4
rkghL (2)- UJ, x = 3 - 2y
vd ilwJ.
x- kig (1)- ul, 2^3 - 2yh + 5y = 2
(3)
( 6 - 4y + 5y = 2

- 4y + 5y = 2 - 6
` y = - 4 vd ilwJ.
y =- 4 vd (3)- ul,
x = 3 - 2^- 4h = 3 + 8 = 11 vd ilwJ.
` x = 11 kW y =- 4
vLJfhL 4.39
x + 3y = 16, 2x - y = 4 I uL Kiw .
x + 3y = 16
2x - y = 4
(1)
(2)
rkghL (1)- UJ, x = 16 - 3y
(3)
vd ilwJ.
x- kig (2)- ul,
2^16 - 3yh - y = 4
( 32 - 6y - y = 4
- 6y - y = 4 - 32

- 7y = - 28

y = - 28 = 4 vd ilwJ.
-7

y = 4 vd (3)- ul, x = 16 - 3^4h
= 16 - 12 = 4 vd ilwJ.

` x = 4 kW y = 4 .
vLJfhL 4.40

1 + 1 = 4 kW 2 + 3 = 7 ( x ! 0, y ! 0 ) vgij uL Kiw .
x
y
x
y
1 = a kW 1 = b vf.
x
y
bfhLfgl rkghLf tUkhW khWwd.
122
afj
a + b = 4
(1)
2a + 3b = 7
(2)
(3)
rkghL (1)- UJ, b = 4 - a
vd ilwJ.
b- kig (2)- ul, 2a + 3^4 - ah = 7
( 2a + 12 - 3a = 7
2a - 3a = 7 - 12
- a = - 5 ( a = 5 vd ilwJ.
a = 5 vd (3)- ul, b = 4 - 5 = - 1
Mdh, 1 = a & x = 1 = 1
x
a
5
1
1

= b & y = = 1 =- 1
y
b
-1

` x = 1 , y =- 1
5
vLJfhL 4.41

xU ngdh kW xU nehL jf nrJ iy ` 60. ngdh iy
nehL jf iyia l ` 10 Fiw v, xbth iyia fhf.
xU ngdh iy ` x vf.

xU nehL jf iy ` y vf.
bfhLfgl tuf go,
x + y = 60
(1)
x = y - 10
(2)
x- kig (1)- ul, y - 10 + y = 60
( y + y = 60 + 10 ( 2y = 70

` y = 70 = 35
2
x = 35 - 10 = 25

y = 35 I (2)- ul,

xU ngdh iy ` 25.
xU nehL jf iy ` 35.
vLJfhL 4.42

_W fj jff kW ehF ma jff bkhj iy

` 216. _W fj jff iy ehF ma jff iy
rk v, xbthU jf iyia fhf.
123
maha 4

xU fj jf iy ` x kW xU ma jf iy ` y vf.

bfhLfgl tuf go,
(1)

3x + 4y = 216

(2)
3x = 4y
4y
rkghL (2)- UJ, x =
(3)
3
4y
x- kig (1)- ul, 3 c m + 4y = 216
3
( 4y + 4y = 216 ( 8y = 216
` y = 216 = 27
8
4^27h
y = 27 vd (3)- ul, x =
= 36
3
` xU fj jf iy ` 36.
xU ma jf iy ` 27.
vLJfhL 4.43

jUk ngUJ iyaUJ ghynfhoF uL gazLfS,
fhkfyF _W gazLfS thf bkhj flz ` 32. ghynfhoF
_W gazLfS, fhkfyF xU gazL thf bkhj flz
` 27. jUkUJ ghynfhL kW fhkfy bry flzfis fhf.
jUkUJ ghynfhoF flz ` x vd kW fhkfyF
flz ` y vd bfhf.

bfhLfgl tuf go,
2x + 3y = 32
3x + y = 27
(1)
(2)
rkghL (2)- UJ, y = 27 - 3x
(3)
y- kig (1)- ul, 2x + 3^27 - 3xh = 32

( 2x + 81 - 9x = 32

2x - 9x = 32 - 81

- 7x = - 49
` x = - 49 = 7
-7
x = 7 vd (3)- ul, y = 27 - 3^7h = 27 - 21 = 6
` jUkUJ ghynfhoF flz ` 7, fhkfyF flz ` 6.
124
afj
vLJfhL 4.44
U vf TLj 55, mt ahr 7 v, mj vfis fhf.
U vf x, y vf. F x > y vngh.
bfhLfgl tuf go,
x + y = 55
(1)
x - y = 7
(2)
(3)
rkghL (2)- UJ,
x = 7+y
x- kig (1)- ul, 7 + y + y = 55
( 2y = 55 - 7 = 48
` y = 48 = 24
2
y = 24 vd (3)- ul, x = 7 + 24 = 31 .
` njitahd U vf 31 kW 24.
vLJfhL 4.45

xU uL yf v yff TLj 11. yffis lkh
mikF nghJ ilF v Kija viz l 9 Fiw v, mj viz

fLo.

xU uoyf v gjh yf x vd xwh yf y vd
bfhf. wF mj v 10x + y .

yff TLj x + y = 11
(1)
yffis lkh mikf ilF v 10y + x .

bfhLfgl tufgo, (10x + y) - 9 = 10y + x
( 10x + y - 10y - x = 9
9x - 9y = 9
UwK 9 M tFf, x - y = 1
(2)
rkghL (2)- UJ, x = 1 + y
(3)
x- kig (1)- ul, 1 + y + y = 11

( 2y + 1 = 11
2y = 11 - 1 = 10
` y = 10 = 5 , y = 5 vd (3) ul, x = 1 + 5 = 6
2
` mj v 10x + y = 10 (6) + 5 = 65
125
maha 4
4.9 xU kh cs nea mrkghLf (Linear Inequations in One

Variable)

x + 4 = 6 vgJ xU kh mikj nea rkghL MF. rkghil
f x = 2 vd ilF. xU kh cs nearkgho khF xnu xU
k kL cL.

x + 4 2 6 vw mrkghil vLJ bfhnth.
mjhtJ, x > 6 - 4
-2 -1
x >2

Mfnt 2-Fmfkhd vj bkbaQ j mrkghil iw
br. Hlglhj tl gF FF viz fz nrf TlhJ
vgij FwJ.
vLJfhL 4.46

f 4^ x - 1h # 8
4 ^ x - 1h # 8
UwK 4 M tFf,
x - 1 #2
-2 -1
x # 2+1 ( x # 3

_W kW _WF Fiwthd midJ bkbafS bfhLfgl
mrkgho f MF.

Hlgl tlgF FF viz fz nrf ntL
vgij FwJ.
vLJfhL 4.47

f 3^5 - xh > 6
3^5 - xh > 6

-2 -1
UwK 3 M tFf, 5 - x > 2
(-x > 2 - 5 (-x > - 3
` x<3
(nH bfhLJs Fiuia ghf)

_iwl Fiwthd midJ bkbafS bfhLfgl mrkgho
f MF.
Fiu (i) - a > - b ( a < b
(ii) a < b ( 1 > 1 ; a ! 0 , b ! 0
a b

(iii) a < b ( ka < kb for k > 0 (iv) a < b ( ka > kb ; k < 0
126
afj
vLJfhL 4.48

f 3 - 5x # 9
-2
3 - 5x # 9

( - 5x # 9 - 3 ( - 5x # 6
( 5x $ - 6 ( x $ - 6 ( x $ - 1.2
5
-1
-1.2
- 1.2 kW 1.2-F mfkhd midJ bkbafS bfhLfgl
mrkgho f MF.
g 4.8
1.

tU rkghLfis uL Kiw f.
(ii) 2x + y = 1 ; 3x - 4y = 18
(i) x + 3y = 10 ; 2x + y = 5
(iii) 5x + 3y = 21 ; 2x - y = 4
(iv) 1 + 2 = 9 ; 2 + 1 = 12 (x ! 0, y ! 0)
x
y
x
y
5
4
3
1
(v) + = 7 ; - = 6 (x ! 0, y ! 0)
x
y
x
y
2.
TLj 24 kW ahr 8 vwthW cs U vfis fhf.
3.
xU uoyf v yff TLj 9. yffis lkhw

ilF U yf v, Kija v Uklif fhoY 18
mf v, mbtiz fhf.
flK FwlK M gHf csd. vdF 4 gHfis jjh,

vl cs gHf vif cl csij nghy _W
klF, vd f Fwl Tdh. vdF 26 gHfis jjh vl
cs gHf vif, cl csij nghy UklfhF, vd
Fw gyjh. xbthUtlK vjid gHf csd?
5.
tU mrkghLfis f.
(i) 2x + 7 2 15
(ii) 2^ x - 2h 1 3
127
(iii) 2^ x + 7h # 9
(iv) 3x + 14 $ 8
maha 4
id bfhf
x vw xU kh mikj xU gYW nfhit afj mik

n
p(x) = an x + an - 1 x
n-1
+ g + a2 x + a1 x + a0 , an ! 0 F a0, a1, a2, g, an - 1, an
vgd khf kW n xU Fiwaw if KG.

p^ xh vgJ x- xU gYWnfhit vf. pâh = 0 v, a vgJ p^ xh-
xU a vd TWnth.
x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit rkghil iw brjh,
x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho xU _y

vdgL
njw:
p^ xhvgJ VnjD xU gYW nfhit kW
vgJ VnjD xU bkba vf. p^ xhI ^ x - ah vw nea gYW

nfhitah tFjh pâh MF
fhu njw : p^ xh vgJ xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD
xU bkba vf. p(a) = 0 v, (xa) vgJ p^ xh- xU fhu MF.

2
(x + y + z) / x + y + z + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
(x + y) 3 / x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)
x3 + y3 / (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
(x - y) 3 / x3 - y3 - 3xy (x - y)
x3 - y3 / (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)
x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz / (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx)
^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch / x3 + â + b + ch x2 + âb + bc + cah x + abc
128
Mabjhiy totfj
I hope that posterity will judge me kindly, not only as to the
things which I have explained, but also as to those which I
have intentionally omitted so as to leave to others the pleasure
of discovery
- Rene Descartes
Kjik Fnfhf

fhOa Mabjhiy Kiwia J bfhSj.
x kW y Mabjhiyfis mJ bfhSj.
fhOa js xU ia Fj.
U fSF ilyhd bjhiyit fhQj.
nlfh
(1596-1650)
nlfh (Descartes)
ed jJt jij
vd miHfgLwh.
5.1 mKf
Mabjhiy totfj myJ gFKiw
totfj vgJ, vfshyhd mR uf
tir nrhof _y js nk cs fis
tgnj. Kiwia mKfgL mj_y
fis FF Kiwia tjt nund nlfh
vw buR ehL fj tYd Mth. mt nj
Kiwia bfhL tistiufis, nfhLfis
rkghLf
_y
tf
Ko
vW
vLJiujh. tnu toaiy afjij
Kj
Kj
izJ
ghjt.
j
fLofSfhf mtiu bfsutgLJ jkhf,
xU mRbjhiyfis (mRufis)
fhOa mRuf vd, mR jsfis
fhOa mRjsf vd miHnwh.
gFKiw
totfj
fLo
ed
fj Mugkhf fUjgLwJ.

j ghl, fis fhOa mR
js Ff, f mRufis
bfhL U fSF ilgl bjhiyit ma
cj Nuij tUf bjJ bfhnth.
129
mt ma t
mtkhf xU a
Kiwia jh.
mj _y aaY,
thdaY xU a
ghitia VgLdh.
nlfh FpLf
cjnahL gFKiw
toaiy v
fjgL mjid
caiygofis
bfhl rkghLf
bjhFghdh.
XU ia mj
mR uf vW
miHfgL U
vfis bfhL Ff
Ko vd flt
nlfh.
maha 5
5.2 fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw

vw
J
bkbaf
ghl,
bkbafis
Y
8
bjhF
nfho
6
5
vthW
Ffyh vd eh fUnwh.
bkba nfho J xbthU
bkbaQF, xU jgl P
X 5
vw UF. mnj ngh v

nfho J cs xbthU P vw
O 1
magL.
fhOa
js
Kiw,
6X
3
4
mRbjhiy
xU jgl bkbazh
njngh
nkYs vj xU P vw ia
gl 5.1
mRuf vW miHfgL
uL bkbafis bfhL xU
iyahd l Ffyh.

fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw myJ brtf mRbjhiy Kiw
vgJ xWbfhW brFjhd uL bkba nenfhLfis bfhl

xU jskhF. mj uL brFJ bkba nenfhLf fhOa js
mRf vdgL.
muL mRfS a bto bfhSkhW
mikfbgW, mj M vd miHfgLwJ.
ilahd
bkba nenfhL x-mR vd Fjhd bkba nenfhL y-mR vd

miHgLwJ.
y-m tyJw cs f x-mRbjhiy if
vfshf lJw cs f x-mRbjhiy Fiw vfshf

bfhsgL. mnjngh x-m nkw cs f y-mRbjhiy
if vfshf w cs f y-mRbjhiy Fiw vfshf
bfhsgL. uL mRfY xnu myid gagLJnth.
5.2.1 xU mRbjhiyf

fhOa Kiw js nk cs P vw vj xU
bkbafshyhd xU tir nrho _y magL. mj bkbafis

130
Mabjhiy totfj
bgWtjF P vw tna uL
Y
8
7
nenfhLf mRfSF izahf
(x , y )
btL x-mRbjhiy vd,
5
4
ilnfhL y-mid btL
y-mRbjhiy vd miHfgL.
uL P vw mR
X 5
O 1
FJnfhL x-mid
tiuagL.
4 x 5
6X
bjhiyf
vwiHfgLwJ.
jid
bjhiyit
Kj
x-mR
ulhtjhf
y-mR
tHfkhf,
bjhiyit bfhL (x, y) vw tir
nrhoahf vGjyh.
6
7
gl 5.2
1. (a, b) vw vj xU tir nrhoY, mj cWf a kW b

xU Fgl tir mikfgLwJ. vdnt tir
nrhof (a, b) kW (b, a) ntWgl U tir nrhof MF. mjhtJ (a, b) ! (b, a) .
Fiu
2. (a1, b1) = (a2, b2) v a1 = a2 kW b1 = b2

MF.
3. tU ghlgF kW
mRuf
uL
xwhf magL.
5.2.2 x-mRbjhiy

xU x-mRu myJ
x-bjhiy (abscissa), m y-m
tywkhf csjh myJ lwkhf
csjh vd ma cjwJ. P vw
x-mRuij fhgjF:
(i)
P vw UJ x-mF
xU brFJ nfhL tiuf.
mbrFJ nfhL x-mid
rF l vk
m x-mRu MF.

gl 5.3-, P vw
x-mRu 1 kW Q vw
x-mRu 5 vd fhnwh.
(ii)
131
Y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
X 5
O 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
gl 5.3
6X
maha 5
5.2.3 -mRbjhiy

xU y-mRu myJ
y-bjhiy
nkwkhf
csjh
myJ
y-mRuij
P vw
rF
O 1
1
1
y-mid
vk
6X
6 kW Q vw y-mRu 2
5
6
7
vd fhnwh.
nfhL
gl 5.4-, P vw y-mRu
X 5
m y-mRu MF.
fhgjF:
P vw UJ y-mF xU
mbrFJ
wkhf
brFJ nfhL tiuf.

(ii)
(ordinate), m x-m
csjh vd ma cjwJ.
(i)
gl 5.4
(i) x-m Js vj xU y-mRbjhiy a MF.

(ii) y-m Js vj xU x-mRbjhiy a MF.
(iii) M x kW y mRbjhiyf a MF. vdnt,

Mia (0,0) vd Fngh.
5.2.4 fhgFf (Quadrants)

brtf mRfis bfhl js fhOa js vwiHfgL.
fhOa js mRf mjsij ehF gFfshf wd.
Y
mit gl 5.5- csthW, fofhu v
ir vlgL I- fhgF, II-
II fhgF
I fhgF
fhgF, III- fhgF, kW IV- fhgF
(, +)
(+, +)
vwiHfgLwd.
x-mRu
I-
kW
IV-
fhgFf
if
vfshf, II- kW III- fhgFf
O
X
Xl
Fiw vfshf UF. y-mRu
III fhgF
IV fhgF
I-
kW
II-
fhgFf
if
(+, )
(, )
vfshf, III- kW IV- fhgFf
Fiw vfshf UF.
gl 5.5-
mRuf afj Ff mil
Yl
gl 5.5
FfSF fhlgLsd.
132
Mabjhiy totfj
xbthU mRuf Ff vthW mikwd vgJ

tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
gF
fhgF
mRuf
jik
mRuf
afj Ff
XOY
x > 0, y > 0
+, +
Xl OY
II
x < 0, y > 0
-, +
Xl OYl
III
x < 0, y < 0
-, -
XOYl
IV
x > 0, y < 0
+, -
5.2.5 brtf mRu Kiw xU ia Fj

fhOa mRu Kiw xU ia vgo FgJ vd xU
vLJfho _y sFnth. fhOa mRu Kiw (5, 6) vw ia

Ff, x-m nk 5 tU tiu efJ, 5- tna x-mF brFjhf
xU nfhL tiua ntL.
mnj ngh
y-m nk 6 tU tiu efJ, 6-
8
7
tna y-mF brFjhf xU nfhL
tiua ntL. j uL nfhLfS
btobfhS (5, 6) MF.
4
3
mjhtJ, x-m if ir 5
myFf efJ mUJ y-m

if
6 myFf
ir
efjh
X 5
eh (5, 6) vw ia milnth.
(5,
6)
vw
myFf bjhiyY
y-mUJ
O 1
1
2
x-mUJ 6
thW
(5, 6) vw fhOa js
FfgLwJ.
myFf bjhiyY csJ.
P(5, 6)
gl 5.6
vLJfhL 5.1

tU fis brtf mRbjhiy Kiw Ff.
(i) A (5, 4)
(ii) B ( 4, 3)
(iii) C ( 2, 3)
133
(iv) D (3, 2)
6X
maha 5
Y
8
7
6
5
A(5, 4)
B(-4, 3)
3
2
1
X -5
-4
-3
-2
O 1
-1
6X
-1
-2
D(3, -2)
-3
C(-2, -3)
-4
-5
-6
-7
Y
gl 5.7

(i)
fhOa js (5,4) vw ia Ff, x = 5- xU FJnfhL,

y = 4- xU ilnfhL tiua. j uL nfhLfS btobfhS
na (5, 4) vw ahF.
(ii)
fhOa js (- 4, 3 ) vw ia Ff, x = - 4 - xU FJnfhL,

na (- 4, 3 ) vw ahF.
(iii) fhOa js (- 2, - 3 ) vw ia Ff, x = 2- xU FJnfhL,

y = -3- xU ilnfhL tiua. j uL nfhLfS btobfhS
na (- 2, - 3 ) vw ahF.
(iv)
fhOa js (3, - 2) vw ia Ff, x = 3- xU FJnfhL,

na (3, - 2) vw ahF.
134
Mabjhiy totfj
vLJfhL 5.2
Y
8

(i) (3, 5) kW (5, 3) (ii) (- 2, - 5) kW
(- 5, - 2) vw fis brtf mRu
Kiw Ff.
7
6
B(3, 5)
5
4
A(5, 3)
3
2
fhOa js, (x, y) vw

x-mRbjhiy kW y-mRbjhiy
Matiw l kh vGJ nghJ, mJ
X 5
C(5,2)
(y, x) vw ntbwhU ahf mik vd

ma.
O 1
6X
2
3
4
5
D(2,5)
gl 5.8
vLJfhL 5.3
(1, 0), (2, 0), (5, 0) kW (4, 0) vw fis brtf mRu
Kiw Ff.
Y
8
7
6
5
4
3
fhOa
X 5
1
O 1
1
1
(4, 0)
(2, 0)
(5, 0)
(1, 0)
js,
xU
y-mRbjhiy a v, mj
5
6X
x-m nk mik vd mayh.
2
3
4
5
6
7
Y
gl 5.9
135
maha 5
vLJfhL 5.4
(0, 4), (0,2), (0, 5) kW (0,4) vw fis brtf mRu Kiw
Ff.
Y
8
7
6
(0, 5) 5
(0, 4) 4
3
2
fhOa
js,
xU
x-mRbjhiy a v m
y-m nk mik vd fhnwh.
X 5
O 1
6X
(0, 2) 2
3
(0, 4) 4
5
6
7
gl 5.10
vLJfhL 5.5
(i) (1, 2), ( 4, 2), (4, 2) kW (0, 2) vw fis brtf mRu Kiw
Ff. mf mikig g cdh vd Tw Ko?

Y
8
7
6
5
4
3
(4, 2)
(1, 2)
(0, 2)
(4, 2)
fis FJ, xU nfho
X 5
_y
O 1
1
1
2
6X
izF
nghJ
mnfhL
x-mF izahd xU nenfhlhf

miktij fhzyh.
3
4
5
6
7
gl 5.11
136
Mabjhiy totfj
x-mF
Fiu
izahd
nfho
nk
y-mRbjhiyf rkkhf UF.
vLJfhL 5.6
A (2, 3), B (2, 3), C (2, 3) kW D (2,
cs
3) vw f mik fhgFia
fhf.
fis
izgjh
7
6
5
vtif tiugl ilF vd TWf.

B(2,3)
A
I
fhgF
B
II
C
III
D
IV
A(2, 3)
3
2
1
X 5
glUJ, ABCD xU brtfkhF.
O 1
6X
gl 5.12- cs brtf s,
mfy kW gugsit cdh fhz
Kokh?
C(2,3)
D(2,3)
vLJfhL 5.7
gl 5.12

gl 5.13- FfgLs f
mRufis fhf. F xbthU
Y
8
7
rJuK xuyF rJu (Unit Square) MF.
6
5
A vw ia vLJ bfhf.
G
X 5
6X
1
2
3
M UJ uL myFf
bjhiyY mikJsJ. vdnt, A-
D
C
ir
bjhiyY y-m if ir
O 1
if
M UJ _W myFf
1
3
x-m
mRbjhiyf (3, 2) MF.
B, C, D, E, F kW G Mat
6
7
njngh
kw
mRbjhiyf Kiwna (- 3,2),(- 2,- 2),

(2, - 1), (5, - 3), (3, 4), (- 3, 1) MF.
gl 5.13
137
maha 5
g 5.1
1.
tU thaf rah myJ jtwh vd Tw.
(i)
(ii) (- 2, - 7) vw _wh fhgF mikwJ.
(iii) (8, - 7) vw x-mF nH mikwJ.
(iv) (5, 2) kW (- 7, 2) vw f y-mF izahd nfho nk

csd.
(v) (- 5, 2) vw y-mF lgf csJ.
(vi) (0, 3) vw x-m nk csJ.
(vii) (- 2, 3) vgJ ulh fhgF cs xU MF.
(viii) (- 10, 0) vw x-m nk csJ.
(ix) (- 2, - 4) vw x-mF nkgF mikwJ.
(x) x-m Js vj xU F y-mRbjhiy a MF.
2.
fhOa mRu Kiw, tU fis FJ mit vj

fhgF mikwd vd Tw.
(i) (5, 2)
(vi) (0, 3)
3.
tU f x-mRbjhiy fhf.
(i) (- 7, 2)
4.
tU f y-mRbjhiy fhf.
(i) (7, 5)
5.
tU fis mRjs Ff.
(i) (4, 2)
fis izF nfhL vthW mikJsJ vd TWf.
6.
uL f xbth y-mRbjhiy - 6 vf. mj fis

izF nenfhL x-mid bghWJ vthW mik vd TWf.
7.
uL f xbth x-mRbjhiy a v, mj
fis izF nenfhL x-mid bghWJ vthW mik
vd TWf.
8.
fhOa js A (- 3, 4), B (2, 4), C (- 3, - 1) kW D (2, - 1) vw

fis Ff. tir khwhk fis nfhL JLfsh
izgjh vtif tiugl ilF vd TWf.
(5, 7) vw ehfh fhgF mikwJ.
(ii) (- 1, - 1)
(vii) (4, - 5)
(ii) (3, 5)
(ii) (2, 9)
(ii) (4, - 5)
(iii) (7, 0)
(viii) (0, 0)
(iv) (- 8, - 1)
(ix) (1, 4)
(iii) (8, - 7)
(iii) (- 5, 8)
(iii) (4, 0)
138
(v) (0, - 5)
(x) (- 5, 7)
(iv) (- 5, - 3)
(iv) (7, - 4)
(iv) (4, - 2)
Mabjhiy totfj
9.
brtf mRbjhiy Kiw O(0, 0), A(5, 0), B(5, 4) vw fis

Ff. OABC xU brtfkhf mikkhW C- mRufis fhf.
10.
ABCD vw brtf, A, B, D vw f mRuf Kiwna

(0, 0), (4, 0), (0, 3) v, C- mRufis fhf.
5.3 U fSF ilgl bjhiy

gFKiw totfj, f vikahdJ U fSF ilgl
bjhiyit fzLtJ MF. A, B vw U fSF ilgl bjhiy

AB vW FfgL.
5.3.1 fhOa js mRf J cs U fSF ilgl bjhiy

U f x-m J mik
nghJ mtilnas bjhiyit v
fhz Ko, Vbd mU f
x-mRuf ahrnk mbjhiythF.
x-m J mik A(x1, 0) , B (x2, 0) vw
xl
B
x2
A
x1
x2 x1
U fis fUJf.

x2 2 x1 v, A-UJ B- bjhiy
AB = OB - OA = x2 - x1
yl
gl 5.14
x1 2 x2 v, AB = x - x
1
2

vdnt, AB = x2 - x1 MF.
mnjngh U f y-m J mik nghJ mtilnas
bjhiy mt y-mRuf ahrF
rkkhF. y-m J mik A (0, y1) , B (0, y2) vw
y2
U fis fUJf.

y2 2 y1 v, A-
AB = OB - OA = y2 - y1
UJ
y1 2 y2 v AB = y1 - y2
vdnt, AB = y2 - y1 MF.
B-
bjhiy
y1
xl
yl
gl 5.15
139
y2y1
maha 5
5.3.2 mRF izahd nenfho Js U fSF ilgl

bjhiy

A (x1, y1) kW B (x2, y1) vw U fis vLJ
bfhnth.
y mRuf rkkhf
A(x1, y1)
B(x2, y1)
csjh U fS x-mF izahd xU

O
ne nfho nk mik. A kW B-UJ x-mF xl Q
Kiwna AP kW BQ vw FJnfhLfis tiua.

A, B Matilnaahd bjhiythdJ, P, Q
yl
Matilnas bjhiyF rkkhF.

vdnt, AB = PQ = x1 - x2
jnghJ
nfho nk
y-mF
A (x1, y1)
izahf
cs
kW B (x1, y2)
fis vLJbfhf.
gl 5.16
y-mF, A kW
jnghJ P kW Q- mRuf
P,
Matilnas
bjhiyF rkkhF.
B(x1, y2)
yl
gl 5.17
vdnt, PQ = AB = y1 - y2
Fiu
xl
(0, y1) kW (0, y2) MF. A, B Matilnaahd

bjhiythdJ,
A(x1, y1)
vw U
B-UJ Kiwna AP kW BQ vw FJ nfhLfis

tiua.
xU
mRF izahd nenfho nk cs U fSF

ilyhd bjhiy, mj nenfhL vj mF izahf
csnjh, mj mRbjhiyf ahrkhF.

5.3.3 U f ilgl bjhiy

fhOa
js
vLJbfhnth.
A (x1, y1)
kW
B (x2, y2)
vw
fis
A, B- UJ x-mF tiuagl FJnfhLf
mof Kiwna P kW Q vf. A- UJ BQ F AR vw FJnfhL

tiua. gl 5.18- UJ eh mtJ,
140
Mabjhiy totfj
AR = PQ = OQ - 0P = x2 - x1 kW

B(x2, y2)
BR = BQ - RQ = y2 - y1
brnfhz Knfhz ARB- UJ jhfu

njwgo,

AB = AR + RB = (x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2
mjdh, AB =
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)
AB =
vw
A(x1, y1)
fSF
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)
xl

vdnt A kW
ilgl bjhiy
y2y1
x2 x1
yl
gl 5.18
KafUJ U fSF ilyhd bjhiy

kW (x2, y2)
(x1, y1)
vw bfhLfgl U fSF
ilnaahd bjhiyit fhQ Nu

Fiu
d=
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)
(i) Nu nkny Twgl midJ tif fSF

bghUJ.
(ii) MUJ
2
OP =
P (x1, y1)
vw
bjhiy
x1 + y1 MF.
vLJfhL 5.8

(4, 0) kW (3, 0) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.
(- 4, 0) kW (3, 0) vgd x-m nk cs U f.

vdnt, d = x1 - x2 = 3 - (- 4) = 3 + 4 = 7
khWKiw :

d=
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)
= (3 + 4) + 0 =
49 = 7
vLJfhL 5.9

(5, 2) kW (- 7, 2) vw f x-mF izahd xU nfho Jsd.

vdnt, d = x1 - x2 = - 7 - 5 = - 12 = 12
khWKiw :

d=
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) =
(5 + 7) + (2 - 2) = 122 = 144 = 12
141
maha 5
vLJfhL 5.10

(5, 6) kW ( 4, 2) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.
(x1, y1) = (5, 6), (x2, y2) = (4, 2) vf.

2
d=
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) vw bjhiy Nuij gagLj,
d=
(- 4 + 5) + (2 + 6) =
1 + 8 = 1 + 64 =
65
vLJfhL 5.11

(x1, y1) = (0, 8), (x2, y2) = (6, 0) vf. U fSF ilgl bjhiy
d=
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2
(6 - 0) + (0 - 8) =
36 + 64 = 100 = 10
khWKiw :

A, B vgd (6, 0) kW (0, 8) vw fis,
O vgJ Mia FfL. A(6, 0) vw
x-m J, B(0, 8) vw y-m J
mikJsd.
mRfSF ilgl nfhz
brnfhz vgjh AOB vw Knfhz xU xl
brnfhz Knfhz MF.
B(0, 8)
8 myFf
A(6, 0)
O
yl
OA = 6, OB = 8
6 myFf
gl 5.19
jhfu njw go,

2
AB = OA + OB = 36 + 64 = 100.
` AB = 100 = 10
vLJfhL 5.12

(x1, y1) = (3, - 4), (x2, y2) = (5, - 7) vf.

U fSF ilgl bjhiy
d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2
(5 + 3) + (- 7 + 4) =
8 + 3 = 64 + 9 =
142
73
Mabjhiy totfj
vLJfhL 5.13
(4, 2), (7, 5) kW (9, 7) vw _W fS xnu nenfho J mik
vd fhLf.
bfhLfgl _W f A(4, 2), B(7, 5) kW C(9, 7) vf.
bjhiy Nuid gagLj,
2
AB = (4 - 7) + (2 - 5) = (- 3) + (- 3) = 9 + 9 = 18
BC = (9 - 7) + (7 - 5) = 2 + 2 = 4 + 4 = 8
CA = (9 - 4) + (7 - 2) = 5 + 5 = 25 + 25 = 50
vdnt, AB = 18 =

CA =
50 =
9#2 = 3 2;
BC =
8 =
4#2 = 2 2;
25 # 2 = 5 2 .
F AB + BC = 3 2 + 2 2 = 5 2 = AC vd ilwJ.
vdnt, A, B, C vw f xnu nenfho J mikwd.
vLJfhL 5.14

A(3, 4), B (2, 6) kW C (6, 10) vw f xU brnfhz Knfhz
cfshFkh vd khf.
bjhiy Nuid gagLj,
2
AB = (2 + 3) + (6 + 4) = 5 + 10 = 25 + 100 = 125
BC =(- 6 - 2) + (10 - 6) = (- 8) + 4 = 64 + 16 = 80
CA = (- 6 + 3) + (10 + 4) = (- 3) + (14) = 9 + 196 = 205
nkY, AB + BC = 125 + 80 = 205 = CA
xU gf tfkhdJ kw U gff tff TLjYF
rk vgjh, ABC xU brnfhz KnfhzkhF.

vLJfhL 5.15

(a, a), (- a, - a) kW (- a 3 , a 3 ) vw f xU rkgf Knfhzij
mikF vd fhLf.
bfhLfgl f A (a, a) , B (- a, - a) kW C (- a 3 , a 3 ) vd bfhf.
bjhiy Nu d =
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) -I gagLj,

143
maha 5
AB =
BC =
CA =
(a + a) + (a + a)
2
(2a) + (2a) =
2
2
4a + 4a =
8a = 2 2 a
^- a 3 + ah + â 3 + ah =
2
8a =
3a + a - 2a
3 + 3a + a + 2a
4 # 2a = 2 2 a
2
(a + a 3 ) + (a - a 3 ) =
a + 2a
3 + 3a + a - 2a
3 + 3a
8a = 2 2 a
vdnt, AB = BC = CA = 2 2 a .
midJ gffS rkkhdjh, bfhLfgl f xU rkgf Knfhzij
mikF.
vLJfhL 5.16

(7, 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) kW (3, 5) vw fis, tirkhwhk vLJ
bfhlh, mit xU izfu cfshF vd %f.

A, B, C kW D vgd Kiwna (- 7, - 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) kW (3, - 5) vw
fis Fgjhf bfhf. bjhiy Nu d =
2
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)
AB = (5 + 7) + (10 + 3) = 12 + 13 = 144 + 169 = 313
BC = (15 - 5) + (8 - 10) = 10 + (- 2) = 100 + 4 = 104
CD = (3 - 15) + (- 5 - 8) = (- 12) + (- 13) = 144 + 169 = 313
DA = (3 + 7) + (- 5 + 3) = 10 + (- 2) = 100 + 4 = 104
vdnt,

AB = CD =
v gff rk. vdnt, ABCD xU izfukhF.
313 kW BC = DA = 104 vgjh
vLJfhL 5.17

(3, 2), (3, 2), (1, 2) kW (1, 2) vw fis tir khwhk
vLJbfhlh mit xU rJu cfshF vd fhLf.

A, B, C kW D vgd Kiwna (3, - 2), (3, 2), (- 1, 2) kW (- 1, - 2) vw
fis Fgjhf bfhf.
bjhiy Nu d =
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) .

144
Mabjhiy totfj
2
AB = (3 - 3) + (2 + 2) = 4 = 16
BC = (3 + 1) + (2 - 2) = 4 = 16
CD = (- 1 + 1) + (2 + 2) = 4 =16
DA = (- 1 - 3) + (- 2 + 2) = (- 4) = 16
nkY,
2
AC = (3 + 1) + (- 2 - 2) = 4 + (- 4) = 16 + 16 = 32
BD = (3 + 1) + (2 + 2) = 4 + 4 = 16 + 16 = 32
AB = BC = CD = DA = 16 = 4.
vdnt, midJ gffS rk.
nkY, AC = BD =
Mfnt, A, B, C kW D vw f xU rJuij mikF.
32 = 4 2 . vdnt, _iylf rk.
vLJfhL 5.18
P vw (2, 3) kW (6, 5) vw fis izF nfhLJo
ikaFJ nfho nk miktjhf bfhf. m x-mRbjhiy

y-mRbjhiyF rk v, P- mRufis fhf.
P vw ia (x, y) vf. x-mRbjhiy y-mRbjhiyF
rk vgjh, y = x MF. vdnt, P vw (x, x) MF. A, B vgd Kiwna
(2, 3) kW (6, 5) vw fis Fgjhf bfhf. P vw AB- ika
2
FJ nfho J mikJsjh, PA = PB MF.

2
vdnt, (x - 2) + (x - 3)
2
= (x - 6) + (x - 5)
2
2
x - 4x + 4 + x - 6x + 9 = x - 12x + 36 + x - 10x + 25
2
22x - 10x = 61- 13

2x - 10x + 13 = 2x - 22x + 61
12x = 48
x = 48 = 4
12
vdnt, P vw (4, 4) MF.

145
maha 5
vLJfhL 5.19

(9, 3), (7, 1) kW (1, 1) vw f tna brY xU tl
ika (4, 3) vd Uf. nkY mtl Muij fLo.

(4, 3) vw ia C vd, (9, 3), (7, - 1) kW (1, - 1) vw fis
Kiwna P, Q kW R vd vLJ bfhnth.
2
bjhiy Nu d =
CP = (9 - 4) + (3 - 3) = 5 = 25
CQ = (7 - 4) + (- 1 - 3) = 3 + (- 4) = 9 + 16 = 25
CR = (4 - 1) + (3 + 1) = 3 + 4 = 9 + 16 = 25
vdnt, CP = CQ = CR
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2
= 25 myJ CP = CQ = CR = 5 MF. UJ P, Q, R
vw f tahf brY tl ika (4, 3) vd, mj Mu 5

myFf vd mnwh.
vLJfhL 5.20

(a, b) vw (3, 4) kW (8, 5) vw fSF rku mikjh
5a - b - 32 = 0 vd fhL.
(a, b) vw ia P vd, (3, - 4) kW (8, - 5) vw fis Kiwna
A kW B vd vLJ bfhs. P vw A kW B-UJ rku
csjh, PA = PB MF. vdnt, PA2 = PB2

mjhtJ, (a - 3) + (b + 4) = (a - 8) 2 + (b + 5) 2
a2 - 6a + 9 + b2 + 8b + 16 = a2 - 16a + 64 + b2 + 10b + 25

- 6a + 8b + 25 + 16a - 10b - 89 = 0
10a - 2b - 64 = 0
` 5a - b - 32 = 0
vLJfhL 5.21

A (9, 3), B (7, 1) kW C (1, 1) vw fis cfshf bfhl xU
Knfhz RWtl ika S (4, 3) vd Wf.

bjhiy Nu d =
(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

146
Mabjhiy totfj
SA =
(9 - 4) 2 + (3 - 3) 2
25 = 5
SB =
(7 - 4) 2 + (- 1 - 3) 2 =
25 = 5
SC =
(1 - 4) 2 + (- 1 - 3) 2 =
25 = 5
vdnt, SA = SB = SC .
xU Knfhz RW tl ika mj c f UJ rk
u mik. S vw c f UJ rk u mikJsjh,
m Knfhz ABC- RWtlikakhF.
g 5.2
1.
nH
bfhLfgLs
xbthU
nrhofSF
ilgl
bjhiyit fhf.

(i) (7, 8) kW (- 2, - 3)
(ii) (6, 0) kW (- 2, 4)
(iv) (- 2, - 8) kW (- 4, - 6)
(iii) (- 3, 2) kW (2, 0)
(v) (- 2, - 3) kW (3, 2)
(vii) (- 2, 2) kW (3, 2)
(ix) (0, 17) kW (0, - 1)
(vi) (2, 2) kW (3, 2)

(viii) (7, 0) kW (- 8, 0)
(x) (5, 7) kW M.
2.
nH bfhLfgLs f xnu nfho mik vd fhLf.
(i) (3, 7), (6, 5) kW (15, - 1)
(iii) (1, 4), (3, - 2) kW (- 1, 10)
(v) (4, 1), (5, - 2) kW (6, - 5)
3.
nH bfhLfgLs f xU Urk gf Knfhz cf

vd fhLf.
(i) (- 2, 0), (4, 0) kW (1, 3)
(ii) (3, - 2), (- 2, 8) kW (0, 4)

(iv) (6, 2), (2, - 3) kW (- 2, - 8)
(ii) (1, - 2), (- 5, 1) kW (1, 4)
(iii) (- 1, - 3), (2, - 1) kW (- 1, 1)
(iv) (1, 3), (- 3, - 5) kW (- 3, 0)
(v) (2, 3), (5, 7) kW (1, 4)
4.
nH bfhLfgLs f xU brnfhz Knfhz cf

vd fhLf.
(i) (2, - 3), (- 6, - 7) kW (- 8, - 3) (ii) (- 11, 13), (- 3, - 1) kW (4, 3)
(iii) (0, 0), (a, 0) kW (0, b)
(iv) (10, 0), (18, 0) kW (10, 15)
(v) (5, 9), (5, 16) kW (29, 9)

147
maha 5
5.
nH bfhLfgLs f xU rk gf Knfhz cf vd
fhLf.
(i) (0, 0), (10, 0) kW (5, 5 3 )
(iii) (2, 2), (- 2, - 2) kW (- 2 3 , 2 3 ) (iv) ( 3 , 2), (0,1) kW (0, 3)
(v) (- 3 ,1), (2 3 , - 2) kW (2 3 , 4)
6.
tir mikj fhQ f xU izfu cf vd

fhLf.
(i) (- 7, - 5), (- 4, 3), (5, 6) kW (2, 2) (ii) (9, 5), (6, 0), (- 2, - 3) kW (1, 2)
(iii) (0, 0), (7, 3), (10, 6) kW (3, 3)
(v) (3, - 5), (- 5, - 4), (7, 10) kW (15, 9)
7.
tir mikj fhQ f xU rh rJu cf vd

fhLf.
(i) (0, 0), (3, 4), (0, 8) kW (- 3, 4)
(ii) (- 4, - 7), (- 1, 2), (8, 5) kW (5, - 4)
(iii) (1, 0), (5, 3), (2, 7) kW (- 2, 4)
(iv) (2, - 3), (6, 5), (- 2, 1) kW (- 6, - 7)
(v) (15, 20), (- 3, 12), (- 11, - 6) kW (7, 2)
8.
tir mikj fhQ f xU rJuij mikFkh vd fhf.
(i) (0, - 1), (2, 1), (0, 3) kW (- 2, 1) (ii) (5, 2), (1, 5), (- 2, 1) kW (2, - 2)
(iii) (3, 2), (0, 5), (- 3, 2) kW (0, - 1)
(v) (- 1, 2), (1, 0), (3, 2) kW (1, 4)
9.
tir mikj fhQ f xU brtfij mikFkh vd

fhf.
(i) (8, 3), (0, - 1), (- 2, 3) kW (6, 7)
(iii) (- 3, 0), (1, - 2), (5, 6) kW (1, 8)
10.
(x, 7) kW (1, 15) vw fSF ilgl bjhiy 10 v, x-

kfis fhf.
(4, 1) vw , (- 10, 6) kW (9, - 13) vw fUJ rku
csJ vd fhLf.
(x, y) vw , (2, 3) kW (- 6, - 5) vw fUJ rku
mikjh, x + y + 3 = 0 vd fhLf.
(2, - 6) kW (2, y) vw fSF ilgl bjhiy 4 v, y-
kfis fhf.
fhQ fis cfshf bfhl Knfhzf Rwsfis
11.
12.
13.
14.
(ii) (a, 0), (- a, 0) kW (0, a 3 )
(iv) (- 2, 5), (7, 1), (- 2, - 4) kW (7, 0)
(iv) (12, 9), (20, - 6), (5, - 14) kW (- 3, 1)
(ii) (- 1, 1), (0, 0), (3, 3) kW (2, 4)
fhf. (i) (0, 8), (6, 0) kW M ; (ii) (9, 3), (1, - 3) kW M.

148
Mabjhiy totfj
15.
(- 5, 2), (9, - 2) vw fSF rk u cs y-m J

mikjh mia fhf. (F : y-m nk cs xU
x-mRu a MF)
16.
( - 5, 6) vw t brY xU tl ika (3, 2) v, mj

Muij fhf.
17.
Mia ikakhf, Mu 5 myFf Mf cs xU tl nk

(0, - 5) (4, 3) kW (- 4, - 3) vw f mik vd %f.
18.
A(4, 3)
gl 5.20-, AB vgJ A(4,3) vw UJ x-mRF

tiuagl brFJ nfhL kW PA = PB v, B vw xl
mRufis fhf.
yl
gl 5.20
19.
20.
A(2, 0), B(5, - 5), C(8, 0) kW D(5, 5) vw tir vLJ bfhsgl

f xU rhrJu cf v, mj gugsit fhf.
(F : rhrJu gu = 1 d1 d2 )
2
(1, 5) (5, 8) kW (13, 14) vw fis cfshf bfhL xU Knfhz
tiua Kokh? fhuz Tw.
21.
xU tl ika M kW Mu 17 myFf v, mtl

nk mikj Mdh mRf nk mikahj ehF fis fhf.
(F : 8, 15, 17 vgit jhfu brnfhz Knfhz vfshF)
22.
(3, 1), (2, 2) kW (1, 1) vw fis cfshf bfhl xU Knfhz

RW tl ika (2, 1) vd fhLf.
23.
(1, 0), (0, - 1) kW c - 1 , 3 m vw fis cfshf bfhl xU

2
2
Knfhz RW tl ika M vd fhLf.
24.
tir mikj A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) kW D(p, 3) vw f xU

izfu cfshdh, bjhiy Nuij gagL, p-
kig fhf.
25.
xU tl ika M kW Mu 10 myFf vf. tl

fhOa mRfis btL f mRbjhiyfis fhf.
nkY mthwhd VnjD uL fSF ilgl bjhiyit
fhf.
149
maha 5
id bfhf
xU js xU ia Ff xWbfhW brFjhf bto

bfhS U nfhLf njit. brtf mRu Kiw mU
nfhLf xW ilnfhlhf kbwhW FJ nfhlhf UF.
uL il kW FJnfhLf fhOa js mRf vW

miHfgL. ( x-mR kW y-mR)
x-mR kW y-mR bto bfhS (0, 0) M MF.
vj xU F y-mF ilyhd bjhiy x-mRu

myJ x-bjhiy vW, F x-mF ilyhd bjhiy
y-mRu myJ y-bjhiy vW miHfgL.
x-m nk cs xU y mRu a MF.
y-m nk cs xU x mRu a MF.
xU ilnfho nk cs f y mRuf rkkhf UF.
xU FJnfho nk cs f x mRuf rkkhf UF.
x-m nk cs U f x-mRuf x1 kW x2 v,
mitfSF ilyhd bjhiy x1 - x2 MF.
y-m nk cs U f y-mRuf y1 kW y2 v,
mitfSF ilyhd bjhiy y1 - y2 MF.
(x1, y1) kW MF ilyhd bjhiy
(x1, y1)
kW
(x2, y2)
vw
fSF
(x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2 MF.
150
x12 + y12 MF.
ilyhd
bjhiy
Knfhza
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the
middle position of mathematics as trigonometry.
J.F. HERBART
Kjik Fnfhf

Knfhza jfis mj
u nfhzf Knfhza jfis

mj
Knfhza mltizia gagLJj
Maglh
(A.D. 476 550)
6.1 mKf
eh nghJ sine

Knfhza My bkhahfkhd
Trigonometry vw brh nuf bkhUJ
bgwglJ. j bghU Knfhz msf
vgjhF.
Mug fhyf Knfhz
gffSF, mj nfhzfSF ilna
cs bjhlid ma Knfhza gaglJ.
ghf (Hipparchus) vD nuf thda
kW fj tYe Kj Kj Knfhza
j mltizia flikJ, Knfhza
KndwF
lh.
vdnt,
t
Knfhza jij vd miHfgLwh.
KnfhzayhdJ
jfhy
bgUks
gagLjgL tU gy gaghLfis csla
f gHikahd fj ahF. gilfhyf
ymsit kW thda nfhzf kW
uf msl brnfhz Knfhzaiy
gagLd. fg gaz nghJ t fhz,
thbt nfhf aF ghijf kW
mfis (x miyf, lh f mf)
fhz
Knfhza
gagLjgLwJ.
vD Fpil vthW
gagLJnwhnkh,
mnj bghU Kj
Kj cgnahjt
Maglh (Aryabhatta) .
. 500- mt vGa
Magoa vD fj
sine vD FpL
fhzgLwJ. Magl
ah fwj
Kfhy fj nkijf
Kjikahdt. t fh
khy ghdh cs
ghlu vD l
thjt Mt. t
. 476 M ML kh
21 nkr rfuh mW
wjh. t jdJ 23tJ ta thda g
Fiwjgr Maglh,
Maglh jhjh vD
6.2 Knfhza jf
U fis vGdh.
6.2.1 nfhz (Angle)

eh ghlit nfhz tiuaiwia
mtj _y bjhlFnth. tiuaiw gntW
fis cslaJ MF.
151
Maglh vD
fj kW thdaiy
gaJ.
maha 6
Ka fUJ nfhz
Ugkhz js irl U nfhL gFfSF ilgl
gF nfhz vdgL. nfhz MuF gF nfhz
bjhlfgf vd mJ Ko gF Kogf vd
miHfgL. irl U nfhL gFf MuF
nfhz c vdgL.

gl 6.1 MdJ nfhzfhd tiugl cjhuzkhF.

F O-it bghWJ f OA MdJ OB
tiu RHwgLtjh nfhz AOB cUthwJ.
jid +AOB vd Fngh. F OA vgJ
bjhlfgf vd, OB vgJ Kogf
vd kW O vgJ mnfhz c vd c
O
miHfgLwJ. eh nfhzfis Ff i , a ,
b nghw nuf vGJfis gagLJnwh.

Ko
i
bjhlfgf
gl
xU nfhz msit ghif vw myfh Fnwh.
6.1
J .K 1000
M MoF Kng ghnyhafsh gagLjglJ. xU ghif (1c vd

FLnth) vgJ xU RH clhF nfhz 1 klF MF.
360
6.2.2 jhfu njw (Pythagoras Theorem)

xU brnfhz Knfhz bjahj gf msit fhz jhfu njw
gagLwJ.
jhfu njw: xU brnfhz Knfhz fz J tiuagL
rJu gugsthdJ, kw uL gff J tiuagL
rJuf gugsf TLjYF rk.

j hfu njw Knfhza fUJfis nkgLj,
fzFfSF fhz gagLwJ.
gy
6.2.3 Knfhza jf (Trigonometric Ratios)
brnfhzF ne vnu mikJs gf

fz vdgL. J brnfhz Knfhz
f skhd gf MF.
nfhz i F ne vnu mikJs gf
vgf MF.
i F mUYs fz myhj gf mLJs
gf MF.
152
z
f
vgf

gl 6.2- cs brnfhz Knfhz _W gff nfhz i-F
vd bjhl bgW mikJsJ vd fhngh.
C
A mLJs gf B
gl 6.2
Knfhza
tobthj
brnfhz
Knfhzfis
mogilahf
bfhnl
Knfhza jf (Trigonometrical Ratios) Kj cUthfglJ. bghJthd

FWnfhzij bfhl vyh brnfhz KnfhzfS tobthjit
MF. fhQ brnfhz Knfhzf FWnfhzf xnu msid
cilajhF.
C
B
A
i
i
D
i
O
vdnt, nkfhQ Knfhzf xj gff jf rkkhF.
vLJfhlhf,
AD = BE = CF ;
OA
OB
OC
OD = OE = OF
OA
OB
OC

Knfhzf gff jf i - msit bghWJ mikwnj
ju Fl vj xU brnfhz Knfhzij bghWJ miktiy. j
_y eh MW Knfhza jfis bgWnwh. j jfSF
btFfhyF Kng bgaLsd.
vgf
vw j nfhz i - sine vd miHfgLwJ. nkY J
fz
sin i vd FlgLwJ.
mLJs gf
vw j nfhz i - cosine vd miHfgLwJ.
fz
nkY J cos i vd FlgLwJ.

vgf
vw j nfhz i - tangent vd miHfgLwJ.
mLJs gf
nkY J tan i vd FlgLwJ.

fz vw j nfhz i - cosecant vd miHfgLwJ. nkY

vgf
J cosec i vd FlgLwJ.

fz
vw j nfhz i - secant vd miHfgLwJ.
mLJs gf
nkY J sec i vd FlgLwJ.

mLJs gf
vw j nfhz i - cotangent vd miHfgLwJ.
vgf
nkY J cot i vd FlgLwJ.
153
maha 6
Ka fUJ Knfhza jf
brnfhz Knfhz i xU FWnfhz vf. nfhz
i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jf tUkhW

sin i =
vgf

fz
cosec i =
fz
vgf
cos i =
mLJs gf

fz
sec i =
fz
mLJs gf
tan i =
vgf

mLJs gf
cot i
mLJs gf
vgf
jiy bjhlf
cosec i , sec i kW cot i Ma Knfhza jf Kiwna
sin i , cos i kW tan i Mat jiy jf MF.
sin i =
1

cosec i
cos i =
1
sec i
tan i =
1
cot i
cosec i =
1
sin i
sec i =
1
cos i
cot i =
1
tan i
Fiu
1. mogil jfsha sin i , cos i kW tan i Mad

tan i = sin i vgj _y bjhlgLjgLsd.
cos i
2. FWnfhz i Knfhza jfis fzl, nfhz
i it bfhl vj brnfhz Knfhzij gagLjyh.
3. Knfhza
jf
gff
jfshf
tiuaWfgLsjh Knfhza jf myF mwJ.
vLJfhL 6.1

gl
fhQ
brnfhz
Knfhz
ABC-,
nfhz i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis fhf.
gl 6.3 UJ, vgf BC = 3, mLJs gf AB = 4, A
fz AC = 5

sin i = BC = 3
cosec i = AC = 5
AC
BC
5
3

cos i = AB = 4
AC
5
sec i = AC = 5
AB
4
tan i = BC = 3
AB
4
cot i
154
= AB = 4
BC
3
i
4
gl 6.3
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.2
5

gl fhQ brnfhz Knfhz PQR-,
nfhz i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis Q
fhf.
12
i
13
gl 6.4
gl 6.4-UJ, vgf PQ = 5, mLJs gf PR = 12, fz QR = 13

sin i =
PQ
= 5
RQ 13
cosec i =
RQ 13
=
PQ
5
cos i = PR = 12
RQ 13
sec i =
RQ 13
=
PR
12
tan i =
PQ
= 5
PR
12
cot i
= PR = 12
PQ
5
A
vLJfhL 6.3

gl 6.5-UJ, nfhz i - MW Knfhza jfis

24
fhf.
gl 6.5-UJ, AC = 24 kW BC = 7. jhfu njwgo,

AB = BC + CA = 7 + 24 = 49 + 576 = 625
` AB =
gl 6.5
625 = 25
eh bghGJ _W gff msfis gagL, nfhz i -it
bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis fhzyh

sin i = BC = 7
AB
25
cosec i = AB = 25
BC
7
cos i = AC = 24
25
AB
sec i = AB = 25
AC
24
tan i = BC = 7
AC
24
cot i
= AC = 24
BC
7
vLJfhL 6.4

brnfhz Knfhz ABC-, B brnfhz kW 15 sin A = 12 v,

C
nfhz A- kw IJ Knfhza jfis, nfhz C-

MW Knfhza jfis fhf.
15
15 sin A = 12 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt, sin A = 12 .

15
BC = 12, AC = 15 kW B-I brnfhzkhf bfhl D ABC I
(gl 6.6) fUJf. jhfu njwgo,
155
gl 6.6
12
maha 6
2
AC = AB + BC
15 = AB + 12
AB = 15 - 12 = 225 - 144 = 81
` AB =
81 = 9
eh bghGJ _W gff msfis gagL, nfhz A kW
C- Knfhza jfis tUkhW fhzyh.

cos A = AB = 9 = 3
AC
15
5
tan A
cosec A = AC = 15 = 5
BC
12
4
tan C
sec A = AC = 15 = 5
AB
9
3
cosec C = AC = 15 = 5
AB
9
3
cot A
sin C
= BC = 12 = 4
AB
9
3
= AB = 9 = 3
AC
15
5
cos C = BC = 12 = 4
AC
15
5
= AB = 9 = 3
BC
12
4
= AB = 9 = 3
BC
12
4
sec C
= AC = 15 = 5
BC
12
4
cot C
= BC = 12 = 4
AB
9
3
vLJfhL 6.5

3 PQR -, Q brnfhz, PQ = 8 kW PR = 17 v, nfhz P- MW
Knfhza jfis fhf.

brnfhz Knfhz PQR-, Q brnfhz (gl 6.7I ghf), PQ = 8 kW
R
PR = 17 vd bfhLfgLsJ. jhfu njwgo,
2
PR = PQ + QR
17 = 8 + QR
2
2
QR = 17 - 8
17
= 289 - 64 = 225

` QR =
225 = 15
gl 6.7

eh bghGJ _W gff msfis gagL, nfhz P- MW
Knfhza jfis fhzyh.
RQ 15
=

sin P =
cosec P = PR = 17
PR
RQ 15
17
PQ
cos P =
= 8
sec P = PR = 17
PR
PQ
17
8
RQ 15
PQ
tan P =
=

= 8
cot P =
PQ
RQ 15
8
156
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.6

cos A = 35 v, sec A + tan A it fhf.
sec A - tan A
37
cos A = 35 vd bfhLfgLsJ. AB = 35 kW AC = 37, +B = 90c
37
bfhl brnfhz Knfhz ABC I (gl 6.8) fUJf. jhfu njwgo,
eh bgWtJ
2
2
2

AC = AB + BC

372 = 352 + BC2

BC2 = 372 - 352

= 1369 - 1225 = 144

` BC = 144 = 12

sec A = AC = 37 ,
AB
35
C
37
35
gl 6.8
tan A = BC = 12
AB
35
vdnt, sec A + tan A = 37 + 12 = 49 ,

sec A - tan A = 37 - 12 = 25
35 35 35
35 35 35
49
sec
A
tan
A
+

= 35 = 49 # 35 = 49
`
sec A - tan A
35 25
25
25
35
vLJfhL 6.7

tan i = 20 v, 1 - sin i + cos i = 3 vd Wf.

21
7
1 + sin i + cos i
tan i = 20 vd bfhLfgLsJ. AB = 21 kW BC = 20 msf

21
bfhl brnfhz Knfhz ABC-I (gl 6.9) fUJf. jhfu njwgo,
C
eh bgWtJ

20
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = 202 + 212 = 400 + 441 = 841.
` AC =
841 = 29.
sin i = BC = 20 , cos i = AB = 21
AC
AC
29
29
1 - sin i + cos i = 1 - 20 + 21 = 29 - 20 + 21 = 30
29 29
29
29
1 + sin i + cos i = 1 + 20 + 21 = 29 + 20 + 21 = 70
29 29
29
29
1 - sin i + cos i =
1 + sin i + cos i
30
29
70
29
= 30 # 29 = 30 = 3
29 70
70
7
157
21
gl 6.9
maha 6
6.3 y w nfhzf Knfhza jf
ytif w nfhzfshd 30c, 45c kW 60c- jfis fhz

toa Kiwia gagLjyh.
6.3.1 30c kW 60c- Knfhza jf

3 ABC vgJ a myF gf ms bfhl rkgf Knfhz (gl 6.10I
ghf) vf. AD = BC I tiuf. vdnt, D vgJ BC- ika MF. Mjyh,

BD = DC = a kW +BAD = +DAC = 30c. nghJ, brnfhz Knfhz BDA-,
2
A
+BAD = 30c kW BD = a . jhfu njwgo,
2
2
AB = AD + BD
a = AD + 8 a B
2
2
2
2
AD = a - a
4
` AD = 3 a
2
= 3a
4
30c
60c
B
60c
a
2
a
2
gl 6.10
Mfnt, brnfhz Knfhz BDA- nfhz 30c- Knfhza
jfis eh tUkhW fhzyh.

a
BD
sin 30c =
= 2 =1
AB
a
2
3a
AD
2
cos 30c =
=
= 3
AB
a
2
a
BD
2
tan 30c =
=
= 1
AD
3a
3
2
cosec 30c =
1
=2
sin 30c
sec 30c
1
= 2
cos 30c
3
cot 30c
1
= 3
tan 30c

3 BDA -, +ABD = 60c. vdnt, eh nfhz 60c-fhd Knfhza
jfis tUkhW fhzyh.
3a
AD
2
sin 60c =
=
= 3
AB
a
2
a
cos 60c = BD = 2 = 1
AB
a
2
3a
AD
2
tan 60c =
=
= 3
BD
a
2
158
cosec 60c =
1
= 2
sin 60c
3
sec 60c
1
=2
cos 60c
cot 60c
1
= 1
tan 60c
3
Knfhza
6.3.2 45c- Knfhza jf

xU brnfhz Knfhz xU FWnfhz 45c v, kbwhU
FWnfhzK 45c MF.
vdnt, mKnfhz
xU Urkgf brnfhz
KnfhzkhF. +B = 90c bfhl xU Urkgf Knfhz ABC-I fUJf. F

+A = +C = 45c, vdnt, AB = BC.
AB = BC = a vf. jhfu njwgo,

2
AC = AB + BC
45c
= a + a = 2a
45c
` AC = a 2
gl 6.11
gl 6.11-UJ, nfhz 45c- Knfhza jf tUkhW

sin 45c = BC = a = 1
AC
a 2
2
cosec 45c =
cos 45c = AB = a = 1
AC
a 2
2
sec 45c =
1
= 2
cos 45c
tan 45c = BC = a = 1
AB
a
cot 45c =
1
=1
tan 45c
1
= 2
sin 45c
6.3.3 0ckW 90c- Knfhza jf

Mia ikakhf XuyF MuK bfhl tlij
(gl 6.12) fUJf.
P(x, y) vgJ Kj fhgF tl jikj VnjD xU vf.

P-UJ x mRF brFJnfhL PQI
tiuf.
brnfhz
Knfhz
OQPI
B(0, 1)
mikwJ. nkY +POQ = i vf. vdnt,

sin i =
y
PQ
= = y (P- y mRbjhiy)
1
OP
P(x, y)
1
O
i
x
y
Q A(1, 0)
cos i =
OQ x
=
= x (P- x mRbjhiy)
OP 1
tan i =
PQ y
=
OQ x
gl 6.12
OPMdJOA-l xW nghJ i = 0c MF. A- Mabjhiyf (1,0) vgjh,
eh bgWtJ
159
maha 6
sin 0c = 0 (A- y mRbjhiy)
cosec 0c tiuaWfgliy
cos 0c= 1 (A- x mRbjhiy)
sec 0c = 1
tan 0c = 0
cot 0c tiuaWfgliy
o
OP MdJ OB-l xW nghJ i = 90 MF. B- Mabjhiyf (0, 1)
vgjh, eh bgWtJ
sin 90c = 1 (B- y mRbjhiy)
cosec 90c = 1
cos 90c = 0 (B- x mRbjhiy)
sec 90c tiuaWfgliy
tan 90c tiuaWfgliy
cot 90c = 0
nfhz 0c, 30c, 45c, 60c kW 90c Ma nfhzfSfhd MW Knfhza
jf tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
nfhz i
0c
30c
45c
60c
90c
sin i
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
cos i
1
2
1
2
tan i
1
3
tiuaWf
gliy
cosec i
tiuaWf
gliy
2
3
sec i
2
3
tiuaWf
gliy
cot i
tiuaWf
gliy
1
3
vLJfhL 6.8

k fhf : sin2 45c + tan2 45c + cos2 45c
sin 45c = 1 , tan 45c = 1 kW cos 45c = 1 vd ekF bj.

2
2
160
Knfhza
2
2
` sin2 45c + tan2 45c + cos2 45c= c 1 m + (1) 2 + c 1 m
2
2
= 1 +1+ 1 = 2
2
2
(sin i) I sin i vd vGJnth.
vLJfhL 6.9
2
2 tan2 60c
k fhf : 12 cos 30c 4 sec2 45c
cos 30c =
3 , tan 60c = 3 kW sec 45c = 2 vd ekF bj.

2
2
2
c12 # c 3 m m - ^2 # ^ 3 h h
2
2
2
c
c
12
cos
30
2
tan
60
=
`
4 sec2 45c
4 # ( 2 )2
3
`12 # 4 j - ^2 # 3h
=

4#2
= 9- 6 = 3
8
8
g 6.1
tU glfUJ, nfhz i -it bghWJ Knfhza jfis
fhf.
1.
25
10
7
i
C
24
(i)
(ii)
A
37
40
12
35
C
(iii)
41
(iv)
2.
tUtdtUJ kw Knfhza jfis fhf.
(i) sin A = 9
15
(iv) sec i = 17
8
(ii) cos A = 15
17
(v) cosec i = 61
60
161
(iii) tan P = 5
12
(vi) sin i = x .
y
maha 6
3.
tUtdt i - kig fhf.
(i) sin i = 1
2
4.
3 ABC -, B brnfhz, AB = 10 kW AC = 26 v, nfhz A kW CI

bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis fhf.
5.
5 cos i - 12 sin i = 0 v, sin i + cos i kig fhf.

2 cos i - sin i
6.
29 cos i = 20 v, sec2 i - tan2 i kig fhf.
7.
sec i = 26 v, 3 cos i + 4 sin i kig fhf.

10
4 cos i - 2 sin i
tan i = a v, sin2 i + cos2 i kig fhf.
b
(1 + sin i)(1 - sin i)
kig fhf.
cot i = 15 v,
8
(1 + cos i)(1 - cos i)
8.
9.
(ii) sin i = 0
(iii) tan i = 3
(iv) cos i =
3.
2
10.
Knfhz PQR-, Q brnfhz kW tan P = 1 v, tUtdt

3
kig fhf.
(i) sin P cos R + cos P sin R
11.
sec i = 13 v, 2 sin i - 3 cos i = 3 vd U.

5
4 sin i - 9 cos i
12.
13.
sec A = 17 v, 1 - 2 sin2 A = 2 cos2 - 1 vd U.

8
k fhf :
(i)
sin 45c + cos 45c
(ii) sin 60c tan 30c
(iii)
tan 45c

tan 30c + tan 60c
(iv) cos2 60c sin2 30c + tan2 30c cot2 60c
(v) 6 cos2 90c + 3 sin2 90c + 4 tan2 45c
2
2
2
2
(vii) tan 60c + 4 cos 45c + 3 sec 30c 2+ 5 cos 90c
cosec 30c + sec 60c - cot 30c
(viii) 4 (sin4 30c + cos4 60c) - 3 (cos2 45c - sin2 90c) .
14.
tUtdtiw rghf.
(i)
(ii) 1 + tan2 45c = sec2 45c
(iii) cos 60c = 1 - 2 sin2 30c = 2 cos2 30c - 1
(iv) cos 90c = 1 - 2 sin2 45c = 2 cos2 45c - 1
(ii) cos P cos R - sin P sin R.
2
sec2 30c - 2 sin2 45c
(vi) 4 cot 60c +
sin2 60c + cos2 45c
sin2 30c + cos2 30c = 1
162
Knfhza
cos 60c =
1
1 + sin 60c
sec 60c + tan 60c
2
(vi) 1 - tan2 60c = 2 cos2 60c - 1
1 + tan 60c
(vii) sec 30c + tan 30c = 1 + sin 30c
sec 30c - tan 30c 1 - sin 30c
(v)
(viii) tan2 60c - 2 tan2 45c - cot2 30c + 2 sin2 30c + 3 cosec2 45c = 0
4
(ix) 4 cot2 45c - sec2 60c + sin2 60c + cos2 60c = 1
(x) sin 30c cos 60c + cos 30c sin 60c = sin 90c.
6.4 u nfhzf Knfhza jf

(Trigonometric Ratios for Complementary Angles)

uL FWnfhzf TLj 90c v xW kbwh u
nfhzkhF. brnfhz Knfhz uL FWnfhzf TLj 90c.
vdnt, brnfhz Knfhz cs U FWnfhzfS vbghGJ
xWbfhW u nfhzfshF.

brnfhz Knfhz ABC-, B brnfhz vf (gl 6.13I ghf).
+ACB = i v, +BAC = 90c - i . Mfnt, nfhzf +BAC kW +ACB Mait

xWbfhW u nfhzfshF.
C
nfhz i -fhd jf

sin i = AB
AC
cos i = BC
AC
tan i = AB
BC
cosec i = AC
AB
sec i = AC
BC
cot i = BC
AB
(1)
90c - i
A
gl
nj nghW, nfhz (90c - i) -fhd jf

sin (90c - i) = BC
AC
cos (90c - i) = AB
AC
tan (90c - i) = BC
AB
cosec (90c - i) = AC
BC
sec (90c - i) = AC
AB
cot (90c - i) = AB
BC
(2)
(1) kW (2)- cs jfis xl eh bgWtJ,

sin i = AB = cos (90c - i)

AC
cos i = BC = sin (90c - i)
AC
tan i = AB = cot (90c - i)
BC
cosec i = AC = sec (90c - i)

AB
sec i = AC = cosec (90c - i)
BC
cot i = BC = tan (90c - i)
AB
163
6.13
maha 6
Ka fUJ u nfhzf Knfhza jf

brnfhz Knfhz i vgJ xU FWnfhz v,
u nfhzfSfhd Knfhza jf
KbwhUikfis eh tUkhW bgWnwh.

sin i = cos (90c - i)
cosec i = sec (90c - i)
cos i = sin (90c - i)
sec i = cosec (90c - i)
tan i = cot (90c - i)
cot i
= tan (90c - i)
vLJfhL 6.10

k fhf : cos 56c

sin 34c
nfhzf 56c kW 34c Mait xWbfhW unfhzf.

Mfnt, u nfhzf Knfhza jfis gagLj,
cos 56c = cos (90c - 34c) = sin 34c. Mfnt, cos 56c = sin 34c = 1
sin 34c
sin 34c
vLJfhL 6.11

k fhf : tan 25c
cot 65c
tan 25c = tan (90c - 65c) = cot 65c vd vGjyh. Mfnt,
tan 25c = cot 65c = 1
cot 65c
cot 65c
vLJfhL 6.12

k fhf : cos 65c sin 18c cos 58c

cos 72c sin 25c sin 32c
u nfhzf Knfhza jfis gagLj, eh bgWtJ

cos 65c = cos (90c - 25c) = sin 25c,
sin 18c = sin (90c - 72c) = cos 72c
cos 58c = cos (90c - 32c) = sin 32c.

` cos 65c sin 18c cos 58c = sin 25c cos 72c sin 32c = 1
cos 72c sinc 25c sin 32c
cos 72c sin 25c sin 32c
vLJfhL 6.13

tan 35c tan 60c tan 55c tan 30c = 1 vd Wf.
tan 35c = tan (90c - 55c) = cot 55c,
tan 60c = tan (90c - 30c) = cot 30c vd vGjyh.
` tan 35c tan 60c tan 55c tan 30c = cot 55c cot 30c tan 55c tan 30c
1

=
# 1
# tan 55c # tan 30c = 1
tan 55c tan 30c
164
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.14
cosec A = sec 25c v, A-I fhf.
cosec A = sec (90c - A) vd ekF bj. vdnt,

sec (90c - A) = sec 25c ( 90c - A = 25c

` A = 90c - 25c = 65c
vLJfhL 6.14- , A- kig bgw UwK sec-M

tFfTlhJ. khwhf FWnfhzf Knfhza jf
xUik g mogil A- kig fzlntL.
mjhtJ, a kW b Mait FWnfhzf v,
sin a = sin b ( a = b
cos a = cos b ( a = b , g
vLJfhL 6.15

sin A = cos 33c v, A-I fhf.
sin A = cos (90 - A) vd ekF bj. vdnt,

cos (90c - A) = cos 33c ( 90c - A = 33c
` A = 90c - 33c = 57c
g 6.2
1.
k fhf.
(i) sin 36c

cos 54c
(ii) cosec 10c

sec 80c
(iii) sin i sec (90c - i)
(iv) sec 20c

cosec 70c
(v) sin 17c

cos 73c
(vi) tan 46c .

cot 44c
2.
RUFf.
(i) cos 38c cos 52c - sin 38c sin 52c
(ii) cos 80c + cos 59c cosec 31c

sin 10c
(iii) sin 36c - tan 54c

cos 54c cot 36c
(iv) 3 tan 67c + 1 sin 42c + 5 cosec 61c

cot 23c 2 cos 48c 2 sec 29c
(v) cos 37c # sin 18c

sin 53c cos 72c
(vi) 2
(vii)
(ix) cot 12c cot 38c cot 52c cot 60c cot 78c.
sec (90c - i)
cos (90c - i)
+7
cosec i
sin i
sec (90c - i)
cos i
#
- sec i (viii) sin 35c + cos 55c - 2 cos2 60c
cos 55c sin 35c
sin (90c - i) tan (90c - i)
165
maha 6
3.
tUtdt A- kig fhf.
(i) sin A = cos 30c
(ii) tan 49c = cot A (iii) tan A tan 35c = 1
(iv) sec 35c = cosec A
(v) cosec A cos 43c = 1 (vi) sin 20c tan A sec 70c = 3 .
4.
tUtdtiw Wf.
(i) cos 48c - sin 42c = 0
(ii) cos 20c cos 70c - sin 70c sin 20c = 0
(iii) sin (90c - i) tan i = sin i
(iv)
cos (90c - i) tan (90c - i)

= 1.
cos i
6.5 Knfhza mltizia gagLJ Kiw

eh Jtiu 0c, 30c, 45c, 60c kW 90c Mat Knfhza
jfis fzL brnjh. brnfhz Knfhz it fhz it
myhj khWgl kw FWnfhzf Knfhza jfS ekF
njitgLwJ. midJ FWnfhzf sine, cosine kW tangent- njhuha
kf jf gF bfhLfgLsJ.

ghif dfis, xU ghif vgij 60 lfshf, xU l
vgij 60 dhofshf J vGJnwh. xU l vgJ 1l vd xU
dho vgJ 1m vd FfgLwJ. Mfnt,

1c = 60l kW 1l = 60m .

sine, cosine kW tangent- 0c Kj 90c tiuyhd midJ nfhzf
kfS 6l ilbt ms ehF jrk l Ujkhf mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ. nkY, Knfhza mltiz _W gFfis cilaJ.
mltiz lJ nfho cs u ghif 0c Kj 90c tiu
FlgLsJ.
(i)
(ii) mltiz mLJs gJ uf Kiwna 0l , 6l , 12l , 18l , 24l , 30l ,

36l , 42l , 48l kW 54l vw jiy bfhLfgLsJ.
(iii) bghJahr (Mean Difference) vw jiy IJ uf

csd. mj IJ ufSF 1l , 2l , 3l , 4l kW 5l vd jiyf
bfhLfgLsJ.

nfhzf sine, cosine kW tangent- kf (ii) FLsthW 6l -
klFf gJ ufshf bfhLfgLsJ. kw lf bfhLfgl
nfhzf kfis fhz bghJahr mltiz bfhLfgLs
kfis bfhL rbrJ bfhsntL.

sine kW tangent mliz kig fhQnghJ bghJahrij
Tl ntL, mnj rka cosine mliz bghJahrij ff ntL.
166
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.16
sin 46c51l - kig fhf.
sine mltizUJ njitahd gF nH bfhLfgLsJ.
0l 6l
0.0c
0.1c
12l
18l
24l
30l
36l
42l
48l
54l
Mean Diff.
0.2c
0.3c
0.4c
0.5c
0.6c
0.7c
0.8c
0.9c
1 2 3 4 5
46c

0.7290
46c51l = 46c48l + 3l vd vGJf. mltizUJ eh bgWtJ,

sin 46c48l = 0.7290
3l - bghJ ahr = 0.0006
` sin 46c51l = 0.7290 + 0.0006 = 0.7296
vLJfhL 6.17

cos 37c16l - kig fhf.
0l 6l
0.0c
0.1c
37c

12l
18l
24l
30l
36l
42l
48l
54l
Mean Diff.
0.2c
0.3c
0.4c
0.5c
0.6c
0.7c
0.8c
0.9c
1 2 3 4 5
0.7965 7
37c16l = 37c12l + 4l vd vGJf. mltizUJ,

cos 37c12l = 0.7965
4l - bghJ ahr = 0.0007
i - k 0cUJ 90c-F mfFnghJ cos i - k 1UJ 0-F
Fiwtjh, bghJ ahrij ff ntL.

` cos 37c16l = 0.7965 - 0.0007 = 0.7958
vLJfhL 6.18

tan 25c15l - kig fhf.
0l 6l
0.0c
25c

0.1c
12l
18l
24l
30l
36l
42l
48l
54l
Mean Diff.
0.2c
0.3c
0.4c
0.5c
0.6c
0.7c
0.8c
0.9c
1 2 3 4 5
0.4706
25c15l = 25c12l + 3l vd vGJf. mltizUJ,

167
11
maha 6
tan 25c12l = 0.4706
3l - bghJ ahr = 0.0011
` tan 25c15l = 0.4706 + 0.011 = 0.4717
vLJfhL 6.19

sin i = 0.0958 v, nfhz i -it fhf.
0.0958 -F vuhf sine mltizUJ, eh fhQ k sin 5c30l .
( sin 5c30l = 0.0958

` i = 5c30l
vLJfhL 6.20

sin i = 0.0987 v, nfhz i -it fhf.
sine mltizUJ, sin i = 0.0993 -F xj i - k 5c42l kW
0.0006 F vuhd k 2l . Mfnt,

0.0987 = 0.0993 - 0.0006
sin 5c40l = sin 5c42l - (2l bghJ ahr)

` i = 5c42l - 2l = 5c40l
vLJfhL 6.21

tan i = 0.4040 v, nfhz i - kig fhf.
0.4040 F vuhf tangent mltizUJ, eh fhQ k tan 22c0l .
( tan 22c = 0.4040

` i = 22c
vLJfhL 6.22

RUFf. sin 30c30l + cos 5c33l
sine mltizUJ, sin 30c30l = 0.5075. cosine mltizUJ,
cos 5c30l = 0.9954 kW bghJ ahr 3l = 0.0001. Mfnt,

cos 5c33l = 0.9954 - 0.0001 = 0.9953
` sin 30c30l + cos 5c33l = 0.5075 + 0.9953 = 1.5028

168
Knfhza
vLJfhL 6.23

RUFf. cos 70c12l + tan 48c54l
cosine kW tangent mltizUJ, eh fhgJ
cos 70c12l = 0.3387
tan 48c54l = 1.1463
` cos 70c12l + tan 48c54l = 0.3387 + 1.1463
= 1.4850
vLJfhL 6.24

gl 6.14- bfhLfgLs brnfhz Knfhz
gugsit fhf.
.
br
10c 14l
gl 6.14
gl 6.14-UJ, sin i = AB & sin 10c14l = AB

3
AC

sine mltizUJ, sin 10c12l = 0.1771 kW bghJ ahr 2l = 0.0006

` sin 10c14l = 0.1777
0.1777 = AB
3
` AB = 0.1777 # 3 = 0.5331
cos i = BC ( cos 10c14l = BC

3
AC
cosine mltizUJ, cos 10c12l = 0.9842 kW bghJ ahr 2l = 0.0001

` cos 10c14l = 0.9842 - 0.0001 = 0.9841
0.9841 = BC
3
` BC = 0.9841 # 3 = 2.9523
brnfhz Knfhz gugs = 1 bh = 1 # 2.9523 # 0.5331

2
2
= 0.786935565
` brnfhz Knfhz gugs = 0.7869 r.br. (njhuhakhf)
vLJfhL 6.25

6 br. MuKs tl ika 165c nfhzmsit jhF eh
sij fhf.
169
maha 6
O-it ikakhf cila 6 br. MuKs tl ika 165c nfhz

msit jhF eh AB vf. OC = AB I tiuf, Mfnt C vgJ AB- ika.
vdnt,

+AOC = 165c = 82c30l

2
brnfhz Knfhz ACO-,

sin 82c30l = AC ( AC = sin 82c30l # OA

OA
AC = 0.9914 # 6 = 5.9484 br.
r.
6 b 82c30l
A
O
B
gl 6.15
` eh s AB = AC # 2 = 5.9484 # 2 = 11.8968 br.

vLJfhL 6.26

8 myF MuKila tlD mikj 9 gffis bfhl xGF
gynfhz gf s fhf.
AB vgJ 8 myF MuKila tlD mikj 9 gff bfhl xGF
gynfhz xU gf vf. O vgJ tl ika v, +AOB = 360c = 40c
9
. OC = AB I tiuf. vdnt,

+AOC = 40c = 20c

2
sin 20c = AC = AC
8
OA
i.e., 0.3420 = AC
8
O
8
c
20
C
A
AC = 0.3420 # 8 = 2.736
gl 6.16
` gf AB- s = 2 # AC = 2 # 2.736 = 5.472 myFf
vLJfhL 6.27

6 br. gf ms bfhl xGF mWnfhz mikJs ctl
Mu fhf.
AB vgJ xGF mWnfhz xU gf kW O vgJ ctl ika
vf. OC = AB I tiuf. r vgJ tl Mu v, OC = r. nkY,
170
Knfhza
+AOB = 360c = 60c

6
` +AOC = 60c = 30c
2
tan 30c = AC
r
30o
i.e., 1 = 3
r
3
` r = 3 # 1.732 = 5.196 br.
Mfnt, ctl Mu = 5.196 br.
A 3br. C 3
gl 6.17
g 6.3
1.
tUtdt kfis fhf.
(i) sin 26c
(ii) cos 72c
(iii) tan 35c
(iv) sin 75c15l
(v) sin 12c12l
(vi) cos 12c35l
(vii) cos 40c20l
(viii) tan 10c26l
(ix) cot 20c
(x) cot 40c20l
2.
tUtdt i - kig fhf.
(i) sin i = 0.7009
(iv) cot i = 0.2334 (v) tan i = 63.6567
3.
Knfhza mltizia gagL RUFf.
(i) sin 30c30l + cos 40c20l
(ii) tan 45c27l + sin 20c
(iii) tan 63c12l - cos 12c42l
(iv) sin 50c26l + cos 18c + tan 70c12l
(v) tan 72c + cot 30c
4.
fz 20 br. kW xU FWnfhz 48c bfhl brnfhz Knfhz

gugsit fhf.
5.
fz 8 br. kW xU FWnfhz 57c bfhl brnfhz Knfhz

gugsit fhf.
6.
mogf 16 br. kW cnfhz 60c40l bfhl Urkgf

Knfhz gugsit fhf.
7.
mogf 15 br. kW cnfhz 80c bfhl Urkgf Knfhz

gugsit fhf.
8.
xU V 30c nfhz ms Rt rhJ itfgLsJ. mj

mogf RtUJ 12 bjhiy csJ v, V s fhf.
(ii) cos i = 0.9664 (iii) tan i = 0.3679
171
maha 6
9.
4 sKs V Rt moghfUJ 2 bjhiy rhJ

itfgLsJ v, V RtUl VgLJ nfhzij fhf.
10.
5 br. MuKs tl ika 108c nfhzmsit jhF eh

sij fhf.
11.
6 br. MuKila tlD mikj 12 gffis bfhl xGF

mWnfhz gf s fhf.
12.
24 br. gf ms bfhl xGF mWnfhz mikJs ctl

Mu fhf.
id bfhf
jhfu njw:
xU brnfhz Knfhz fz J tiuagL rJu
gugsthdJ, kw uL gff J tiuagL rJuf
gugsf TLjYF rk.
Knfhza jf:
brnfhz Knfhz i xU FWnfhz vf. i -it bghWJ
MW Knfhza jf tUkhW
vgf

fz
mLJs gf

cos i =
fz
vgf

tan i =
mLJs gf
sin i =
cosec i =
fz
vgf
fz
mLJs gf
mLJs gf
=
vgf
sec i =
cot i
Knfhza jf jiy bjhlf:

sin i
cosec i =
1

cosec i
cos i =
1
sec i
tan i =
1
cot i
1
sin i
sec i =
1
cos i
cot i =
1
tan i
u nfhzf Knfhza jf:

brnfhz Knfhz i vgJ xU FWnfhz v, u
nfhzf
Knfhza
jfUJ
eh
tU
KbwhUikfis bgWnwh.
sin i = cos (90c - i)
cosec i = sec (90c - i)
cos i = sin (90c - i)
sec i = cosec (90c - i)
tan i = cot (90c - i)
cot i
172
= tan (90c - i)
toa
Truth can never be told so as to be understood,

and not to be believed
- William Blake
Kjik Fnfhf
toa mogil fUJfis id Tj.
izfu
bfhSj.
jhd
njwfis
tl jhd njwfis J bfhSj
7.1 mKf

Geometry vw bga uL nuf thijf
ia msl vw bghUUJ bgwglJ.
fhyngh toa f mHfhf mikfgl
jUf Kiw xGFgLjgl fj mthF.
J f, nfhLf, jsf, cUtfSF
ilnas
gf
kW
bjhlfis
cslaJ. Rkh .K. 3000 Mo nghJ Kfhy
vJ kW J rkbt toa ga
gf fhzgld. tiuaWfglhj thijf,
tiuaiwf kW Cff Matwh toa
bjhlFwJ. it njwfSF tiuglfSF
bfhL brwd. J Egkhd ghl Mdh,
kdfzh vjhf Cfyh. nkY cWahd
eilKiw gaghLfis bfhlJ. toa
yfis msbtLg Ka gfhdhY,
vLJfhlhf, jnghJ fLkhd cWghLila
ghyf, bt MTlf kW fbga
isahL kW bghGJ nghF muFf mikf
tthdJ
gagLjgLwJ.
o
Kjjfkhd Elements- Flglitf
nkTa fLkhd gf toa njw
bjthf vGjgLsJ.
173
nj
(640 - 546 BC)
Thales (pronounced THAY-lees)
nuf efukhd nyl
nj wjh. toa
fUa kW tiuj
jYfhf eF maglt.
xU tl lij
Knfhz l gfkhf
bfhL mjF xU
Knfhzij tiujh l
gfF vnus nfhz
vnghJnk brnfhzkhF
vw njwij Wdh.
uLf cau kW
flfiuF fgYF
ilnas u
MafzFfSF toa
Kiw fljh.
toa cj
fhuzij gagL nj
njwF ehF Jiz
njwfis KjKj
gagLdh. jfhf Kj
Kiwahf cikahd
fj mP vW
fj fLofis
flj Kj kj vd
tghulglh. nuf
eho VG m f
myJ VG Jwf xUtuhf
sdh. nkfa
ggho Kj jJt
nkijahf kwtfsh mt
kfglh.
maha 7
7.2 toa mogil fUJf

eh Kija tFf goj y Kakhd toa mogil
fUJfis gF id Tnth.
fUJ
gl
sf
xiwbahW bto bfhshk xnu
js brY nfhLfis iznfhLf
vnwh. U iznfhLfSF ilna
cs bjhiy vbghGJ rkkhf UF.
l1
iz
nfhLf
l2
uL nfhLfSF xnubahU bghJthd

Ujh mit btLnfhLf vdgL.
bghJF btobfhS (btL)
vW bga. mU csgl nfhLf
D AB kW CD Mait 0 vw bto
bfhwd.
btL
nfhLf
O
A
_W myJ mjF nkgl nfhLf

xU t brwh mit xU
tnfhLf vdgL. mU cs
gl nfhLf l1 , l2 , l3 Mait 0 vw
tna brwd. vdnt, mit
xU tnfhLf vdgL.
l1
xU
l2
tnfhLf
l3
_W myJ mjF nkgl f

xnu
nenfho
mikjh,
mj
f xUnfhlik f vdgL.
mthW
iyba,
mit
xU
nfhlikahf vdgL.
xUnfhlik
f
7.2.1 nfhzf tiff

nfhzfis mt nfhz msfis bghWJ tifgLjyh.
brnfhz
(Right Angle)
B
nfhz
(Obtuse Angle)
tis nfhz
(Reflex Angle)
B
B
FWnfhz
(Acute Angle)
bga
tiugl
O
nfhz
ms
A
+AOB 1 90c
O
O
+AOB = 90c
174
B
A
90c 1 +AOB 1 180c 180c 1 +AOB 1 360c
toa
u nfhzf (Complementary Angles)

U nfhz msf TLj 90c v, mnfhzf xWbfhW
u nfhzfshF.
vLJfhlhf, +A = 52c kW +B = 38c v, nfhz +A kW +B
Mait xWbfhW u nfhzfshF.
ifu nfhzf (Supplementary Angles)

U nfhzf TLj 180c v, mnfhzf xWbfhW
ifu nfhzfshF.

vLJfhlhf, 112c kW 68c ms bfhl nfhzf xWbfhW
ifu nfhzfshF.
7.2.2 FWFbto (Transversal)

uL myJ mjF nkgl nfhLfis xU nfhlhdJ btntW
f btodh mjF FWFbto vW bga.
U iz nfhLfis xU FWFbto btLtjh VgL nfhzf
bga
nfhz
Fbj nfhzf rk
+1 = +3, +2 = +4,
+5 = +7, +6 = +8
xj nfhzf rk
+1 = +5, +2 = +6,
+3 = +7, +4 = +8
cbs nfhzf rk
+3 = +5, +4 = +6
bt v nfhzf rk
+1 = +7, +2 = +8
tiugl
1
l1
4
l2
2
3
5 6
8
c nfhzf if u +3 + +6 = 180c;
nfhzf
+4 + +5 = 180c
A
7.2.3 Knfhzf (Triangles)

xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj180c.
+A + +B ++C = 180c(gl 7.1.)

B
Fiu
A
gl 7.2
gl 7.1 C
(i) xU Knfhz xU gf lgLtjh VgL

btnfhz mj cbs nfhzf TLjYF
rk. +ACD = +BAC + +ABC
(ii) xU Knfhz btnfhzkhdJ cbs
nfhzfis l mfkhf UF.
(iii) vjbthU KnfhzY bga gfF vnu cs
D
nfhz bgajhf UF.
175
maha 7
rtrk Knfhzf (Congruent Triangles)

xU Knfhz midJ gffS, nfhzfS kbwhU
Knfhz xj gffSF, xj nfhzfSF rkkhdh
mKnfhzf rtrk Knfhzf vdgL.
rtrk vgjF eh / Fpil gagLJnwh.
sf
gl
A
xU Knfhz _W gff
g-g-g
SSS
kbwhU Knfhz _W
gffSF rkbk, mU
B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
g-nfh-g
SAS
TABC / TPQR
xU Knfhz U gffS
mit
csla
nfhzK
kbwhU
Knfhz
U
gffSF mit csla
nfhzF rkbk, mU
B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
xU
Knfhz
U
nfhzfS mtwh izj
nfh-g-nfh gfK kbwhU Knfhz U
nfhzfSF mtwh izj
ASA
gfF rkkhdh, mU B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
br-f-g
RHS
176
TABC / TPQR
P
TABC / TPQR
xU
Knfhz
U
nfhzfS mj VjhtJ xU
nfh-nfh-g gfK kbwhU Knfhz
AAS
U
nfhzfSF
xj
B
gfF rkbk, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
xU brnfhz Knfhz
fz, VnjD xU gf, kbwhU
brnfhz
Knfhz
fz, xU gf MatF
Kiwna rkkhf U, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
Q
R
TABC / TPQR
A
TABC / TPQR
toa
g 7.1
1.
tU nfhzf u nfhzfis fhf.
(i) 63c (ii) 24c (iii) 48c
2.
tU nfhzf ifu nfhzfis fhf.
(i) 58c (ii) 148c
3.
tU glf x- kig fhf.
(i)
(iii) 120c
xc

5.
(v) 100c
(ii)
(x + 30)c
B
xc
B
tU nfhz msfis fhf.

i) xU nfhz mj u nfhzij nghy U klF.
ii) xU nfhz mj if u nfhzij nghy ehF klF.
iii) xU nfhz ifughdJ mj u nfhzij nghy ehF
klF.
iv) xU nfhz ughdJ mj ifu nfhz M xU
gF.
v) if u nfhzf 4:5 vw j csd.
vi) u nfhzf 3:2 vw j csd.
tU glf x, y- kig fhf.
(i)
A
(ii)
3x 2x
D
(3x+5)c (2x25)c
D
(115 x)c
40c
(v) 20c
(iv) 40c
(x 20)c
4.
(iv) 35c
C
y c 90cxc
O
A
3xc 60c B
(iii)
E
m1
6.
l1 || l2 kW m1 xU FWFbto vf. +F = 65c v, kw

nfhzmsfis fhf.
7.
l1 || l2 v x - kig fhf.
(i) l1
l2
8.
9.
t
(2x + 20)c
(3x10) c
l1
B A
C D
F E
G H
l2
(ii) l1
(3x + 20)c
2xc
l2
xU Knfhz nfhzf 1:2:3 vw j U, mt

nfhz msfis fhf.
3 ABC- +A+ +B = 70c kW +B + +C = 135c v, mj nfhz msfis
A
fhf.
10. bfhLfgLs gl 3ABC- gf BC MdJ D

lgLsJ v, +A kW +C ia fhf.
177
tiu
40 c
B
120 c
C
maha 7
7.3 ehfu (Quadrilateral)

ehF gff kW ehF Kidfsh milgL cUt ehfu MF.

ehfu ehF nfhzf TLj 360c MF.
ehfu
rtf
izfu
brtf
rhrJu
U rkgf
rtf
rJu
7.3.1 izfu, rhrJu kW rtf gf

gf
izfu nfhz
vgff iz kW rk
v nfhzf rk
nfhzf ifu
kW
mLJs
_iyl _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL
rhrJu
rtf
gf
midJ gffS rk kW vgff iz
nfhz
v nfhzf rk, kW mLJs

nfhzf ifu.
_iyl _iylf xWbfhW ikaFJnfhL.

gf
xU nrho vgff iz
izyh gff Kidf cs
nfhz
nfhzf ifu
_iyl
_iylf
mtaiy
gf
xU nrho vgff iz, izyh

gff msf rk
Urkgf
nfhz
rtf
rkkhf
Ufntoa
iz gff Kidf cs nfhzf rk
_iyl _iylf rk
178
toa
(i) brtf vgJ rk nfhz mss izfu MF.

F
(ii) rhrJu vgJ rkgf izfu MF.
(iii) rJu vgJ rkgf mss, rk nfhz mss izfu MF.

(iv) rJu vgJ xU brtf, rhrJu kW izfu MF.
7.4 izfu (Parallelogram)

vgff izahf cs ehfu izfu MF.
7.4.1 izfu gf
g 1 : xU izfu v gff rk.
ju
: ABCD vgJ xU izfu. vdnt, AB || DC kW AD || BC

C
%f : AB = CD kW AD = BC
mik : BD I izf
%gz :
gl 7.3
T ABD kW T BCD Mat.

(i) +ABD = +BDC

(AB || DC kW BD xU FWF bto.

vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)
(AD || BC kW BD xU FWF bto.
(ii) +BDA =+DBC
(iii) BD bghJ gf
` T ABD / T BCD
(nfh-g-nfh g go)
Mfnt, AB = DC kW AD = BC
(xj gff rk)
g 1- kWjiy : xU ehfu vgff rkbk, mj ehfu X

izfukhF.
g 2
: xU izfu v nfhzf rk.
ju : ABCD vgJ xU izfu.

m AB || DC, AD || BC
%f : +ABC = +ADC kW
A
+DAB = +BCD
mik : BD I izf
179
gl 7.4
maha 7
%gz :

(i) +ABD = +BDC
(ii) +DBC = +BDA
(AB || DC kW BD xU FWF bto

(AD || BC kW BD xU FWF bto.
(iii) + ABD + + DBC = + BDC + + BDA
` +ABC = +ADC

njnghW,
g 2- kWjiy:
+BAD = +BCD
xU ehfu v nfhzf rkbk, mj ehfu

X izfukhF.
g 3 : izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL.

ju
: ABCD vgJ xU izfu. m AB || DC kW AD || BC

D
%f : M vgJ _iyl AC kW BD-

ika .
M
%gz :
A
T AMB kW T CMD MatW
(i)
(ii) +MAB = +MCD
xWl cnfhzf (a AB || DC)
+ABM = +CDM
xWl cnfhzf (a AB || DC)
(iii) T AMB / T CMD
AB = DC
gl 7.5
izfu vgff rk.
(nfh-g-nfh g go)
` AM = CM kW BM = DM
i.e., M vgJ AC kW BD- ika
` izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL
g 3- kWjiy: xU ehfu _iylf xiwbahW UrkTL

v, mehfu X izfukhF.
180
toa

(i) izfu _iylf mizfuij rk gugs
F
bfhl U Knfhzfshf F.
(ii) izfu _iylf xWbfhW brFJ v,
mJ rhrJu MF.
(iii) xnu mo J, U iz nfhLfSilna mik
izfuf rkguilait.
vLJfhL 7.1

xU ehfu _W nfhzf msf 100c 84c kW 76c v,
ehfhtJ nfhz msit fhf.
ehfhtJ nfhz ms x c vf.

ehfu ehF nfhzf TLj 360c MF. vdnt,
100c+84c+76c+ x c = 360c

260c+ x c = 360c

i.e.,
x c = 100c

vdnt, ehfhtJ nfhz ms 100c MF.
vLJfhL 7.2

izfu ABCD- +A = 65c v, +B, +C kW +D Matiw fhf.
ABCD xU izfu kW +A = 65c vd bfhLfgLsJ.

D
+A+ +B = 180c
65c+ B = 180c
>
>>
AD || BC, AB I FWFbto vf. vdnt,
>>
+B = 180c - 65c
+B = 115c
65o
A
>
gl 7.6
izfu v nfhzf rk vgjh, eh bgWtJ

+C =+A = 65c kW +D = +B = 115c
Mfnt, +B = 115c, + C = 65c kW +D = 115c

vLJfhL 7.3

ABCD vw brtf _iylf AC kW BD, Mait O-
btobfhwd. nkY +OAB = 62c v, +OBC I fhf.

brtf _iylf rk kW xiwbahW Urk TL.

vdnt, OA = OB kW +OBA = +OAB = 62c
181
maha 7
nkY brtf xbthU nfhzms 90c vgUJ
+ABC = 90c
+ABO + +OBC = 90c
62c + +OBC = 90c
+OBC = 90c - 62c
62c
= 28c
gl 7.7
vLJfhL 7.4

ABCD vw rhrJu +A = 76c v, +CDB I fhf.
+A = +C = 76c
+CDB = xcvf.
3 CDB-, CD = CB
76c
+CDB = +CBD = xc
+CDB+ +CBD + +DCB = 180c (Knfhz nfhzf)
( rhrJu v nfhzf)
gl 7.8
2xc + 76c =180c ( 2x = 104c
xc = 52c
` +CDB = 52c
g 7.2
1.
ABCD vw ehfu +A, +B, +C kW +D Mad 2:3:4:6 vw j

Ujh, mt msfis fhf.
2.
izfu ABCD- +A = 108c v, +B, +C kW +D I fzLf.
3.
bfhLfgLs gl ABCD xU izfu.

m +BAO = 30c , +DAO = 45c kW +COD= 105c
v, tU nfhzfis fhf.
C
105o
O
45o
30o
(i) +ABO (ii) +ODC (iii) +ACB (iv) +CBD

A
4.
izfu bga nfhz msthdJ a nfhz Ukl 30c

Fiw v, midJ nfhz msfis fhf.
5.
izfu ABCD- AB = 9 br. kW mj Rws

izfu gf msfis fhf.
6.
rhrJu _iylf 24 br., 18 br. v, mj gf msfis

fhf.
182
30 br. v,
toa
7.
tU glf ABCD vgJ xU rhrJu. m x kW y- kid

fhf.
D
yc
(i)
40c
xc
62c
C
xc
yc
(iii)
(ii)
xc
yc
120c
A
8.
rhrJu gfms 10 br. kW xU _iyl s 12 br.

v, kbwhU _iyl sij fhf.
9.
bfhLfgLs gl ABCD X izfu. m
D
P
+A kW +B- nfhz Urkbtof P vw

rwd v, + APB = 90c vd U.
7.5 tlf (Circles)

akghij (Locus)

akghij vgJ y toa gjidfSF
cgL efU ghijahF.

cjhuzkhf, uL fUJ rk u P
efU akghij mfis izF
nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhlhF.
tlf (Circles)

iyahd xU UJ rk bjhiy
efU akghij xU tlkhF.
tl mj Rws vdgL.
eh
bjhLnfhL

iyahd mj ika vd khwhj
ilu Mu vd miHfgL.
gl 7.9
O
l
eh (Chord)

tlg jikj U fis
izF nfhLJL eh vdgL.
bt
Lnf
hL
l (Diameter)

tl ika tahf brY eh l vdgL.
tl fbga eh l MF.
btLnfhL (Secant)

xU tlij U btntW f btobrY nfhL tl
btLnfhL vdgL.
183
maha 7
bjhLnfhL (Tangent)
tlij xnubahU xU kL bjhLbrY nfhL tl
bjhLnfhL vdgL.
bjhLnfhlhdJ tlij bjhL , bjhL vdgL.
xU
tlgid
uL
rkkw
a
tlJL
tlg xU gFF tl vW bga.
bg
tl (Arc of a circle)
fshf
jh a a tl vd, bga bga
tl
nfhzgF
tl vd miHfL.
bghJika tlf (Concentric circles)
xnu ika Mdh btntW MufS cila
tlf bghJika tlf vdgL.

O r
bfhLfgLs gl cs uL tlf O-it
ikakhf btntW Muf r kW R cila bghJika

tlf MF.
gl 7.11
xUir f (Congruent arcs )
!
!

tlYs uL f AB kW CD Mait tl ika jhF
ij eh

nfhz msf rkbk, mit xUir f MF.

! !
AB / CD thW vGJnth. Mfnt,
! !
! !
AB / CD , mAB = mCD , +AOB = +COD
7.5.1 tl ehf gf
gl 7.12
rksKs ehf tl ika rk nfhzfis jhF.
mjhtJ, gl 7.13- eh AB = ehCD ( +AOB = +COD

kWjiy

ehfsh tl ika milgL nfhz
rkbk, ehf sf rkkhF.

mjhtJ, +AOB = +COD (eh AB = eh CD
184
gl 7.13
toa
njw 1

tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL brFJ ehiz U rk TL.
ju : O it ikakhf cila tl, lij ju

VnjD xU eh AB kW OC= AB
%f : AC = BC
mik : OA kW OB-I izf

%gz :
T OAC kW T OBC-
(i)
(ii) OC
(iii) + OCA = + OCB
(iv) T OAC / T OBC
gl 7.14
(tl Muf.)
OA = OB

bghJgf

(xbthW 90c, OC = AB-UJ.)

(br-f-g rtrkjik.)
` AC = BC
njw 1- kWjiy : xU tl ikaij, eh ikaia
izF nfhL ehF brFjhF.
njw 2

xU tlYs rk ehf tl ikaUJ
rku UF.
ju
M
C
: xU tl ika O, Mu r nkY eh AB = eh CD.
%f : OL = OM
mik : OL = AB kW OM = CD I tiuf.
OA kW OC I izf.

%gz :
L
B
gl 7.15
AL = 1 AB kW CM = 1 CD (tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL

2
2

brFJ ehiz UrkTL.)
1
1
AB = CD ( AB = CD ( AL = CM
2
2
(ii) OA = OC
(Muf)
(i)
(iii)
+ OMC= + OLA
(iv)
T OLA / T OMC
` OL = OM
Mfnt, eh AB kW CD Mait O-UJ rk bjhiy csd.
(xbthW 90c )
(br-f-g rtrkjik.)
njw 2- kWjiy : xU tl tl ikaUJ rku mik

ehf rksKsit MF.
185
maha 7
vLJfhL 7.5

10 br. MuKs tl 16 br. sKila eh tl ikaUJ
vts u csJ?
tl Mu OA- s 10 br.
AB = 16 br.
AC = 1 # 16 = 8 br.
2
b
r.
eh AB- ika C.
10
eh AB- s 16 br.
C
16br.
gl 7.16
OC = 10 br.
brnfhz Knfhz OAC-,

OC = OA - AC
= 102 - 82 = 100 - 64 = 36 br.
` OC = 6 br.

Mfnt, tl ikaUJ eh 6 br. bjhiy csJ.
vLJfhL 7.6

uL bghJika tlf bttl tiuagl eh AB ahdJ
ctlij C kW D- btLwJ v, AC = BD vd %.
ju : bttl eh AB ctlij C kW D- btLwJ.
%f
: AC = BD
mik
: OM = AB tiuf
%gz :

OM = AB
UJ OM = CD
bttl,
(mik go)
CM = DM
gl 7.17
(1) (a eh AB-ia OM Urk TL)
(2) (a eh CD-ia OM Urk TL)
(1) kW (2)-UJ, eh bgWtJ
(ACDB xU nenfhL)
ctl,
AM = BM
AM - CM = BM - DM
AC = BD
186
toa
7.5.2 tlD mikj nfhzf

njw 3
xU tl ika jhF nfhz mj iy jJ tl

g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U klfhF.
ju
: O-it ikakhf cila tl AXB vgJ xU ,!

AXB vw tl
!
ika jhF nfhz +AOB. +ACB vgJ AXB vw iy
jJ tl g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhz.
%f : +AOB = 2 +ACB
mik : CO it izJ D tiu of
C
C
B
A
X
gl 7.18
gl 7.19
%gz :

(i) OA = OC

(ii) + OCA = + OAC
(iii) TAOC-
gl 7.20
(Muf)
(rkgfF vnu cs nfhzf rk.)
+AOD = +OCA + +OAC

(Knfhz btnfhz
cbs nfhzf TLjYF rk.)
(iv) + AOD = + OCA + + OCA
(+ OAC = + OCA vd ul)
(v) + AOD = 2 + OCA
(TLj)
(vi) njnghW T BOC-,
+ BOD = 2 +

(vii) + AOD + + BOD = 2 + OCA + 2+ OCB
(viii) + AOB = 2 + ACB
= 2(+ OCA + + OCB)
(a +AOD + + BOD = +AOB,

+ OCA + + OCB = +ACB)
187
maha 7
(i)
miutl mik nfhz brnfhzkhF.
(ii)
xnu tlJo mik nfhzf rk.
7.5.3 tl ehfu (Cyclic Quadrilateral)

njw 4

tl ehfu v nfhzf TLj 180cMF (myJ) tl
ehfu vnfhzf ifu nfhzf.

ju
: O-it ikakhf cila tl ABCD xU ehfu.

A
%f : + BAD + + BCD = 180c, +ABC + +ADC = 180c

mik : OB kW OD-ia izf.
%gz :

(i)
+ BAD = 1 + BOD (tl ika jhF

2
nfhzkhdJ miy jJ tlg
VgLJ nfhzij ngh UklF.)

gl 7.21
(ii) + BCD = 1 (tis + BOD)
2
(iii) ` +BAD + +BCD = 1 +BOD + 1 (tis +BOD) ((i) kW (ii)-I Tl)
2
2
1

i.e., + BAD + + BCD = (+ BOD + (tis + BOD))
2
1
(tl ika bkhj nfhz 360c)

i.e., +BAD + +BCD = ( 360c)
2

i.e., + BAD + + BCD = 180c
(iv) njnghW,
+ABC + +ADC = 180c
njw 4- kWjiy : ehfu
vnfhzf
TLj
ifu
nfhzf v, mj ehfu tl ehfu MF.

D
njw 5

tl ehfu xU gfij ogjh VgL
btnfhz cbs nfhzF rk

ju
: tl ehfu ABCD-, gf AB MdJ E tiu

lgLsJ.
gl 7.22
%f : + CBE = +ADC
B
E
188
toa
%gz :
+ ABC + + CBE = 180c (nenfhL nrho)
(i)
(ii) + ABC + +ADC = 180c (tl ehfu v nfhzf)
(i) kW (ii)-UJ
(iii) + ABC + + CBE = +ABC + +ADC
(iv) ` + CBE = +ADC
vLJfhL 7.7
gl 7.27-, x vd Fl nfhz kig fhf.
C
(ii)
xc
xc
xc
80c
B
100c
56c
O
(iv)
O
xc
20c
(iii)
(i)
25
gl 7.23
gl 7.25
gl 7.26
gl 7.24
xU tl tl ika jhF nfhz, mj iy jJ tl
g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U klfhF vd
eh mnth.

(i)
+AOB = 2 +ACB
xc
+ACB = 1 +AOB
2
x = 1 # 80c = 40c
2
O
80c
B
(ii) tis +AOB = 2 +ACB

xc
x = 2 # 100c = 200c
(iii) +ABC + +BCA + +CAB = 180c
56c + 90c + +CAB = 180c

( a +BCA = miu tl mik nfhz = 90c)
100c
+CAB =180c - 146c

x = 34c
189
xc
56c
O
maha 7
(iv)
OA = OB = OC (Muf)
+OCA = +OAC = 25c
+OBC = +OCB = 20c

25
+ACB = +OCA + +OCB
= 25c + 20c = 45c
xc
20c
+AOB = 2 +ACB
x = 2 # 45c= 90c

vLJfhL 7.8

gl 7.27- , tlika O, + ADC = 120c v, x- kig fhf.
ABCD xU tl ehfu.

+ABC + +ADC = 180c
+ABC = 180c - 120c = 60c

nkY, +ACB = 90c ( miu tl mikj nfhz )
D
3ABC-,
+BAC + +ACB + +ABC = 180c
+BAC + 90c + 60c = 180c

120c
+BAC = 180c - 150c
xc
O
x = 30c
g 7.3
gl 7.27
1.
15 br. MuKs tl 18 br. sKs eh tl ikaUJ

vts bjhiy csJ vd fhf.
2.
17 br. MuKs tl 16 br. sKs eh tl ikaUJ

vts bjhiy csJ vd fhf.
3.
tl ikaJ 24 br. bjhiy cs eh s 20 br. v,

tl Mu fhf.
4.
17 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 8 br. bjhiy cs eh

sij fhf.
5.
25 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 15 br. bjhiy cs eh

sij fhf.
190
toa
6.
gl, O-it ikakhf cila tl izahf

cs ehf AB kW CD. tl Mu 5 br.
O
m AB = 6 br., CD = 8 br., OP = AB kW CD = OQ
7.
Q
P
v, PQ- sij fhf.
tl ika vbunu (UwK) mikj izahd ehf sf

AB = 10 br. kW CD = 24 br.. ehfSF ilna cs bjhiy 17 br.
v, tl Muij fhf.
8.
gl O-it ikakhf cila tl izahd ehf

AB = 8 br. kW CD = 6 br., tl Mu 5 br., OP=AB
kW OQ=CD v, PQ- sij fhf.

9.
fl glf x - kig fhf.
A
(i)
C
(ii)
C
A
(iii)
xc
35c
O
xc
25
(iv)
(v)
xc
(vi)
50c
130c
48c
O
xc
xc
10.
30c
0
90c
12
O
gl AB kW CD Mait tlika
O tna brY nenfhLf. +AOC = 98c
kW + CDE = 35c v (i) + DCE
E
A
98c
35c
(ii) + ABC Matiw fhf.

D
191
maha 7
S
R
11.
gl
PQ
ikakhf
O-it
vgJ
+ SPR = 25c
+ PQM =
(i) + QPR, (ii) + QPM
tl
+ PQR
l.
kW
cila
kW
50c
(iii)
25c
55c
55c, P
v,
50c
+ PRS
Matiw fhf.
M
C
D
`12. gl
vw
ABCD
_iylf
vw
tl
ehfu
bto
bfhwd. + DBC = 30c kW + BAC = 50c

v, (i) + BCD (ii) + CAD Matiw fhf.
P
30c
50c
A

13.
gl ABCD vw tl ehfu AB || DC.

+ BAD =100c v, (i) + BCD
(ii) + ADC
(iii) + ABC Matiw fhf.

100
c
B
14.
gl
ABCD
vw
tl
ehfu
+ BCD = 100c kW + ABD = 50c v, + ADB-
100c
kig fhf.
A
50c
B
15.
gl
O-it
ikakhf
cila
tl
+ AOC = 100c kW mj xUgf AB MdJ

D tiu lgLwJ v, (i) + CBD (ii) + ABC
Matiw fhf.
100c
C
A
B
D
192
toa
id bfhf
xU izfu v gff rk.
xU izfu v nfhzf rk.
izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL.
brtf vgJ rk nfhz mss izfu MF.
rhrJu vgJ rkgf izfu MF.
rJu vgJ rkgf kW rknfhz mss izfu MF.
izfu _iylf mizfuij rk gugs bfhl U

Knfhzfshf F.
izfu _iylf xbthW izfuij uL rtrk

Knfhzfshf F.
izfu _iylf xWbfhW brFJ v, mJ
rhrJu MF.
nu mo J, U iz nfhLfSilna mik izfuf

x
rkguilait.
rksKs ehf tl ika rk nfhzfis jhF.
ehfsh tl ika milgL nfhz rkbk, ehf

sf rkkhF.
tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL brFJ ehiz Urk

TL.
xU tlYs rk ehf tl ikaUJ rk u UF.
xU tl ika jhF nfhz mj iy jJ tl

g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U
klfhF.
miutl mik nfhz brnfhzkhF.
xnu tlJoYs nfhzf rk.
tl ehfu v nfhzf TLj 180cMF (myJ) tl

ehfu vnfhzf ifu nfhzf.
tl ehfu xU gfij ogjh VgL btnfhz cbs

nfhzF rk
193
msa
The most beautiful plane gure is the circle and the most
beautiful solid gure the sphere
- PYTHAGORAS
Kjik Fnfhf
tl nfhzgF s, Rws kW
gugs Matiw fhQj
MO
.K. 287 - 212
fd rJu wgu kW fd ms fhQj
fd brtf wgu kW fd ms fhQj
f wj fj
mPf xUtuhd
MO (Archimedes)
vgt
8.1 mKf
Ys nuf efuhd
Knfhzf,
brtff,
rJuf,
tlf kW nfhsf nghw totfis e
mwhl th fhnwh. t yt
gfis g eh Kng mUnwh.
toa totf msfis g TW
fj gF msa vdgL. thif
gntW Jiwf toa xU Kakhd Jiwahf
fUjgLtjh msaY f KakhdjhF.
fola kW jRa Mat
Rws, gugs kW fdms Mait Ka
gF twd.
cy cik NHf
gu kW fdms Mad gagLjgLwd.
iwa NH Ugkhz cUtf Rws
kW gugs nkY Kgkhz cUtf wgu
kW fdms Matiw fla gagL
Nufis xbthUtU fgJ f mta.
j maha tlnfhz gFf
s kW gu nkY fdrJu,
fdbrtf Mat wgu kW fdms
Matiw g mnth.
194
uhTi[ rhjt.
mt .K. 287 wjh.
xU tl cns
mikj xGF gynfhz
kW btna mikj
xGF gynfhzij
gagL
r - kig
fhz bra Kiwia

MO bjhldh.
nfhs gu kW
fdms fhz rahd
Nufis flj
bgUik mtiuna rhU.
gutisa gF kW
MO RU
vW miHfgL.
RU tlnfhzgF
nghw gy gufis
fzlh. jDila
gilf _y fj
aaYF mojs
mikjh.
msa
8.2 tlnfhzgF (Sector)

O-it
ikakhf
bfhl
xU
tl nk cs P, Q vw
U f, tl (Arc) PQ, +
POQ kW tlnfhzgF POQ
Matiw cUthFwJ. tl
!
PQ MdJ PQ vd FfgLwJ.
!
!
tl QP
tl PQ
tlnfhzgF qop
j tl P- bjhl fofhu tlnfhzgF poq
gl 8.1
RW irF vir Q-it
!
neh brwJ. tl PQ ,
Muf OP kW OQ twh milgL gF, tlnfhzgF POQ MF. gl
!
!
8.1- UJ PQ kW QP vw tlf btntwhdit vgij fhnwh.
Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF
xU tl uL Muf kW j Mufsh btlgL
Matwh milgL gF tlnfhzgF (Sector)
vdgL.
8.2.1 ikanfhz myJ tlnfhz (Central Angle)
Ka fUJ ikanfhz
xU tlnfhzgF tl, mtlnfhzgF

mikJs tl ika VgLJ nfhz ikanfhz
myJ tlnfhz (Central angle) vdgL.
!
gl 8.2-, PQ vw tl tl ika VgLJ nfhz i vf.
vdnt, tlnfhzgF POQ- ikanfhz i MF.

vLJfhlhf,

1.
miutl vgJ ikanfhz 180c bfhl xU

tlnfhz gFahF.
2.
fhtl vgJ ikanfhz 90c bfhl xU

tlnfhz gFahF.
O

r
Q
gl 8.2
8.2.2 xU tlnfhzgF s

tlnfhzgF POQ- s vgJ tl
g nk OP kW OQ vw uL Mufsh btlgL
gF skhF. tlnfhzgF s l vd
FfgL.
P
l
gl 8.3
195
maha 8
vLJfhlhf,

1.
xU tl s vgJ mtl g skhF.

mjhtJ, l=2r r myFf. F r vgJ tl MukhF.
2.
xU miu tl s l = 2rr # 180 = rr myFf. F

360
tl Mu r, ikanfhz 180c .
3.
xU fh tl s l = 2rr # 90 = rr myFf. F
2
360
tl Mu r, ikanfhz 90c .
Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF s
xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v,
mj s l = i # 2rr myFfshF.
360
8.2.3 tlnfhzgF gugs (Area of a Sector)

tlnfhzgF gugs vgJ uL MufSF,
Mufsh tl g btlgL YF ilgl gFahF.
O
vLJfhlhf,

1. xU tl gugs rr2 rJu myFf MF.

2.
3.
2
xU miu tl gugs rr rJu myFf
2
2
xU fh tl gugs rr rJu myFf.
4
mj
Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF gugs

tlnfhzgF gugs i # rr2 rJu myFfshF.
360

nghJ, xU tlnfhzgF gugsit mj s l kW
Mu r _ykhf vGJ Kiwia fhngh.

gugs = i # rr2
360
= i # 2r r # r
360
2
= 1 # c i # 2rr m # r
2
360
1
= # lr
2
tlnfhzgF gugs = lr rJu myFf.
2
196
msa
8.2.4 tlnfhzgF Rws (Perimeter of a Sector)

tlnfhzgF Rws vgJ tlnfhzgF viyf
sf TLj MF. mjhtJ tlnfhz gF Rws l + 2r myFf MF.
Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF Rws
s l, tlnfhzgF Mu r v, mj Rws
P = l + 2r myFf.
vLJfhlhf,

1. miutl Rws ^r + 2h r myFf

2. fhtl Rws ` r + 2j r myFf
2
1. s kW tlnfhzgF gu Mad
ikanfhz msF nej UF.
2. r vgJ xU jKwh v, mj njhuha k 22 (m) 3.14 vd
7
gagLJnwh.

vLJfhL 8.1

xU tlnfhzgF Mu 42 br. kW mj ikanfhz 60c v
mj s, gugs kW Rwsit fhf.
Mu r = 42 br., ikanfhz i = 60cvd bfhLfgLsJ.

s l = i # 2rr
360
= 60 # 2 # 22 # 42 = 44 br.
360
7

gugs = lr = 44 # 42 = 924 r.br.

2
2
Rws = l + 2r
O
60o
42br.
= 44 + 2(42) = 128 br..

vLJfhL 8.2

s 66 br.. kW ikanfhz 30c bfhl tlnfhzgF
Mu fhf.
ikanfhz i = 30c , s l = 66 br.. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,

i # 2rr
= l
360
30 # 2 # 22 # r = 66
360
7
` r = 66 # 360 # 1 # 7 = 126 br..

30
2 22
197
30o r
A
66br.
maha 8
vLJfhL 8.3

s 22 br. kW Mu 10.5 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
Mu r = 10.5 br., s l = 22 br.. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
i # 2rr = l
360
i. e., i # 2 # 22 # 10.5 = 22
360
7

` i = 22 # 360 # 1 # 7 # 1 =120c
2 22 10.5

10.5br.
22br.
vLJfhL 8.4

xU Cr ika nfhz 30c VgLj 11 br. bjhiy efwJ v,
Cr sij fhf.
Cr miy xU tlnfhzgF MF. Cr s vgJ
tlnfhzgF Mu MF.
O
ikanfhz i = 30c, l = 11 br.. vdnt,

i # 2rr = l

360
30 # 2 # 22 # r = 11

360
7

` r = 11 # 360 # 1 # 7 = 21 br.
30
2 22

r
A
B
11br.
vLJfhL 8.5

xU tlnfhzgF s 15 br. kW Mu 10 br. v,
mj Rwsit fhf.
O
r = 10 br., l = 15 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ, vdnt,
10br.
tlnfhzgF Rws= l + 2r = 15 + 2 (10)
= 15 + 20 = 35 br.
Q
15br.
vLJfhL 8.6

Mu 18 br. kW ikanfhz 210c vd bfhl tlnfhzgF
Rwsit fhf.
r = 18 br., i = 210c vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,

l = i # 2rr
360
O
210o
= 210 # 2 # 22 # 18 = 66 br.
360
7
` tlnfhzgF Rws = l + 2r = 66 + 2(18) = 66 + 36 = 102 br.
198
18br
msa
vLJfhL 8.7

Mu 14 br. kW gugs 77 r.br. bfhLs tlnfhzgF
ikanfhzij fhf.
r = 14 br., gu = 77 r.br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
tlnfhzgF gu = i # rr2
360

i # 22 # 14 # 14 = 77
360
7
` i = 77 # 360 # 7 = 45c
22 # 14 # 14
14br.
77r.br. B
vLJfhL 8.8

Mu 6 br., s 20 br. bfhLs tlnfhzgF guig
fhf.
r = 6 br., l = 20 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
P
gu = lr rJu myFf
2
6br. Q
= 20 # 6 = 60 r.br.
2
vLJfhL 8.9
20br.
Rws 38 br. kW Mu 9 br. vd bfhl tlnfhzgF guig
fhf.

Mu = 9 br., Rws = 38 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ, vdnt,
i.e.,
20br.
Rws = l + 2r = 38
l + 18 = 38
l = 38 18 = 20 br.
` gu = lr = 20 # 9 = 90 r.br.
2
2
9br.
vLJfhL 8.10

Mu 28 br. cila miutl Rws kW gugs Matiw
fhf.
28br.
Mu 28 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ.
miutl Rws = (r + 2 ) r = ( 22 + 2 ) 28 = 144 br.

7

2
gugs = rr = 22 # 28 # 28 = 1232 r.br.
7
2
2
199
maha 8
vLJfhL 8.11

s 27.5 br., gugs 618.75 r.br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
Mu, ikanfhz kW Rws Matiw fhf.
s l = 27.5 br., gugs = 618.75 r.br. vd bfhLfgLsJ.
vdnt,
gugs = lr = 618.75 r.br.
2
27.5 # r
= 618.75
2
= 45 br.
` r
vdnt, Rws l + 2r = 27.5 + 2(45) = 117.5 br.
i # 2rr
360
i

mjhtJ,
# 2 # 22 # 45 = 27.5
360
7

` i = 35c

s l =
vLJfhL 8.12

21 br. MuKs fhtl gF gugs kW Rws Matiw fhf.
21br.
r = 21 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. nkY i = 90c vdnt,

Rws = ` r + 2j r = ( 22 + 2 ) # 21= 75 br.
2
7#2
2
gugs = rr = 22 # 21 # 21 = 346.5 r.br.
4
7#4
21br.
vLJfhL 8.13

` 9,000 khj rgs bgW xUt bryf gl fhlgLsJ.
(i) czfhf bragl bry
Matiw fzLf.
(ii) mt nr
khj rgs ` 9,000I tl bkhj gu vf.

(i)
i.e., rr2 = 9000

tl AOB- gu = i # rr2
360
= 120 # 9000 = 3,000
360
czfhf bry bragl bjhif ` 3,000.

(ii) tl BOC - gu = i # rr2
360

= 30 # 9, 000 = 750
360

nr cs bjhif ` 750.
200
nr
C
cz
120o
O
kw bryf
msa
vLJfhL 8.14

3 br. MuKs _W tlf xiwbahW bjhLnghJ mtwh
NHgL gF guig fhf.
glUJ, ABC xU rkgf Knfhz kW tlnfhzgFf DAF,
DBE kW ECF Mat guf rk.
tlfsh NHgl gF gu = rkgf Knfhz ABC- gu

- 3 # (tlnfhzgF gu)
3 a 2 - 3 # i # rr 2
4
360
..
3 br
r.
3b
` tlfsh NHgl gF gu = 1.45 r.br.
r.
3b
3 # 6 # 6 - 3 # 60 # 22 # 3 # 3
4
360
7
= 9 3 - 99 = 15.59 - 14.14 = 1.45 r.br.
7
..
A
3 br
E
B 3br.. 3br.. C
vLJfhL 8.15

gl Hlgl gF gu fh [ r = 3.14 ]
tlnfhzgF COD kW AOB- Muf Kiwna R br.., r br.. vf.
= 58.875 16.747 = 42.128 r.br.
r.
15b
C
.
8br

Hlgl gF gu = tlnfhzgF COD- gu

- tlnfhzgF AOB- gu

= i # rR2 - i # rr2
360
360

= 30 # 3.14 # 15 # 15 - 30 # 3.14 # 8 # 8
360
360
g 8.1
1.

2.

nH bfhLfgLs mss tlnfhzgF s,

gugs kW Rws fhf.
(i) Mu 21 br., ikanfhz 60c (ii) Mu 4.9 br., ikanfhz 30c
(iii) Mu 14 br., ikanfhz 45c (iv) Mu 15 br., ikanfhz 63c
(v) Mu 21 bl., ikanfhz 240c
(i) s 88 br. kW Mu 42 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
(ii) s 22 br. kW Mu 14 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
(iii) s 44 br. ikanfhz 70c bfhl tlnfhzgF
Muij fhf.
201
maha 8
3.
nH bfhLfgLs msfSF tlnfhzgF gugs kW

Rws Matiw fhf.
(i)
(ii) Mu 55 br., s 80 br..
(iii) Mu 12 br., s 15.25 br..
(iv) Mu 20 br., s 25 br..
4.
(i)
Mu 10 br., s 33 br..
Mu 14 br. kW gugs 70 r.br. bfhl tlnfhzgF

s fhf.
(ii) gugs
225
r.br.
kW
br.
15
bfhl
tlnfhzgF Mu fhf.

(iii) ikanfhz
140c
kW
gugs
44
r.br.
bfhl
tlnfhzgF Mu fhf.
5.
(i)
xU tlnfhzgF Rws 58 br.. mj l 9 br. v,

mj gu vd?
(ii) Mu kW Rws Kiwna 20 br. kW 110 br.
bfhl
tlnfhzgF guig fhf.

6.
nH jugl msf UJ tlnfhzgF ikanfhz fhf.
(i)
(ii) gugs 462 r.br., Mu 21 br.
7.
(i)
(ii) 7 br. MuKs fhtl gugs kW Rwsit fhf.
8.
(i)
gugs 352 r.br., Mu 12 br.
Mu 14 br. mss miutl gugs kW Rwsit fhf.
tlnfhzgF Rws kW Mu Kiwna 35 br., 8 br.

v, mj sij fhf.
(ii) tlnfhzgF Rws kW s Kiwna 24 br.,

xU khzt xU eh brytj neu (kf)
gl jugLsJ. mt
(i) g (ii) isaho
(iii) w braf bryl neuij fzLf.
L
h
sa
i jhd
k
i
9.
7 br.. v, mj Muij fhf.
105o
225o
A
O
w braf
202
msa
10.
2 br. lKs _W ehzaf xiw xW bjhLkhW itfglh

mtW milgL gF guig fhf.
11.
21 sK 24 mfyK bfhl bt ehF _iyfY 7

sKs fwh ehF Fiuf flgLsd. v,
Fiuf nk mfgr gu
(i)
(ii) Fiuf nkahj gF gu Madtiw fhf.
12.
24 br. sKs rJu milUJ xU f bga tlnfhzgF
r.
gl Hlgl gF gu fhf.
21b
13.
42b
r.
btobaLfglh jKs mil gu fhf. [ r = 3.14 ]
14.
tlnfhzgF s kW gu Kiwna 4.4 , 9.24 r. v,

mj Mu, ikanfhz kW Rwsit fhf.
8.3 fdrJuf (Cubes)

MW rJu gf msfsh milgl gF fdrJu vd goJf
(cjhuz: gfil). F mj wgu (Lateral Surface Area) kW fdms

(Volume) Matiw fhQ Kiwia fngh.
8.3.1 fdrJu bkhj wgu (Surface Area of a Cube)

MW gff gusf TLj fdrJu
bkhj wgu (Total Surface Area) vdgL.

mU cs gl, fdrJu gf a myF vf.
gfgu a2 rJu myFf. vdnt, bkhj gu 6a2 r.m. MF.

fdrJu nkgu kW moguig fz
bfhshlh ekF gf gu ilF. vdnt, gfgu
4a2 r.m MF.
a
a
a
Ka fUJ wgu
a myFf bfhl fdrJu

(i) bkhj gu = 6a2 r.m
(ii) gfgu = 4a2 r.m.

203
maha 8
8.3.2 fdrJu fdms (Volume of a Cube)

Ka fUJ fdms
a myFf bfhl fdrJu fdms
V = a3 fdmyFf
F

fdms vgij fdrJu bfhss vW tiuaWfyh.
vLJfhL 8.16

5 br. gf ms bfhl fdrJu bkhj gu, gfgu kW fdms
Matiw fhf.
= 6a2 = 6 (52 ) = 150 r.br.
fdms
= a3 = 53 = 125 f.br.
bkhj wgu
br
5br.
gf gu
= 4a2 = 4 (52 ) = 100 br.
5br.
vLJfhL: 8.17

bkhj wgu 216 r.br. bfhl fdrJu gf msit fhf.
fdrJu gf ms a vf.

bkhj wgu = 216 r.br.
i. e., 6a2 = 216 ( a2 = 216 = 36

6
a=
36 = 6 br.
a
a
vLJfhL 8.18

xU fdrJu bkhj wgu 384 r.br. v, mj fdmsit
fhf.
fdrJu gf ms a vf.

bkhj wgu = 384 r.br.

6a2 = 384 ( a2 = 384 = 64
6
` a = 64 = 8 br.

fdms = a3 = 83 = 512 f.br.

204
msa
vLJfhL 8.19

xU fdrJu tot bjho bfhss 27,000 l v, mj gf
msit fhf.
fdrJu tot bjho gf ms a vf.

fdms = 27,000 .
V = a3 =
27, 000
f. = 27 f.
1, 000
` a=
27 = 3
g 8.2
1.
nH bfhLfgLs gf msit bfhl fdrJu bkhj gu,

gfgu kW fdms Matiw fhf.
(i) 5.6 br.
(ii) 6 bl. (iii) 2.5
(iv) 24 br. (v) 31 br.
2.
(i) xU fdrJu gfgu 900 r.br. v, gf msit fhf.
(ii) xU fdrJu bkhj gu 1014 r.br. v, gf msit fhf.
(iii) xU fdrJu fd ms 125 f.bl. v, gf msit fhf.
3.
xU fdrJu bfhfy gf ms 20 br. v, mjid KGtJ ug

njitahd rfiu ms ahJ?
4.
xU fdrJu tot njf bjho fdms 64,000 . v, mj

gf msit fhf.
5.
3 br., 4 br., 5 br. gf msila _W fdrJuf cUfgL xU

bga fdrJukhf khwglh mj bkhj wguig fhf.
6.
15 br. gf mss xU fdrJu cUthf 3 br. gf mss

fdrJuf vjid njit?
7.
40 br. gf mss xU wj fdrJu bgo mikf njitahd

mil gu fhf. nkY, mj fdmsit fhf.
8.
2 gf mss xU fdrJu bfhfy KGtJ vbz csJ.

10 br. gf mss xU fdrJu Ftis vbz iy ` 50 v,
vbz bkhj iyia fhf?
9.
3.5 gf mss xU fdrJu bfhfy cwK btwK tz

rgLwJ. tz r xU rJu lUF MF bry ` 75 v, tz r
glntoa guig mjF MF bkhj bryit fhf.
205
maha 8
8.4 fdbrtff (Cuboids)

xU fdbrtf vgJ MW brtf gFah csla Kgkhd
gFahF.

cjhuz : brff, jff, ...
8.4.1 fdbrtf wgu (Surface Area of a Cuboid)

xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b kW h vf.
mj bkhj wgu (Total Surface Area)

(i ) K gff gu lh + lh = 2lh r.m
(ii ) U gf Kff gu bh + bh =2bh r.m
(iii ) nk, gff gu
b
h
lb + lb =2lb r.m t TLj MF.

l
fdbrtf gfgu = 2( l + b)h r.m
fdbrtf bkhj wgu (T.S.A) = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m

Ka fUJ fdbrtf wgu
xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b, h
v,

(i) gf gu = 2( l + b)h r.m.

(ii) bkhj gu = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m.

gfgu vgJ mogf Rws kW cau bgUfgydhF.
F
8.4.2 fdbrtf fdms (Volume of a Cuboid)
Ka fUJ fdbrtf fdms
xU fdbrtf s, mfy, cau Kiwna l, b, h v,
mj fdms,

V = l # b # h f. myFf
vLJfhL 8.20

xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna 20 br., 12 br. kW
9 br. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.
206
msa
l = 20 br., b = 12 br., h = 9 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,

` bkhj wgu = 2 (lb + bh + lh)
T.S.A = 2[(20 # 12 ) + (12 # 9 ) + (20 # 9 )]
9br.
= 2(240 + 108 + 180)
= 2 # 528
= 1056 r.br.
r.
b
12
20br.
vLJfhL 8.21

3 # 5 # 4 mss fdbrtf gf guig fhf.
l = 3 , b = 5 , h = 4 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
= 2(l +b)h
= 2 # (3+5) # 4
= 2#8#4
gfgu
= 64 r.
vLJfhL 8.22

11 , 10 , 7 mss fdbrtf fdmsit fhf.
l = 11 , b = 10 , h = 7 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
fdms
= lbh
=11 # 10 # 7
=770 f.
10
11
vLJfhL 8.23

fdms 216 f.br. mss U fdrJuf gl fhosthW
izfgLnghJ ilF fdbrtf bkhj guig fhf.

fdrJu gf ms a vf. a3 = 216 f.br.
3
216 = 6 br.
` a=
U fdrJuf izfgL fdbrtf bgwgLwJ. vdnt,
` l = 6 + 6 = 12 br., b = 6 br., h = 6 br..
` T.S.A = 2 (lb + bh + lh)

207
maha 8
= 2 [(12 # 6 ) + (6 # 6 ) + (12 # 6 )]
= 2 [72 + 36 + 72]
= 2 # 180 = 360 r.br.
vLJfhL 8.24

s, mfy kW cau Kiwna 20 br., 45 br. kW 50 br. msila xU
C.P.U F ciw ijf #h Udh. ciw iy 1 rJu lUF ` 50 v,

ciw ijf MF bryit fhf.
l = 20 br. = 0.2 , b = 45 br. =0.45 , h = 50 br. = 0.5
` ciw gu = gf gu + nk gu
= 2 (l + b) h + lb
= 2 (0.2 +0.45) 0.5 + (0.2 # 0.45)
= 2 # 0.65 # 0.5 + 0.09
= 0.65 + 0.09
= 0.74 r.
45
br
50 br.
ciw xU gf wj fdbrtf to UF.
20 br.
1 rJu l J iy ` 50
` 0.74 rJu l J iy 50 # 0.74 = ` 37.
vLJfhL: 8.25

5 # 2 # 1 mss xU F kzyh uggLwJ. xU fdlUF kz
ug MF bry ` 270 v, bkhj bryit fhf.

xU F fdbrtf to csJ. mj msf l = 5, b = 2, h = 1
` F fdms = fdbrtf fd ms
= lbh
= 5 # 2 # 1
= 10 f.

1 fdl kz ug ` 270 brythwJ v, 10 fd l kz ug
MF bry = 270 # 10 = ` 2700

208
msa
g 8.3
1.
nH bfhLfgLs fdbrtf s, mfy, caufSF gfgu,

bkhjgu kW fdms fhf.
(i) 5 br., 2 br., 11br. (ii) 15 bl.,10 bl., 8 bl..
(iii) 2 , 3 , 7
2.
fdbrtf s, mfy kW fdms Kiwna 35 br., 15 br.,
(iv) 20 , 12 , 8
kW 14175 f.br. v, cauij fhf.

3.
64 f.br. fd mss U fdrJuf izfglh clhF

cUt gfgu kW bkhj gu fhf.
4.
s, mfy kW cau 35 br., 30 br.. kW 55 br. msila U

x bgUfSF uh#& ciw ijf llh. ciw ijf xU rJu
lUF MF bry ` 75 v, bkhj bryit fhf.
5.
xU Tl ms 20 # 15 # 6 vd csJ. mTlF nkhf tz

mof Udh. 1 rJu lUF tz r MF bry ` 78 v,
bkhj bryit fhf.
6.
s 60 , mfy 0.3 , cau 2 cila Rt vGg 30br. # 15br. # 20br.

ms bfhl brff vjid njit?
7.
10 # 45 # 6 mss xU miw js kW Rtiu Jf xU rJu

lUF MF bry ` 48 v, bkhj bryit fhf.
209
maha 8
id bfhf

xU tl uL Muf kW Mufsh btlgL

Matwh milgL gF tlnfhzgF vdgL.
xU tlnfhzgF tl, mtlnfhzgF mikJs

tl
ika
VgLJ
nfhz
ikanfhz
myJ
tlnfhz vdgL.

xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v, mj
i
s l= 360 # 2rr myFfshF.
tlnfhzgF gugs i # rr2 rJu myFfshF.
360
l - s, r - tlnfhzgF Mu v, mj Rws
P = l + 2r myFf.
gfms a myFf bfhl fdrJu

(i) bkhj wgu (T.S.A) = 6a2 r.m.
(ii) gfgu = 4a2 r.m.
gfms a myFf bfhl fdrJu fdms,

V = a3 fd myFf
xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b, h v,
(i) gf gu = 2( l + b)h r.m

(ii) bkhj gu = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m
xU fdbrtf s, mfy, cau Kiwna l, b, h myFf v,

mj fdms V = l # b # h f.m.
210
brKiw toa
Kjik Fnfhf

RWtl tiuj
FJnfhL ika tiuj
ctl ika tiuj
eLnfhL ika tiuj
My
1707 - 1783
9.1 mKf

f, nenfhLf kW w cUtf
gfis g toa mogil bfhiff
twd.
toa fis gagL
toa cUtfis tiu Kiwna brKiw
toayhF. toa tiuj vgJ cUtf,
nfhzf myJ nenfhLfis Jakhf
tiujyhF. o Elements vw jf
toa
tiuglfis
g
bjthf
TwgLsJ.
vdnt tiuglf o
tiuglf vd magLwd. monfh kW
fhgi[ gagL tiuglf tiuagLwd.
fhg rrk uij, monfh x J xW
miktij cWgLJwd. midJ toa
tiuglfS U fUJf mogil
mikwd.

ulh
ghlgF
monfh
kW
fhgi[ gagL jKW vf kW jKwh
vfis Ff aY vgij fnwh. 1913-
a fjnkij uhkD# 355 113 = r -I Ff
xU toa Kiwia mjh. jnghJ Jakhd
msfis bfhL tiu wfis gagL
nenfhLfsh kiyFns brY Rufghijfis
tiuaKo vgJ fwghd mrkhF. xU
bra rJu xbthU KidUJ xU
Fl nfhz Wfzfhd mo cau
vG nenfhLf xU iyWjgLwJ.
thW ehF KidfUJ vG nenfhLf
_y xU u flgLwJ.
211
18M
who
RryhJ ehL fj
mP
My
(Euler)
thjh. mt fhyF
K
mtiu
nghW
ahU
ma
MfLiuf mfkhf
vGaiy.
cyif
J bfhs MyUF
fj
xU
fUahf
UjJ.
xbthU
fLo
_yK
aifia J bfht
xU mo beUFtjhf mt
czjh.
toa KWbgw
Jiw
vd
vanghJ
o toa xU
a
njwij
t
fLojh.
My
xgJ fsla tl
njwij nH fhngh.

xU Knfhz
_W FJauf H vw
Y
gff
brFJ Urk btof m
vw Y rwd
v, hm vw nenfho
eL E-I ikakhf
bfhl
tl
J
midJ
FJaufS,
brFJ Urk btofS
mikwd.
Hc
Mc
M
Ma
Mb
H Hb
Ha
maha 9

bfhLfgLs msfSF Knfhz tiutij g eh vlh
tF fWnsh.

ghl eh eLnfhL ika, FJnfhL ika, ctl ika
kW RWtl ika Matiw tiu Kiwg fngh.

Kj fltiw tiu Kiwg id Tnth.
9.2 Knfhz rhj w nfhL JLf

(i)
bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJnfhL tiuj
(ii) bfhLfgl nfhLJoF btna cs xU UJ

brFJnfhL tiuj
(iii) bfhLfgl nfhzF Urkbto tiuj
(iv) bfhLfgl nfhLJoF btnas

mnfhLJo ikaia izj
xU
ia
9.2.1 bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJnfhL (Perpendicular Bisector)

tiuj

go1 :
nfhLJL AB tiuf.
go 2 :
nfhLJo s ghasF nk
msbtLJ, nfhLJo Wf
A kW B
nkY
Matiw ikakhf bfhL
tlfis
xiwbahW A
btLgo tiuJ, btL fSF C, D
B
D
vd bgaLf.
C
go 3 :
C kW D-I izf AB- ikaFJnfhL A

ilF.
M
B
D
Ka fUJ ikaFJnfhL
xU nfhLJo ika tahf tiuagL
brFJnfhL mj ikaFJnfhL (Perpendicular Bisector)
vdgL.
212
brKiw toa
9.2.2 bfhLfgl nfhLJoF btna cs xU UJ mnfhL

C
JoF FJnfhL tiuj
go 1 :
go 2 :
nfhLJL AB tiuJ mjF btna

A
C vw ia F.
C I ikakhf bfhL VnjD xU ms

nfhLJL
AB-
btLkhW
tlf tiuJ mtF P kW Q
vd bgaL.
C
go 3 :
P kW Q Ma fSF ilna cs
u ghF nk msbtLJ C vw
P
vw P kW Q UJ A
Q B
tlfis tiuJ btL F E

vd bgaL.
E
C
go 4 :
C kW E I izf ilF nfhL
D
P
njitahd FJnfhL MF.

E
Ka fUJ FJnfhL
C
FJnfhL
Knfhz xU cUJ mjF

vnu cs gfF tiuagL
D
A
brFJnfhL FJnfhL (Altitude) vdgL.

E
213
maha 9
9.2.3 nfhz Urkbto tiuj (Angle Bisector)
go 1 :
bfhLfgl nfhz msF Vg + CAB I

tiuf.
go 2 :
A I ikakhf bfhL VnjD xU msF Mu
vLJ AC kW AB I D kW E btLkhW
fis tiuf.
go 3 :
D kW E I Kiwna ikakhf bfhL DE -
ms ghFnk Mukhf vLJ fis

tiuJ mit btL F F vd bgaLf.
C
D
go 4 :
A kW F I izf ilF AF MdJ

+ CAB - nfhz U rkbto MF.
Ka fUJ nfhz Urkbto

bfhLfgLs nfhzij U
rknfhzfshf F nfhL
nfhz
Urkbto
214
mnfhz nfhz Urkbto

(Angle Bisector) vdgL.
brKiw toa
9.2.4 bfhLfgLs nfhL Jo ikaia nfhLJoF btna

cs l izj
C
go 1 :
bfhLfgLs msF nfhLJL

AB tiuJ, mjF btna C vw ia
A
F.
go 2 :
bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJ

nfhL tiuJ mJ AB-ia btL F
M vd bgaLf.
go 3 :
C kW M I izf.
A
Ka fUJ eLnfhL
C
xU Knfhz xU cia mjF

vnu cs gf eLl
A
izF nfhLJL eLnfhL

(Median) vdgL.
215
eLnfhL
maha 9
9.3 xU t brY nfhLf (Points of Concurrency)

ikaFJnfhL, FJnfhL, nfhz Urkbto kW eLnfhL Matiw
tiutJ g J tiu fnwh. nghJ eh RWtl ika, FJnfhL ika,
ctl ika, eLnfhL ika nghwtiw fhQ Kiwia g mnth.
9.3.1 Knfhz RWtlika tiuj
RWtl (Circumcircle)

Knfhz _W cfis bjhL brYkhW (cf tna)
RWtlika
Wt
tiuagL tl RWtl vdgL.
RWtl Mu
Ka fUJ RWtlika
C
Knfhz gff ikaFJ

nfhLf rF Knfhz
RWtlika (Circumcentre) vdgL.

jid S vd Fngh.
RWtl Mu (Circumradius)

RWtl ika S-F Knfhz VnjD xU cF ilna
cs u RWtl Mu vdgL. mjhtJ, RWtl Muij RWtl

Mu vngh.
216
brKiw toa
vLJfhL 9.1

AB = 5 br, +A = 70c kW +B = 60c mss DABC tiuf. mj RW tl
C
tiuJ RWtl Mu fhf.
60c
70c
A
5br
cj gl
go 1 :
bfhLfgLs
msF DABC tiuf.
70
60o
5br
go 2 :
VnjD
uL
gffSF
(AC
kW BC) ikaFJ
nfhLf tiuf. mit
btobfhS
vgJ
RWtlika MF.
70
60
5br
go 3 :
S-I
ikakhf
3.2br
bfhL
SA = SB = SC I Mukhf
RWtl
tiujh mJ cf
S
A, B kW C tna
brY.
70
A
RW tl Mu = 3. 2br
217
60
5br
maha 9
1. FWnfhz Knfhz RWtl ika Knfhz

cns mik.
brnfhz Knfhz RWtl ika fz ika MF.
nfhz Knfhz RWtl ika Knfhz btna mik.
Fiu
2.
3.
g 9.1
1.
PQ = 5 br, +P = 100c kW PR = 5 br mss DPQR tiuJ mj

RWtl tiuf.
2.
RWtl tiuf:
(i) rkgf Knfhz gf ms 6 br.
(ii) Urkgf brnfhz Knfhz rk gff ms 5 br.
3.
AB = 7 br, BC = 8 br kW +B = 60c mss DABC tiuJ RWtl

ika fhf.
4.
brnfhz Knfhz gff 4.5br, 6br kW 7.5br MF.

mj RWtl ika fhf.
9.3.2 Knfhz FJnfhLika tiuj

Ka fUJ FJnfhL ika
A
KnfhzFJnfhLf rF
FJnfhLika myJ
brnfhL ika (Orthocentre)

B
vdgL. ij H vW Fngh.
vLJfhL 9.2

AB = 6 br, BC = 4 br kW AC = 5.5 br Ma msfSF DABC tiuJ

C
br
5.
4b
FJnfhL ika tiuf.
6br
cj gl
b
5.5
go 1 : bfhLfgLs
4b
msfSF DABC tiuf
218
6br
brKiw toa
go 2 :
VnjD
fUJ
(A kW C) vnu cs gffSF
( Kiwna BC kW AB) FJnfhLf
H
r
tiuf.
4b
b
5.5
FJnfhLf btobfhS
H, DABC - FJnfhL ika MF.
6br
1. xU KnfhzF _W FJnfhLf tiua Ko.

2. FWnfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika Knfhz
cns mik.
brnfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika brnfhz c .
nfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika KnfhzF btna
mik.
Fiu
3.
4.
g 9.2
1.
AB = 8 br., BC = 7 br. kW AC = 5 br. vw mss DABC tiuJ,

mj FJnfhL ika fhf.
2.
LM = 7 br., +M = 130c kW MN = 6 br. vw mss DLMN tiuJ,

mj FJnfhL ika fhf.
3.
6 br. gf mss rkgf Knfhz tiuJ, mj FJnfhL ika fhf.
4.
PQ = 4.5 br., QR = 6 br. kW +Q = 90c vw mss DPQR tiuJ,

mj FJnfhL ikaij F.
5.
Urkgf Knfhz ABC- rkgff ms 6 br., AB = BC kW

+B = 80c tiuJ, mj FJnfhL ikaij F.
9.3.3 Knfhz ctl ika tiuj

Ka fUJ ctl ika
C
Knfhz nfhzf Urkbtof

rF ctl ika (Incentre) vdgL.
mjid I vW FLnth.
219
maha 9
ctl: ctl ikaij (I) ikakhf

itJ Knfhz midJ
cwkhf
gffis
tl
ctl
(Incircle)
vdgL.

I
cMu
bjhL brYkhW tiuagL
l
t
cMu: ctl ikaUJ

Knfhz gffSF
cs brFJu cMu (Inradius) vdgL.
vLJfhL 9.3

AB = 7 br., +B = 50c kW BC = 6 br. mss DABC tiuJ mj ctl

C
tiuf. nkY cMuij msJ vGJ.
6b
r
50c
7br
cj gl
6b
go 1 :
bfhLfgLs
msfSF DABC tiuf.
50o
7br
go 2 :
6b
r
VnjD
U
nfhzfSF
nfhz
Urkbtof
tiuf.
kW
(F
+A
+B -
Urkbtof tiuagLsd)
mit rF I vgJ
DABC - ctl ika MF.
50o
7br
220
brKiw toa
go 3 :
I- UJ VnjD xU gfF
(F AB) brFJnfhL tiuf.
mnfhL AB I rF D
6b
r
MF.
1.8br
50
D 7br
go 4 :
6b
r
I I ikakhf ID I Mukhf
bfhL
tl
tiuf.
tlkhdJ Knfhz
midJ
gffis
cwkhf bjhL brY.
Jnt njitahd ctl
MF.
1.8br
50o
D
7br
ctl Mu = 1.8 br.

Fiu
vyh tif KnfhzfSF ctl ika vnghJ

Knfhz cns mik.
g 9.3
1.
AB = 9 br., BC = 7 br., kW AC = 6 br. mss DABC -F ctl

tiuf.
2.
AB = 6 br., AC = 7 br. kW +A = 40cmss DABC -F ctl tiuJ

ctl Mu fhf.
3.
gf ms 6 br. cs rkgf KnfhzF ctl tiuf.
4.
AB = 6 br., AC = 5 br. kW +A = 110c mss DABC -F ctl

tiuJ ctl ikaij F.
221
maha 9
9.3.4 Knfhz eLnfhL ika tiuj

Ka fUJ eLnfhL ika
C
Knfhz eLnfhLf rF
Knfhz eLnfhL ika
Mb
(Centroid) vdgL.
jid G vW FLnth.
Ma
Mc
vLJfhL 9.4

AB = 6 br., BC = 7 br. kW AC = 5 br. Ma msfSF DABC tiuJ
mj eLnfhL ika tiuf.

C
r
7b
5b r
6br
cj gl
go 1 :
msfSF DABC tiuf.
7b
bfhLfgLs
5br
6br
(F AC kW BC-F
ikaFJnfhLf
tiuagLsd)
5br
A
222
VnjD U gffSF
ikaFJnfhLf
tiuf.
7b
go 2 :
6br
brKiw toa
go 3 :
DABC -
G
MdJ

eLnfhL ika MF.
7b
mgff ika
ia Kiwna v
cl
izF
nfhLf btL G
vf.
5br
Fiu
6br
(i) KnfhzF _W eLnfhLf tiuayh.

(ii) eLnfhLfis eLnfhL ika KidUJ 2:1 vw
j F.
(iii) midJ tif KnfhzfY
Knfhz cgF mik.
eLnfhL
ika
g 9.4
1.
AB = 6 br., BC = 5 br. kW AC = 4 br. msfSF DABC tiuJ

eLnfhL ikaij F.
2.
LM = 5.5 br., +M = 100 o MN = 6.5 br. mss Knfhz tiuJ

eLnfhL ikaij F.
3.
gfms 7.5 br.,

ikaij fhf.
4.
gfmsf 3 br., 4 br. kW 5 br. cs brnfhz Knfhz tiuJ

mj eLnfhL ikaij fhf.
5.
PQ = 6 br., +P = 110 o kW QR = 8 br. msfSF DPQR eLnfhL

ikaij F.
cs rkgf Knfhz tiuJ mj eLnfhL
223
tiuglf
A mathematical theory can be regarded as perfect only if you are prepared to
present its contents to the first man in the street
D.HILBERT
Ka Fnfhf

tiugl fUid j
nea rkgho tiugl tiuj
U khfis bfhl nea rkghLf fhz
10.1 mKf

tiugl mogil fUJfis ghlgF sFwJ. eh
xbthU ehS brjhf, giff kW jff nghwt
tiuglfis fhnwh. tiuglf gntW tukfis gl to
sFwJ.
j _y tukfis iuthf, vjhf kW
bjthf J bfhs KowJ. ghlgF uL khfSilna
cs bjhlid tiugl Fl, rkghLf id tiugl _y
bgWtij fngh.
10.2 nea tiugl (Linear Graph)
y
7
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

x 2y = 2 vw rkghL x, y
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
6
vw U khf mikj xU nea
5
rkghoF
X
vLJfhlhF.
4
x0 2 y0 = 2 vwthW cs x0 , y0 vw
(6, 4)
3
(4, 3)
vf nrho ( x0 , y0 ) MdJ x 2y = 2
2
(2,
2)
vw rkgho xU MF. thW
1 (0, 1)
nrho Kj v x0 kW ulhtJ
(2, 0)
v y0 -F Fl kf bfhLgj xl 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1
(4, 1)
_y rkgho vyh fis
2
(5, 1.5)
vjhf fhzKo. js cs U
3
mRfis bghWJ mik x 2y = 2
4
vw rkgho fshd ( x0 , y0 )
5
Ma f bjhF x 2y = 2
6
tiugl vdgL. gntW x0 kW y0
yl
kfis x 2y = 2 vw rkgho
fshf fL bgwgL gntW nrhof ( x0 , y0 )-I tiugl Fgj _y
tiuglid g eF mJ bfhsyh. cjhuzkhf, nkny bfhLfgLs
224
tiuglf
gl (5,1.5), (4,1), (2, 0), (0, 1), (2, 2), (4, 3) kW (6, 4) Ma fis FF
tiuglkhF.

f x 2y = 2 vw rkgho tiugl xU nenfhlhF vgij
czJwJ.

UJ, Ukhf mikj xUgo rkghL vnghJ xU
nenfhil FF vd mayh. ax + by + c = 0 vw rkghil nenfho
bghJtotkhf vLJbfhsntL. a myJ b VjhtJ xW
ayhk UfntL. tiugljh nenfho tiugl vjhf
tiua nenfho kbwhU va mikghd y = mx + c ia gagLJnwh.
x- xbthU kF y = mx + c vw rkghlhdJ
y- kig
bfhLgjh, eh (x, y) vw tirgLjgl nrhoia vjhf bgWnwh.
ax + by + c = 0 vgJ nenfho bghJ totkhF
(i) c = 0 v rkghL ax + by = 0 MF. nfhL M tna brY.
(ii) a = 0 v rkghL by + c = 0 MF. nfhL x mRF
izahf brY.
(iii) b = 0 v rkghL ax + c = 0 MF. nfhL y mRF
izahf brY.
F
10.2.1 nea tiugl tiu Kiw

xU rkgho tiuglij fhz x kW y- kfis mltizgLj
ntL. x- _W kfis bfhL tfhd y- kfis fhngh.
xU nfhL tiua uL fns nghJkhdJ, vD, _W fis
vLJbfhtj _y ekJ tiugl rahdJ vgij cW bra aY.

go1: rkghil bfhL x kW y- kfis mltizgLJf.

go2: tiugljh x mR kW y mid tiuf.

go3: mRf J njitahd mslid Ff.

go4: tiugljh fis Ff.

go5: fis izJ, o nfhoid bgw.
10.2.2 nenfhL tiuj
vLJfhL 10.1

(3, 5) kW (- 5, 1) vw fis
izF nenfhoid tiuf.

1. 1 br. = 1 myF vw msl
x mR kW y mid tiuf.

2. tiugljh (3, 5), (- 5, 1) vw

bfhLfgl uL fis Ff.
3. fis izJ nfhLJL

tiuJ mjid uL wK l.
4. eh njitahd
bgWnwh.
nea
tiuglij
225
xl
yl
maha 10
y = 6x
0
-1
-6
y = 6x
vLJfhL 10.2

y = 6x - tiugl tiuf.
bfhLfgl nenfhL rkgho
kfis ul
x =- 1, 0,1 vw
fhQ y- kfis bgwyh.
xl
(- 1, - 6), (0, 0) kW (1, 6) vw fis

tiugljh FJ mf tbrY
nenfhoid tiua. Jnt njitahd
nenfhL tiuglkhF.
yl
vLJfhL 10.3
x = 5 - tiugl tiuf.
x = 5 vw nfhL y mRF izahdJ.

j nfho x xU kh. nkY, nfho
vj (5, y) vw to mik. vdnt
y =- 2, 0, 2 vd vLJbfhs eh (5, - 2),
(5, 0) kW (5, 2) vw fis bgWnwh.
x=5
x
5
5
5
y
2
0
2

tiugljh, fis FJ
mf tbrY nenfhoid
tiua. Mfnt eh ekF njitahd nea
tiuglij bgWnwh.
xl
y
y=
5 x+
- 3
-5 x
3
5
y =- x + 2
3
yl
vLJfhL 10.4
vw
nenfho

y =- 5 x + 2
3
tiugl tiuf.
nenfhL rkgho x = - 3, 0, 3
vd ul, flthW y- kfis
eh fhnwh.
y =- 5 x + 2
3
0
x
-3
y
x=5
xl
-5
-3
yl
226
tiuglf
y=4
x-1

(- 3, 7), (0, 2) kW (3, - 3) vw fis tiugljh FJ mf
tbrY nenfhoid tiua. Jnt y =- 5 x + 2 vw rkgho
3
nenfhL tiuglkhF.
y
vLJfhL 10.5
y = 4x - 1 - tiugl tiuf.
bfhLfgl nenfhL rkgho

x =- 1, 0,1 vd ul, flthW y-
kfis eh bgWnwh.
x
y = 4x - 1
0
-1
-1
4x
-4
-5
y = 4x- 1
xl

(- 1, - 5), (0, - 1) kW (1, 3)
vw fis tiugljh FJ
mf tbrY nenfhoid tiua.
nenfhL tiuglij bgWnwh.
yl
eh bghGJ njitahd
vLJfhL 10.6
2x + 3y = 12 - tiugl tiuf.
Kj eh 2x + 3y = 12 vw
rkghil y = mx + c vw to
vGJnth.

2x + 3y = 12 vw rkghoUJ
2
y = - x + 4 vdilwJ.
3

nkfl rkgho x =- 3, 0, 3
vd ul, flthW y-
kfis eh bgWnwh.
y
2x
y = -2 x+4
3
0
-3
-2 x
3
y=- 2 x + 4
3
3y
12
xl
-2
yl
tiugljh (- 3, 6), (0, 4) kW (3, 2) vw fis FJ mf tbrY

nenfhoid tiua. eh bghGJ njitahd tiuglij bgWnwh.
227
maha 10
g 10.1
1.
tU fis izF nenfhL tiugl tiuf.
(i) (2, 3) kW (- 6, - 5)

2.
(iii) (5, - 7) kW (- 1, 5) (iv) (- 3, 9) kW (5, - 6) (v) (4, - 5) kW (6, 10)

tUtdtF tiugl tiuf.
(i) y = 5
(ii) y = - 6
(iii) x = 3
(iv) x = - 5
(v) 2x + 7 = 0
(vi) 6 + 3y = 0
3.
tUtdtF tiugl tiuf.
(i) y = 4x
(ii) 3x + y = 0
(iv) y - 3x = 0
(v) 9y - 3x = 0
4.
tU rkghLfSF nenfhL tiugl tiuf.
(i) y = 3x + 1
(ii) 4y = 8x + 2
(iii) y - 4x + 3 = 0
(iv) x = 3y + 3
(v) x + 2y - 6 = 0
(vi) x - 2y + 1 = 0
(vii) 3x + 2y = 12
5.
tUtdt m kW c- kfis bfhL y = mx + c vw
(ii) (- 2, - 4) kW (- 1, 6)
(iii) x =- 2y
rkghofhd tiugl tiuf.

(i) m = 2 kW c = 3
(iv) m = 3 kW c =- 4
(ii) m =- 2 kW c =- 2 (iii) m =- 4 kW c = 1
(v) m = 1 kW c = 3
(vi) m = - 2 kW c = 2
2
3
10.3 tiuglf gaghL (Application of Graphs)

U khf xU nea rkghL bjhF vgJ U khfshyhd
xWF nkgl xU go rkghLf bjhF MF. mbjhF cs vyh
rkghLfis iw br tirgLjgl nrhof fz mbjhF
MF. ghlgF U khfshyhd U nea rkghLf it
tiuglKiw fhgJ g gongh.
nf thdJ _W tiff fHyh. mit
uL rkghLf tiuglK x J xW mikJ xnu
nenfhlhfyh. iy rkghLfSF vzw f cL.
(i)
(ii) U rkghLf tiuglfS xiwbahW vF rfhk

izahf Ufyh.
izahdit vgjh jF bghJthd
f ilahJ. Mfnt, rkghLfSF f ilahJ.
(iii) U rkghLf tiuglfS xnu xU kL bto

bfhsyh. Mfnt, rkghLf xnu xU it kL bfhLsd.
228
tiuglf
vLJfhL 10.7

x + 2y = 4 ; 2x + 4y = 8 vw rkghLfis tiugl _y f.
xbthU rkghoF _W fis fhz, x-F _W kfis

uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnwh.
eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
x + 2y = 4
2 y = -x + 4 ( y = - x + 2
2

nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2 vd ul, eh mjFa y-
kfis bgWnwh.
nfhL 1:

y = -x +2
2
0
-2
y
2
x+
1
0
-x
-1
2
3
2
1
y= - x + 2
2
nfhL 2: 2x + 4y = 8

4 y = - 2x + 8 ( y = - x + 2
2
nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2 vd
ul, eh bgW y kf tUkhW
y = -x +2
2
0
-4
-x
2
y =- x + 2
2
2y
=4
xl
-2
x
2x +
4y =
8
yl

eh fis tiugljh FJ nenfhLf tiunth. uL
nfhLfS xw J xW miktij fhzyh. xU nfho J cs vj xU
kbwhU nfho J mik. vdnt, U rkghLfSF vzw
bghJthd f cL. mjhtJ, nfho Js xbthU thF.
Mfnt, rkghLfSF vzw f cL.
vLJfhL 10.8

tiugl Kiw : x - 3y = 6 ; x - 3y + 9 = 0

uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnwh.
eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
229
maha 10
nfhL 1: x - 3y = 6
3y = x -6 ( y = x -2
3

nkfhQ rkgho x = - 3, 0, 3 vd ul, eh bgW y- kf
tUkhW
y= x -2
3
x
-3
x
3
-1
y = x -2
3
-3
-2
-1
nfhL 2: x - 3y + 9 = 0

3 y = x + 9

y = x + 3
3

nkfhQ
rkgho
x = - 3, 0, 3 vd ul, eh bgW y-
+
- 3y
x
x-
y= x +3
3
-3
x
3
-1
y = x +3
3

0
9=
xl
kf tUkhW
6
3y =
yl
Kj (- 3, - 3) (0, - 2) kW (3, - 1) vw fis tiugljh FJ
mf tahf nenfhL tiuf. (- 3, 2) (0, 3) kW (3, 4) vw fis

mnj tiugljh FJ mf tahf nenfhL tiuf.
uL
nfhLfS izahf Ugij fhzyh. uL nfhLfSF bghJthd

f iy. Mfnt, rkghLfSF f VJ iy.
vLJfhL 10.9

2x - y = 1; x + 2y = 8 vw rkghLfis tiuglKiw f.

uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnth.
eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
230
tiuglf
nfhL 1: 2x - y = 1
y = 2x - 1
nkfhQ rkgho x =- 1, 0,1 vd ul, eh bgW y- kf

y = 2x - 1
x
-1
2x
-2
y = 2x - 1
-3
-1
y
x+
nfhL 2: x + 2y = 8
2 y = -x + 8 ( y = - x + 4
2

nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2
vd ul, eh bgW y- kf
2y
=8
xl
-x
2
y
x
- + 4
2
-1
-y
-2
2x
y = -x +4
2
yl
Kj (- 1, - 3), (0, - 1) kW (1, 1) vw fis tiugljh FJ

mf tahf nenfhL tiuf. (- 2, 5), (0, 4) kW (2, 3) vw fis

mnj tiugljh FJ mf tahf nenfhL tiuf.
uL
nfhLfS (2, 3) vw xnu xU kL btobfhtij fhzyh. Mfnt,

rkghLfSF xnu xU cL. m x=2, y=3. mjhtJ, (2, 3).
g 10.2
tU rkghLfis tiugl Kiw .
2.
1.
3x - y = 0 ; x - 2 = 0
2x + y = 4 ; 4x + 2y = 8
3.
2x = y + 1 ; x + 2y - 8 = 0
4.
x + y = 5; x - y = 1
5.
x - 2y = 6 ; x - 2y =- 6
6.
4x - y - 5 = 0 ; x + y - 5 = 0
7.
3x + 2y = 4 ; 9x + 6y - 12 = 0
8.
y = 2x + 1 ; y + 3x - 6 = 0
9.
y - 2x + 2 = 0 ; y = 4x - 4
10.
11.
2x - 4 = 0 ; 4x + y + 4 = 0
12.
x - y = 0; y + 3 = 0
x + y = 1; x + y = 2
2 4
2 4
231
a
Statistical thinking today is as necessary for efcient citizenship as the ability to read and write
Herbert. G. Wells
Kjik Fnfhf
fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz

tiuj
ikanghF msitfshd TLruhr, iliy

kW KfL Matiw fL oj
11.1 mKf
a vgJ tufis nrfJ, ghFgL goaL, M brJ
mtufSF sf fhgj _y uridfSF Ko fhgjF
cjwJ. Kjiy tuf kW ulhiy tuf vthW
nrffgLwd vgJ g eh Kija tFf goJnsh. mthW
bgwgl tuf mfkhd tufis bfhljhf U, mj
tufis M brJ sf fhgjF Kghf gFJ, goal ntL.
xU y Mf nghJ, ghFgL goaLtj _ykhfnt, mj
tuf ga bjthd sfK mj KaJtK bjatU. tif
mfgL tuf xU ruhr kjDF Mt CLtjhf, goahf
Uj ntL. vdnt, mtuf KGikahf VWbfhS tifY
nkY Mtij L tifY csjhf mika, mjid xU sf gl _
ykhfnth myJ xU tiugl _ykhfnth mgJ wjJ.
11.2 fbt gut tiugl tot

xU gl Mu thijfSF rk vgjzf a tYdf,
tufis bjthf tf tiuglfis mj EQffis
eF gagLdhf. Fghf fbt gutyhfnth myJ rjj gutyhfnth
bjhFfgl tufis tf fbt brtf kW fbt
gynfhz Mad gagLjgLwd.
fbt gut vgJ f kW fbtfis gagL,
tifgLjglhj tufis gFJ goaLj MF. xU fbt
gutiy tU ehF tf tiugl _y Flyh.
(i) fbt brtf (Histogram)
(ii) fbt gynfhz (Frequency Polygon)
(iii) fbt tisnfhL (Smoothened frequency curve)
(iv) F fbt nfhLf. (Ogive or Cumulative frequency curve)
232

j maha Kj uL tif tiuglfis g ghngh. kw
uL nk tFf mJ bfhnth.
11.2.1 fbt brtf (Histogram)

fbt gutiy tf gagL gyjkhd tiugl Kiwf mf
ngrgLtJ gyuhY gagLjgLtJ fbt brtf MF. fbt
brtf vgJ xU bjhlfbt gutiy U gkhz tiuglkhf kh
fhLtjhF. fbt brtf, fbt gut ilbtfis
mfykhf mf fbtfis skhf bfhL brtff
tiuagLwd. brtff gu mjj fbtfSF ne
j UF.
rkkhd ilbtfis bfhL fbtbrtf tiua bra ntoad:

fis x-mY, fbtfis y-mY Ff ntL.

U mRfY myFf xwhf Uf ntoa mta iy.
f yF fshf (Exclusive Intervals) Uj mta.
f cslF fshf (Inclusive Intervals) Ujh yF
fshf khwgl ntL.
4. ilbtfis mfykhf, mf fbtfis
skhf bfhL brtff tiuantL. thW xbthU
ilbt nkY xU brtf mikfntL.
fbt brtfkhdJ gil sfglfis nghW UF.
Fiu
vD,fbtbrtf,fbtgutilbtia
mj fbtfis gagL tiuagLwd. Mdh,
gil sfglf, tuf tiffis, mjj
tiffhd fbtfis gagL tiuagLwd.
bjhl tufSF kLnk fbt brtf tiua Ko.
1.
2.
3.
11.2.2 fbt gynfhz (Frequency Polygon)

fbt gynfhz xbthU eL, m cs
tufSF gyhf gagLj gLwd. f eLfis
x-mY fbtfis y-mY vLJbfhL, mj_y FfgL
fis izgj _y fbt gynfhz bgwgLwJ. fbt
gynfhz uL filnfhLf ilbt gh ms u,
filfSF (Extreme points) btw x-mid bjhLkhW mikfgl
ntL.

fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz uL tiuagl
ntLbk, Kj fbt brtf tiuJ bfhsntL.
brtff nkgFf eLfis izgj _y fbt
gynfhzij tiua Ko.

Fiu
fbt gynfhz tiua, fbt brtf xU tfhoahf

Kj tiuagLwJ.
233
maha 11
vLJfhL 11.1

tU tufSfhd fbt brtf kW fbt
gynfhz tiuf.
kbgf 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
khztf
vif
12
22
35
40
50-60
60-70
70-80
80-90
90-100
60
52
40
30
Kj fbt brtf tiuagL , mLjLj brtff

nkgff eLfis izgjh fbt gynfhz bgwgLwJ.

ms l
x mR : 1 br. = 10 myFf
y mR : 1 br. = 5 myFf

nkfl vLJfho, f yF fshf csd. jnghJ
cslF fis bfhl X vLJfhil vLJbfhnth.
234
vLJfhL 11.2

xU a bjhTl ntiy br 50 bjhyhsfl, mtf
xbthUtU ntiyfhf vjid nyh l bjhiy tJ brwhf vw
fzbfL eljgl fl tuf bgwgld. tufSF xU
fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz mikf.
u (.)
bjhyhsf
vif
50-59
40-49
30-39
20-29
10-19
18
14
bfhLfgoUF goa f cslF fshf,

bjhlahf mikahkY csd. mjdh, mf yF fshf
khwgL, VWtir mikfgLsd.
u (. )
bjhyhsf
vif
9.5-19.5
19.5-29.5
29.5-39.5
39.5-49.5
49.5-59.5
14
18
ms l
235
maha 11
(i) f bjhl ilbtfshf khwgL fbt

brtf mikfntL.
(ii) x-m msf M UJ bjhlfho,
MF mU FWF nfhLfsh (Zig-zag Curve)
Flgl ntL.
11.2.3 khWgl ilbtfis bfhl fbt gut fbt brtf

fhQ fbt gutiy vLJ bfhnth:
neu (dhof)
fbt
40-60
100
60-70
60
70-80
90
80-85
70
85-90
60
90-120
90

F, bga fbtiz bgWsjh ilbt 40-60 mf
KaJt thjJ ngh njhWwJ. Mdh, fbt 100-fhd
ilbt ms 20 MF. mnj rka ilbt 80-85 fhd
fbt 70 Mf UjhY mj ms 5 dhof kLnk. vdnt, fbt
brtf tiu K xbthU ilbt msit (sij)
fz bfhs ntL. mthW iyba mfbt brtf,
bfhLfgl tufis rahd Kiw tgjhf mikahJ. jid
rbra, ilbtf kW mj fbtfis bghWJ, brtff
sf khaikfgl ntL.

brtf khaikfgl sf fbt mlia fhgj
_y fzlgLwJ.

fbt ml : fbtfis mj ilbt msit
bfhL tFF nghJ fbt ml ilwJ.
Ka fUJ
fbt ml = fbt ' ilbt ms
bfhLfgl
fbt
gut, C vgJ
fa
ilbt s vdbfhlh, brtf
khaikfgl s flthW fzlgL.
khaikfgl s =
fbt
#C
mj ilbtms
neu (dhof)
40-60
60-70
70-80
80-85
85-90
90-120
fbt
100
60
90
70
60
90
ilbt
ms
20
10
10
30
100 # 5 60 # 5 90 # 5 70 # 5 60 # 5
10
10
5
5
brtf s 20
= 30
= 45
= 70
= 60
= 25
236
90 # 5
30
= 15
ms l
vLJfhL 11.3

tU tufSfhd fbt brtfij tiua.

0-10 10-20 20-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-90 90-100
kbg
6
14
16
14
8
16
5
khztf vif 4
tu fa ilbt s 10. khWgl

ilbtfis bfhl tuF fbt brtf tiua
brtf sf khaikfgl ntL.

fbtml =
fbt
fbt ilbt s
brtf s = fbt ml # 10
kbgf
khztf
vif
ilbt s
brtf
s
0-10
10-20
20-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-90
90-100
14
16
14
16
10
10
20
10
10
10
20
10
4 # 10 6 # 10 14 # 10 16 # 1014 # 10 8 # 10 16 # 10 5 # 10
10
10
20
10
10
10
20
10
=4
=6
=7
= 16 = 14 = 8
=8
=5
237
maha 11
khWgl ilbtfis bfhl fbt brtf
ms l
g 11.1
1.
2.
tU gutYF fbt brtfij tiuf.

0-10
10-30
30-45
45-50
50-60
f
8
28
18
6
10
fbt
xU bjhrhiy g bjhyhsf khjrgs ga
fhQ tufSF xU fbt brtf tiuf.
khj rgs (`)
2000 2200
2200 2400
2400 2800
2800
- 3000
3000 3200
3200 3600
bjhyhsf
vif
25
30
50
60
15
10
3.
tU gut 48 bghUf ml uh bfhLfgLsJ.

tufis sFtjF xU fbt brtf tiua.
ml (uh)
bghUf vif
10-19
20-24
25-34
35-49
50-54
12
18
238
4.
tU tufSF xU fbt brtf tiuf.
ilbt
fbt
5.
10-14
5
25
52-80
21
xU Fl eh kUJtkid ir bgw 360 nehahf

taJ (tUlf) nH bfhLfgLsJ.
taJ (tUlf)
nehahf
vif
14-20 20-32 32-52
10-20
20-30
30-50
50-60
60-70
80
50
80
120
30
nkfl tufhd fbt brtf tiuf.
ikanghF msitf (Measures of Central Tendency)

a M Ka nehff xW bfhLfgl bkhj
tu jikf kW wafis xU Fl j vzh FgjhF.
mjifa v m tu ika k ms myJ ikanghF ms
vW miHfgLwJ. TL ruhr, iliyms, KfL Mad bghJthf
mfkhf gagL ikanghF msitf MF
11.3 ruhr (Mean)

11.3.1 TL ruhr - tifgLjglhj tu.

bfhLfgLs kf TL bjhifia bkhj kf
vifah tFf ilF v mj kf TL ruhr (Arithmetic
Mean) MF. TL ruhr x vd FfgL.
n
x = x1 + x2 + g + xn myJ x = 1 / xi myJ x =
n i=1
n
/x
n
/x
( nx = / x mjhtJ,
n
bkhj kf vif # ruhr = kf TL bjhif
Fiu
x=
ruhr 4 mo MH csMiw r bjahj 5 mo
idTJ
ila
cau cs kj flJ v fiuF bry Kokh?

vLJfhL 11.4

xU khzt KG ML nj 5 ghlf vLj kbgf 72, 73, 75, 82,
74 v, ruhr kbg fhf.

239
maha 11
IJ ghlf tha kbgf 72, 73, 75, 82, 74. F n = 5
/x
= 72 + 73 + 75 + 82 + 74 = 376 = 75.2
n
5
5
vdnt, ruhr = 75.2
vLJfhL 11.5
x =

5 vf ruhr 32. mbtf xiw FnghJ, ruhr 4 Fiwjh
fgl viz fhz.
5 vf ruhr
= 32.
5 vf TLbjhif = 32 # 5 = 160
4 vf ruhr
= 32 - 4 = 28
4 vf TLbjhif = 28 # 4 = 112
( a nx = / x )
jfgl v = (5 vf TL bjhif) - (4 vf TL bjhif)

= 160 - 112 = 48
11.3.2 ruhr - tifgLjglhj fbt gut

x1, x2, x3 ...xn Ma cWf fbtf Kiwna f1, f2, f3 ...fn v, ruhr
f x + f x + g + fn xn
=
x = 1 1 2 2
f1 + f2 + g + fn
/ fx
i
i=1
n
/f
vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
i=1
/ fx vW vGjgL.

nkfl Nu x =
/f
vLJfhL 11.6

tU tufhd ruhria fhf.

x
f
5
3
10
10
15
25
20
7
25
5
x
5
f
3
fx
15
10
10
100
15
25
375
20
140
25
125
/f
= 50
ruhr =
/ fx = 755
240
/ fx
/f
ruhr = 15.1
755
= 50 = 15.1
11.3.3 ruhr - tifgLjgl fbt gut

tU fbt goaiy vLJbfhnth.

ilbt
(kbgf)
fbt (khztf
vif)
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50

goa Kj UJ 3 khztf 10 kbgfSF Fiwthf
bgUgjhf bjwJ. Mdh mJ m_tU jjahf tha
kbgfis g VJ Flgliy. jnghJ xbthU
ilbt uahf xU k njitgLwJ. 0-10 fhd mj
k 5 vd bfhnth. J mj ikaahF. mjhtJ, xbthU
ilbt cs cWfS m ikaF mU csjhf
vLJbfhnth. jgo xbthU ilbt ika, m
cs cWf uahf VW bfhsgLwJ.
ika = UCL + LCL . F UCL vgJ nk viy (Upper Class
2
Limit) LCL vgJ viy (Lower Class Limit)MF.

ikaia x vW FJ, nkTa Nu _y x
fzlgLwJ. jnghJ
/ fx I gagL bfhLfgl fbt gut ruhria fhzyh.

x=
/f

bjhFfgl fbt gut ruhria fhQ Kiwf VnjD
xU Kiwia gagL fzlyh:

(i) neuo Kiw
(ii) Cf ruhr Kiw
(iii) goyf Kiw
neuo Kiw (Direct method)

neuo Kiwia gagLJ nghJ, ruhr fhgjfhd Nu x =

F x vgJ ilbt ika kW
ilbt fbt MF.
/ fx ,
/f
f vgJ mj
neuo Kiw ruhr fhgjfhd gof :

(i) xbthU ilbt ikaia fLoJ mij x vd
Ff.

(ii) ikafis mjFa ilbt fbtnzhL
bgU, mbgUf gy TLj / fx I fhz.

(ii) vyh fbtf TLj / f I fhz. / fx I / f M tFf,
ruhr ilF.
241
maha 11
vLJfhL 11.7

fhQ tuF neuo Kiw _y ruhria fhf.

kbgf
khztf
vif
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
10
25
30
20
10
kbgf
ika
(x)
khztf
vif (f)
fx
0-10
25
10-20
15
10
150
20-30
25
25
625
30-40
35
30
1050
40-50
45
20
900
50-60
55
10
550
/f
x =

/ fx
/f
= 100
/ fx = 3300
= 3300 = 33
100
vdnt, ruhr = 33
Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)

bfhLfgl tu Cf ruhr A v, yf d = x - A vgJ
Cf ruhr A- UJ ika x- yfkhF. Cf ruhr Kiw,

ruhr fhgjfhd Nu
x = A +
/ fd .
/f
Cf ruhr Kiw ruhr fhgjfhd gof :

Cf ruhria A vngh.
(i)
(ii) xbthU ika x-I fhf.
(iii) xbthU x-F yf d = x A I fhf.
(iv) yfid mjj ilbt fbtnzhL bgU,
fd- TLj / fd I fhf.

fd
(v) x = A + /
vw Nu thyh ruhria fhf.
/f
242
vLJfhL 11.8

vLJfhL 11.7- cs tuF, Cf ruhr Kiw, ruhria fhf.
Cf ruhr A = 35 vf.
kbgf
ika(x)
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
5
15
25
35
45
55
khztf
d = x 35
vif (f)
5
10
25
30
20
10
/f
x = A+
30
20
10
0
10
20
fd
150
200
250
0
200
200
/ fd = 200
= 100
/ fd
/f
= 35 + ` - 200 j = 35 - 2 = 33
100
goyf Kiw (Step deviation method)

tu ilbtf s rkkhf Ujh, goyf
Kiw ruhr fhgJ vJ. Kiw, fzLtij vik gLJtjfhf,
yf d = x - A I ilbt s c M tFfgLwJ. wF,
/ fd # c vw Nu _y ruhr fhzgLwJ.
/f
x = A+
vLJfhL 11.7- cs tuF, goyf Kiw ruhria
fhz.

Cf ruhr A = 35 vf. F ilbt s c = 10.
kbgf
ika (x)
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
5
15
25
35
45
55
khztf
vif( f )
5
10
25
30
20
10
/f
x = A+
= 100
d = x - 35
10
3
2
1
0
1
2
fd
15
20
25
0
20
20
/ fd = 20
/ fd # c = 35 - 20 # 10 = 35 - 2 = 33
` 100
j
/f
` ruhr = 33
243
maha 11
11.3.4 ruhr gf
g 1

ruhrUJ, midJ cWf yff TLbjhif
a MF.

mjhtJ,
tu
cWf
v,
x1, x2, x3 ...xn
^ x1 - x h + ^ x2 - x h + ... + ^ xn - x h = 0

cjhuzkhf, 6, 8, 9, 14, 13 vw tu ruhr 10. 10-UJ xbthU
tu yff TLbjhif
(6 - 10) + (8 - 10) + (9 - 10) + (14 - 10) + (13 - 10)

= - 4 + ( - 2) + ( - 1) + 4 + 3 = - 7 + 7 = 0

vdnt, ruhrUJ, midJ cWf yff TLbjhif
a vd magLwJ.
g 2

xU tu cs xbthU vQlD, xU Fl khwhj v
k I mfgjdh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj
kh k ms mfF.

mjhtJ, x1, x2, x3 ...xn vw vf ruhr x v, x1 + k, x2 + k, x3 + k, ..., xn + k
vw vf ruhr x + k MF.
cjhuzkhf, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 vw vf ruhr 20 vf.

vdnt, x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5

xbthU vnzhL 5 I Todh ilF a vf

x1 + 5, x2 + 5, x3 + 5, x4 + 5 kW x5 + 5 MF.
j ruhr
x1 + 5 + x2 + 5 + x3 + 5 + x4 + 5 + x5 + 5

5
= x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 25
5
x
1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
+ 25 = 20 + 5
=
5
5

a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria l 5 mfJsij
fhnwh.
g 3

xU tu cs xbthU vUJ, xU Fl khwhj
v k I Fiwgjdh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj
kh k ms Fiw. mjhtJ,

x1, x2, x3, x4 , ..., xn vw vf ruhr x v,

x1 - k, x2 - k, x3 - k, x4 - k, ..., xn - k Ma vf ruhr x - k MF.
244
cjhuzkhf, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 Ma vf ruhr x v,

x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
5
xbthU vUJ 5-I fjh, ilF a vf
x1 - 5, x2 - 5, x3 - 5, x4 - 5, x5 - 5 .
a ruhr = x1 - 5 + x2 - 5 + x3 - 5 + x4 - 5 + x5 - 5
5
x
1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
=
- 25
5
5

= 20 - 5

a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria l 5 FiwJsij
fhnwh.
g 4

k I bgUdh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj kh

k M bgU ilwJ. mjhtJ,
x1, x2, x3 ...xn Ma vf ruhr x v, kx1, kx2, kx3, ..., kxn Ma vf
ruhr kx MF.
cjhuz, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 Ma vf ruhr 20 v,

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5
xbthU viz 5-M bgUdh, ilF vf 5x1, 5x2, 5x3, 5x4, 5x5 .
a ruhr = 5x1 + 5x2 + 5x3 + 5x4 + 5x5
5
5^ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5h
=
= 5 (20)
5

a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria 5 M bgUf
ilwJ.
g 5

k, (k ! 0 ) M tFjh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj

kh k M tFf ilwJ. mjhtJ,
x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, ..., xn Ma vf ruhr x v, x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn Ma
k k k
k
vf ruhr x MF.
k

245
maha 11
cjhuzkhf, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 Ma vf ruhr 20 v,
x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5

xbthU viz 5 M tFf ilF vfy1 = x1 , y2 = x2 , y3 = x3 ,
5
5
5
y4 = x4 kW y5 = x5 .
5
5
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
5
5
5
5
a ruhr y = 5
5
= 1 ` x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 j = 1 ^20h
5
5
5
= 1 ( x )
5

a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria 5 M tFf ilJsJ.
vLJfhL 11.9

100 khztf kbgf ruhr 40 vW fzlglJ. , 53 vw
kbg 83 vW jtWjyhf vLfglJ bjatjJ. rahd kbgfis
bfhL rahd ruhria fhf.
bkhj khztf vif n = 100, ruhr kbg x = 40.
jtwhd / x = x # n = 40 # 100 = 4000
rahd
/ x = jtwhd / x - jtwhd kbg + rahd kbg.
= 4000 - 83 + 53 = 3970
rahd / x
n
3970
=
= 39.7
100

vdnt x - ruhr k 39.7 MF.

rahd ruhr x =
g 11.2
1.
xU filfhu bjhlJ 6 ehf w igf vif

fl mltiz bfhLfgLsJ. fgl igf ruhr
vifia fhf.
ehf
igf
vif
2.
brth
55
32
30
ahH bt
25
10
r
20
xU gF cs 10 FLgf cs FHijf vif 2, 4,

3, 4, 1, 6, 4, 5, x, 5 MF. FHijf vif ruhr 4 v, x-
kig fhf.
246
3.
20 vf ruhr 59 vf. xbthU vQlD 3 I Todh, ilF

vf ruhr vd?
4.
15 vf ruhr 44 vf. xbthU vUJ 7 I fjh, ilF

vf ruhr vd?
5.
12 vf ruhr 48 vf. xbthU viz 4 M bgUdh,

ilF vf ruhr vd?
6.
12 vf ruhr 54 vf. xbthU viz 9 M tFjh, ilF

vf ruhr vd?
7.
6 khztfis bfhl xU FG ruhr vil 48 nyh MF. mt

5 khztf vil 50 nyh, 45 nyh, 50 nyh, 42 nyh kW 40 nyh
v, MwhtJ khzt vilia fhf.
8.
nH bfhLfgLs 40 khztf vil ga tuF, Cf

ruhr tKiw, ruhr vilia fzl.
vil (nyhuh)
50
52
53
55
57
khztf vif
10
15
9.
75 vfis bfhl xU bjhF ruhr 27 vd fzlglJ.

, 53 vw v jtWjyhf 43 vW gofglJ fLofglJ.
mbjhF rahd ruhria fhz.
10.
100 vf ruhr 40 vW fhzglJ. fzL neu 3 kW

72 vw U tuf 30 kW 27 vd jtWjyhf vLJbfhsglJ
bjatjJ v, rahd ruhria fhf.
11.
xU khj kUJtkidF tJ brw nehahf vif ga

tu nH bfhLfgLsJ. xU eh kUJtkidF tj
nehahf ruhr vifia fhf.
nehahf vif
0-10
ehf vif
12.
50-60
goyf tKiwia gagL fhQ tufhd ruhria

fhf.
kbg
khztf vif
13.
10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
15
22
20
10
fl tu, nehahfis ga X fzbfL UJ

bgwglJ. j ruhria fhf.
taJ (MLf)
nehahf vif
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
10
13
247
maha 11
14.
ML W nj 40 khztf tha bkhj kbgf ga

tu nH juglLsJ.
kbgf 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 400 400 - 450 450 - 500
khztf
vif

12
10
goyf tKiwia gagL nkfl tu ruhria

fhf.
15.
fhQ gut TL ruhria fzl.

ilbt
0 - 19
20 - 39
40 - 59
60 - 79
80 - 99
fbt
15
14
11.4 iliy ms (Median)

bfhLfgl tu cWfis VW myJ wF tir vGJ
nghJ, tir eLiyahf mikJ UF cW kig tu
iliy ms vngh.
11.4.1 iliy ms - tifgLjglhj tu
iliy ms fhgjfhd gof :
bfhLfgl n vfis VW myJ wF tir vGj.
(i)
(ii) n-xU xiwgil vzhf Ujh, ` n + 1 j MtJ cW iliy

2
msthF.
(iii) n-xU uilgil vzhf Ujh il cs uL

cWf ruhr iliy msthF. mjhtJ,
iliy ms = ` n j MtJ cW kW ` n + 1j MtJ cW Mat

2
2
ruhr MF.

vLJfhL 11.10

fhQ vf iliy ms fhf

(i) 24, 22, 23, 14, 15, 7, 21

(i)
(ii) 17, 15, 9, 13, 21, 32, 42, 7, 12, 10.
bfhLfgl vfis VW tir flthW vGJnth.
7, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24
cWf vif n = 7
248
iliy ms = ` n + 1 j MtJ cW (n xU xiwgil v)

2
= ` 7 + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= 4 MtJ cW = 21
(ii)
bfhLfgl vfis flthW VW tir mikngh.
7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 21, 32, 42.
cWf vif n = 10 (n xU uilgil v)
n
n
` 2 j MtJ cW kW ` 2 + 1j MtJ cW Mat ruhrna iliy
msthF.
n
10
` 2 j MtJ cW = ` 2 j MtJ cW
= 5 MtJ cW
= 13

n
10
` 2 + 1j MtJ cW = ` 2 + 1j MtJ cW
= 6 MtJ cW
= 15.

vdnt, iliy ms = 13 + 15 = 14
2
11.4.2 iliy ms - tifgLjglhj fbt gut
iliy ms fhgjfhd gof :
bfhLfgl n vfis VW myJ wF tir vGj.
(i)
(ii) F fbt gutiy fzl.
(iii) n xU xiwgil vzhf Ujh, n + 1 MtJ cWng iliy

2
msthF.
(iv) n xU uilgil vzhf Ujh iliy ms

n
n
` 2 j tJ cW + ` 2 + 1j tJ cW

=
2

vLJfhL 11.11

fhQ tufhd iliy ms fhf.

kbgf
khztf
vif
20
25
50
40
80
16
249
maha 11
Kj kbgfis VWtir vGJnth.
kbgf
fbt f
9
20
25
40
50
80
4
6
16
8
7
2
n = 43
F
fbt cf
4
10
26
34
41
43
fbtf bkhj n = 43(xU xiw gil v)
iliy ms = ` n + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= ` 43 + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= 22 MtJ cW.

goa fLsgo, 11- UJ 26 tiu cs cWf 25 MF .

vdnt, 22-tJ cW 25 MF.
` iliy ms = 25.
vLJfhL 11.12

fhQ gut iliy ms fhf.

k
fbt
1
1
2
3
3
2
4
4
5
8
6
2
k
1
2
3
4
5
6

fbt f
1
3
2
4
8
2
n = 20
F fbt cf
1
4
6
10
18
20
= 20 (uil gil v)
n xU uilgil vzhf Ujh iliy ms

n
n
` 2 j tJ cW + ` 2 + 1j tJ cW
=
2
250
10MtJ cW + 11MtJ cW
2

` iliy ms = 4 + 5 = 9 = 4.5
2
2
11.4.3 iliy ms - tifgLjgl fbt gut

tifgLjgl
fbt
gut
iliy
ms
fzL
fhQ gofis bfhlJ.

F fbtfis fzl.
(i)
(ii) N vgJ fbtf TLj v, N - kig fhf

2
N
(iii) F fbt
I cWghf bfhoUF ilbt,
2
iliy ms vW miHfgL.
N -m
(iv) iliy ms = l + 2
# c vw Nuij gagL fhzyh.
f
l = iliy ms viy f = iliy ms fbt
c = iliy ms s
m = iliy ms F fbtQF cldoahd Kija
N = fbtf TLj
F fbt
vLJfhL 11.13

fhQ gut iliy ms fh.
rgs (`100- )
0-10
bjhyhsf
vif
22
10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

38
46
35

rgs
fbt f
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
22
38
46
35
20
F
fbt cf
22
60
106
141
161
N = 161
N = 161 = 80.5 vdnt iliy ms 20-30.

2
2
iliy ms viy l = 20
iliy ms fbt f = 46
251
20
maha 11

iliy ms F fbtQF cldoahd Kija F
fbt m = 60. iliy ms s c = 10
N -m

iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f

= 20 + 80.5 - 60 # 10 = 20 + 10 # 20.5
46
46

= 20 + 205 = 20 + 4.46 = 24.46
46

` iliy ms = 24.46
vLJfhL 11.14

fhQ tu iliy msit fhf.

kbg
fbt
11-15
7
16-20 21-25
10
13
26-30
26
31-35
9
36-40
5

bfhLfgoUF goa, f cslF fshf csikah
mit yF fshf tUkhW kh vGJnth.
kbg
fbt f
10.5- 15.5
15.5-20.5
20.5-25.5
25.5-30.5
30.5-35.5
35.5-40.5
7
10
13
26
9
5
N = 70
N = 70, N = 70 = 35
2
2
iliy ms 25.5-30.5
iliy ms viy l
iliy ms fbt f = 26
F
fbt cf
7
17
30
56
65
70
= 25.5
iliy ms F fbtQF Kija F fbt m = 30

iliy ms s c = 30.5 - 25.5 = 5
N -m
iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f
= 25.5 + 35 - 30 # 5 = 25.5 + 25 = 26.46

26
26
252
g 11.3
1.

fhQ tu iliy msit fhf

(i) 18,12,51,32,106,92,58
(ii) 28,7,15,3,14,18,46,59,1,2,9,21
2.
fhQ fbt gut iliy msit fhf.
3.
12
13
15
19
22
23
fbt
fhQ tufhd iliy msit fhf.

cau (mo)
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
10
kuf vif
4.
fhQ fbt gut iliy msit fhf.

taJ
egf
vif
5.
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
10
11
12
fhQ tu iliy msit fzl.
ilbt
fbt
6.
0-9
1-5
6 - 10
11 - 15
16 - 20
21 - 25
26 - 30
31 - 35
18
25
26
fhQ goa xU bjhrhiy 800 bjhyhsf ruhr

thu rgs gut bfhLfgLsJ. tu iliy
msit fhf.
rgs
20 - 25
(100 %gh)
bjhyhsf
50
vif
25 - 30
30 - 35
35 - 40
40 - 45
45 - 50
70
100
180
150
120
50 - 55 55 - 60
70
60
11.5 KfL (Mode)

xU gut vj cW mU f mf cWf mikwnjh mj
cW k KfL vW miHfgL.
11.5.1 KfL - tifgLjglhj tu

brglglhj tu cWfis xU tir mikJ xbthU
cW vjid Kiw l bgWsJ vW fzLtj _y, m
tu Kfil vjhf mila Ko. mf Kiw l bgWs cW kng
KfL MF.

cjhuzF, 20,25,21,15,14,15 vw cWfis bfhl tuij
vLJ bfhlh 15 UKiw l bgWsJ. kw midJ xU Kiwna l

bgWsJ. vdnt, KfL = 15.
253
maha 11
KfL vzhyhd tuF kLkyhJ ju rhj

tuij msgjF gagL. xU mrf 5 mRf
btl, mit f bj, bj, bj kW bjtwJ
vW ju fglh, j tu KfL, bj vd magL.
Fiu
vLJfhL 11.15

fj wikia nrhF nj 10 khztf bgw kbgf
75,72,59,62, 72,75,71,70,70,70 MF. tu KfL fhf.
10 khztf kbgf Kiwna 75, 72, 59, 62, 72, 75, 71, 70, 70, 70
tu 70 _W Kiw l bgW, kwit uL myJ xUKiw l
bgUgjh, KfL 70 MF.
F
xnu xU KfL cs gutiy xiw KfL gut vW miHnwh.
vLJfhL 11.16

482,485,483,485,487,487,489 vw bjhF KfL fhf.
bfhLfgl bjhF, uL vf 485 kW 487 UKiw l bgW,
uL vfS bjhF KfLf Mwd. thW uL KfLf cs
gut uil KfL gut vW miHfgL .

(i) uL KfLf cs gut uil KfL gut vW miHfgL.

(ii) _W KfLf cs gut KKfL gut vW miHfgL.
(iii) _W KfLfSF nk cs gut gKfL gut vW

miHfgL.
11.5.2 KfL - tifgLjglhj fbt gut

tifgLjglhj fbt gut fbga fbtiz bgWs
cW k KfL vdgL.
vLJfhL 11.17

fhQ gut bridia rhj xU fhy fil xU Fl
eh 100 nrho fhyf gid brjjfhd tu jugL csJ.
tu KfL fhf.
fhy
ms (mFy)
nrhof
vif
10
23
39
27
fbga fbtiz bfhl cW KfL MF. bfhLfgl

tu, fbga fbt 39-I bgUF fhy ms 8. vdnt KfL
8 MF.
254
11.5.3 KfL - tifgLjgl fbt gut

tifgLjgl fbt gut, cWf rahd k bjahJ
vgjh Kfo rahd kig fhgJ f fodkhdJ. vD,
ilbtf s rkkhdjhf cs nghJ Kfo njhuha kig tU
Nu _y fhzyh.
f - f1
KfL = l + c
m # c,
2f - f1 - f2
, fbga fbtiz bgWs it KfL vW miHngh

l = KfL viy
f = KfL fbt
c = KfL ilbt s
f1 = KfL fbtQF Kija fbt.
f2 = KfL fbtQF ija fbt.
vLJfhL 11.18

fhQ tuF KfL fhf.

k
fbt
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
18
30
20
10
kbg
fbt f
10-15
15-20
20-25
18
25-30
30
30-35
20
35-40
10
40-45
45-50
fbga fbt 30-I 25-30 bgUgjh, J KfL MF.
KfL viy l = 25
KfL fbt f = 30

KfL fbtQF Kija fbt f1 = 18 kW ija
fbt f2 = 20

KfL ilbt s c = 5
255
maha 11
f - f1
h# c
2f - f1 - f2
KfL = l + ^
30 - 18
# 5 = 25 + 12 # 5
j
22
60 - 18 - 20
= 25 + 60 = 25 + 2.73 = 27.73
22

vdnt, KfL = 27.73
=25 + `
g 11.4
1.
xU tF 15 khztf tha kbgf nH bfhLfgLsJ.

42,45,47, 49,52,65,65,71,71,72,75,82,72,47,72. tu KfL fhf.
2.
tU tuF KfL fhf.
3.
fhyf msf
10
w nrhof
vif
15
17
13
21
18
16
11
xU khj, xU kUJtkidF irF tj 150 nehahf taJ

ga tu nH bfhLfgLsJ. tufhd KfL fhf.
taJ (tUlf) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
nehahf
12
14
36
50
20
18
vif
4.
fhQ tu KfL fhf.

vil (uh)
khztf
vif
21-25
26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60
18
20
14
5.
xU rhuz Kfh Uj FHijf taJ tu nH jugL csJ.

13, 13, 14, 15, 13, 15, 14, 15, 13, 15- tUlf. bfhLfgl tu
ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL fhf.
6.
xU g njhl cs kuf vif kW mkuf cs

isf vif ga tu fhQ goa jugLsJ.
isf vif
kuf vif
14
21
28
20
17
nkfl tuF ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL Matiw fhf..
7.
xU tUl fhy, xU efu xUj ahah ghfglJ g g

brjtf taJ ga tu nH jugL csJ.
taJ (tUlf)
ghfgnlh
vif
5 - 14
15 - 24
25 - 34
35 - 44
45 - 54
55 - 64
11
12
10
nkfl tu ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL fhf.

256
8.
xU nj 20 khztf bgw kbgfSF ruhr, KfL kW

iliy ms fhf.
kbg
khztf
vif
0 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
braKiw g
10,20,30,40 kW 50 Mat ruhr fhf.
1.

* xbthU vnzhL 10 I To, tU vf ruhr fhf.

* xbthU vUJ 10 I fJ tU vf ruhr fhf.

* xbthU viz10 M bgU, tU vf ruhr fhf.

* xbthU viz 10 M tFJ, tU vf ruhr fhf.

*
xbthU bra KiwF bghJthd vG mjid ruhr
jikfnshL xLf.
2.
f brhjkhf cjhuz bfhLf.

(i) ruhria l iliy ms VfjfJ.

(ii) iliy msit l KfL VfjfJ.

(iii) Kfil l iliy ms VfjfJ.
id bfhf

tifgLjgl tu ruhrfhd Nu :
netKiw x = / fx
/f
cnjr ruhr tKiw
/ fd

x = A+
/f
goyf tKiw x = A + / fd # C
/f
xU F fbt, mj fbtnzhL, mjF Kija
f fbtfis TLtjh ilf bgWtJ.
tifgLjgl tu iliy ms fhQ Nu

N -m
iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f
tifgLjgl tu KfL fhQ Nu

KfL = l + c
f - f1
m#c
2f - f1 - f2
257
fjf
All business proceeds on beliefs, or judgments of probabilities,
and not on certainty
- CHARLES ELIOT
Kjik Fnfhf
Ug Ug tU nrhjidf kW XL
fbt fjf Matiw J bfhSj
gl fjfid J bfhSj
rL ~gh ikr
12.1 mKf
xbthUtU mfhiy Kj mrh tiu
y brafyhtJ fH Toa rhaTWfSfhd
thfis itJ KobtLnwh. cjhuzkhf,
eh W ntiyF brY nghJ Fil bfhL
bry ntLkh? vdJ brlng fy
r W u tiu oUFkh? kW eh jhf
mKfgLjgl kof thf ntLkh?
fjf
vgJ
khWglToa
vyh
brafY xU KobtLf ekF xU tKiwia
mwJ.
fjf vw fUJ f
mogilyhd NjhlUJ njhUjhY
Tl, mjDila gaghLf aa, tfa,
ca, kUJt, MfhL, KjLJiw,
thiy Kd kW gntW tsU Jiwf
mfkhf gagLjgL tUwJ.
tU thafis ftngh:
vtU bghJnj FHir mnefkhf

Kj kbg bgWth.
xUntis jir W bjhltoia

ogh.
mahta bghUf iy khwyhk

UfTL.
iwa bl ngho yh bt bgw

th csJ.
258
(R. Von Mises)

(1883-1953)
fjfF mDgt
myJ a
mQFKiwia
M.v. ~ kW
M. ~ghikr Mnah
thd.
M. ~ghikr
vgtuh
TWbt fUJ
mKfgLjglJ.
ms bfhifia
mogilahf bfhL
fjf fj
fUaiy clhf
fUJ VJthf
mikjJ. brw
who ggy
gilghf
Ljyh j
mQFKiw J jhf
btglJ. j
ed thfid
FF monfh
tKiw nfhnkhnfhnuh
vgtuh mfglJ.
fjf
mnefkhf, xUntis, UfTL, th nghw brhf cWghlw

jikiana czJwd. cWjik myJ cWghlw jikia
msl rahd msnfh VJ iy. MdhY xU bra ftjfhd
rhaTWfis ff mogil cWghlw jikid fj
to mslyh. thW msL v kig fjf vnwh.
mDgtf kW khwf mogil KobtLgjF fjf xU wj
gaDs KiwahF. vdnt, fjf vgJ xnu xU v kghf yhj nghJ
mJ f gaDsjhF.
12.2 mogil fUJf kW tiuaiwf

fjf fUaiy bjhlFtjF K ekF njitahd y mogil
fUJfis tiuaiw brnth.
nrhjid(Experiment)
rkth nrhjid( Random Experiment)
Ka (Trial)
TWbt (Sample space)
TW (Sample point)
f (Event)
Ka fUJ
nrhjid
eF tiuaWfgl isfis cUthF

xU bra nrhjid vdgL.
nrhjidfis tU U guj Kiwf tifgLjyh.
nrhjid
th nrhjid
cWahd nrhjid
259
maha 12
1. cWahd nrhjid (m) khdkhd nrhjid (Deterministic experiment) :

xj gjidf mogil Kofis Kdnu
maToa nrhjid khdkhd nrhjid (m) cWahd
nrhjid vdgL.

vLJfhlhf, iu bfhf itF nghJ mJ
Mahf khWj, Frhjd bgo iu itF nghJ
mJ gfoahf ciwj kW UwK jiyiaila
xU khWgl ehzaij RL nghJ jiy ilgJ nghw
nrhjidf Kofis eh Kdnu ma Ko. vdnt
itaidJ cWahd (m) khdkhd nrhjidf MF.
2. rkth nrhjid (Random experiment) : xU nrhjid fHToa midJ
isfS Kdnu bjUjhY mt vj is fHnghwJ vgij
Kdnu rahf brhy KoahJ v, mnrhjid
rkth nrhjid vdgL.
vLJfhlhf, tU nrhjidfis fUJnth:

(i) xU ehzaij RLj

(ii) xU gfilia cULj.
nrhjidf rkth nrhjidf MF. Vbd, t fHnghF

isid Kdnu ma ayhJ.
Ka fUJ
cjhuzkhf,
xW myJ gy
ehzaij RLj gfilia
isfis cUthF
cULj
Mait
Kaf
(Trial)
xU bra Ka vdgL.
MF.
cjhuzkhf,
rk th nrhjid
TWbt
xU ehzaij RL nghJ
vyh isf fz
TWbt S = { jiy, }
(Sample
TWbt vdgL.
xU gfilia cUL nghJ TWbt
Space)
jid S vd Flyh.
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Ka
TW
(Sample
Point)
f
(Event)
nrhjid xbthU
is TW
vdgL.
xU ehzaij RL nghJ
jiy, Mait TWfshF .
xU gfilia cUL nghJ
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kW 6 Mait
TWfshF.
TWbt vj xU
cfzK f
vdgL.
cjhuzkhf,
xU gfilia cUL nghJ
ilF rhjfkhd ff y
{1, 2, 3}, {1, 3}, {2, 3, 5, 6}.
260
fjf
fjf
yF fjf
gl fjf
mfiy fjf
bjhik fjf
12.3 fjf
fjf gntW fUJfUJ, fjfid _W tiffshf fyh:
(1) mfiy fjf (Subjective probability)
(2) bjhik fjf (Classical probability)
(3) gl fjf (Empirical probability)
12.3.1 mfiy fjf

cWghlw jikia ga xUtUila eif tikia mfiy
fjf btgLJwJ. eh vghF isfSF neuoahd rhWf
f Fiwj msnt cs myJ KGikahf yhj jUzf kiwKfkhd
rhWfisnah, mghgl fnyh, cSz _ynkh kW mfiy
fhuf _ynkh fjfid fzlyh.
12.3.2 bjhik fjf

bjhik fjf vD fUJ th isahLfUJ bgwglJ.
nrhjid isf midJ rkthig bgUF nghJ J
bghUJwJ. xj rkths n ff xU f fH rhjfkhd s thf
U mf fjf s vd bfhLfgLwJ.
n
12.3.3 gl fjf

neuoahd mDgtf _y isf fjfid fhgJ gl
fjf MF
12.4 fjf - X mDgt Kiw (gl Kiw)

jiy eh gl fjfid g kLnk thfnghnwh.
kw U fjffis g nk tFf gongh. gl myJ
nrhjid myJ xL fbt fjf vgJ neuoahd mDgtf
261
maha 12
_y isf fjfid fhgJ MF. gl fjfid,

nrhjidfis gyKiw brJ mj Kofis flayh. gl fjf
vgJ xU is nrhjid Kof mogil ma tkhf
f rahf gJ MF.

cjhuzkhf, xU Fl Wtd ryitfoid kf U
Koit ma bjhik fjfid gagLj ayhJ. Vbd, nrhjid
Kof rkthig bgUfiy. khahd nrhjid fjfid
ma, eh xU fzbfL elj ntL. jid nrhjid tufis
nrfj vdyh. mfkhd tufis nrfF nghJ eh f wj
kLfis bgwyh.
Ka fUJ
gl fjf
m vgJ E vw f rhjfkhd Kaf vif vW

n vgJ bkhj Kaf vif vW bfhlh, E- gl
fjf vgij tUkhW tiuaWfyh. jid P(E) vd Flyh.
P(E) =
f Vgl Kaf vif

Kaf bkhj vif
(myJ)
P(E) =
flj rhjfkhd ff vif

flj bkhj ff vif
vdnt, P (E) = m
n
F 0 # m # n ( 0 # m # 1 , Mfnt 0 # P (E) # 1 .
n
0 # P (E) # 1
mjhtJ, xU f ftjfhd fjf vbghGJ 0 UJ 1 Koa
cs VnjD xU v MF.
xU f ftjfhd cWjikia ma fjf bgJ gagLwJ.
fjf 1 v, mf cWahf fG vd, fjf 0.9 v, f

bgUghY fG vd, fjf 0.5 v, f ftjF fHhk nghtjF
thL vd, fjf 0 v, f cWahf fHhJ vd mayh.

nkfhQ sfUJ eh mtJ
Fiu

(i) P(E) = 1 v, E vgJ cWahd f
(ii) P(E) = 0 v, E vgJ eilbgw ayhj f.

262
fjf
xU f fjf P (E) v, mf eilbgwhk Ugjfhd
fjfit P (El ) myJ P (E ) vd vGjyh.

P(E ) + P (El ) = 1 vd ekF bj. vdnt, P (El ) = 1 - P (E)

P (El ) = 1 - P (E)

eh y fjffis fzL nghJ fzLfis kL kd
bfhsTlhJ. eKila nehf fjf mogil nfhghLfis,
fis, bfhiffis mJ bfhtjhf Uf ntL.
cjhuz :

xU ehzaij gyKiw RLnghJ, vjid Kiw jiy kW Gwd
vgjF, bkhj RLjfSFkhd jf nH bfhLf gLsd.
RLj
vif
(n)
ilj
jiyf (H)
vif (m1)
50
29
60
34
70
41
80
44
90
48
100
52
P(H) = m1
n
29
50
34
60
41
70
44
80
48
90
52
100
ilj
f (T)
vif (m2)
P(T) = m2
n
21
26
29
36
42
48
21
50
26
60
29
70
36
80
42
90
48
100

nkfl mltizUJ eh RLj vifia mff
mff jiy ilgjfhd fjf, ilgjfhd fjf
xiwbahW beU tUtij fhzyh.
bra (1): xU ehzaij RLj

xbthU khztid xU ehzaij 10 Kiw RlbrJ, vjid Kiw
jiy ilwJ vgij, vjid Kiw ilwJ vgij ftJ
nH cs mltiz csthW Ff brhyyh.
is
nenfhL
Ff
10 RLj Gj jiyf/
f vif
jiy
263
maha 12

nj nghy xU ehzaij 20, 30, 40, 50 Kiw RlbrJ nkTa
Kiwnyna mltizgLj ntzL. tU df kfis
vGJf.
jiy ilj RLj vif
= d
RLj bkhj vif
d
ilj RLj vif
= d
RLj bkhj vif
d
bra (2): xU gfilia cULj
xU gfilia 20 Kiw cUo mj MW isfSF fjfit fzLf.
is
nenfhL
Ff
20 Kiw cUL
nghJ ilF
isf
vif
ilj bjhlila
isf vif
gfil cULj
bkhj vif
1
2
3
4
5
6

nrhjidia 50, 100 Kiw brJ mt Kofis Kiwnyna
mltizgLjyh.
bra (3): U ehzafis RLj
U ehzafis nrjhngh 10 Kiw Ro mj ffis ftJ
tUkhW mltizgLJf.
is
10 Kiw
ne
RL nghJ
nfhL
ilF
Ff
isf
uL jiyf
xU jiy kW
xU
jiy jJ
264
ilj bjhlila
isf vif
U ehzaf
RLj bkhj vif
fjf

bra (1)- xbthU Kiw xU ehzaij RLtij Ka vnwh.
ij nghynt bra (2)- xbthU Kiw gfilia cULjiy Ka vW,
bra (3)- U ehzafis xnu neu RLjiy Ka vW miHnwh.

bra (1)- xU Fl RLj f jiy ilgij is
vnwh, mij nghynt ilgij mf kbwhU is vnwh.

bra (2)- 5 vw Fl v ilgJ vgij xU is vnwh.
jiy ilj RLj vif
- kig gl fjf myJ nrhjid
RLj bkhj vif
fjf vnwh .
vLJfhL 12.1

xU cgahs cgahd brlngfUJ (Cellphone) 1000
brlngfis rkth Kiw njbjLJ
nrhJ ghj 25
brlngf FiwghLilad vW fLofglJ v, rkth Kiw
njbjLF xU brlng FiwghLilajhf Uf fjf vd.
nrhjid brj brlngf vif = 1000 mjhtJ, n = 1000

E vgJ FiwghLs brilngfis njbjLgjfhd f vf.
n(E) = 25
mjhtJ, m = 25
FiwghLfSila brlngf vif

nrhjid brj brlngf bkhj vif

= m = 25 = 1
n
1000
40
vLJfhL 12.2
P(E) =

T20 kilgJ ngho (cricket) uhR 50 gJfis vbfhL 10 Kiw
MW Xlfis vLjh. mt vbfhl gJf xU gij rkth Kiw
njbjLF nghJ m mt MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd fjf
vd?

uhR vbfhl bkhj gJf vif = 50. mjhtJ, n = 50
E vgJ uhR MW Xlf vLgjfhd f v,

El vgJ uhR MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd f MF.
n(E)
= 10
mjhtJ, m=10
uhR moj MW xlf vif

vbfhl gJf bkhj vif

= m = 10 = 1
n
50
5

P (uhR MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd) = P (El ) = 1 - P (E)

P(E)
=1- 1 = 4
5
5
265
maha 12
vLJfhL 12.3

kilgJ FGit njbjLF njFG, ufis nj bra uf
Kija nghof 40 XlfSF nk vjid nghof vLjd vgij

jFahf bfhL nj brjd. Fkh kW Ugh Ma U uf w
flj 30 nghof flthW bfhLfgLsJ.
uf bga
Fkh
40-F nkgl Xlf vLj nghof

vif
20
Ugh
12
uf njbjLfgLtjfhd fjffis fhf.

cWneha nghof vif = 30 mjhtJ, n = 30

E1 vgJ Fkh 40 XlfSF nk vLgjfhd f vf,
mjhtJ, m1 = 20
n( E1 ) = 20
E2 vgJ Ugh 40 XlfSF nk vLgjfhd f vf,

m1
= 20
n
30
m2 12
P( E2 ) =
=
n
30
P( E1 ) =
mjhtJ, m2 = 12
n( E2 ) = 12
Fkh njbjLfgLtjfhd fjf = 20 = 2

30
3
Ugh njbjLfgLtjfhd fjf = 12 = 2
30
5
vLJfhL 12.4

xU Ut rhiy Fl xU eh xU fhty thfdf ntfij
nrhjid brjh. mt nrhjid brj 160 thfdf ntff fbt

goa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
ntf(./k)
thfdf
vif
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70 mjF
nkY
14
23
28
35
52
xU thfdij rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mj ntf

(i) 69 ./k- I l mfkhf (ii) 20 ./kUJ 39 ./k tiu
(iii) 60 ./k-F Fiwthf (iv) 40 ./kUJ 69 ./k tiu
Uf fjf vd?
266
fjf
f E1 vgJ thfd ntf 69 ./k-I l mfkhf

Ugjfhd f vf.

n( E1 ) = 8

mjhtJ, m1 = 8

nrhjid brj bkhj thfdf = 160. mjhtJ, n = 160
m

P( E1 ) = 1 = 8 = 1
n
160
20

(ii) f E2 vgJ thfd ntf 20 ./kUJ 39 ./k
tiu Ugjfhd f vf

n( E2 ) = 14+23 = 37
mjhtJ, m2 = 37
m

P( E2 ) = 2 = 37
n
160
(iii) f E3 vgJ thfd ntf kF 60 . Il Fiwthf

Ugjfhd f vf.
n( E3 ) = 14+23+28+35 = 100 mjhtJ, m3 = 100

m

P( E3 ) = 3 = 100 = 5
n
160
8
(iv) f E4 vgJ thfd ntf 40 ./kUJ 69 ./k

tiu Ugjfhd f vf.

n( E4 ) = 28+35+52 = 115
mjhtJ, m4 = 115
m4 115
=
= 23

P( E4 ) =
n
160
32
vLJfhL 12.5

(i)

xU Muhahs khztf fj wikF, a MtF
ilna cs bjhlig fla Udh. nrhjidfhf 200 khztfis
rkth Kiw njbjLJ mtfl fj wik kW a Mt
Matiw Fiw, ruhr, mf vd FLkhW T nrffgl tu
goa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
a
Mt
Fiw
ruhr
mf
fj wik
Fiw
ruhr
mf
60
15
15
15
45
10
5
10
25
xU khztiu rkth Kiw njbjLFnghJ mt

(i) fj mf wik
(ii) a ruhr Mt

(iii) a mf Mt

(iv) fj mf wik kW a mf Mt kW

(v) fj ruhr wik kW a Fiwj Mt,
cilatuhf Uf fjf vd?
267
maha 12
bkhj khztf vif = 80+70+50=200

(i)
f E1 vgJ fj mf wik cilnah vf.

mjhtJ, m1 = 50
n( E1 ) = 15+10+25= 50
m1
= 50 = 1
n
200
4
(ii) f E2 vgJ a ruhr Mt cilnah vf.
P( E1 ) =
mjhtJ, n = 200
n( E2 ) = 15+45+10 = 70
P( E2 ) =
mjhtJ, m2 = 70
m2
= 70 = 7
n
200
20
(iii) f E3 vgJ a mf Mt cilnah vf.

mjhtJ, m3 = 40
n( E3 ) = 5+10+25 = 40
P( E3 ) =
m3
= 40 = 1
n
200
5
(iv) f E4 vgJ fj mf wik kW a mf

Mt cilnah vf.

n( E4 ) = 25
mjhtJ, m4 = 25
m4
= 25 = 1

P( E4 ) =
n
200
8
(v) f E5 vgJ fj ruhr wik kW a Fiwj
Mt cilnah vf.

n( E5 ) = 15
mjhtJ, m5 = 15
m5
= 15 = 3

P( E5 ) =
n
200
40
vLJfhL 12.6

xU kUJtkid gnto kfngfhf kf jUj ehf
tu nH bfhLfgLsJ.
jUj ehf
vif
6 ehfis
l mf
kf vif
15
32
56
19
vtnuD xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt
(i) rahf 5 ehf
(ii) 6 ehfSF Fiwthf
(iii) mf gr 4 ehf
(iv) Fiwjgr 5 ehf
jUf fjf vd?

268
fjf
kfngfhf kUJtkid jUjtf vif = 127

mjhtJ, n = 127
(i) E1 vgJ rahf 5 ehf jUgjfhd f vf.

n( E1 ) = 56

mjhtJ, m1 = 56
m

P( E1 ) = 1 = 56
n
127
(ii)
E2 vgJ 6 ehfSF Fiwthf jUgjfhd f vf.
n( E2 ) = 15 + 32 + 56 = 103 mjhtJ, m2 = 103

m
P( E2 ) = 2 = 103

n
127
(iii) E3 vgJ mf gr 4 ehf jUgjfhd f vf. (3 kW 4

ehf kL)
mjhtJ, m3 = 47
m
P( E2 ) = 3 = 47
n
127
n( E3 ) = 15 + 32 = 47

(iv) E4 vgJ Fiwjgr 5 ehf jUgjfhd f vf.( 5,6 kW 7

ehf kL)

n( E4 ) = 56 + 19 + 5 = 80 mjhtJ, m4 = 80
m

P( E4 ) = 4 = 80
n
127
g 12.1
1.
fltW vit fjf kghf Uf KoahJ.
i) 1/3
vi) 1.45
ii) - 1/5
vii) 1
2.
tiuaW: i) nrhjid

iv) TWbt
iii) 0.80
viii) 33%
iv) - 0.78
ix) 112%
ii) cWahd nrhjid

v) f
v) 0
iii) rkth nrhjid
vi) Ka
3.
tiuaW : gl fjf
4.
r vgt flj 20 TilgJ nghof yif neh jil

v thf 65 Kiw yif neh vjh kW 35 Kiw jtwlh
v, mt vj gJf xU gij rkth Kiw njbjLjh
mgJ yif miltjfhd nrhjid fjf vd?
5.
thiy Muh ika flj 300 ehf gbragL btlgl

thiy miff 195 Kiw rahf UjJ. bfhLfgl eh
btlgl thiy mif (i) rahf (ii) jtwhf Ugjfhd fjf
vd?
269
maha 12
6.
xU a ClrJ ghd Ritia g bfs, 25 khztfl

fUJfis nfljh. ilj gf tUkhW
gf
Unth
Ughnjh
KobtLfhnjh
15
bkhj egf

xU khztiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt Ritia
(i) Ugtuhf (ii) Ughjtuhf (iii) KobtLfhjtuhf
Uf fjf vd?
7.
njbjLfgl 50 egf 21 ng O tif ujK ,22 ng A tif

ujK, 5 ng B tif ujK, 2 ng AB tif ujK, cilatuhf
Ujd.
xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt
(i) O tif uj cilatuhf
(ii) B tif uj yhjtuhf
(iii) A tif uj cilatuhf
(iv) AB tif uj yhjtuhf.
Uf fjf vd?
8.
xU gfilia 500 Kiw cUoa nghJ ilj isf tU

mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
isf
fbtf
80
75
90
75
85
95
xU is
(i) 4 I l Fiwthf
(ii) 2 I l Fiwthf
(iv) 6 Mf
(v) 6 Mf yhk.
(iii) 2 I l mfkhf
Uf fjf vd?
9.
njbjLfgl 2000 FLgf U FHijf tiu cs FLgf

tu tUkhW
xU FLg cs bg
FHijf vif
FLgf vif
624
900
476
njbjLfgl xU FLg
(i) 2 bg FHijf (ii) xU bg FHij (iii) bg FHij yhk
Uf fjf vd?
270
fjf
10.
500 W FH sFf theh tu nH jugLsd.

9 10 11 12
theh( khjf)
sFf vif 26 71 82 102
13
89
14 I l mf
53
14
77
xU WFH sF njbjLF nghJ, fhQ theh gaghofhd

fjfid fhf.
(i) 12 khjfSF Fiwthf
(ii) 14 khjfSF mfkhf
(iii) mfgr 12 khjf
(iv) Fiwjgr 13 khjf
11.
gugughd xU eh xU Fl neu, k mkUnjh

vif g braglJ. 60 kJf brw egf
vif fl mltiz jugLsJ.
k mkUnjh
vif
kJf vif
22
16
12
Fl fhy ilbtF wF lij xU kjhdJ flJ

brwh, m mkUF egf vif.
(i)
(iii) 2-I l Fiwthf
Uf fjfid fhf.
12.
Rit vw khz fj eljgl myF njf bgw
2 kL
(ii) 3-I l Fiwthf

(iv) Fiwjgr 4 Mf
kbgf tUkhW
myF nj
bgw kbgf
(%)
II
III
IV
VI
VII VIII
IX
89
93
98
99
98
97
96
98
99
90
tufis bfhL myFnj
(i) 95% F mfkhf (ii) 95% F Fiwthf

kbg bgw fjfid fhf.
13.
fl mltizahdJ xU FoU jnsh iyia

fhLwJ
tif
ghd
M
bg
(iii) 98% F mfkhf
f khzt
gahs
5
4
3
8
FoUngh xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt

271
maha 12
(i) bgzhf Uf
(ii) f khztuhf Uf
(iii) f khzahf Uf (iv) M gahsuhf
Uf fjf vd?
14.
xU Fl a myJ gagLjgl kGJfis tha 1000

Efnth fsg tuf fhQ mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
U iy
tif
aJ
gagLaJ
Uailjt
Uailahjt
300
450
100
150
xU Efnth rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ, mt
(i) a kGJ thatuhf Uf
(ii) Uailjtuhf Uf
(iii) gagLjgl kGJ th Mdh Uailahjtuhf Uf

fjf vd?
15.
njbjLfgl 1,000
egfl mtf xU tUlF wF
brlngfis thf loUwhfsh vgij g tuf

nrffglJ. xU tUl brw wF mnj egfl L mtf
brlng
tha
tuf
nrffgL
mj
tu
nH
jugLsJ.
thf lnlh
thf llhnjh
thnah
200
100
thfhnjh
50
650
xU egiu njbjLF nghJ mt

(i) brlng thf lL Ujtuhf
(ii) brlng thf loUJ Mdh thfhjtuhf
(iii) thf llhk Mdh thatuhf
Uf fjf vd?
16.
kf FoUF lF thfd itUgjF ilna cs

bjhlig ma xU fzbfL eljglJ. m kGJ cikahsf
200 ng fbga efufUJ, 150 ng wefufUJ, 150 ng
uhkwfUJ rkth Kiw njbjLfgL flthW
mltizgLjglJ.
272
fjf
gF tif
bgUef
wef
uhk
cik cst
90
60
25
cik myhjt
110
90
125
btehL kGJ
njbjLfgL xUt
(i)
(ii) wef tF btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf
(iii) bgUefu tJ btehL kGJ cikahsuhf yhk
btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf
Uf

(iv) bgUefu cs btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf
(v) uhkw tgtuhf yhkY btehL kGJ cikahsuhf

yhkY Ugtuhf

17.
Uf fjf vd?
xU muR nkiy g g 100 Maf f jFf

mltizgLjgLsJ.
f iy Ma iwP KJfiy gl sfiy gl
taJ
30-F
30 - 40 tiu
40-F nk
(M.Phil)
5
15
5
tiu
10
20
5
kL
10
15
15
xU Maiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt
(i)
KJfiy gl tiu bgwtuhf Uf
(ii) 30 taF FiwthdtU KJfiy gl bgwtuhf Uf
(iii) 40 taF nkgltuhf sfiy gl bgwtuhf Uf
(iv) 30 taJ Kj 40 taFgltuhf KJfiy gl bgwtuhf

Uf

(v)
18.
njbjLfgl 1,000 egf taJ kW mtfSF f ojkhd

isahL ga tuf tUkhW
40 taF nkgltuhf Ma iwP (M.Phil) gl bgwtuhf

Uf fjf vd?
273
maha 12
isahL
taJ
20 F
20 - 29
30 - 39
40 - 49
50 kW mjF nk
ifJ
tisnfh
TilgJ
gJ
Ml
(Basket ball)
(Volleyball)
(Hockey)
26
47
41
38
84
80
72
68
38
96
48
30
134
44
18
fhgJ
(Football)
36
48
22
26
4
mtf xU eg rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt
(i)
(ii) 20 Kj 29 taF cgltuhf
(iii) TilgJ Ugtuhf 20 Kj 29 taFgltuhf
(iv) tisnfh gjhlij Ughjtuhf

ifJ gJ Ml Ugtuhf
(v) mfgr 49 taJilatuhf fhgjhl f ojkhf yhk
Uf fjf vd?
19.
K vgt xU Fl PhWHik, thfdfsh VgL fhW

khRghL ga mtUila ma bralfhf fhiy 7 k Kj
khiy 7 tiu nja beLrhiy v 45- cs Rfrhtoia flJ brY
thfdfis cWnehdh. mnghJ flJ brw thfdf tu nH
mltizgLjgLsJ.
fhy ilbt
thfdf
ngUJ
WJ
U rfu thfdf
fhiy 7 k
Kj 11 tiu
fhiy 11 k
Kj gf 3
tiu
gf 3 k
Kj khiy 7
tiu
300
200
500
120
130
250
400
250
350
thfd xiw rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mthfd
(i) Kgf 7 k Kj 11 k tiu brY ngUjhf Uf
(ii) Kgf 11 k Kj gf7 k tiu brY kGjhf Uf
(iii) Kgf 7 k Kj gf 3 k tiu brY ngUjhf Uf
(iv) Kgf 7 k Kj gf 7 k tiu brY kGjhf Uf
(v) Kgf 7 k Kj gf7 k tiu brY thfdf Urfu

thfdkhf yhk Uf,
fjf vd?
274
fjf
id bfhf
cWaw jik (m) fjfit v ms msf aY.
eF tiuaWfgl isfis cUthF xU bra nrhjid

vdgL.
xj gjidf mogil Kof Kdnu maToa

nrhjid khdkhd nrhjid (m) cWahd nrhjid vdgL.
rhjfkhd isf Kdnu bjjhY, ekF njitahd Koit

cWahf brhy ayhj nrhjid th nrhjid MF.
xW myJ gy isfis cUthF bra Ka vdgL.
th nrhjid vyh isfS nrJ cUthd fz TWbt

vdgL. jid S vd Flyh.
nrhjid xbthU is TW vdgL.
TWbt VnjD xU cfz f vdgL.
fjfid _W tiffshf fyh:

(1) mfiy fjf
(2) bjhik fjf
(3) gl fjf
E- gl fjf P(E)-I tUkhW ilfbgwyh.

f Vgl Kaf vif
P(E) =
Kaf bkhj vif
(myJ)
P(E) =
flj rhjfkhd ff vif

flj bkhj ff vif
(myJ)
P (E ) = m
n
0 # P^ E h # 1
P^ Elh = 1 - P^ Eh F El vgJ E - u f MF.
275
rahd ilia njbjL

1. fza
1.
A = "5, "5, 6 ,, 7 , v, tUtdt vJ rahdJ?
(A) "5, 6 , ! A
2.
X = " a, " b, c ,, d , v, tUtdt vJ X- cfzkhF?
(A) " a, b ,
3.
tU TWf vJ rahdJ?
(i) vj xU fz A-F, A vgJ A- jF cfz MF.
(ii) vj xU fz A-F, Q vgJ A- jF cfz MF.
(iii) vj xU fz A-F A vgJ A- cfz MF.
(A) (i) kW (ii)
4.
A vw KoW fz m cWfis bfhLsJ v, A- btww
jF cfzf vif.
(A) 2
5.
"10, 11, 12 , vw fz cfzf vif
(A) 3
6.
tUtdt vJ rahdJ?
2
(A) " x : x =- 1, x ! Z , = Q
(C) Q = "0 ,
7.
tUtdt vJ ray?
(A) KoW fz xbthU cfzK KotwJ.
(B) P = " x : x - 8 =- 8 , vgJ XUW fzkhF.
(C) xbthU fzK jF cfzij bgUF
(D) xbthU btww fzK Fiwjgr uL cfzf Q kW mnj
(B) "5 , ! A
(C) "7 , ! A
(B) " b, c ,
(C) "c, d ,
(B) (ii) kW (iii)
(C) (i) kW (iii)
(C) 2
(B) 2 - 1
(B) 8
m-1
(D) "6 , ! A
(D) " a, d ,
(D) (i)(ii) kW (iii)
(D) 2 (2
m-1
- 1)
(C) 6 (D) 7
(B) Q = 0
(D) Q = "Q ,
fzij bgUF.
8.
tUtdt vJ rahdJ?
(A) Q 3 " a, b ,
(B) Q d " a, b ,
276
(C) " a , ! " a, b ,
(D) a 3 " a, b ,
9.
tUtdt vJ KoW fzkhF?
(A) " x : x d Z, x < 5 ,
(B) " x : x d W, x $ 5 ,
(C) " x : x d N, x > 10 ,
(D) " x : x xU uil gfhv ,
10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.
A = "5, 6, 7, 8 , v, tUtdt vJ ray?

(A) Q 3 A
(B) A 3 A
(C) "7, 8, 9 , 3 A
A = "3, 4, 5, 6 , kW B = "1, 2, 5, 6 , v, A , B =
(A) "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,
(B) "1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ,
(C) "1, 2, 5, 6 ,
(D) "3, 4, 5, 6 ,
" x : x d Z, x2 = 1 , vw fz cs cWf vif
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
n^ X h = m, n^Y h = n kW n^ X + Y h = p v, n^ X , Y h =
(A) m + n + p
(B) m + n - p
(C) m - p
(D) m - n + p
U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , kW A = "2, 5, 6, 9, 10 , v, Al vgJ

(A) "2, 5, 6, 9, 10 ,
(B) Q
(C) "1, 3, 5, 10 ,
(D) "1, 3, 4, 7, 8 ,
A 3 B v, A B vgJ
(B) A
(C) Q
(D) B A
(C) Q
(D) A , B
(C) B
(D) A + B
(A) B
16.
A vgJ B- jF cfz v, A + B =
(A) A
17.
A vgJ B- jF cfz v, A , B
(A) A
18.
mU cs gl Hl gF FgJ
(A) A B
19.
(D) "5 , f A
(B) B
(B) Q
(B) Al
(C) Bl
(D) B A
A = " a, b, c , , B = "e, f, g , v, A + B =
(A) Q
20.
mU cs gl Hl gF FgJ
(A) A B
(B) A
(C) B
(B) B A
(D) A , B
(C) A 3 B
277
(D) Al
2. bkba bjhF
21.
Kowh kW RH jiks jrk id bgWs v
(A) xU KG
(B) xU jKW v
(C) xU jKwh v
(D) xU KG v
22.
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bgWs v
(A) xU jKW v
(B) xU a v
(C) xU jKwh v
(D) xU KG.
23.

- 3 - jrk tot
4
(A) 0.75
(B) 0.50
24.
0.3 -
(A) 1
7
25.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A) xbthU a vQ xU jKW vzhF
(B) xbthU bkbaQ xU jKW vzhF
(C) xbthU KG vQ xU jKW vzhF
(D) xbthU KG xU jKW vzhF .
26.
tUtdt vJ KoW jrk it bgWsJ?
(A) 5
32
27.
tUtdt vJ jKwh vzhF?
(A) r
28.
tUtdtW vit jKwh vf?
(i)
(A) (ii),(iii) kW (iv)
(B) (i),(ii) kW (iv)
(C) (i),(ii) kW (iii)
(D) (i),(iii) kW (iv)
29.
tUtdtW vJ jKwh _y my?
(A)
(D) 0.125
(C) 1
3
(D) 2
3
p
tot
q
2+ 3
(C) 0.25
(B) 2
7
(B) 7
9
(C) 1
4
(B)
4 + 25
(ii)
(B)
(C) 8
15
30
(iii)
(C)
278
5+ 7
(D) 1
12
(D) 1
5
8- 3 8
(iv)
(D)
50 - va tot
30.

(A) 5 10
31.
(A) 8 112
33.
(C) 10 5
(D) 25 2
(C) 8 118
(D) 8 116
11 vgjF rkkhdJ
(B) 8 114
2 vgjF rkkhdJ
2
32.

(B) 5 2
(A) 2 2
(B)
(C)
2
2
(D) 2
(D)
5 - gFia jgLJ fhu

3
3
(B)
(C)
(A)
34.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A)
(B) 17 xU jKwh v
(C) 0.10110011100011110g xU jKwh v
(D) 4 16 xU jKwh v
27
2 xU jKwh v
35.
(A) 8,12
36.
mokhd 9 kW tir 3 bfhl jKwh _y
(A)
37.
5 3 3 FF KGikahd jKwh _y
(A) 3 15
38.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A)
(B) a xU jKW v kW b xU jKwh v v, a b xU jKwh v.
(C) xbthU jKwh _yK xU jKwh vzhF.
(D) xU if KG tf_y vnghJ xU jKwh vzhF.
12 vw jKwh _y tir kW mokhd Kiwna
(B) 12,8
(B)
(B)
(C) 16,12
27
375
(D) 12,16
(C)
(D)
81
(C)
75
(D)
45
2 xU jKwh v.
279
39.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A) x vgJ xU KG tf iyba,

m
x n - mLF F tot x
x vgJ xU jKwh vzhF
n
m
(B)
m
(C) ` x n j - _yFpL tot
(D) xbthU bkbaQ xU jKwh vzhF
40.
^ 5 - 2h^ 5 + 2h vgjF rkkhdJ
(A) 1
1 1
mn
(B) 3
(C) 23
(D) 21
3. bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff

41.
923.4 - ma FpL
(A) 9.234 # 10-
42.
0.00036 - ma FpL
(A) 3.6 # 10-
43.
2.57 # 10 - jrk tot
(A) 257
44.
3.506 # 10- - jrk tot
(A) 0.03506
45.
5 = 25 - klif tot
(A) log5 2 = 25
46.
log2 16 = 4 - mLF F tot
(A) 2 = 16
log 3 ` 4 j - k
3
4
(A) 2
48.
log49 7 - k
(A) 2
49.
log 1 4 - k
(A) 2
50.
log10 8 + log10 5 - log10 4 =
(A) log10 9
47.
(B) 9.234 # 10
(C) 9.234 # 10
4
(B) 3.6 # 10
(D) 9.234 # 104
(C) 3.6 # 10-
(D) 3.6 # 10
(C) 25700
(D) 257000
(C) 35.06
(D) 350.6
(C) log5 25 = 2
(D) log25 5 = 2
(B) 2570
2
(B) 0.003506
(B) log2 5 = 25
2
16
16
(B) 4 = 16
(C) 2 = 4
(D) 4 = 2
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 1
(B) 1
2
(C) 1
7
(D) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
2
(D) 2
(C) 1
(D) 1
(B) log10 36
280
4. afj
3
51.
2x - 3x - 2x + 3 vw gYWnfhit x kW x - bfGf Kiwna
(A) 2,3
52.
4x - 7x + 6x + 1 vw gYWnfhit go
(A) 2
53.
3x - 2 vw gYWnfhit vgJ xU
(A) nea gYWnfhit
(B) Ugo gYWnfhit
(C) Kgo gYWnfhit
(D) kh gYWnfhit
54.
4x + 2x - 2 vw gYWnfhit vgJ xU
(A) nea gYWnfhit
(B) Ugo gYWnfhit
(C) Kgo gYW nfhit
(D) kh gYW nfhit
55.
2x - 5 vw gYWnfhit a
(A) 5
2
56.
3x - 1 = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho _y
(A) x =- 1
3
57.
(B) 3,2
(C) 2,3
(D) 2,3
(B) 1
(C) 3
(D) 0
(B)- 5
2
(C) 2
5
(B) x = 1
3
(C) x = 1
(D)- 2
5
(D) x = 3
x + 2x = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho _yf
(A) x = 0, 2
58.
p^ xh vw gYWnfhitia âx + bh M tFjh ilF
(A) p` b j
a
59.
x - ax + 2x - a vw gYWnfhitia ^ x - ah M tFjh ilF
(A) a
60.
âx - bh vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu v,
(A) p^ bh = 0
61.

62.

(B) x = 1, 2
(C) x = 1, - 2
(B) p`- b j
a
(C) p` a j
b
(D) x = 0, - 2
(D) p`- a j
b
(B) a
(B) p`- b j = 0
a
(C) a
(D) a
(C) pâh = 0
(D) p` b j = 0
a
(C) x 5
(D) x 3
(C) x - 2
(D) x + 2
x - 3x - 10 - fhuf xW
(A) x - 2
3
(B) x +5
x - 2x + 2x - 1 - fhuf xW
(A) x - 1
(B) x + 1
281
63.
^ x + 2h^ x - 1h -
(A) x - x - 2
64.
^ x + 1h^ x - 2h^ x + 3h -
(A) x + 2x - 5x - 6
(C) x + 2x + 5x - 6
65.
2
2
^ x - yh^ x + xy + y h vgjF rkkhdJ
(A) x + y
66.
x + 2x - 8 - fhuf
(A) ^ x + 4h^ x - 2h (B)^ x - 4h^ x + 2h
67.
x - 6x - 16 - fhuf xW ^ x + 2h v, kbwhU fhu
(A) x + 5
68.
ax - 5x + c - fhuf ^2x + 1h kW ^ x - 3h v, a kW c- kf
Kiwna
(A) 2,3
69.
(B) x + x + 2
(D) x - x + 2
(B) x - 2x + 5x - 6
(C) x + x - 2
(D) x + 2x + 5x + 6
(B) x + y
(C) x - y
(D) x - y
(C)^ x + 4h^ x + 2h (D)^ x - 4h^ x - 2h
(B) x - 5
(C) x + 8
(D) x 8
(B) 2,3
(C) 2,3
(D) 1,3
x + y = 10 kW x - y = 2 v, x- k
(A) 4
70.
2 - x < 5 -
(A) x > - 3
(B) 6
(C) 4
(D) 6
(B) x < - 3
(C) x > 3
(D) x < 3
5. Mabjhiy totfj
71.
(2,7) vw mik fhgF
(A) I
72.
(x,0), x < 0 vw vF mik
(A) OX
73.
A(a,b) vw vkF _whtJ fh gF mik

74.

(B) II
A) a > 0, b < 0
(C) III
(B) OY
(D) IV
(C) OX l
(B) a < 0, b < 0
(D) OY l
C) a > 0, b > 0
D) a < 0, b > 0
(1,0), (0,1), (1,0) kW (0,1) vw fsh mik rJu _iyl

A) 2
B) 4
C)
282
D) 8
75. A(5,0), B(5,0) kW C(0,6) vw fsh mik Knfhz.

A) U rkgf Knfhz
B) brnfhz Knfhz
C) mrkgf Knfhz
D) rkgf Knfhz
76.

(0,8) kW (0,2) Ma fSF ilgl bjhiy

A) 6
B) 100
C) 36
D) 10
77. (4,1), (2,1), (7,1) kW (10,1) vw f

(A) x m nk csJ (B) x mRF izahd nfho nk csJ
(C) y mRF izahd nfho nk csJ (D) y m nk csJ
78. (a, b) kW (a, b) Ma fSF ilgl bjhiy

(A) 2a
(B) 2b
(C) 2a + 2b
(D) 2 a2 + b2
79. (4, 0) kW (4,0) vw fSF rkbjhiy cs (p,q) v, p kW

q-F ilnas bjhl

(A) p = 0
(B) q = 0
(C) p + q = 0
(D) p + q = 8
80. y-m J mikJs y Mabjhiy 5 v, m

(A) (0, 5)
(B) (5, 0)
(C) (5, 0)
(D) (0, 5)
6. Knfhza
81.
sin2 60c + cos2 60c-F rkkhd k
(A) sin2 45c + cos2 45c
(C) sec2 90c
82.

83.
(B) tan2 45c + cot2 45c

(D) 0
2 tan 30c v, x- k
1 - tan2 30c
(A) tan 45c
(B) tan 30c
x=
(C) tan 60c (D) tan 90c
sec2 45c - tan2 45c -F rkkhdJ
(A) sin2 60c - cos2 60c
(B) sin2 45c + cos2 60c
(C) sec2 60c - tan2 60c
(D) 0
84.
2 sin 30c cos 30c -F rkkhdJ
(A) tan 30c
(B) cos 60c
(C) sin 60c

283
(D) cot 60c
85.
cosec2 60c - 1 -F rkkhdJ
(A) cos2 60c
86.
cos 60c cos 30c - sin 60c sin 30c -F rkkhdJ
(A) cos 90c
(B) cosec 90c
(C) sin 30c + cos 30c (D) tan 90c
sin 27c - k
cos 63c
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) tan 27c
(D) cot 63c
88.
cos x = sin 43cv x- k
(A) 57c
(C) 47c
(D) 90c
89.

sec 29c - cosec 61c - k

(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) sec 60c
(D) cosec 29c
90.

3x cosec 36c = sec 54cv, x- k

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1
3
(D) 3
4
91.
sin 60c cos 30c + cos 60c sin 30c-F rkkhdJ
(A) sec 90c
87.
92.
cos A cos 30c =
(B) cot2 60c
(B) 43c
(B) tan 90c
(A) 90c
93.
tan 26c cot 64c - k
(A) 1
2
94.
sin 60c - cos 30c - k

(A) 0
(B) 1
2
95.

(C) cos 60c
3 v, nfhz A- ms
4
(B) 60c
(C) 45c
(C) sec2 60c
(B)
3
2
(C) 0
(C)
(D) tan2 60c
(D) sin 90c
(D) 30c
(D) 1
3
2
(D) 1
cos2 30c - sin2 30c - k

(A) cos 60c
(B) sin 60c
(C) 0
284
(D) 1
7. toa
96.
xU nfhz mj if u nfhzij ngh _W klF v mj

nfhz ms
(A) 40c
(B) 50c
(C) 45c
97.
bfhLfgLs gl +BOC - U rkbto OP kW + Q

AOC- U rkbto OQ v, + POQ- k
(A) 90c
(C)60c
98.
xU nfhz u nfhzkhdJ mnfhzij l 60c mf v,
(B) 120c
(D) 100c
55c
(D)
C
P
O
mnfhz ms
(A ) 25c
(B) 30c
(C) 15c (D) 35c
99.
xU nfhzDila unfhz MWklfhdJ mj if u

nfhz U klif l 12c Fiw v, mnfhz ms
(A) 48c
(B) 96c
(C) 24c
(D) 58c
A
100. bfhLfgLs gl + B:+ C = 2:3 v, + B- k

(A) 120c
(B) 52c
(C) 78c
(D) 130c
130c
101. O it ikakhf cila tl, eh AB- ika D. CD- s 2 br.

kW eh s 12 br. v, tl Mu
C
A
B
D

(A) 10 br.
(B) 12br.

(C) 15 br.
(D) 18br.
102. tlehfu ABCD- +ADB + +DAB = 120c kW

+ABC + +BDA = 145c v, +CDB- k

(A) 75c
(B) 115c
( C) 35c
(D) 45c
B
A
C
103. bfhLfgLs gl AB vgJ tl l. OC vgJ

tl ika O- tna tiuagl brFJnfhL MF. AC = 7 2 br. v,
C
tl gu (r.br.-)

(A) 24.5
(B) 49
(C) 98
(D) 154
285
104. izfu ABCD- AB- ika E kW + BCD- nfhz U rkbto CE

v + DEC- ms

(A) 60c
(B) 90c
(C) 100c
(D) 120c
105. bfhLfgLs gl tl l AB kW + CAD = 30c, + CBA = 70c

vwthW tlg nk cs f C, D v, + ACD- ms
D
C

(A) 40c
(B) 50c

(C) 30c
(D) 90c
106. miutl mik nfhz

(A) nfhz
(B) brnfhz
(C) FWnfhz (D) unfhz
107. a tlJo mik nfhz

(A) FWnfhz
(B) nfhz
(C) brnfhz
(D) tisnfhz
108. tlehfu ABCD- +A = 5x, +C = 4x v, x- ms

(A) 12c
(B) 20c
(C) 48c
(D) 36c
109. bga tlJo mik nfhz

(A) FWnfhz
(B) nfhz
(C) brnfhz
(D) tisnfhz
110. tlehfu xU nfhz 70c v, mnfhz vnfhz

(A) 20c
(B) 110c
(C) 140c
(D) 160c
8. msa
111. tl ika jhF nfhz 90c mj Mu 7 br. v, tl s

(A) 22 br.
(B) 44 br.
(C) 11 br.
(D) 33 br.
112. tlnfhzgF Mu kW s Kiwna 17 br., 27 br. v,

mj Rws
(A) 16 br.
(B) 61 br.
(C) 32 br.
(D) 80 br.
113. tl ika jhF nfhz 90c v, tlnfhz gF gu

(A) 2rr2
2
(C) rr
4
(B) 4rr2
286
2
(D) rr
2
114. tlnfhz gF Mu 12 br. kW s 21 br. v, mj gu

(A) 126 r.br.
(B) 252 r.br.
(C) 33 r.br.
(D) 45 r.br.
115. tlnfhzgF Mu 4 br. ika jhF nfhz 60c v, mj

gu
(A) 2r r.br.
3
(B) 4r r.br.
3
(C) 8r r.br.
3
(D) 16r r.br.

3
116. tlnfhzgF gu 60 r.br. kW s 20 br. v, tl

l
(A) 6 br.
(B) 12 br.
(C) 24 br.
(D) 36 br.
117. tlnfhzgF Rws 37 br. mj Mu 7 br. v, s

(A) 23 br.
(B) 5.29 br.
(C) 32 br.
(D) 259 br.
118. MW rkrJufis Kffshf bfhl cUt

(A) fdrJu
(B) fd brtf
(C) rJu
(D) brtf
119. xU bghUsh wbt milgL gFahdJ mj

(A) gu
(B) s
(C) fdms
120.
1 bl. gf mss xU fdrJu wgu
(A) 16 r.bl.
(B) 4 r.bl.
(C) 2 r.bl.
(D) bkhjgu
(D) 1 r.bl.
11. a
121. Kj 10 a vf ruhr

(A) 25
(B) 55
(C) 5.5
122.
5 Kj 5 Koa cs KGf TLruhr
(A) 3
(B) 0
(C) 25
(D) 2.5
(D) 10
123. x, x + 2, x + 4, x + 6, x + 8 vgt TLruhr 20 v, x- k

(A) 32
(B) 16
(C) 8
(D) 4
124. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 vw tuf KfL

(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
125. 14, 12, 10, 9, 11 vw tuf iliy ms

(A) 11
(B) 10
(C) 9.5
287
(D) 10.5
126. 2, 7, 4, 8, 9, 1 vw tuf iliy ms

(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 5.5
(D) 7
(C) 3
(D) 0
127. Kj 5 KG vf ruhr

(A) 2
(B) 2.5
128. 10 vf TLruhr 7. xbthU vQlD 5 I Todh ilF

a TLruhr
(A) 2
(B) 12
(C) 7
(D) 17
(C) 7
(D) 7.5
129. 24- fhuf TLruhr

(A) 8.5
(B) 5.67
130. 5 vf TLruhr 20. mtUJ xU viz dh mt

TLruhr 15 v, fgl v

(A) 5
(B) 40
(C) 20
(D) 10
12. fjf
131. cWahd f fjf

(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
2
(D) 2
132. fltW vJ xU f fjfthF

(A) 7
4
(C) 2
3
(D) 2
3
(C) 1
2
(D) 1
(B)0 # x 1 1
(C)0 # x # 1
(D) 1 1 x 1 2
(B) P (E) - 1
(C) 1
(D) 0
(B) 1
133. ayh f fjf

(A) 1
(B) 0
134. xU f x- fjf vnghJ

(A) 0 1 x 1 1
135. P (El ) =

(A) 1 - P (E)
288
ilf
g 1.1
1. (i) fz my (ii) fz (iii) fz my
2. (i) 0 d A
(ii) 6 g A
(iv) fz (v) fz
(iv) 4 d A (v) 7 g A
(iii) 3 d A
3. (i) " x : x xU if uilgil v ,
(ii) " x : x xU KGv kW x < 20 ,
(iii) " x : x xU ifKG kW 3 klF ,
(iv) " x : x xU xiw av kW x < 15 ,
(v) " x : x vgJ 'TAMILNADU' vw brh cs xU vGJ ,
4.
(i) A = "3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,
(ii) B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,
(iv) X = "2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ,
(vi) P = "- 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,
(iii) C = "2, 3 ,
(v) M = "- 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ,
5.
(i) A = My cbuGJf fz
(ii) B = 11I l Fiwthfnth myJ rkkhfnth cs xiw a vf

fz
(iii) C = 26 I l Fiwthf cs KG tfvf fz.
(iv) P = SET THEORY vw brhYs vGJf fz
(v) Q = 10-F 20-F ilgl cs gfhvf fz
6.
(i) 4 (ii) 21 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 9 7. (i) Koyhfz (ii) KoWfz

8.
(iii) Koyhfz
(iv) Koyhfz
(i) rkhdfzf
(ii) rkhdfzf my (iii) rkhdfzf
9. (i) rkfzf (ii) rkfzf my

(v) KoWfz
(iii) rkfzf
(iv) rkfzf my 10. B = D kW E = G
11. iy, Q- cWf VJ iy. Mdh, "Q , xU cWig bfhLsJ.

12. xbthW kwtUJ khWglJ.
0 xU KG. J xU fzky
Q- cWf VJ iy
"0 , xU cWig bgWsJ, i.e., 0.
"Q , xU cWig bgWsJ, i.e., btWfz
13. (i) M (ii) 3 (iii) 3
(iv) M
289
14. (i) X vgJ Y- cfzky (ii) Y vgJ X- cfz

15. A vgJ B- cfzky
16. (i) P^ Ah = "Q, " x ,, " y ,, " x, y ,, (ii) P^ X h = "Q, " a ,, " b ,, " c ,, " a, b ,, " a, c ,, " b, c ,, " a, b, c ,,

(iii) P(A) = { Q, {5}, {6}, {7}, {8}, {5,6}, {5,7}, {5,8}, {6,7}, {6,8}, {7,8}, {5,6,7},
{5,6,8}, {5,7,8}, {6,7,8}, {5,6,7,8}} (iv) P^ Ah = "z ,
17. (i) 64, 63 (ii) 128, 127 (iii) 2, 1 18. (i) 1 (ii) 8 (iii) 9 (iv) 10 19. A vgJ btWfz
20. (i) A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , , B = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , ,
C = "15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ,

(ii) n^ Ah = 10 , n^ Bh = 10 ,
n^C h = 11
(iii) a) F
b) T
c) T
d) T
g 1.2
1.
(i) A , B = "- 3, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 ,, A + B = "0, 2, 4 , (ii) A , B = "2, 4, 6, 8 ,, A + B = z
(iii) A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} , A + B = {2, 3, 5}
(iv) A , B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , , A + B = "3, 4, 5, 6 ,
2.
(i) A , B = "1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30 , (ii) A + B = "10, 15, 25 ,
3.
(i) X , Y = "0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , , X + Y = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ,
4. "7 ,
5. (ii) X kW Y btlhfzf
6.
(i) Al = "0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 , (ii) AvgJ midJ gfh vf fz
7.
(i) A , B = " a, b, c, d, f, g ,
(ii) ^ A , Bhl = "e, h ,
(iv) ^ A + Bhl = " a, c, e, f, g, h ,
(iii) Al , Bl = "1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 ,
8. (i) Al = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10 , (ii) Bl = "1, 4, 6, 7, 8 ,

(iv) Al + Bl = "4, 6, 8 ,
(ii) N - M = "15, 17 , (iii) N l - M = "18 , (iv) M l - N = "18 ,
9.
(i) M N= "3, 9 ,
(v) M + ^ M - N h = "3, 9 ,
(vi) N , ^ N - M h = "7, 11, 15, 17 ,
10. (i) A - B = "3, 6, 9, 15, 18 ,

(iii) A + B = " b, d ,
(ii) B - C = "16, 20 ,
(iv) D - A = "5, 10, 20, 25 ,
(vii) n^ M - N h = 2
(iii) C - D = "2, 4, 6, 8, 12 ,
(v) n^ A - C h = 4
11. (i) U = "1, 2, 3g49 , , A = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 ,
B = "16, 30, 44 ,
A + B = "16, 44 , ,
(ii) A , B = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 ,
n^ A , Bh = 13 , n^ A + Bh = 2
12. (i) X 3 Y = " a, b, d, e, f, k , (ii) P 3 Q = "0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,

(iii) A 3 B = "- 4, - 2, - 1, 5 ,
290
13. (i) U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 , , E = "1, 2, 4, 7 , ,
F = "4, 7, 9, 11 ,
E , F = "1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11 , , E + F = "4, 7 ,

(ii) n^,h = 8 , n^ E , F h = 6 , n^ E + F h = 2
14. (i) U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 , ,

G = "1, 2, 4, 8 , , H = "2, 6, 8, 10 ,
(ii) G l = "3, 5, 6, 9, 1 0 ,,H l = "1, 3, 4, 5, 9 ,,G l + H l = "3, 5, 9 ,,n^G , H hl = 3,n^G + H hl = 7
g 1.3
U
M
6
7
9
2. n^ A + Bh = 15
3. 16, 29
4. n^ Bh = 27
5. n^ A + Bh = 6, n^,h = 43
6. n^ A , Bh = 22
7. 150
8. 1400
9. (i) 180 (ii) 150 (iii) 450
10. 35
12. 12 13. 47
15. (i) x = 8 (ii) n (A , B) = 88
16. (i) 35 (ii) 25 (iii) 20
5
10
1.
11
12
13
11. 12
14. M, r
17. 16%
g 2.1
1.
2.
(i) r
(ii) jtW (iii) r
(iv) jtW
(v) jtW (vi) jtW
M, Vbd 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = g
1
2
3
-1
3. - 4 , - 3
7
7
g 2.2
1.

(i) 0.42, KoW jrkd (ii) 8.285714 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ

(iii) 0.236 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ (iv) 0.918, KoW jrkd
(v) 0.09, Kowh kW RHjiksJ
(vi) - 0.230769 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ
(vii) 6.3 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ

2.

3.
5.

(i) KoW jrkd
(viii) - 0.21875 , KoW jrkd
(ii) Kowh jrkd
(iii) KoW jrkd
(iv) Kowh jrkd

(i) 2 (ii) 427
11
999
1 = 0.142857,
7
5 = 0.714285,
7
1 (iv) 16 (v) 22 (vi)

9999
11
3
2 = 0.285714 , 3 = 0.428571,
7
7
6 = 0.857142
7
(iii)
291
206
4. 0.076923 , 6
495
4 = 0.571428 ,
7
g 2.3
1.
D F H
5
1
A
O
-3
-2
-1
1 1 1
C E G I
2. 1.83205g , 1.93205g , 2.03205g

3. 3.10110011100011110g , 3.2022002220002222g
4. 0.1510100110001110g ,
0.1530300330003330g
5. 0.58088008880g ,
0.59099009990g
6. 1.83205g ,
1.93205g
7. xU jKW v: 1.102, xU jKwh v: 1.9199119991119g

[F: dh v 2 Kj 8 tiu cstF vzw f
8. 0.13, 0.20
cL]
g 2.5
1. (i) jKwh _y

(ii) jKwh _y
(iv) jKwh _y
(iii) jKwh _y my
(v) jKwh _y my
2. (i) 20 + 10 5 + 2 3 + 15 (ii) 8 + 2 15
3. (i) 71 3
180 (ii)
5. (i)

(iv)
(ii) 16 3 2 (iii)- 37 2 (iv) 3 3 5
500 (iii)
45 (v) 3 5
2
405
(vi)
8. (i) wF tir :
7. (i)
(iv) 61
4. (i) 3 3 4 (ii) 7 2 (iii) 8 3 (iv) 5 3 5

9
2
(iv)
32
(iii) 11
6. (i) 3 10 (ii) 2 3 7 (iii) 2 4 6
3 2 2 (ii)
3,
4,
5 , VW tir :
5,
3 2 4 4 (iii)
4,
10 2 3
(ii) wF tir :
4,
4,
2 , VW tir :
2,
4,
(iii) wF tir :
2,
3,
4 , VW tir :
4,
3,
g 2.6
1. (i)
2 (ii) 7 (iii)
(viii) 2 - 3
(iv)
25 (v) 5 + 4 3 (vi)
2. (i) 3 5 (ii) 2 3 (iii)

5
9
292
3
6
2 - 3 (vii)
(iv) 2 77
11
5+ 2
(v) 3 15
3. (i) 11 - 3
118
(ii) 3 - 5
12
(iii)
13 - 11
2
4. (i) 0.707
(ii) 3.464
(iii) 1.887
(iv) 3 + 5 (v) 17 3 - 21
71
2
(iv) 0.655 (v) 0.102 (vi) 4.441
5. a = 31 , b = 10
19
19
8. a = 0, b = 16
9. 14
11
(vii) 3.732
(viii) 0.185
7. a = 3, b = 0
6. a = 7, b = 4
10. 4
g 2.7
1. 3, 1
2. 0, 5
3. 9, 0
g 3.1
11
1. (i) 7.493 # 10

(v) 9.6 # 10-
2. (i) 0.00000325

(ii) 1.3 # 10
(iii) 1.05003 # 10
14
(iv) 5.436 # 10
(vi) 1.3307 # 10- (vii) 2.2 # 10- (viii) 9.0 # 10(ii) 0.0004134
(iii) 41340
13
(iv) 18600000
(v) 9870000000 (vi) 0.000000001432

13
28
3. (i) 6.4 # 10 (ii) 3.375 # 10 (iii) 2.56 # 10 (iv) 6.9984 # 10- (v) 3.993 # 10
g 3.2
1. (i) r (ii) jtW (iii) jtW (iv) jtW (v) r
(vi) jtW
(ii) log3 243 = 5 (iii) log10 0.1 =- 1 (iv) log8 ` 1 j =- 2

4
3
1
1
(v) log25 5 =
(vi) log12 `
=- 2
2
144 j
1
-1
4
3
0
3
3. (i) 6 = 216 (ii) 9 2 = 3 (iii) 5 = 1 (iv) ^ 3 h = 9 (v) (64) 2 = 1 (vi) (.5) - = 8
8
4. (i) - 4 (ii) 3 (iii) 5 (iv) - 3 (v) - 4 (vi) 5
2. (i) log2 16 = 4
5. (i) x = 2 (ii) x = 1 (iii) y = 1 (iv) x = 5 (v) x = 10

(vi) x =- 4
125
9
3
6. (i) log10 9 (ii) log25 ` 7 j (iii) 2 (iv) 2 (v) log10 ` 72 j (vi) 1
2
25
7. (i) x =- 2 (ii) x = 2 (iii) x = 2 (iv) x = 4 (v) x = 3 (vi) x = 5 (vii) x = 5

(viii) x = 7 8. (i) y + z (ii) 3x (iii) x + y + z (iv) 3^ y - zh (v) x - y + z (vi) y - x
g 3.3
1
1. (i) 9.243 # 10 (ii) 9.243 # 10- (iii) 9.243 # 10 (iv) 9.243 # 10 (v) 9.243 # 10-
2
(vi) 9.243 # 10- 2. (i) 3 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 2 (v) 1 (vi) 0
3. (i) 4.3576 (ii) 1.3576 (iii) 0.3576
(iv) 1.3576 (v) 7.3576 (vi) 5.3576
4. (i) 1.3649 (ii) 0.9694 (iii) 2.5179
(iv) 3.1348 (v) 1.9946 (vi) 3.8180
5. (i) 1180 (ii) 57.41
(iv) 0.004015 (v) 1.876
(iii) 0.2413
293
(vi) 0.01513
6. (i) 30550 (ii) 21.82 (iii) 0.05309

(vii) 2.122 (viii) 1.666 (ix) 0.08366
(iv) 3.497 (v) 328100000 (vi) 8.249

(x) 0.5948 (xi) 1.888 (xii) 1.772
g 4.1
1.
(i) xU kh gYWnfhit
(ii) xU kh gYWnfhit
(iii) xU kh gYWnfhit
(iv) x- mLF KGv my. vdnt, xU gYWnfhit my.
(v) t- mLF KGv my. vdnt, xU gYWnfhit my.
(vi) _W khf mikj gYWnfhit

(iii) 2 , 4 (iv) 1 , 1
3. (i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 0
2. (i) 4, 3 (ii) 0, 3
3
4. (i) Ugo gYWnfhit
(ii) Kgo gYWnfhit
(iii) xUgo gYWnfhit
(iv) Ugo gYWnfhit
(v) Kgo gYWnfhit
(vi) xUgo gYWnfhit
5. ax27 + b, cx49, lx36 + mx35 + nx2
g 4.2
1.
2.
3.
(i) x = 1
4
(i) x = 3
(ii) x =- 5 (iii) x = 0
(iv) x =- 9
3
(ii) x = 6 (iii) x =- 1 (iv) x = 0
5
11
(i) x = 2 , x = 3 _yf (ii) x =- 1 _y , x = 2 _y my
(iii) x = 1 , x =- 2 , x = 3 _yf
(iv) x =- 1 , x = 2 _yf , x = 3 _y my
g 4.3
1.
(i) 10
(ii) 8
2. a = 5
(iii) 20
3. m = 13
(iv) 145
4. m = 3
(v) 2 (vi) 26 (vii) 3a
5. m = 5 , 15.
g 4.4
1.
(i) fhu
2. fhu my
(ii) fhu
(iii) fhu my (iv) fhu my
4. fhu
5. p = 10
g 4.5
1.

2.

3.
(i) 25x + 4y + 9y + 20xy + 12yz + 30zx (ii) 4a + 9b + c + 12ab - 6bc - 4ca

2
(iii) x + 4y + 16z - 4xy + 16yz - 8zx

3
(i) x + 12x + 39x + 28
(ii) p + 4p - 20p - 48
3
(iv) p + 4q + r - 4pq - 4qr + 2rp

3
(iii) x + x - 17x + 15
(iv) x3 - 7ax2 + 14a2 x - 8a3 (v) 27x + 72x + 51x + 10 (vi) 8x - 36x - 2x + 105
(i) 19, 111, 189 (ii) 7, 2, 40 (iii) 60, 142, 105 (iv) 100, 5, 6
294
4. 10, 3, 10
5.

(ii) x - 27y - 125z - 45xyz
(i) 27a + 135a b + 225ab + 125b

(ii) 64x - 144x y + 108xy - 27y
3
(iii) 8y - 36y + 54 - 273
6. (i) 970299 (ii) 1030301 (iii) 941192 (iv) 1061208
y
y
(v) 1006012008
7. 793 8. 288 9. 52 10. 36
3
11. (i) 8x + y + 64z - 24xyz
12. (i) 486 (ii) 2880
g 4.6
1.

(i) a ^2a - 3b + 2ch (ii) 16x^1 + 4xyh

(iv) ^ y - zh^ x + ah
2
2. (i) (x + 1)
(v) ^ p + qh^ p + r h
2
(ii) (3x - 4y)
3. (i) ^ p + q + r h2
2
(iv) (2a - b + 3c)
(iii) ^b + 2h^b - 2h
2
(ii) (a - 2b - 6)
(iv) ^1 + 6xh^1 - 6xh
(iii) (3x - y + 1)
(v) (5x - 2y - 3z)
2
2
4. (i) ^3x + 4yh^9x - 12xy + 16y h
2
(iii) â + 5hâ - 5a + 25h
(iii) 5x ^2 - 5xyh
(ii) ^m + 2h^m - 2m + 4h
2
2
(iv) ^2x - 3yh^4x + 6xy + 9y h
2
2
(v) ^ x - 2yh^ x + 2xy + 4y h
g 4.7
1. (i) ^ x + 1h^ x + 14h
(ii) ^ x + 3h^ x + 10h
(iii) ^ y + 3h^ y + 4h
(iv) ^ x - 2h^ x - 12h
(v) ^ y - 6h^ y - 10h
(vi) ^t - 8h^t - 9h
(vii) ^ x - 1h^ x + 15h
(viii) ^ x - 2h^ x + 11h
(ix) ^ y - 4h^ y + 9h
(x) ^ x + 9h^ x - 11h
(xi) ^m + 8h^m - 18h
(xii) ^ y + 4h^ y - 5h
2.
(i) ^3x + 1h^ x + 6h
(ii) ^5x + 2h^ x + 4h
(iii) ^ x + 2h^2x + 5h
(iv) ^14x + 3h^ x + 2h
(v) ^5y - 4h^ y - 5h
(vi) ^9y - 7h^ y - 1h
(vii) ^3x - 1h^2x - 1h
(viii) ^3x - 4h^ x - 2h
(ix) ^3x - 1h^ x + 2h
(x) ^2a - 3hâ + 10h
(xi) ^ x + 1h^11 - 6xh
(xii) ^8x - 3h^ x + 4h
(xiv) ^9x + 4h^2x - 1h
(xv) ^1 - xh^3x + 10h
(xiii) ^ x + 2h^2x - 7h
3. (i) â + b + 2hâ + b + 7h
4.

(ii) ^ p - q + 2h^ p - q - 9h
(i) ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h^ x + 2h
(ii) ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h^ x - 3h
(iii) ^ x + 1h^ x + 2h^ x - 2h
(vi) ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h^ x + 5h
g 4.8
1.
(i) x = 1, y = 3 (ii) x = 2, y =- 3
(iii) x = 3, y = 2
(iv) x = 1 , y = 1
5
2
4. 50, 22
(v) x = 1 , y = 1
2. 16, 8
3. 27
2
(ii) x < 3.5 (iii) x # - 2.5
(iv) x $ - 2
5. (i) x > 4

295
g 5.1
1. (i) jtW (ii) r (iii) r
(iv) jtW (v) r (vi) jtW (vii) r
(ix) jtW (x) r 2. (i) I (ii) III
(iii) x m J
(vi) y m J (vii) IV (viii) M
(viii) r
(iv) III (v) y m J
(ix) I (x) II 3. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 8 (iv) 5
4. (i) 5 (ii) 9 (iii) 8 (iv) 4 5. y mRF iz

8. ABCD xU brtf 9. (0,4)
6. x mRF iz 7. y mR
11. (4,3)
g 5.2
1. (i)

202
(viii) 15
(ii) 4 5
(iii)
(ix) 18
(x)
29 (iv) 2 2
(v) 5 2
74 10. 7, 5 13. 10, 2
(vi) 1
(vii) 5
14. (i) 24 (ii) 10 + 4 10
15. (0,7)
16. 4 5
18. (4,3) 19. 30
20. tiua ayhJ, nenfho mik f
21. (8,15) (8,15) (8,15)(8, 15) 24.11, 7
25. 20
g 6.1
1. (i) sin i = 6 , cos i = 8 , tan i = 6 , cosec i = 10 , sec i = 10 , cot i = 8
10
10
8
6
8
6
(ii) sin i = 7 , cos i = 24 , tan i = 7 , cosec i = 25 , sec i = 25 ,cot i = 24
25
25
24
7
24
7
(iii) sin i = 35 , cos i = 12 , tan i = 35 , cosec i = 37 , sec i = 37 , cot i = 12
37
37
12
35
12
35
(iv) sin i = 9 , cos i = 40 , tan i = 9 , cosec i = 41 , sec i = 41 , cot i = 40
41
41
40
9
40
9
12
9
15
15
12
2. (i) cos A =
, tan A =
, cosec A =
, sec A =
, cot A =
15
12
9
12
9
8
8
17
17
15
(ii) sin A =
, tan A =
, cosec A =
, sec A =
, cot A =
17
15
8
15
8
(iii) sin P = 5 , cos P = 12 , cosec P = 13 , sec P = 13 , cot P = 12
13
13
5
12
5
(iv) sin i = 15 , cos i = 8 , tan i = 15 , cosec i = 17 , cot i = 8
17
17
8
15
15
(v) sin i = 60 , cos i = 11 , tan i = 60 , sec i = 61 , cot i = 11
61
61
11
11
60
(vi) cos i =
y2 - x2
, tan i =
y
y
x
, cosec i =
,
2
x
y -x
2
y
y2 - x2
,
cot
=
i
x
y2 - x2
3. (i) 45c (ii) 0c (iii) 60c (iv) 30c
sec i =
4. sin A = 24 , cos A = 10 , tan A = 24 , cosec A = 26 , sec A = 26 , cot A = 10

26
26
10
24
10
24
296
sin C = 10 , cos C = 24 , tan C = 10 , cosec C = 26 , sec C = 26 , cot C = 24

26
26
24
10
24
10
5. 17 6. 1 7. - 63 8. 1 9. 225
10. (i) 1 (ii) 0
19
4
64
13. (i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 25 (v) 7 (vi) 4 (vii) 9 (viii) 2
4
2
144
3
g 6.2
1. (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 1 (vi) 1
2. (i) 0 (ii) 2 (iii) 0 (iv) 6 (v) 1 (vi) 9 (vii) 0 (viii) 3 (ix) 1
2
3
3. (i) 60c (ii)41c (iii) 55c (iv) 55c (v) 47c (vi) 60c
g 6.3
1. (i) 0.4384
(ii) 0.3090 (iii) 0.7002 (iv) 0.9670 (v) 0.2113
(vi) 0.9760
(vii) 0.7623 (viii) 0.1841 (ix) 2.7475 (x) 1.1778 2. (i) 44c30l (ii) 14c54l
(iii) 20c12l
(iv) 4.4996 (v) 4.8098
(iv) 76c30l (v) 89c6l
3. (i) 1.2698
4. 99.4134 r.br.
(ii) 1.3579
(iii) 1.0042
5. 14.6278 r.br.
6. 109.376 r.br.
7. 67.0389 r.br.
8. 13.8568
10. 8.09 br.
11. 3.1056 br.
12. 20.784 br.
9. 60c
g 7.1
1. (i) 27c (ii) 66c (iii) 42c (iv) 55c
(v) 70c 2. (i) 122c (ii) 32c (iii) 60c
(v) 80c 3. (i) 80c (ii) 35c 4. (i) 30c (ii) 36c
(vi) 54c ,36c 5. (i) 36c (ii) 40c (iii) 40c ,50c
6. (i) + A = + C = + E = + G =115c ,
8. 30c ,60c ,90c
9. 45c ,25c ,110c
(iv) 140
(iii) 60c (iv) 72c (v) 80c ,100c
+ B = + D = + H = 65c
7. (i) 30c (ii) 32c
10. 80c ,60c
g 7.2
1. 48c ,72c ,96c ,144c
2. 72c ,108c ,72c
3. (i) 45c (ii) 45c (iii) 45c (iv) 60c
4. 70c , 110c , 70c , 110c
5. l = 9 , b = 6
6. 15
7. (i) 50c , 50c (ii) 31c , 59c (iii) 30c , 30c
8. 12
g 7.3
1. 12 br. 2. 15 br. 3. 26 br. 4. 30 br.
5. 40 br. 6. 1 br. 7. 13 br.
8. 7 br. 9. (i) 75c (ii) 55c (iii) 110c
(iv) 115c (v) 40c
(vi) 42c
297
10. (i) 55c , (ii) 43c
11. (i) 35c
13. (i) 80c (ii) 80c
(iii) 100
(ii) 40c (iii) 30c
12. (i) 100c (ii) 30c
14. 50c 15. (i) 50c (ii) 130c
g 8.1
1. (i) 22 br., 231 r.br., 64 br. (ii) 2.57 br., 6.3 r.br., 12.37 br.

(iii) 11 br., 77 r.br., 39 br.
(iv) 16.5 br., 123.75 r.br., 46.5 br. (v) 88 bl., 924 r.bl.,130 bl.
2. (i) 120c (ii) 90c (iii) 36 br.

3. (i) 165 r.br., 53 br. (ii) 2200 r.br., 190 br. (iii) 91.5 r.br., 39.25 br.
(iv) 250 r.br., 65 br. 4. (i) 10 br. (ii) 30 br. (iii) 6 br.
5. (i) 110.25 r.br. (ii) 700 r.br. 6. (i) 280c (ii) 120c
7. (i) 72 br., 308 r.br. (ii) 25 , 38.5 r.
8. (i) 19 br. (ii) 8.5 br.
9. (i) 7 kneu (ii) 2 kneu (iii) 15 kneu 10. 0.16 r.br.

11. (i) 154 r. (ii) 350 r. 12. 123.84 r.br. 13. 346.5 r.br. 14. 4.2 , 60c ,12.8
g 8.2
1. (i) 125.44 r.br., 188.16 r.br., 175.62 f.br.

(ii) 144 r.bl., 216 r.bl., 216 f.bl.
(iii) 25 r., 37.5 r., 15.625 f.
(iv) 2304 r.br., 3456 r.br., 13824 f.br.
(v) 3844 r.br., 5766 r.br., 29791 f.br.
2. (i) 15 br. (ii) 13 br. (iii) 5 bl.

3. 8000 f.br.
4. 4 5. 216 r.br. 6. 125 fdrJuf
7. 8000 r.br., 64000 f.br.
8. ` 4,00,000 9. 147 r., ` 11,025
g 8.3
1. (i) 154 r.br., 174 r.br., 110 f.br.

(ii) 400 r.bl., 700 r.bl., 1200 f.bl.
(iii) 70 r., 82 r., 42 f. (iv) 512 r., 992 r., 1920 f.
2. 27 br.
3. 96 r.br., 160 r.br. 4. ` 123 5. 720 r. , ` 56,160
6. 4000 brff 7. ` 53,280

298
g 10.2
1. (2, 6) 2. vzw f 3. (2, 3) 4. (3, 2)
5. iy
6. (2, 3) 7. vzw f 8. (1, 3) 9. (1, 0)
11. (3, 3)
11. (2, 12) 12. iy
g 11.1
1. 4, 7, 6, 6, 5 2. 25, 30, 25, 60, 15, 5 3. 3, 4, 6, 6, 8
4. 5, 4, 3, 5, 3 5. 80, 50, 40, 120, 30
g 11.2
1. 28.67
2. 6
3. 62 4. 37 5. 192
6. 6 7. 61.
8. 52.58 9. 27.13
10. 40.18 11. 28.67 12. 28 13. 48.1 14. 326.25 15. 55.5
g 11.3
1. (i) 51 (ii) 14.5 2. 17
3. 19
4. 34.05
5. 14.7
6. 40
g 11.4
1. 72 2. 7 3. 43.18 4. 41.75
dh v
5.
6.
7.
8.
ruhr
14
4.05
32.1
28
iliy ms
14
4
31.2
30
KfL
13,15
4
27.8
33.3
g 12.1
1. (ii) - 1 (iv) -0.78 (vi) 1.45 (ix) 112%
5
4. 13
20
5. (i) 13 (ii) 7
20
20
6. (i) 3 (ii) 8
5
25
(iii) 2 7. (i) 21 (ii) 9

25
50
10
(iii) 11
25
8. (i) 49 (ii) 4
100
25
(iii) 69 (iv) 19 (v) 81

100
100
100
9. (i) 39 (ii) 9
125
20
10. (i) 179 (ii) 53 (iii) 201 (iv) 219 11. (i) 4 (ii) 19
500
500
500
500
15
30
12. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 1
10
10
5
13. (i) 3
5
14. (i) 2 (ii) 3

5
4
15. (i) 1 (ii) 1

4
20
(iii) 9
20
(ii) 9
20
299
(iii) 1
5
(iii) 1
10
(iv) 24
25
(iii) 11
30
(iv) 3
20
(iii) 119
500
(iv) 1
6
16. (i) 7 (ii) 3

20
25
(iii) 11
50
(iv) 9
50
(v) 3
4
17. (i) 7 (ii) 1

20
20
(iii) 3
20
(iv) 1
5
(v) 1
20
18. (i) 183 (ii) 1

500
4
(iii) 21 (iv) 793 (v) 33

250
100
250
19. (i) 3 (ii) 19 (iii) 21 (iv) 29 (v) 14

25
125
125
125
25
rahd ilia njbjL

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
A
D
B
D
B
A
C
A
D
C
A
B
B
D
C
A
C
D
A
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
A
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
D
A
B
A
B
C
D
A
C
B
D
D
B
B
C
B
A
C
A
D
B
A
C
B
C
A
B
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
A
B
D
B
C
D
C
A
C
A
D
A
D
C
D
A
B
C
B
A
A
D
B
D
A
A
A
300
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
C
C
C
B
A
B
C
B
C
D
B
D
A
A
D
B
A
D
B
A
D
D
D
C
B
B
B
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
A
B
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
A
C
B
C
B
B
D
A
C
A
A
D
B
A
D
A
C
A
LOGARITHM TABLE
Mean Difference
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
0.0000
0.0043
0.0086
0.0128
0.0170
0.0212
0.0253
0.0294
0.0334
0.0374
12
17
21
25
29
33
37
0.0414
0.0453
0.0492
0.0531
0.0569
0.0607
0.0645
0.0682
0.0719
0.0755
11
15
19
23
26
30
34
0.0792
0.0828
0.0864
0.0899
0.0934
0.0969
0.1004
0.1038
0.1072
0.1106
10
14
17
21
24
28
31
0.1139
0.1173
0.1206
0.1239
0.1271
0.1303
0.1335
0.1367
0.1399
0.1430
10
13
16
19
23
26
29
0.1461
0.1492
0.1523
0.1553
0.1584
0.1614
0.1644
0.1673
0.1703
0.1732
12
15
18
21
24
27
0.1761
0.1790
0.1818
0.1847
0.1875
0.1903
0.1931
0.1959
0.1987
0.2014
11
14
17
20
22
25
0.2041
0.2068
0.2095
0.2122
0.2148
0.2175
0.2201
0.2227
0.2253
0.2279
11
13
16
18
21
24
0.2304
0.2330
0.2355
0.2380
0.2405
0.2430
0.2455
0.2480
0.2504
0.2529
10
12
15
17
20
22
0.2553
0.2577
0.2601
0.2625
0.2648
0.2672
0.2695
0.2718
0.2742
0.2765
12
14
16
19
21
0.2788
0.2810
0.2833
0.2856
0.2878
0.2900
0.2923
0.2945
0.2967
0.2989
11
13
16
18
20
0.3010
0.3032
0.3054
0.3075
0.3096
0.3118
0.3139
0.3160
0.3181
0.3201
11
13
15
17
19
0.3222
0.3243
0.3263
0.3284
0.3304
0.3324
0.3345
0.3365
0.3385
0.3404
10
12
14
16
18
0.3424
0.3444
0.3464
0.3483
0.3502
0.3522
0.3541
0.3560
0.3579
0.3598
10
12
14
15
17
0.3617
0.3636
0.3655
0.3674
0.3692
0.3711
0.3729
0.3747
0.3766
0.3784
11
13
15
17
0.3802
0.3820
0.3838
0.3856
0.3874
0.3892
0.3909
0.3927
0.3945
0.3962
11
12
14
16
0.3979
0.3997
0.4014
0.4031
0.4048
0.4065
0.4082
0.4099
0.4116
0.4133
10
12
14
15
0.4150
0.4166
0.4183
0.4200
0.4216
0.4232
0.4249
0.4265
0.4281
0.4298
10
11
13
15
0.4314
0.4330
0.4346
0.4362
0.4378
0.4393
0.4409
0.4425
0.4440
0.4456
11
13
14
0.4472
0.4487
0.4502
0.4518
0.4533
0.4548
0.4564
0.4579
0.4594
0.4609
11
12
14
0.4624
0.4639
0.4654
0.4669
0.4683
0.4698
0.4713
0.4728
0.4742
0.4757
10
12
13
0.4771
0.4786
0.4800
0.4814
0.4829
0.4843
0.4857
0.4871
0.4886
0.4900
10
11
13
0.4914
0.4928
0.4942
0.4955
0.4969
0.4983
0.4997
0.5011
0.5024
0.5038
10
11
12
0.5051
0.5065
0.5079
0.5092
0.5105
0.5119
0.5132
0.5145
0.5159
0.5172
11
12
12
0.5185
0.5198
0.5211
0.5224
0.5237
0.5250
0.5263
0.5276
0.5289
0.5302
10
0.5315
0.5328
0.5340
0.5353
0.5366
0.5378
0.5391
0.5403
0.5416
0.5428
10
11
0.5441
0.5453
0.5465
0.5478
0.5490
0.5502
0.5514
0.5527
0.5539
0.5551
10
11
0.5563
0.5575
0.5587
0.5599
0.5611
0.5623
0.5635
0.5647
0.5658
0.5670
10
11
0.5682
0.5694
0.5705
0.5717
0.5729
0.5740
0.5752
0.5763
0.5775
0.5786
10
0.5798
0.5809
0.5821
0.5832
0.5843
0.5855
0.5866
0.5877
0.5888
0.5899
10
0.5911
0.5922
0.5933
0.5944
0.5955
0.5966
0.5977
0.5988
0.5999
0.6010
10
4.0
0.6021
0.6031
0.6042
0.6053
0.6064
0.6075
0.6085
0.6096
0.6107
0.6117
10
4.1
0.6128
0.6138
0.6149
0.6160
0.6170
0.6180
0.6191
0.6201
0.6212
0.6222
3.8
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
0.6232
0.6243
0.6253
0.6263
0.6274
0.6284
0.6294
0.6304
0.6314
0.6325
0.6335
0.6345
0.6355
0.6365
0.6375
0.6385
0.6395
0.6405
0.6415
0.6425
0.6435
0.6444
0.6454
0.6464
0.6474
0.6484
0.6493
0.6503
0.6513
0.6522
0.6532
0.6542
0.6551
0.6561
0.6571
0.6580
0.6590
0.6599
0.6609
0.6618
0.6628
0.6637
0.6646
0.6656
0.6665
0.6675
0.6684
0.6693
0.6702
0.6712
0.6721
0.6730
0.6739
0.6749
0.6758
0.6767
0.6776
0.6785
0.6794
0.6803
0.6812
0.6821
0.6830
0.6839
0.6848
0.6857
0.6866
0.6875
0.6884
0.6893
0.6902
0.6911
0.6920
0.6928
0.6937
0.6946
0.6955
0.6964
0.6972
0.6981
0.6990
0.6998
0.7007
0.7016
0.7024
0.7033
0.7042
0.7050
0.7059
0.7067
0.7076
0.7084
0.7093
0.7101
0.7110
0.7118
0.7126
0.7135
0.7143
0.7152
0.7160
0.7168
0.7177
0.7185
0.7193
0.7202
0.7210
0.7218
0.7226
0.7235
0.7243
0.7251
0.7259
0.7267
0.7275
0.7284
0.7292
0.7300
0.7308
0.7316
0.7324
0.7332
0.7340
0.7348
0.7356
0.7364
0.7372
0.7380
0.7388
0.7396
301
LOGARITHM TABLE
Mean Difference
1
5.5
0.7404 0.7412 0.7419 0.7427 0.7435 0.7443 0.7451 0.7459 0.7466 0.7474
5.6
0.7482 0.7490 0.7497 0.7505 0.7513 0.7520 0.7528 0.7536 0.7543 0.7551
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
0.7559
0.7634
0.7709
0.7782
0.7627
0.7701
0.7774
0.7846
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6.1
0.7853 0.7860 0.7868 0.7875 0.7882 0.7889 0.7896 0.7903 0.7910 0.7917
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
0.7924
0.7993
0.8062
0.8129
0.7931
0.8000
0.8069
0.8136
0.7938
0.8007
0.8075
0.8142
0.7945
0.8014
0.8082
0.8149
0.7952
0.8021
0.8089
0.8156
0.7959
0.8028
0.8096
0.8162
0.7966
0.8035
0.8102
0.8169
0.7973 0.7980 0.7987

0.8041 0.8048 0.8055
0.8109 0.8116 0.8122
0.8176 0.8182 0.8189
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
0.8195
0.8261
0.8325
0.8388
0.8451
0.8202
0.8267
0.8331
0.8395
0.8457
0.8209
0.8274
0.8338
0.8401
0.8463
0.8215
0.8280
0.8344
0.8407
0.8470
0.8222
0.8287
0.8351
0.8414
0.8476
0.8228
0.8293
0.8357
0.8420
0.8482
0.8235
0.8299
0.8363
0.8426
0.8488
0.8241
0.8306
0.8370
0.8432
0.8494
0.8248
0.8312
0.8376
0.8439
0.8500
0.8254
0.8319
0.8382
0.8445
0.8506
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
0.8513
0.8573
0.8633
0.8692
0.8751
0.8519
0.8579
0.8639
0.8698
0.8756
0.8525
0.8585
0.8645
0.8704
0.8762
0.8531
0.8591
0.8651
0.8710
0.8768
0.8537
0.8597
0.8657
0.8716
0.8774
0.8543
0.8603
0.8663
0.8722
0.8779
0.8549
0.8609
0.8669
0.8727
0.8785
0.8555
0.8615
0.8675
0.8733
0.8791
0.8561
0.8621
0.8681
0.8739
0.8797
0.8567
0.8627
0.8686
0.8745
0.8802
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
0.8808
0.8865
0.8921
0.8976
0.9031
0.8814
0.8871
0.8927
0.8982
0.9036
0.8820
0.8876
0.8932
0.8987
0.9042
0.8825
0.8882
0.8938
0.8993
0.9047
0.8831
0.8887
0.8943
0.8998
0.9053
0.8837
0.8893
0.8949
0.9004
0.9058
0.8842
0.8899
0.8954
0.9009
0.9063
0.8848
0.8904
0.8960
0.9015
0.9069
0.8854
0.8910
0.8965
0.9020
0.9074
0.8859
0.8915
0.8971
0.9025
0.9079
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
0.9085
0.9138
0.9191
0.9243
0.9294
0.9090
0.9143
0.9196
0.9248
0.9299
0.9096
0.9149
0.9201
0.9253
0.9304
0.9101
0.9154
0.9206
0.9258
0.9309
0.9106
0.9159
0.9212
0.9263
0.9315
0.9112
0.9165
0.9217
0.9269
0.9320
0.9117
0.9170
0.9222
0.9274
0.9325
0.9122
0.9175
0.9227
0.9279
0.9330
0.9128
0.9180
0.9232
0.9284
0.9335
0.9133
0.9186
0.9238
0.9289
0.9340
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
0.9345
0.9395
0.9445
0.9494
0.9542
0.9350
0.9400
0.9450
0.9499
0.9547
0.9355
0.9405
0.9455
0.9504
0.9552
0.9360
0.9410
0.9460
0.9509
0.9557
0.9365
0.9415
0.9465
0.9513
0.9562
0.9370
0.9420
0.9469
0.9518
0.9566
0.9375
0.9425
0.9474
0.9523
0.9571
0.9380
0.9430
0.9479
0.9528
0.9576
0.9385
0.9435
0.9484
0.9533
0.9581
0.9390
0.9440
0.9489
0.9538
0.9586
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
0.9590
0.9638
0.9685
0.9731
0.9777
0.9595
0.9643
0.9689
0.9736
0.9782
0.9600
0.9647
0.9694
0.9741
0.9786
0.9605
0.9652
0.9699
0.9745
0.9791
0.9609
0.9657
0.9703
0.9750
0.9795
0.9614
0.9661
0.9708
0.9754
0.9800
0.9619
0.9666
0.9713
0.9759
0.9805
0.9624
0.9671
0.9717
0.9763
0.9809
0.9628
0.9675
0.9722
0.9768
0.9814
0.9633
0.9680
0.9727
0.9773
0.9818
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
0.9823
0.9868
0.9912
0.9956
0.9827
0.9872
0.9917
0.9961
0.9832
0.9877
0.9921
0.9965
0.9836
0.9881
0.9926
0.9969
0.9841
0.9886
0.9930
0.9974
0.9845
0.9890
0.9934
0.9978
0.9850
0.9894
0.9939
0.9983
0.9854
0.9899
0.9943
0.9987
0.9859
0.9903
0.9948
0.9991
0.9863
0.9908
0.9952
0.9996
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
0.7566
0.7642
0.7716
0.7789
0.7574
0.7649
0.7723
0.7796
0.7582
0.7657
0.7731
0.7803
0.7589
0.7664
0.7738
0.7810
0.7597
0.7672
0.7745
0.7818
0.7604
0.7679
0.7752
0.7825
0.7612
0.7686
0.7760
0.7832
302
0.7619
0.7694
0.7767
0.7839
ANTI LOGARITHM TABLE

Mean Difference
0.00
0
1.000
1
1.002
2
1.005
3
1.007
4
1.009
5
1.012
6
1.014
7
1.016
8
1.019
9
1.021
1
0
2
0
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
2
8
2
9
2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
1.023
1.047
1.072
1.096
1.122
1.026
1.050
1.074
1.099
1.125
1.028
1.052
1.076
1.102
1.127
1.030
1.054
1.079
1.104
1.130
1.033
1.057
1.081
1.107
1.132
1.035
1.059
1.084
1.109
1.135
1.038
1.062
1.086
1.112
1.138
1.040
1.064
1.089
1.114
1.140
1.042
1.067
1.091
1.117
1.143
1.045
1.069
1.094
1.119
1.146
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
1.148
1.175
1.202
1.230
1.259
1.151
1.178
1.205
1.233
1.262
1.153
1.180
1.208
1.236
1.265
1.156
1.183
1.211
1.239
1.268
1.159
1.186
1.213
1.242
1.271
1.161
1.189
1.216
1.245
1.274
1.164
1.191
1.219
1.247
1.276
1.167
1.194
1.222
1.250
1.279
1.169
1.197
1.225
1.253
1.282
1.172
1.199
1.227
1.256
1.285
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
1.288
1.318
1.349
1.380
1.413
1.291
1.321
1.352
1.384
1.416
1.294
1.324
1.355
1.387
1.419
1.297
1.327
1.358
1.390
1.422
1.300
1.330
1.361
1.393
1.426
1.303
1.334
1.365
1.396
1.429
1.306
1.337
1.368
1.400
1.432
1.309
1.340
1.371
1.403
1.435
1.312
1.343
1.374
1.406
1.439
1.315
1.346
1.377
1.409
1.442
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
1.445
1.479
1.514
1.549
1.585
1.449
1.483
1.517
1.552
1.589
1.452
1.486
1.521
1.556
1.592
1.455
1.489
1.524
1.560
1.596
1.459
1.493
1.528
1.563
1.600
1.462
1.496
1.531
1.567
1.603
1.466
1.500
1.535
1.570
1.607
1.469
1.503
1.538
1.574
1.611
1.472
1.507
1.542
1.578
1.614
1.476
1.510
1.545
1.581
1.618
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
1.622
1.660
1.698
1.738
1.778
1.626
1.663
1.702
1.742
1.782
1.629
1.667
1.706
1.746
1.786
1.633
1.671
1.710
1.750
1.791
1.637
1.675
1.714
1.754
1.795
1.641
1.679
1.718
1.758
1.799
1.644
1.683
1.722
1.762
1.803
1.648
1.687
1.726
1.766
1.807
1.652
1.690
1.730
1.770
1.811
1.656
1.694
1.734
1.774
1.816
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
1.820
1.862
1.905
1.950
1.995
1.824
1.866
1.910
1.954
2.000
1.828
1.871
1.914
1.959
2.004
1.832
1.875
1.919
1.963
2.009
1.837
1.879
1.923
1.968
2.014
1.841
1.884
1.928
1.972
2.018
1.845
1.888
1.932
1.977
2.023
1.849
1.892
1.936
1.982
2.028
1.854
1.897
1.941
1.986
2.032
1.858
1.901
1.945
1.991
2.037
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
2.042
2.089
2.138
2.188
2.239
2.046
2.094
2.143
2.193
2.244
2.051
2.099
2.148
2.198
2.249
2.056
2.104
2.153
2.203
2.254
2.061
2.109
2.158
2.208
2.259
2.065
2.113
2.163
2.213
2.265
2.070
2.118
2.168
2.218
2.270
2.075
2.123
2.173
2.223
2.275
2.080
2.128
2.178
2.228
2.280
2.084
2.133
2.183
2.234
2.286
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
2.291
2.344
2.399
2.455
2.512
2.296
2.350
2.404
2.460
2.518
2.301
2.355
2.410
2.466
2.523
2.307
2.360
2.415
2.472
2.529
2.312
2.366
2.421
2.477
2.535
2.317
2.371
2.427
2.483
2.541
2.323
2.377
2.432
2.489
2.547
2.328
2.382
2.438
2.495
2.553
2.333
2.388
2.443
2.500
2.559
2.339
2.393
2.449
2.506
2.564
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
2.570
2.630
2.692
2.754
2.818
2.576
2.636
2.698
2.761
2.825
2.582
2.642
2.704
2.767
2.831
2.588
2.649
2.710
2.773
2.838
2.594
2.655
2.716
2.780
2.844
2.600
2.661
2.723
2.786
2.851
2.606
2.667
2.729
2.793
2.858
2.612
2.673
2.735
2.799
2.864
2.618
2.679
2.742
2.805
2.871
2.624
2.685
2.748
2.812
2.877
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
2.884
2.951
3.020
3.090
2.891
2.958
3.027
3.097
2.897
2.965
3.034
3.105
2.904
2.972
3.041
3.112
2.911
2.979
3.048
3.119
2.917
2.985
3.055
3.126
2.924
2.992
3.062
3.133
2.931
2.999
3.069
3.141
2.938
3.006
3.076
3.148
2.944
3.013
3.083
3.155
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
303
ANTI LOGARITHM TABLE

Mean Difference
0.50
0
3.162
1
3.170
2
3.177
3
3.184
4
3.192
5
3.199
6
3.206
7
3.214
8
3.221
9
3.228
1
1
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
4
7
5
8
6
9
7
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
3.236
3.311
3.388
3.467
3.548
3.243
3.319
3.396
3.475
3.556
3.251
3.327
3.404
3.483
3.565
3.258
3.334
3.412
3.491
3.573
3.266
3.342
3.420
3.499
3.581
3.273
3.350
3.428
3.508
3.589
3.281
3.357
3.436
3.516
3.597
3.289
3.365
3.443
3.524
3.606
3.296
3.373
3.451
3.532
3.614
3.304
3.381
3.459
3.540
3.622
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
3.631
3.715
3.802
3.890
3.981
3.639
3.724
3.811
3.899
3.990
3.648
3.733
3.819
3.908
3.999
3.656
3.741
3.828
3.917
4.009
3.664
3.750
3.837
3.926
4.018
3.673
3.758
3.846
3.936
4.027
3.681
3.767
3.855
3.945
4.036
3.690
3.776
3.864
3.954
4.046
3.698
3.784
3.873
3.963
4.055
3.707
3.793
3.882
3.972
4.064
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
4.074
4.169
4.266
4.365
4.467
4.083
4.178
4.276
4.375
4.477
4.093
4.188
4.285
4.385
4.487
4.102
4.198
4.295
4.395
4.498
4.111
4.207
4.305
4.406
4.508
4.121
4.217
4.315
4.416
4.519
4.130
4.227
4.325
4.426
4.529
4.140
4.236
4.335
4.436
4.539
4.150
4.246
4.345
4.446
4.550
4.159
4.256
4.355
4.457
4.560
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
4.571
4.677
4.786
4.898
5.012
4.581
4.688
4.797
4.909
5.023
4.592
4.699
4.808
4.920
5.035
4.603
4.710
4.819
4.932
5.047
4.613
4.721
4.831
4.943
5.058
4.624
4.732
4.842
4.955
5.070
4.634
4.742
4.853
4.966
5.082
4.645
4.753
4.864
4.977
5.093
4.656
4.764
4.875
4.989
5.105
4.667
4.775
4.887
5.000
5.117
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
5.129
5.248
5.370
5.495
5.623
5.140
5.260
5.383
5.508
5.636
5.152
5.272
5.395
5.521
5.649
5.164
5.284
5.408
5.534
5.662
5.176
5.297
5.420
5.546
5.675
5.188
5.309
5.433
5.559
5.689
5.200
5.321
5.445
5.572
5.702
5.212
5.333
5.458
5.585
5.715
5.224
5.346
5.470
5.598
5.728
5.236
5.358
5.483
5.610
5.741
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
5.754
5.888
6.026
6.166
6.310
5.768
5.902
6.039
6.180
6.324
5.781
5.916
6.053
6.194
6.339
5.794
5.929
6.067
6.209
6.353
5.808
5.943
6.081
6.223
6.368
5.821
5.957
6.095
6.237
6.383
5.834
5.970
6.109
6.252
6.397
5.848
5.984
6.124
6.266
6.412
5.861
5.998
6.138
6.281
6.427
5.875
6.012
6.152
6.295
6.442
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
6.457
6.607
6.761
6.918
7.079
6.471
6.622
6.776
6.934
7.096
6.486
6.637
6.792
6.950
7.112
6.501
6.653
6.808
6.966
7.129
6.516
6.668
6.823
6.982
7.145
6.531
6.683
6.839
6.998
7.161
6.546
6.699
6.855
7.015
7.178
6.561
6.714
6.871
7.031
7.194
6.577
6.730
6.887
7.047
7.211
6.592
6.745
6.902
7.063
7.228
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
7.244
7.413
7.586
7.762
7.943
7.261
7.430
7.603
7.780
7.962
7.278
7.447
7.621
7.798
7.980
7.295
7.464
7.638
7.816
7.998
7.311
7.482
7.656
7.834
8.017
7.328
7.499
7.674
7.852
8.035
7.345
7.516
7.691
7.870
8.054
7.362
7.534
7.709
7.889
8.072
7.379
7.551
7.727
7.907
8.091
7.396
7.568
7.745
7.925
8.110
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
8.128
8.318
8.511
8.710
8.913
8.147
8.337
8.531
8.730
8.933
8.166
8.356
8.551
8.750
8.954
8.185
8.375
8.570
8.770
8.974
8.204
8.395
8.590
8.790
8.995
8.222
8.414
8.610
8.810
9.016
8.241
8.433
8.630
8.831
9.036
8.260
8.453
8.650
8.851
9.057
8.279
8.472
8.670
8.872
9.078
8.299
8.492
8.690
8.892
9.099
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
11
12
12
12
12
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
9.120
9.333
9.550
9.772
9.141
9.354
9.572
9.795
9.162
9.376
9.594
9.817
9.183
9.397
9.616
9.840
9.204
9.419
9.638
9.863
9.226
9.441
9.661
9.886
9.247
9.462
9.683
9.908
9.268
9.484
9.705
9.931
9.290
9.506
9.727
9.954
9.311
9.528
9.750
9.977
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
5
6
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
13
13
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
20
20
304
Degree
Natural Sines
0
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1
2
3
4
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0523
0.0698
0.0017
0.0192
0.0366
0.0541
0.0715
0.0035
0.0209
0.0384
0.0558
0.0732
0.0052
0.0227
0.0401
0.0576
0.0750
0.0070
0.0244
0.0419
0.0593
0.0767
0.0087
0.0262
0.0436
0.0610
0.0785
0.0105
0.0279
0.0454
0.0628
0.0802
0.0122
0.0297
0.0471
0.0645
0.0819
0.0140
0.0314
0.0488
0.0663
0.0837
0.0157
0.0332
0.0506
0.0680
0.0854
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
5
6
7
8
9
0.0872
0.1045
0.1219
0.1392
0.1564
0.0889
0.1063
0.1236
0.1409
0.1582
0.0906
0.1080
0.1253
0.1426
0.1599
0.0924
0.1097
0.1271
0.1444
0.1616
0.0941
0.1115
0.1288
0.1461
0.1633
0.0958
0.1132
0.1305
0.1478
0.1650
0.0976
0.1149
0.1323
0.1495
0.1668
0.0993
0.1167
0.1340
0.1513
0.1685
0.1011
0.1184
0.1357
0.1530
0.1702
0.1028
0.1201
0.1374
0.1547
0.1719
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
10
11
12
13
14
0.1736
0.1908
0.2079
0.2250
0.2419
0.1754
0.1925
0.2096
0.2267
0.2436
0.1771
0.1942
0.2113
0.2284
0.2453
0.1788
0.1959
0.2130
0.2300
0.2470
0.1805
0.1977
0.2147
0.2317
0.2487
0.1822
0.1994
0.2164
0.2334
0.2504
0.1840
0.2011
0.2181
0.2351
0.2521
0.1857
0.2028
0.2198
0.2368
0.2538
0.1874
0.2045
0.2215
0.2385
0.2554
0.1891
0.2062
0.2233
0.2402
0.2571
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
8
8
12
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
0.2588
0.2756
0.2924
0.3090
0.3256
0.2605
0.2773
0.2940
0.3107
0.3272
0.2622
0.2790
0.2957
0.3123
0.3289
0.2639
0.2807
0.2974
0.3140
0.3305
0.2656
0.2823
0.2990
0.3156
0.3322
0.2672
0.2840
0.3007
0.3173
0.3338
0.2689
0.2857
0.3024
0.3190
0.3355
0.2706
0.2874
0.3040
0.3206
0.3371
0.2723
0.2890
0.3057
0.3223
0.3387
0.2740
0.2907
0.3074
0.3239
0.3404
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
5
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
20
21
22
23
24
0.3420
0.3584
0.3746
0.3907
0.4067
0.3437
0.3600
0.3762
0.3923
0.4083
0.3453
0.3616
0.3778
0.3939
0.4099
0.3469
0.3633
0.3795
0.3955
0.4115
0.3486
0.3649
0.3811
0.3971
0.4131
0.3502
0.3665
0.3827
0.3987
0.4147
0.3518
0.3681
0.3843
0.4003
0.4163
0.3535
0.3697
0.3859
0.4019
0.4179
0.3551
0.3714
0.3875
0.4035
0.4195
0.3567
0.3730
0.3891
0.4051
0.4210
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
13
25
26
27
28
29
0.4226
0.4384
0.4540
0.4695
0.4848
0.4242
0.4399
0.4555
0.4710
0.4863
0.4258
0.4415
0.4571
0.4726
0.4879
0.4274
0.4431
0.4586
0.4741
0.4894
0.4289
0.4446
0.4602
0.4756
0.4909
0.4305
0.4462
0.4617
0.4772
0.4924
0.4321
0.4478
0.4633
0.4787
0.4939
0.4337
0.4493
0.4648
0.4802
0.4955
0.4352
0.4509
0.4664
0.4818
0.4970
0.4368
0.4524
0.4679
0.4833
0.4985
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
11
10
10
10
10
13
13
13
13
13
30
31
32
33
34
0.5000
0.5150
0.5299
0.5446
0.5592
0.5015
0.5165
0.5314
0.5461
0.5606
0.5030
0.5180
0.5329
0.5476
0.5621
0.5045
0.5195
0.5344
0.5490
0.5635
0.5060
0.5210
0.5358
0.5505
0.5650
0.5075
0.5225
0.5373
0.5519
0.5664
0.5090
0.5240
0.5388
0.5534
0.5678
0.5105
0.5255
0.5402
0.5548
0.5693
0.5120
0.5270
0.5417
0.5563
0.5707
0.5135
0.5284
0.5432
0.5577
0.5721
3
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
8
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
10
13
12
12
12
12
35
36
37
38
39
0.5736
0.5878
0.6018
0.6157
0.6293
0.5750
0.5892
0.6032
0.6170
0.6307
0.5764
0.5906
0.6046
0.6184
0.6320
0.5779
0.5920
0.6060
0.6198
0.6334
0.5793
0.5934
0.6074
0.6211
0.6347
0.5807
0.5948
0.6088
0.6225
0.6361
0.5821
0.5962
0.6101
0.6239
0.6374
0.5835
0.5976
0.6115
0.6252
0.6388
0.5850
0.5990
0.6129
0.6266
0.6401
0.5864
0.6004
0.6143
0.6280
0.6414
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
4
7
7
7
7
7
10
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
11
11
40
41
42
43
44
0.6428
0.6561
0.6691
0.6820
0.6947
0.6441
0.6574
0.6704
0.6833
0.6959
0.6455
0.6587
0.6717
0.6845
0.6972
0.6468
0.6600
0.6730
0.6858
0.6984
0.6481
0.6613
0.6743
0.6871
0.6997
0.6494
0.6626
0.6756
0.6884
0.7009
0.6508
0.6639
0.6769
0.6896
0.7022
0.6521
0.6652
0.6782
0.6909
0.7034
0.6534
0.6665
0.6794
0.6921
0.7046
0.6547
0.6678
0.6807
0.6934
0.7059
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
7
7
6
6
6
9
9
9
8
8
11
11
11
11
10
305
Mean Difference
Natural Sines
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Mean Difference
Degree
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
45
46
47
48
49
0.7071
0.7193
0.7314
0.7431
0.7547
0.7083
0.7206
0.7325
0.7443
0.7559
0.7096
0.7218
0.7337
0.7455
0.7570
0.7108
0.7230
0.7349
0.7466
0.7581
0.7120
0.7242
0.7361
0.7478
0.7593
0.7133
0.7254
0.7373
0.7490
0.7604
0.7145
0.7266
0.7385
0.7501
0.7615
0.7157
0.7278
0.7396
0.7513
0.7627
0.7169
0.7290
0.7408
0.7524
0.7638
0.7181
0.7302
0.7420
0.7536
0.7649
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
9
50
51
52
53
54
0.7660
0.7771
0.7880
0.7986
0.8090
0.7672
0.7782
0.7891
0.7997
0.8100
0.7683
0.7793
0.7902
0.8007
0.8111
0.7694
0.7804
0.7912
0.8018
0.8121
0.7705
0.7815
0.7923
0.8028
0.8131
0.7716
0.7826
0.7934
0.8039
0.8141
0.7727
0.7837
0.7944
0.8049
0.8151
0.7738
0.7848
0.7955
0.8059
0.8161
0.7749
0.7859
0.7965
0.8070
0.8171
0.7760
0.7869
0.7976
0.8080
0.8181
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
3
3
6
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
8
55
56
57
58
59
0.8192
0.8290
0.8387
0.8480
0.8572
0.8202
0.8300
0.8396
0.8490
0.8581
0.8211
0.8310
0.8406
0.8499
0.8590
0.8221
0.8320
0.8415
0.8508
0.8599
0.8231
0.8329
0.8425
0.8517
0.8607
0.8241
0.8339
0.8434
0.8526
0.8616
0.8251
0.8348
0.8443
0.8536
0.8625
0.8261
0.8358
0.8453
0.8545
0.8634
0.8271
0.8368
0.8462
0.8554
0.8643
0.8281
0.8377
0.8471
0.8563
0.8652
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
7
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
7
60
61
62
63
64
0.8660
0.8746
0.8829
0.8910
0.8988
0.8669
0.8755
0.8838
0.8918
0.8996
0.8678
0.8763
0.8846
0.8926
0.9003
0.8686
0.8771
0.8854
0.8934
0.9011
0.8695
0.8780
0.8862
0.8942
0.9018
0.8704
0.8788
0.8870
0.8949
0.9026
0.8712
0.8796
0.8878
0.8957
0.9033
0.8721
0.8805
0.8886
0.8965
0.9041
0.8729
0.8813
0.8894
0.8973
0.9048
0.8738
0.8821
0.8902
0.8980
0.9056
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
7
6
6
65
66
67
68
69
0.9063
0.9135
0.9205
0.9272
0.9336
0.9070
0.9143
0.9212
0.9278
0.9342
0.9078
0.9150
0.9219
0.9285
0.9348
0.9085
0.9157
0.9225
0.9291
0.9354
0.9092
0.9164
0.9232
0.9298
0.9361
0.9100
0.9171
0.9239
0.9304
0.9367
0.9107
0.9178
0.9245
0.9311
0.9373
0.9114
0.9184
0.9252
0.9317
0.9379
0.9121
0.9191
0.9259
0.9323
0.9385
0.9128
0.9198
0.9265
0.9330
0.9391
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
5
5
4
4
4
6
6
6
5
5
70
71
72
73
74
0.9397
0.9455
0.9511
0.9563
0.9613
0.9403
0.9461
0.9516
0.9568
0.9617
0.9409
0.9466
0.9521
0.9573
0.9622
0.9415
0.9472
0.9527
0.9578
0.9627
0.9421
0.9478
0.9532
0.9583
0.9632
0.9426
0.9483
0.9537
0.9588
0.9636
0.9432
0.9489
0.9542
0.9593
0.9641
0.9438
0.9494
0.9548
0.9598
0.9646
0.9444
0.9500
0.9553
0.9603
0.9650
0.9449
0.9505
0.9558
0.9608
0.9655
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
4
4
3
3
3
5
5
4
4
4
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
0.9659
0.9703
0.9744
0.9781
0.9816
0.9848
0.9877
0.9903
0.9925
0.9945
0.9664
0.9707
0.9748
0.9785
0.9820
0.9851
0.9880
0.9905
0.9928
0.9947
0.9668
0.9711
0.9751
0.9789
0.9823
0.9854
0.9882
0.9907
0.9930
0.9949
0.9673
0.9715
0.9755
0.9792
0.9826
0.9857
0.9885
0.9910
0.9932
0.9951
0.9677
0.9720
0.9759
0.9796
0.9829
0.9860
0.9888
0.9912
0.9934
0.9952
0.9681
0.9724
0.9763
0.9799
0.9833
0.9863
0.9890
0.9914
0.9936
0.9954
0.9686
0.9728
0.9767
0.9803
0.9836
0.9866
0.9893
0.9917
0.9938
0.9956
0.9690
0.9732
0.9770
0.9806
0.9839
0.9869
0.9895
0.9919
0.9940
0.9957
0.9694
0.9736
0.9774
0.9810
0.9842
0.9871
0.9898
0.9921
0.9942
0.9959
0.9699
0.9740
0.9778
0.9813
0.9845
0.9874
0.9900
0.9923
0.9943
0.9960
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
85
86
87
88
89
0.9962
0.9976
0.9986
0.9994
0.9998
0.9963
0.9977
0.9987
0.9995
0.9999
0.9965
0.9978
0.9988
0.9995
0.9999
0.9966
0.9979
0.9989
0.9996
0.9999
0.9968
0.9980
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
0.9969
0.9981
0.9990
0.9997
1.0000
0.9971
0.9982
0.9991
0.9997
1.0000
0.9972
0.9983
0.9992
0.9997
1.0000
0.9973
0.9984
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
0.9974
0.9985
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
306
Natural Cosines
(Numbers in mean difference columns to be subtracted, not added)
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Mean Difference
Degree
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1
2
3
4
1.0000
0.9998
0.9994
0.9986
0.9976
1.0000
0.9998
0.9993
0.9985
0.9974
1.0000
0.9998
0.9993
0.9984
0.9973
1.0000
0.9997
0.9992
0.9983
0.9972
1.0000
0.9997
0.9991
0.9982
0.9971
1.0000
0.9997
0.9990
0.9981
0.9969
0.9999
0.9996
0.9990
0.9980
0.9968
0.9999
0.9996
0.9989
0.9979
0.9966
0.9999
0.9995
0.9988
0.9978
0.9965
0.9999
0.9995
0.9987
0.9977
0.9963
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
5
6
7
8
9
0.9962
0.9945
0.9925
0.9903
0.9877
0.9960
0.9943
0.9923
0.9900
0.9874
0.9959
0.9942
0.9921
0.9898
0.9871
0.9957
0.9940
0.9919
0.9895
0.9869
0.9956
0.9938
0.9917
0.9893
0.9866
0.9954
0.9936
0.9914
0.9890
0.9863
0.9952
0.9934
0.9912
0.9888
0.9860
0.9951
0.9932
0.9910
0.9885
0.9857
0.9949
0.9930
0.9907
0.9882
0.9854
0.9947
0.9928
0.9905
0.9880
0.9851
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
11
12
13
14
0.9848
0.9816
0.9781
0.9744
0.9703
0.9845
0.9813
0.9778
0.9740
0.9699
0.9842
0.9810
0.9774
0.9736
0.9694
0.9839
0.9806
0.9770
0.9732
0.9690
0.9836
0.9803
0.9767
0.9728
0.9686
0.9833
0.9799
0.9763
0.9724
0.9681
0.9829
0.9796
0.9759
0.9720
0.9677
0.9826
0.9792
0.9755
0.9715
0.9673
0.9823
0.9789
0.9751
0.9711
0.9668
0.9820
0.9785
0.9748
0.9707
0.9664
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
15
16
17
18
19
0.9659
0.9613
0.9563
0.9511
0.9455
0.9655
0.9608
0.9558
0.9505
0.9449
0.9650
0.9603
0.9553
0.9500
0.9444
0.9646
0.9598
0.9548
0.9494
0.9438
0.9641
0.9593
0.9542
0.9489
0.9432
0.9636
0.9588
0.9537
0.9483
0.9426
0.9632
0.9583
0.9532
0.9478
0.9421
0.9627
0.9578
0.9527
0.9472
0.9415
0.9622
0.9573
0.9521
0.9466
0.9409
0.9617
0.9568
0.9516
0.9461
0.9403
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
20
21
22
23
24
0.9397
0.9336
0.9272
0.9205
0.9135
0.9391
0.9330
0.9265
0.9198
0.9128
0.9385
0.9323
0.9259
0.9191
0.9121
0.9379
0.9317
0.9252
0.9184
0.9114
0.9373 0.9367 0.9361 0.9354 0.9348 0.9342

0.9311 0.9304 0.9298 0.9291 0.9285 0.9278
0.9245 0.9239 0.9232 0.9225 0.9219 0.9212
0.9178 0.9171 0.9164 0.9157 0.9150 0.9143
0.9107 0.9100 0.9092 0.9085 0.9078 0.9070
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
25
26
27
28
29
0.9063
0.8988
0.8910
0.8829
0.8746
0.9056
0.8980
0.8902
0.8821
0.8738
0.9048
0.8973
0.8894
0.8813
0.8729
0.9041
0.8965
0.8886
0.8805
0.8721
0.9033
0.8957
0.8878
0.8796
0.8712
0.9026
0.8949
0.8870
0.8788
0.8704
0.9018
0.8942
0.8862
0.8780
0.8695
0.9011
0.8934
0.8854
0.8771
0.8686
0.9003
0.8926
0.8846
0.8763
0.8678
0.8996
0.8918
0.8838
0.8755
0.8669
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
30
31
32
33
34
0.8660
0.8572
0.8480
0.8387
0.8290
0.8652
0.8563
0.8471
0.8377
0.8281
0.8643
0.8554
0.8462
0.8368
0.8271
0.8634
0.8545
0.8453
0.8358
0.8261
0.8625
0.8536
0.8443
0.8348
0.8251
0.8616
0.8526
0.8434
0.8339
0.8241
0.8607
0.8517
0.8425
0.8329
0.8231
0.8599
0.8508
0.8415
0.8320
0.8221
0.8590
0.8499
0.8406
0.8310
0.8211
0.8581
0.8490
0.8396
0.8300
0.8202
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
35
36
37
38
39
0.8192
0.8090
0.7986
0.7880
0.7771
0.8181
0.8080
0.7976
0.7869
0.7760
0.8171
0.8070
0.7965
0.7859
0.7749
0.8161
0.8059
0.7955
0.7848
0.7738
0.8151
0.8049
0.7944
0.7837
0.7727
0.8141
0.8039
0.7934
0.7826
0.7716
0.8131
0.8028
0.7923
0.7815
0.7705
0.8121
0.8018
0.7912
0.7804
0.7694
0.8111
0.8007
0.7902
0.7793
0.7683
0.8100
0.7997
0.7891
0.7782
0.7672
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
9
40
41
42
43
44
0.7660
0.7547
0.7431
0.7314
0.7193
0.7649
0.7536
0.7420
0.7302
0.7181
0.7638
0.7524
0.7408
0.7290
0.7169
0.7627
0.7513
0.7396
0.7278
0.7157
0.7615
0.7501
0.7385
0.7266
0.7145
0.7604
0.7490
0.7373
0.7254
0.7133
0.7593
0.7478
0.7361
0.7242
0.7120
0.7581
0.7466
0.7349
0.7230
0.7108
0.7570
0.7455
0.7337
0.7218
0.7096
0.7559
0.7443
0.7325
0.7206
0.7083
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
307
Natural Cosines
(Numbers in mean difference columns to be subtracted, not added)
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Mean Difference
Degree
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
45
46
47
48
49
0.7071
0.6947
0.6820
0.6691
0.6561
0.7059
0.6934
0.6807
0.6678
0.6547
0.7046
0.6921
0.6794
0.6665
0.6534
0.7034
0.6909
0.6782
0.6652
0.6521
0.7022
0.6896
0.6769
0.6639
0.6508
0.7009
0.6884
0.6756
0.6626
0.6494
0.6997
0.6871
0.6743
0.6613
0.6481
0.6984
0.6858
0.6730
0.6600
0.6468
0.6972
0.6845
0.6717
0.6587
0.6455
0.6959
0.6833
0.6704
0.6574
0.6441
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
11
11
11
11
50
51
52
53
54
0.6428
0.6293
0.6157
0.6018
0.5878
0.6414
0.6280
0.6143
0.6004
0.5864
0.6401
0.6266
0.6129
0.5990
0.5850
0.6388
0.6252
0.6115
0.5976
0.5835
0.6374
0.6239
0.6101
0.5962
0.5821
0.6361
0.6225
0.6088
0.5948
0.5807
0.6347
0.6211
0.6074
0.5934
0.5793
0.6334
0.6198
0.6060
0.5920
0.5779
0.6320
0.6184
0.6046
0.5906
0.5764
0.6307
0.6170
0.6032
0.5892
0.5750
2
2
2
2
2
4
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
11
11
12
12
12
55
56
57
58
59
0.5736
0.5592
0.5446
0.5299
0.5150
0.5721
0.5577
0.5432
0.5284
0.5135
0.5707
0.5563
0.5417
0.5270
0.5120
0.5693
0.5548
0.5402
0.5255
0.5105
0.5678
0.5534
0.5388
0.5240
0.5090
0.5664
0.5519
0.5373
0.5225
0.5075
0.5650
0.5505
0.5358
0.5210
0.5060
0.5635
0.5490
0.5344
0.5195
0.5045
0.5621
0.5476
0.5329
0.5180
0.5030
0.5606
0.5461
0.5314
0.5165
0.5015
2
2
2
2
3
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
8
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
13
60
61
62
63
64
0.5000
0.4848
0.4695
0.4540
0.4384
0.4985
0.4833
0.4679
0.4524
0.4368
0.4970
0.4818
0.4664
0.4509
0.4352
0.4955
0.4802
0.4648
0.4493
0.4337
0.4939
0.4787
0.4633
0.4478
0.4321
0.4924
0.4772
0.4617
0.4462
0.4305
0.4909
0.4756
0.4602
0.4446
0.4289
0.4894
0.4741
0.4586
0.4431
0.4274
0.4879
0.4726
0.4571
0.4415
0.4258
0.4863
0.4710
0.4555
0.4399
0.4242
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
11
13
13
13
13
13
65 0.4226
66 0.4067
67 0.3907
68 0.3746
69 0.3584
0.4210
0.4051
0.3891
0.3730
0.3567
0.4195
0.4035
0.3875
0.3714
0.3551
0.4179 0.4163 0.4147 0.4131 0.4115 0.4099 0.4083 3

0.4019 0.4003 0.3987 0.3971 0.3955 0.3939 0.3923 3
0.3859 0.3843 0.3827 0.3811 0.3795 0.3778 0.3762 3
0.3697 0.3681 0.3665 0.3649 0.3633 0.3616 0.3600 3
0.3535 0.3518 0.3502 0.3486 0.3469 0.3453 0.3437 3
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
13
14
14
14
14
70
71
72
73
74
0.3420
0.3256
0.3090
0.2924
0.2756
0.3404
0.3239
0.3074
0.2907
0.2740
0.3387
0.3223
0.3057
0.2890
0.2723
0.3371
0.3206
0.3040
0.2874
0.2706
0.3355
0.3190
0.3024
0.2857
0.2689
0.3338
0.3173
0.3007
0.2840
0.2672
0.3322
0.3156
0.2990
0.2823
0.2656
0.3305
0.3140
0.2974
0.2807
0.2639
0.3289
0.3123
0.2957
0.2790
0.2622
0.3272
0.3107
0.2940
0.2773
0.2605
3
3
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
75
76
77
78
79
0.2588
0.2419
0.2250
0.2079
0.1908
0.2571
0.2402
0.2233
0.2062
0.1891
0.2554
0.2385
0.2215
0.2045
0.1874
0.2538
0.2368
0.2198
0.2028
0.1857
0.2521
0.2351
0.2181
0.2011
0.1840
0.2504
0.2334
0.2164
0.1994
0.1822
0.2487
0.2317
0.2147
0.1977
0.1805
0.2470
0.2300
0.2130
0.1959
0.1788
0.2453
0.2284
0.2113
0.1942
0.1771
0.2436
0.2267
0.2096
0.1925
0.1754
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
80
81
82
83
84
0.1736
0.1564
0.1392
0.1219
0.1045
0.1719
0.1547
0.1374
0.1201
0.1028
0.1702
0.1530
0.1357
0.1184
0.1011
0.1685
0.1513
0.1340
0.1167
0.0993
0.1668
0.1495
0.1323
0.1149
0.0976
0.1650
0.1478
0.1305
0.1132
0.0958
0.1633
0.1461
0.1288
0.1115
0.0941
0.1616
0.1444
0.1271
0.1097
0.0924
0.1599
0.1426
0.1253
0.1080
0.0906
0.1582
0.1409
0.1236
0.1063
0.0889
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
85
86
87
88
89
0.0872
0.0698
0.0523
0.0349
0.0175
0.0854
0.0680
0.0506
0.0332
0.0157
0.0837
0.0663
0.0488
0.0314
0.0140
0.0819
0.0645
0.0471
0.0297
0.0122
0.0802
0.0628
0.0454
0.0279
0.0105
0.0785
0.0610
0.0436
0.0262
0.0087
0.0767
0.0593
0.0419
0.0244
0.0070
0.0750
0.0576
0.0401
0.0227
0.0052
0.0732
0.0558
0.0384
0.0209
0.0035
0.0715
0.0541
0.0366
0.0192
0.0017
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
308
Natural TANGENTS
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
Mean Difference
Degree
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1
2
3
4
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0524
0.0699
0.0017
0.0192
0.0367
0.0542
0.0717
0.0035
0.0209
0.0384
0.0559
0.0734
0.0052
0.0227
0.0402
0.0577
0.0752
0.0070
0.0244
0.0419
0.0594
0.0769
0.0087
0.0262
0.0437
0.0612
0.0787
0.0105
0.0279
0.0454
0.0629
0.0805
0.0122
0.0297
0.0472
0.0647
0.0822
0.0140
0.0314
0.0489
0.0664
0.0840
0.0157
0.0332
0.0507
0.0682
0.0857
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
5
6
7
8
9
0.0875
0.1051
0.1228
0.1405
0.1584
0.0892
0.1069
0.1246
0.1423
0.1602
0.0910
0.1086
0.1263
0.1441
0.1620
0.0928
0.1104
0.1281
0.1459
0.1638
0.0945
0.1122
0.1299
0.1477
0.1655
0.0963
0.1139
0.1317
0.1495
0.1673
0.0981
0.1157
0.1334
0.1512
0.1691
0.0998
0.1175
0.1352
0.1530
0.1709
0.1016
0.1192
0.1370
0.1548
0.1727
0.1033
0.1210
0.1388
0.1566
0.1745
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
10
11
12
13
14
0.1763
0.1944
0.2126
0.2309
0.2493
0.1781
0.1962
0.2144
0.2327
0.2512
0.1799
0.1980
0.2162
0.2345
0.2530
0.1817
0.1998
0.2180
0.2364
0.2549
0.1835
0.2016
0.2199
0.2382
0.2568
0.1853
0.2035
0.2217
0.2401
0.2586
0.1871
0.2053
0.2235
0.2419
0.2605
0.1890
0.2071
0.2254
0.2438
0.2623
0.1908
0.2089
0.2272
0.2456
0.2642
0.1926
0.2107
0.2290
0.2475
0.2661
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
16
15
16
17
18
19
0.2679
0.2867
0.3057
0.3249
0.3443
0.2698
0.2886
0.3076
0.3269
0.3463
0.2717
0.2905
0.3096
0.3288
0.3482
0.2736
0.2924
0.3115
0.3307
0.3502
0.2754
0.2943
0.3134
0.3327
0.3522
0.2773
0.2962
0.3153
0.3346
0.3541
0.2792
0.2981
0.3172
0.3365
0.3561
0.2811
0.3000
0.3191
0.3385
0.3581
0.2830
0.3019
0.3211
0.3404
0.3600
0.2849
0.3038
0.3230
0.3424
0.3620
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
7
9
9
10
10
10
13
13
13
13
13
16
16
16
16
16
20
21
22
23
24
0.3640
0.3839
0.4040
0.4245
0.4452
0.3659
0.3859
0.4061
0.4265
0.4473
0.3679
0.3879
0.4081
0.4286
0.4494
0.3699
0.3899
0.4101
0.4307
0.4515
0.3719
0.3919
0.4122
0.4327
0.4536
0.3739
0.3939
0.4142
0.4348
0.4557
0.3759
0.3959
0.4163
0.4369
0.4578
0.3779
0.3979
0.4183
0.4390
0.4599
0.3799
0.4000
0.4204
0.4411
0.4621
0.3819
0.4020
0.4224
0.4431
0.4642
3
3
3
3
4
7
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
11
13
13
14
14
14
17
17
17
17
18
25
26
27
28
29
0.4663
0.4877
0.5095
0.5317
0.5543
0.4684
0.4899
0.5117
0.5340
0.5566
0.4706
0.4921
0.5139
0.5362
0.5589
0.4727
0.4942
0.5161
0.5384
0.5612
0.4748
0.4964
0.5184
0.5407
0.5635
0.4770
0.4986
0.5206
0.5430
0.5658
0.4791
0.5008
0.5228
0.5452
0.5681
0.4813
0.5029
0.5250
0.5475
0.5704
0.4834
0.5051
0.5272
0.5498
0.5727
0.4856
0.5073
0.5295
0.5520
0.5750
4
4
4
4
4
7
7
7
8
8
11
11
11
11
12
14
15
15
15
15
18
18
18
19
19
30
31
32
33
34
0.5774
0.6009
0.6249
0.6494
0.6745
0.5797
0.6032
0.6273
0.6519
0.6771
0.5820
0.6056
0.6297
0.6544
0.6796
0.5844
0.6080
0.6322
0.6569
0.6822
0.5867
0.6104
0.6346
0.6594
0.6847
0.5890
0.6128
0.6371
0.6619
0.6873
0.5914
0.6152
0.6395
0.6644
0.6899
0.5938
0.6176
0.6420
0.6669
0.6924
0.5961
0.6200
0.6445
0.6694
0.6950
0.5985
0.6224
0.6469
0.6720
0.6976
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
9
12
12
12
13
13
16
16
16
17
17
20
20
20
21
21
35
36
37
38
39
0.7002
0.7265
0.7536
0.7813
0.8098
0.7028
0.7292
0.7563
0.7841
0.8127
0.7054
0.7319
0.7590
0.7869
0.8156
0.7080
0.7346
0.7618
0.7898
0.8185
0.7107
0.7373
0.7646
0.7926
0.8214
0.7133
0.7400
0.7673
0.7954
0.8243
0.7159
0.7427
0.7701
0.7983
0.8273
0.7186
0.7454
0.7729
0.8012
0.8302
0.7212
0.7481
0.7757
0.8040
0.8332
0.7239
0.7508
0.7785
0.8069
0.8361
4
5
5
5
5
9
9
9
9
10
13
14
14
14
15
18
18
18
19
20
22
23
23
24
24
40
41
42
43
44
0.8391
0.8693
0.9004
0.9325
0.9657
0.8421
0.8724
0.9036
0.9358
0.9691
0.8451
0.8754
0.9067
0.9391
0.9725
0.8481
0.8785
0.9099
0.9424
0.9759
0.8511
0.8816
0.9131
0.9457
0.9793
0.8541
0.8847
0.9163
0.9490
0.9827
0.8571
0.8878
0.9195
0.9523
0.9861
0.8601
0.8910
0.9228
0.9556
0.9896
0.8632
0.8941
0.9260
0.9590
0.9930
0.8662
0.8972
0.9293
0.9623
0.9965
5
5
5
6
6
10
10
11
11
11
15
16
16
17
17
20
21
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
309
Degree
Natural TANGENTS
0
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
45
46
47
48
49
1.0000
1.0355
1.0724
1.1106
1.1504
1.0035
1.0392
1.0761
1.1145
1.1544
1.0070
1.0428
1.0799
1.1184
1.1585
1.0105
1.0464
1.0837
1.1224
1.1626
1.0141
1.0501
1.0875
1.1263
1.1667
1.0176
1.0538
1.0913
1.1303
1.1708
1.0212
1.0575
1.0951
1.1343
1.1750
1.0247
1.0612
1.0990
1.1383
1.1792
1.0283
1.0649
1.1028
1.1423
1.1833
1.0319
1.0686
1.1067
1.1463
1.1875
6
6
6
7
7
12
12
13
13
14
18
18
19
20
21
24
25
25
27
28
30
31
32
33
34
50
51
52
53
54
1.1918
1.2349
1.2799
1.3270
1.3764
1.1960
1.2393
1.2846
1.3319
1.3814
1.2002
1.2437
1.2892
1.3367
1.3865
1.2045
1.2482
1.2938
1.3416
1.3916
1.2088
1.2527
1.2985
1.3465
1.3968
1.2131
1.2572
1.3032
1.3514
1.4019
1.2174
1.2617
1.3079
1.3564
1.4071
1.2218
1.2662
1.3127
1.3613
1.4124
1.2261
1.2708
1.3175
1.3663
1.4176
1.2305
1.2753
1.3222
1.3713
1.4229
7
8
8
8
9
14
15
16
16
17
22
23
24
25
26
29
30
31
33
34
36
38
39
41
43
55
56
57
58
59
1.4281
1.4826
1.5399
1.6003
1.6643
1.4335
1.4882
1.5458
1.6066
1.6709
1.4388
1.4938
1.5517
1.6128
1.6775
1.4442
1.4994
1.5577
1.6191
1.6842
1.4496
1.5051
1.5637
1.6255
1.6909
1.4550
1.5108
1.5697
1.6319
1.6977
1.4605
1.5166
1.5757
1.6383
1.7045
1.4659
1.5224
1.5818
1.6447
1.7113
1.4715
1.5282
1.5880
1.6512
1.7182
1.4770
1.5340
1.5941
1.6577
1.7251
9
10
10
11
11
18
19
20
21
23
27
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
43
45
45
48
50
53
56
60
61
62
63
64
1.7321
1.8040
1.8807
1.9626
2.0503
1.7391
1.8115
1.8887
1.9711
2.0594
1.7461
1.8190
1.8967
1.9797
2.0686
1.7532
1.8265
1.9047
1.9883
2.0778
1.7603
1.8341
1.9128
1.9970
2.0872
1.7675
1.8418
1.9210
2.0057
2.0965
1.7747
1.8495
1.9292
2.0145
2.1060
1.7820
1.8572
1.9375
2.0233
2.1155
1.7893
1.8650
1.9458
2.0323
2.1251
1.7966
1.8728
1.9542
2.0413
2.1348
12
13
14
15
16
24
26
27
29
31
36
38
41
44
47
48
51
55
58
63
60
64
68
73
78
65
66
67
68
69
2.1445
2.2460
2.3559
2.4751
2.6051
2.1543
2.2566
2.3673
2.4876
2.6187
2.1642
2.2673
2.3789
2.5002
2.6325
2.1742
2.2781
2.3906
2.5129
2.6464
2.1842
2.2889
2.4023
2.5257
2.6605
2.1943
2.2998
2.4142
2.5386
2.6746
2.2045
2.3109
2.4262
2.5517
2.6889
2.2148
2.3220
2.4383
2.5649
2.7034
2.2251
2.3332
2.4504
2.5782
2.7179
2.2355
2.3445
2.4627
2.5916
2.7326
17
18
20
22
24
34
37
40
43
47
51
55
60
65
71
68
73
79
87
95
85
92
99
108
119
70
71
72
73
74
2.7475
2.9042
3.0777
3.2709
3.4874
2.7625
2.9208
3.0961
3.2914
3.5105
2.7776
2.9375
3.1146
3.3122
3.5339
2.7929
2.9544
3.1334
3.3332
3.5576
2.8083
2.9714
3.1524
3.3544
3.5816
2.8239
2.9887
3.1716
3.3759
3.6059
2.8397
3.0061
3.1910
3.3977
3.6305
2.8556
3.0237
3.2106
3.4197
3.6554
2.8716
3.0415
3.2305
3.4420
3.6806
2.8878
3.0595
3.2506
3.4646
3.7062
26
29
32
36
41
52
58
64
72
81
78
87
96
108
122
104
116
129
144
163
131
145
161
180
204
75
76
77
78
79
3.7321
4.0108
4.3315
4.7046
5.1446
3.7583
4.0408
4.3662
4.7453
5.1929
3.7848
4.0713
4.4015
4.7867
5.2422
3.8118
4.1022
4.4373
4.8288
5.2924
3.8391
4.1335
4.4737
4.8716
5.3435
3.8667
4.1653
4.5107
4.9152
5.3955
3.8947
4.1976
4.5483
4.9594
5.4486
3.9232
4.2303
4.5864
5.0045
5.5026
3.9520
4.2635
4.6252
5.0504
5.5578
3.9812
4.2972
4.6646
5.0970
5.6140
46
53
93
107
139
160
186
213
232
267
80
81
82
83
84
5.6713
6.3138
7.1154
8.1443
9.5144
5.7297
6.3859
7.2066
8.2636
9.6768
5.7894
6.4596
7.3002
8.3863
9.8448
5.8502
6.5350
7.3962
8.5126
10.0187
5.9124
6.6122
7.4947
8.6427
10.1988
5.9758
6.6912
7.5958
8.7769
10.3854
6.0405
6.7720
7.6996
8.9152
10.5789
6.1066
6.8548
7.8062
9.0579
10.7797
6.1742
6.9395
7.9158
9.2052
10.9882
6.2432
7.0264
8.0285
9.3572
11.2048
85
86
87
88
89
11.4301
14.3007
19.0811
28.6363
57.2900
11.6645
14.6685
19.7403
30.1446
63.6567
11.9087
15.0557
20.4465
31.8205
71.6151
12.1632
15.4638
21.2049
33.6935
81.8470
12.4288 12.7062
15.8945 16.3499
22.0217 22.9038
35.8006 38.1885
95.4895 114.5887
12.9962
16.8319
23.8593
40.9174
143.2371
13.2996
17.3432
24.8978
44.0661
190.9842
13.6174
17.8863
26.0307
47.7395
286.4777
13.9507
18.4645
27.2715
52.0807
572.9572
310
Mean Difference

Class 9 Maths TamilMedium

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 9 Maths TamilMedium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KDiu

sik w aJ bra kwJ thJJnk!

(probability of the event A)

KGvf (whole numbers)

bkbaf (real numbers)

midJ fz (universal Set)

brFJ (perpendicular to)

cWgy(does not belong to)

jF cfz (proper subset of)

cfz (subset of or is contained in)

jF cfzky (not a proper subset of)

Vbd (since (or) because)

(not a subset of or is not contained in)

rkiy (not equal to)

lFiw (less than)

Fiw myJ rk (less than or equal to)

mf myJ rk (greater than or equal to)

rkhdkhd (equivalent to)

Q (or) { } btWfz myJ ik fz

(approximately equal to)

| (or) : mjgo myJ vwthW (such that)

(number of elements in the set A)

A- mLF fz (power set of A)

(empty set or null set or void set)

KbwhUik (identically equal to)

if myJ Fiw (plus or minus)

njw Ko (end of the proof)

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf

rahd ilia njbjL

1.2 fzfis sFj

j eho cs midJ khtlf bjhF.

bghJthf, fzfis A, B, C nghw My bga vGJfsh Fngh.

fz cWfis a, b, c nghw My a vGJfsh Fngh.

x vgJ fz A- cW vgij x ! A vd vGJnth.

x vgJ fz A- cWgy vgij x b A vd vGJnth.

(ii) 7 g A ( a 7 vgJ A- cWgy)

(iii) 0 g A ( a 0 vgJ A- cWgy)

(iv) 2 ! A ( a 2 vgJ A- cWghF)

1.3 fzij FL Kiw (Representation of a Set)

xU fzid tU _W tf myJ Kiwf VnjD xwh

fz cs cWfis thijfsh bjthf tF

P = " x : x vgJ 100I l Fiwthd xU gfh v ,

1.3.3 goa Kiw

xU fz cWfis { } vw xU nrho milF goaLtJ

(ii) A = " x : x xU KG (Integer) kW - 1 # x 1 5 ,

fzid goa Kiw tUkhW vGjyh.

(i) goa Kiw fz xbthU cW xnubahU Kiw kLnk

(vyh cWfS goalgliy)

(F vw vGJ UKiw goalgLsJ)

(iii) goa Kiw FLnghJ xU fz cWfis vj

nkfl fzf xbthW xnu fzij Fwd.

(v) xU fz cs cWf KG mikig J bfhS

{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}

{1, 8, 27, 64}

tU fzf cWfis goa Kiw vGJf

7- klFfshf cs if KGf fz.

20 I l Fiwthd gfh vf fz.

7- klFfshf cs if KGf fzij goa Kiw

(ii) 20 I l Fiwthf cs gfh vf fzij goa Kiw

A = { x : x xU a v # 8} vw fzij goa Kiw vGJf.

vdnt, goa Kiw fzid tUkhW vGjyh.

tU fzfis fzflik Kiw FLf.

X = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}

X = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}