Practical 2 Aim : To determine the heat of reaction for 1. Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 H1 2.

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 H2 And indirectly, by Hess Law of constant heat summation, the heat of reaction for 3. 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O H3

Introduction : Enthalpies of Formation The total number of known chemical reaction is enormous, and it would be very inconvenient if one had to tabulate enthalpies of reaction for all of them. We can avoid having to do this by tabulating molar enthalpies of formation of chemical compounds, which are enthalpy changes associated with the formation of 1 mol of the substance from the elements in their standard states. From these enthalpies of formation it is possible to calculate enthalpy changes in chemical reactions. The term standard enthalpy of formation refers to the enthalpy change when the compound in its standard state is formed from the elements in their standard states; it must not be used in any other sense. Obviously, the standard enthalpy of formation of any elements in its standard state is zero. Enthalpies of formation of organic compounds are commonly obtained from their enthalpies of combustion, by application of Hesss Law. Hess' Law tells us that enthalpy of formation for a particular chemical compound will always be the same, regardless of the path taken to get from the raw elements to the final compound in question. The standard enthalpy change of formation is measured in units of energy per amount of substance. Most are defined in kilojoules per mole, or kJ mol 1, but can also be measured in calories per mole, joules per mole or kilocalories per gram (any combination of these units conforming to the energy per mass or amount guideline). All elements in their standard states (oxygen gas, solid carbon in the form of graphite, etc.) have a standard enthalpy of formation of zero, as there is no change involved in their formation. Standard enthalpy change of formation is used in thermochemistry to find the standard enthalpy change of reaction. This is done by subtracting the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants from the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products, as shown in the equation below. HreactionO = HfO (Products) - HfO (Reactants)

Materials

: EC1 is 2.0 mol/dm3 of hydrochloric acid EC2 is solid anhydrous sodium carbonate EC3 is solid sodium hydrogen carbonate : 50cm3, burette, retort stand and clamp, plastic cup, thermometer 0C 110C (0.2C), wash bottle filled with distilled water, electric balance (0.01g)

Apparatus

Diagram

Procedure

1. Using a burette, 30.00cm3 of EC1 is run into a plastic cup. The cup is left with its contents to stand for a few minutes, and then the temperature of the solution is recorded in the table below. 2. A test tube containing 2.00 to 2.40g of EC2 is weigh accurately and its weight is recorded. 3. At one go, all the EC2 is transferred into the plastic cup containing EC1. Ensure that all solid from the test tube is entered the plastic cup and no liquid is lost through splashing. 4. The solution is stirred carefully with the thermometer, and the highest temperature attained is recorded. 5. The almost empty test tube is weighing again. 6. The above procedure is repeated using EC3 to replace EC2 by weighing accurately 2.75 to 3.15g of EC3.

Results

: EC2 EC3 19.96 17.15 2.80 27.0 21.0 6.0

Weight of test tube + solids/g Weight of almost empty test tube/g Weight of solid/g Initial temperature of acid/C Final temperature of acid/C Temperature change/C

19.34 17.15 2.20 26.0 24.0 2.0

Discussion For H1, Na2CO3 +

2HCl

2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Q = mc m = 30.0 cm3,

c = 4.18 J/g/C,

= 2.0C

Q = 30.0 x 4.18 x 2.0 = 250.8 J = 0.2508 kJ No of moles of Na2CO3, 2.2 [23(2)+12+16(3)] = 0.02 mole H1 = 0.2508 0.02 = 12.54 kJ/mol

For H2, NaHCO3 + HCl

NaCl + H2O + CO2

Q = mc m = 30.0 cm3,

c = 4.18 J/g/C,

= 6.0C

Q = 30.0 x 4.18 x 6.0 = 752.4 J = 0.7524 kJ No of moles of NaHCO3, 2.80 [23+1+11+(16x3)] = 0.03 mole

H2 = 0.7524 0.03 = 25.08 kJ/mol The H of both reactions is different. The H for the first reaction is lower than the H of the second reaction. This is because, the quantity of mass of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate is small (2.20 g) and the heat produced is low that is 12.54 kJ/mol. Vice versa, the quantity of mass of solid sodium hydrogen carbonate in the second reaction is much (2.80 g) and this give an effects to the heat produced by this reaction, that is 25.08 kJ/mol. Both of these two reactions are endothermic reaction because the heat is absorbed from the surrounding and the temperature is decrease.

For H3, Na2CO3 + 2HCl NaHCO3 + HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 NaCl + H2O + CO2 12.54 kJ/mol 25.08 kJ/mol

2NaHCO3

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

H3

2NaCl + H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCl (NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2) x 2 2NaHCO3 + 2HCl 2NaHCO3 2NaCl + 2H2O + 2CO2

(-12.54 kJ/mol) (50.16 kJ/mol)

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

H = (-12.54 kJ/mol) + 50.16 kJ/mol = 37.62 kJ/mol.

Questions

1. Draw an energy level diagram for the related reactions. Energy 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

H = 12.54 kJ/mol Na2CO3 + 2HCl

Energy NaCl + H2O + CO2

H = 25.08 kJ/mol NaHCO3 + HCl

2. What are the four assumptions that you make in all your calculations? We assume that: i. There are no heat losses during the reaction. ii. There are no liquid is lost through splashing and the hydrochloric acid is fully used in the reaction. iii. The mass of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate and solid sodium hydrogen carbonate is neglected in the calculation of heat of formation. iv. The reaction is takes place in a standard condition.

3. What steps can be taken to improve the accuracy the values of H1, H2 and H3? i. Left the solution for a few moments to ensure that the reaction is completely take place. ii. By adding more of HCl in the reaction.

4. The standard enthalpy changes of combustion of benzene, carbon and hydrogen are -3271, -394, -286 kJ/mol. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of benzene. 6C + 6H C6H6

The standard enthalpy change of formation of benzene is, 6(-394) + 6(-286) + (-3271) = -7351 kJ/mol.

References : Keith J. Laidler, John H. Meiser, Bryan C. Sanctuary (2003). Fourth Edition. Physical Chemistry. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, New York. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation http://www.canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10117/ http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Energy/HeatForm/Energy05.htm http://www.ausetute.com.au/heatform.html http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Standard-Enthalpiesof-Formation-551.html