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Reference (1/2)
[1] Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures Y-Bing Lin and Imrich ChlamtacWiley Computer Publishing [2] The Most Materials of this talk is summarized by the UMTS System Overview course held by the Informa Telecoms Ltd [3] GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems Raymond Steele, Chin-Chun Lee and Peter GoludJohn Wiley & Sons, LTD.
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Reference (2/2)
[4] WCDMA for UMTS, Radio Access For Third Generation Mobile CommunicationsHarri Holma and Antti ToskalaJohn Wiley & Sons, LTD.
Outlines
Introduction System Architecture WCDMA in UMTS UTRA UMTS User Plane vs. Control Plane Mobility Management Summary
Introduction
RACE I RACE II ACTS/FRAMES ATDMA FMA1: WTDMA Basic studies CODIT FMA2:WCDMA
Release-6 Release-5
1988
1992
1995
1997
1998 1999
3GPP Release-99 Release-4
3G : 1988 , RACE I (Research of Advanced Communication Technologies in Europe) program, 3G . 1992-1995 RACE II CDMA-based CODIT (Code Division Tested) TDMA-based ATDMA (Advanced TDMA Mobile Access) air interface proposal . 1995 , ACTS(Advanced Communication Technologies and Services) . ACTS , FRAMES (Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access System) project, RAS (radio access system) proposal. Nokia, Siemens, Ericsson, France Telecom, CSEM/Pro Telecom . , FRAMES proposals: Wideband TDMA (FMA1) Wideband CDMA (FMA2) ETSI, UMTS Air Interface . 1996-1997 , proposals ETSI, UMTS UMTS TURA (Terrestrial Radio Access) candidates. 1997 7 , ETSI proposals : WCDMA, WTDMA, TDMA/CDMA, OFDMA, ODMA. ITU-R IMT 2000 , ETSI proposals , 1998 1, ETSI WCDMA UTRS (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) air interface. licensed paired bands, FDD. spectrum TDD . 1999 , 3GPP , ETSI 3GPP . UMTS specification , 3GPP. ETSI 3GPP, Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 1999 3GPP specification: Release-99. , UTRA. 2000 WCDMA TDD IS-41 , cdma200 GSM core network . Release 4 Circuit Switched domain, Softswitch Signal Media MSC MSC Server SignalMedia Gateway Media Release 5 Packet Switched Domain real-time multi-media GPRS IP Release 6 Wireless LAN GSM.
3GPP
Project Coordination Group (PCG) 4 Technical Specification Groups (TSGs):
Radio Access Network (RAN) TSG Core Network TSG Service and System Aspects TSG Terminals TSG
3GPP ARIB (Japan), CWTS (China), ETSI (Europe), TI (USA), TTA (Korea) and TTC (Japan), GSM Association, UMTS Forum, IPv6 Forum, UWCC. 3GPP project coordination group (PCG) . specification 3GPP 4 TSG : Radio Access Network (RAN) TSG: radio . 1999 Release-99, UTRA air interface specification. 3GPP , Release-99 UMTS spec. Core Network TSG All IP network Service and System Aspects TSG: 3G service. Terminals TSG: . TSG working group, spec.
CS vs. PS Domains
The Core Network (CN)
Circuit-switched (CS) service domain (i.e., PSTN/ISDN) Packet-switched (PS) service domain ( i.e., IP).
In the CS domain, an Mobile Station (MS) is identified by IMSI and TMSI. In the PS domain, an MS is identified by IMSI and P-TMSI.
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Core Network (CN) circuit-switched (CS) service domain (i.e., PSTN/ISDN). packet-switched (PS) service domain (i.e., Internet, IP). CS domain , IMSI TMSI MS. PS domain , IMSI P-TMSI MS.
GSM UMTS . .
System Architecture
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Iu
3G
MSC/VLR D Gs Gr
GMSC
D
HLR
Gc Gi
3G SGSN Gn GGSN
Core Network
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Release 99 UMTS . UMTS , 3 : UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial RAN): radio , WCDMA, FDD/TDD Core network: ( interworking), . User Equipment: air interface user . Release 99 UMTS GPRS Release 99 radio network core network Radio network radio GPRS SGSN radio RNC handoff radio resource management (RMM) RNC , RNC , RNC BSC RNC Iur soft handoff VLR CS domain MSC , PS domain, SGSN .
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User Equipment (UE; MS 3G ), Uu radio interface WCDMA Node B . Mobile Equipment (ME) : Uu . UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM): smart card, , . UMTS UE : PS/CS mode UE: GPRS Class A MS. (MS CS PS connection.) PS mode UE: GPRS Class C MS. ( PS connection) CS mode UE: CS domain. UMTS GPRS Class B MS ( CS PS connection ).
UTRAN
RNS (Radio Network Sub-system)
Consists of one RNC and several Node Bs
Node B
Converts data flow between Iub and Uu interfaces
RNS
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UTRAN RNS (Radio Network Sub-system) . RNS RNC Node B. RNC Node B Iub interface . RNC IuPS interface SGSN , IuCS interface MSC . Node B, Base station, Uu Iub L1 , channel coding interleaving, rate adaptation, spreading . BTS, Node B radio resource management, inner loop power control. RNC Node B , service access point Core Network. RRC (Radio Resource Control) RNC (i.e., ). Note: RRC UE UTRAN message procedure. RRC L1 L2 entities , (MM, CM, SM) , UE mobility (measurement, handover, cell update). RNC RNCs Iur interface . Note: GPRS/GSM BSCs . IuCS, IuPS, Iub, Iur interface ATM .
Characteristics of UTRAN
Support of UTRA and all the related functionality Maximization of the commonalities in the handling of PS and CS data Maximization of the commonalities with GSM Use of the ATM transport as the main transport mechanism in UTRAN
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UTRAN ( UTRAN ): radio interface , soft handover WCDMA Radio Resource Management algorithms. PS CS domains , , air interface protocol stack (Uu) UE, Iu CN. GSM ATM UTRAN bearer.
Iu
(a)
Iu
Iub
(c)
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(b)
Soft handover
RNC , CRNC, SRNC, DRNC. CRNC: RNC Node B , CRNC. cells load and congestion control. UE , admission control code allocation. UE UTRAN , handover, RNC , RNC : SRNC: UE UTRAN , CN , CN RANAP RNC, SRNC. SRNC RRC signaling . SRNC air interface L2 , Radio Access Bearer air interface transport channel , handover decision, outer loop power control. Note: RNC CN RANAP connection. DRCN: UE , UE RNC, SRNC , DRNC. DRNC data routing, macro-diversity combining and splitting. DRNC L2 , UE transport channel , Iub, Iur . UE SRNC, 0 DRNC. inter-RNC soft handover , (a) UE SRNC . (b) UE soft handover RNC , SRNC combine , DRNC. (c) UE , Node B .
Core Network
HLR (Home Location Register) MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center/ Visitor Location Register) GMSC (Gateway MSC) SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
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Core Network , Intelligent network : HLR MSC/VLR circuit-switched (CS) . GMSC UMTS PLMN CS domain . SGSN MSC/VLR, circuit-switched (PS) domain . GGSN GMSC, PS domain . GPRS UMTS, core network SGSN MSC . SGSN MS ( MM PDP Context ). core network HLR ( HLR packet domain subscription date), VLR GGSN ( , PDP contexts) .
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UMTS interface. Cu: USIM ME Uu: UE Node B Iub: Node B RNC Iur: RNC RNC Iu: UTRAN CS
Time
, , GSM IS-95, air interface . , , . , WCDMA . power control softer/soft handover, 2G/3G . WCDMA , frame length, bandwidth, variable bit rate, code power .
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WCDMA : WCDMA wideband Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access. , CDMA spreading code quasi-random bits ( chips, 3.84Mchips per second), 5 MHz . DS-CDMA 1 MHz , IS-95 1.25 MHz, narrowband CDMA . , multipath diversity. carriers interference, 4.4 MHz - 5 MHz . WCDMA Bandwidth on Demand (BoD) . 10 msec frame, , . frame, data rate. throughput, . WCDMA FDD (uplink/downlink 5 MHz) TDD ( IMT2000 ) . WCDMA , IS-95 GPS , . . WCDMA pilot symbol common pilot, (coherent detection) uplink downlink . IS-95 downlink, WCDMA uplink capacity coverage. , CDMA , smart antenna, multiuser detection, capacity coverage.
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BPSK, bit sequence rate R. spreading , bit spreading code (i.e., sequence of 8 bits, ( chips)). chip rate =8R. spreading factor = 8. receiver , , despreading, spreading code equivalence, data. BS , user summation, .
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MS , , code despreading, power. BS signal, depreading 1 or 1. code despreading, data bit , 8 1, 1 , 0 8, 1/8, 1. MS code despreading, data bit , 1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1, , 0 , 0, 1/8, 0, BS , .
Multipath Propagation
1. , , time delay , . WCDMA chip 0.26 s (for 3.84Mcps), path 78m , delay 0.26us, IS-95 300m . , , , slow fading. 2. Fast fading, signal cancellation. path , , . , (ex: GSM 900 MHz, 0.33m) , , fast fading. WCDMA : 1. delay position, Rake fingers (correlation receivers) . 2. Rake receiver fast power control 3. strong coding and interleaving and retransmission protocol, redundancy time diversity.
Combined symbol
Modified with the channel estimate
Rake receiver 3 Rake finger ( phase amplitude). WCDMA pilot symbols , , phase rotator. , . maximal ratio combining (MRC).
I Q
Combiner
Matched filter
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CDMA Rake receiver block diagram. Code generator Correlator despreading and integration . phase rotator delay . Combiner finger . Matched filter channel multipath delay profile.
P1
P2 BS UE2
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UE1
WCDMA power control . uplink power control, uplink power control, , cell (block). UE1 UE2 , spreading code . UE1 cell path loss , UE2 BS. UE1 UE2 power control, power , UE1 UE2 . near-far problem of CDMA. BS . Open-loop power control (), downlink beacon signal , path loss, . WCDMA uplink downlink , uplink/downlink fast fading . open-loop power control UE power setting. Fast closed-loop power control . uplink, BS (1.5kHz) Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR), target SIR . measured SIR > target SIR, BS UE power; measured SIR < target SIR, BS UE power. path loss fast Reyleigh fading , . Note: power cell. closed-loop power control downlink. downlink, cell UE BS , Rayleigh fading BS .
RNC
Node B
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target SIR setpoint. radio link connection, uplink frame error rate (FER), bit error rate (BER) , BS target SIR setpoint , power. target SIR , , multipath profile , . target SIR setpoint (power), , (FER) . , , target SIR , FER (ex: <1%). Outer loop power control RNC . BS frame CRC check frame reliability indicator, RNC . , RNC BS target SIR setpoint. RNC , handoff, CRC check, soft handover combining .
Softer Handovers
The same signal is sent from both sectors to UE1. Sector 1
BS sectors ( frequency), softer handover. air interface , , spreading code, (maximal ratio combining) Rake processing . Uplink air path, BS baseband Rake receiver (maximal ratio combining) . softer handover , path power control. 5-15% softer handover. soft/softer handover closed-loop power control , soft/softer handover, near-far scenarios, power ( BS power control), cells ( power control). soft/softer handover WCDMA .
Soft Handovers
The same signal is sent from both BSs to UE1 except for the power control commands.
1st Node B
UE1
RNC
2nd Node B
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BS ( frequency), soft handover. air interface , , spreading code, (maximal ratio combining) Rake processing . softer handover . Uplink , soft softer handover . uplink signal RNC . RNC frame reliability indicator ( outer power control) frame. 10-80ms ( interleaving). path power control. 20-40% softer handover. soft handover, , : Node B Rake receiver channels. RNC Node B transmission links UE Rake finger. UTRA FDD CPICH (common pilot channel) Received Signal Code Power (RSCP): despreading, CPICH signal code Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI): UTRS FDD Ec/No: RSCP/RSSI handover . spec operator power control SIR handover
Handovers in WCDMA
Softer handover Soft handover Inter-frequency hard handover Inter-system hard handover
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soft/softer handover closed-loop power control , soft/softer handover, near-far scenarios, power ( BS power control), cells ( power control). soft/softer handover WCDMA . soft/softer handover , WCDMA handovers: Inter-frequency hard handover BS . capacity, frequency BSs. Hard handoff soft handoff timing measurement. Inter-system hard handover WCDMA FDD WCDMA TDD, GSM, Multi-carrier CDMA .
GSM
200 kHz 1-18 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning) Frequency hopping
IS-95
1.25 MHz 1.2288 Mcps Uplink: 800 Hz, downlink: slow power control Yes, typically obtained via GPS Possible, but measurement method not specified Not needed for speech only network Packet data transmitted as short circuit switched calls No supported by standard 33
5 MHz 3.84 Mcps 1500 Hz, both uplink and downlink Not needed Yes, measurements with slotted mode Yes, provides required quality of service Load-based packet scheduling Supported for improving downlink capacity
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Duplex Modes
UTRA FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) Mode
Paired separate frequency bands Duplex separation is 190 MHz For low data rate, wide cell area
WCDMA FDD (uplink/downlink 5 MHz) TDD ( IMT2000 ) . FDD . FDD (Frequency Division Duplex): A DUPLEX SEPERATION of 190 MHz is used to avoid interference between the two signals. FDD is better suited to covering wide areas with lower transmission rate. TDD (Time Division Duplex): To avoid overlap between uplink and downlink from propagation delays, a GUARD PERIOD is allocated. TDD is suitable for small cell areas where higher data rates can be provided.
Data
ALCAP(s) Signaling Bearer (s) Signaling Bearer (s) Physical Layer Data Bearer (s) Transpor channel Physical channel 36
UTRAN terrestrial interfaces , . model plane, layer independent. layers: Radio Network Layer Transport Network Layer. Radio Network Layer UTRAN , Transport Network Layer , UTRAN . , Control plane, User Plane, Transport Network Control Plane, Transport Network User Plane. Control Plane UMTS , Iu RANAP, Iur RASAP, Iub NBAP. Signaling bearer AP .
Physical Layer
To support variable bit rate transport channels to offer bandwidth-on-demand service To multiplex several service to one connection
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UTRA , transport channel . Transport channel Physical layer, physical channel . Physical layer bit rate transport channel, bandwidth-on-demand . (connection) .
Transmitter
Transport Ch. 1
Transport Format Indicator
TFI
TFCI
Transport channel TFI (Transport Format Indicator) . TFI physical layer TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator), physical control channel . Transport channel , coding multiplexing, physical data channel . Receiver , Decoding demultiplexing, transport channel.
Transport Channel
Dedicated transport channel
Dedicated channel (DCH)
9 Service data (e.g., speech frame) and higher layer control frame (e.g., handover commands and measurement reports)
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Transport channel : Dedicated transport channels common transport channels. Dedicated transport channels user , code. dedicate channel (DCH), data speech frame, higher layer control information handover commands, measurement report. WCDMA , frame data rate, GSM traffic channel (TCH), Associated control channel (ACCH). Common transport channels users , type. GSM , common channel packet data, downlink shared channel packet data. Common channel handover, fast power control.
Broadcast Channel (BCH): cell UTRAN , cell random access codes, access slots, transmit diversity method . , low-end BCH, BCH low and fixed data rate, high power. Paging Channel (PCH): paging procedure , speech call, location area cells page . PCH , standby , paging receiver . paging . Random Access Channel (RACH): page, connection, initial system access, , . RACH low data rate, Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH): RACH , packet-based user data ( packetbased user data FACH ). CPCH RACH UPCH fast power control, physical layer collision detection , CPCH status monitoring procedure. RACH 1-2 frames, UPCH frames. Forward Access Channel (FACH): RACH , FACH inband identification information . FACH low bit rate, power control, . , high bit rate FACH . Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH): user data control information. DSCH FACH DSCH fast power control, variable bit rate. DSCH , , Common transport channels RACH, FACH PCH , DSCH CPCH option.
Physical Channels
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) Paging Indication Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indication Channel (CSICH) Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH)
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transport channel physical layer physical channels . transport channel physical channel . SCH, CPICH, AICH CSICH, CD/CA-ICH CPCH , . DCH physical channels, physical layer control information data. DPCCH fixed rate, DPDCH variable rate. physical layer, radio frame 10 msec. paging procedure random access procedure, , 10 msec system frame.
Scrambling
Uplink: Separation of terminal Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
scrambling code
Data
Bit rate Chip rate
To transmit
Chip rate
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spreading, scrambling. spreading ( channelization code) , scrambling ( scrambling code) . Scrambling code uplink downlink Spreading/Channelization code Downlink: cells users . Uplink: DPDCH DPCCH.
Scrambling Codes
The scrambling codes differentiate signals from different sources. Generated by using Pseudo-Random number sequences known as a PN sequence. A sequence of binary numbers which appears to be random. Since UTRA uses different scrambling codes to separate users from cells, it is not necessary to be synchronous between BSs.
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Scrambling code uplink downlink . spreading code, scrambling . Scrambling code Pseudo-Random sequence,
Channelization Codes
Transmissions from a single source are separated by chanelization codes. The Spreading Factor (SF) can be changed (e.g., for variable bit-rate services) The generations of channelisation codes are based on the OVSF codes.
OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
Spreading factor defines the number of channelization codes per scrambling code
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Channelization code ( BS users, ) . Downlink: cells users . Uplink: DPDCH DPCCH. Spreading code Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Spreading factor , i.e., user spreading code. spreading factor, . OVSF codes spreading code orthogonal. chip rate 3.84 Mcps. Node B Downlink orthogonal codes RNC . Channelization code : Length: uplink 4-256 chips, downlink 4-512 chips ( 10 ms frame) Number of code under one scrambiling code = spreading factor Code family: channelization codes Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) . Channelization code spreading , transmission bandwidth.
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OVSF code tree, . , parent code c, SF, children (c,c) (c,-c), 2SF. c complement. , c=0110, -c=1010, c children (c,c) =01100110, (c,-c)= 01101010. channelization code : code (ex: 0110) , code root codes (ex: 0, 01) . branch code (ex: 01101001). Example: , DPCCH ( SF=256 OVSF code) ( TFCI DPDCH rate) bit rate DPDCH (SF 4 256) . chip rate=3.84Mbps, period , spreading code , . 8 chips , SF=4, 2 bits, SF=8, bit. SF=4, total bit rate 3.84Mbps/4 = 960 kpbs SF=256, total bit rate 3.84Mbps/256 = 15 kpbs
DPDCH
Data TPC 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
10msec
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Uplink DPCCH, DPDCH , . channel , [3]. frame 15 slots. slot 666 us, GSM 577 us . DPCCH slot , pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC. pilot channel estimation. TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator) , FBI (Feedback Information) BS closed loop transmission diversity . TPC (Transmission Power Control) BS power control commands. DPCCH slot , pilot TPC , . DPDCH . , SF=4 spreading code, slot 640 bits, total bit rate 960 kpbs. coding, 480 kbps data rate.
Mobility Management
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GMM
RANAP RANAP SCCP Lower layer protocols RNS LuPS SCCP Lower layer protocols SGSN
GMM LLC
UMTS GPRS Control Planes . GPRS , MS SGSN LLC . UMTS LLC layer, SGSN radio . UMTS : Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol MS UTRAN ( radio resource ), Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) UTRAN SGSN . SCCP Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) protocol, MS CN , UTRAN . RANAP serving RNC relocation, radio access bearer (RAB) management . GPRS UMTS , GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) protocol . UMTS GMM UMTS MM (UMM).
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
Gn
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
Gi
MS
Application IP
UTRAN
3G-SGSN
3G-GGSN
IP
Relay
SNDCP LLC
Relay
SNDCP LLC
GTP-U
GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1 Gn
49
Gi
MS
BSS
SGSN
GGSN
user plane. UMTS GPRS User Planes. GPRS, SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) MS SGSN LLC , NPDUs (Network Packet Data Units). UMTS , MS UTRAN RLC Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), MS UTRAN packet. UTRAN CN GTP-U (GTP for the user plane protocol) UDP/IP link (Iu link). MM signaling procedures , lost User data .
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Mobility Management (MM) Messaging GPRS UMTS MS SGSN . SGSN Core Networks Nodes (HLR, VLR, GGSN) .
GPRS , MM messages Gb Um interface . , LLC link MS SGSN MS signaling connection. UMTS , MM message Iu Uu interface . UMTS signaling connection MS UTRAN RRC connection UTRAN SGSN Iu connection ( RANAP instance).
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GPRS UMTS , GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) SGSN GSM . UMTS . , HLR Gr MSC/VLR Gs (BSSAP+ protocol BSS Application Protocol +). SGSNs GGSN GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) Gn interface . , GPRS GTP tunnel . tunnel tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) , IP address UDP port number .
Location Tracking
In UMTS, the cells in an RA are further partitioned into UTRAN RAs (URAs). The URA and the cell of an MS are tracked by the UTRAN. URA cell cell cell cell LA URA RA URA
small cell URA: UTRAN RA RA: register area LA: location area big
MS, GPRS/UMTS cells (BTSs/Node Bs) groups. MS, MS cells MS radio link. CS domain , cells location areas (LAs). VLR MS LA. PS domain , cells routing areas (RA). RA LA . SGSN MS RA. UMTS , RA cells UTRAN RAs (URAs). UTRAN URA MS cell.
MSC/VLR, SGSN UTRAN GSM, GPRS, UMTS , (i.e., cell, URA, RA, TA ).
GPRS UMTS IMSI user Identity, GSM MAP signaling. GPRS, UMTS Radio network parameters radio resources UTRAN . GPRS BSS, UTRAN MS CN MM procedures .
Summary
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Summary
UMTS Architecture Wireless CDMA in UMTS User Plane Control Plane Mobility Management
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