Ber - RGK 89 Gronenborn

1
Rmisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts
Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission Band 89 2008
Schriftleitung Frankfurt a. M. PalmengartenstraSSe 1012
Philipp von Zabern 2011
2 Mit 242 Textabbildungen, 19 Tabellen und 4 Tafeln
Die wissenschaftlichen Beitrge im Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission unterliegen dem peer-review-Verfahren durch auswrtige Gutachter.
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ISBN 978-3-8053-4357-2 ISSN 0341-9312 2011 Rmisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts Frankfurt a. M. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt/Mainz Redaktion: Knut Rassmann (verantwortlich), Manuela Gallenmller, Rmisch-Germanische Kommission Grafische Betreuung: Kirstine Ruppel, Rmisch-Germanische Kommission Satz: www.wisa-print.de Die Schlagworte werden nach der Dyabola-Systematik vergeben Druck: druckhaus kthen GmbH, D 06366 Kthen Printed in Germany
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Frhe Keramik im Ostseeraum Datierung und Sozialer Kontext. Internationaler Workshop in Schleswig vom 20. bis 21. Oktober 2006 Herausgegeben von Snke Hartz, Friedrich Lth and Thomas Terberger . . . . . Bericht ber die Ttigkeit der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission in der Zeit vom 1. Januar bis 31. Dezember 2008 Von Friedrich Lth und Susanne Sievers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 7
Hinweise fr Publikationen der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission . . . . . . . 569
Table of Contents
Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context. International Workshop at Schleswig from 20th to 21st October 2006 Edited by Snke Hartz, Friedrich Lth and Thomas Terberger . . . . . . . . . . 7 Report of the activities of the Rmisch-Germanische Kommission in the period from 1st January to 31st December 2008 By Friedrich Lth and Susanne Sievers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Guidelines for Publications of the Rmisch-Germanische Kommission . . . . . . 569
Table des matires
Cramique prcoce en rgion baltique Datation et contexte social. Atelier international de Schleswig du 20 au 21 octobre 2006 Sous la direction de Snke Hartz, Friedrich Lth et Thomas Terberger . . . . . . . 7 Rapport sur les activits de la Rmisch-Germanische Kommission du 1er janvier au 31 dcembre 2008 Par Friedrich Lth et Susanne Sievers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Recommandations aux auteurs publiant la Rmisch-Germanische Kommission . . 569
Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

International Workshop at Schleswig from 20th to 21st October 2006
Frhe Keramik im Ostseeraum Datierung und Sozialer Kontext. Internationaler Workshop in Schleswig vom 20. bis 21. Oktober 2006 Cramique prcoce en rgion baltique - Datation et contexte social. Atelier international de Schleswig du 20 au 21 octobre 2006 Edited by Snke Hartz, Friedrich Lth and Thomas Terberger
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Pottery use among late foragers and early farmers in the Baltic: New molecular and isotopic investigations Keramikgebrauch zwischen Wildbeutern und frhen Bauern im Ostseeraum. Neue Molekular- und Isotopenforschungen Lutilisation de la cramique par les chasseurs-cueilleurs et les premiers paysans en rgion balte. Nouvelles recherches molculaires et isotopiques By Carl Heron and Oliver E. Craig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Zur pollenanalytischen Datierung archologischer Funde in ufernahen Sedimenten zwei Beispiele zur Keramik der frhen Trichterbecher-Kultur aus Ostholstein On the pollen-based dating of archaeological finds in sediments near shores two examples on the pottery of the early Funnel Beaker culture in East Holstein Concernant la datation palynologique dobjets archologiques issus de sdiments proches du rivage deux exemples pour la cramique du dbut de la culture des Gobelets en entonnoir dans lOstholstein Von Jutta Meurers-Balke und Arie J. Kalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 NoNeK ein Aufnahmesystem fr steinzeitliche Keramik Nordmitteleuropas NoNeK A system for recording Stone Age pottery in northern central Europe NoNeK Un systme denregistrement pour la cramique nolithique du nord de lEurope centrale Von Doris Mischka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8 Early pottery in Afroeurasia Origins and possible routes of dispersal Frhe Keramik in Afroeurasien Ursprung und mgliche Verbreitungswege Cramique prcoce en Afro-Eurasie Origine et voies de diffusion possibles By Detlef Gronenborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Erteblle pottery in southern Sweden a question of handicraft, networks, and creolisation in a period of neolithisation Erteblle-Keramik im sdlichen Schweden Eine Frage von Handwerk, Netzwerken und der creolisation im Neolithikum La cramique de lErteblle en Sude mridionale une question dartisanat, de rseaux et de mtissage dans la phase de nolithisation By Kristina Jennbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 The early Trichterbecher of Mlardalen, eastern Central Sweden Die frhen Trichterbecher aus Mlardalen im stlichen Zentralschweden Les Trichterbecher prcoces du Mlardalen, dans lest de la Sude centrale By Fredrik Hallgren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 The Early Neolithic Volling site of Kildevang its chronology and intra-spatial organisation Der frhneolithische Volling-Fundplatz von Kildevang seine Chronologie und innere rumliche Gliederung Le site Volling du Nolithique prcoce Kildevang sa chronologie et son organisation spatiale By Mads Ravn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Early pottery in northern Fennoscandia Frhe Keramik im nrdlichen Fennoskandinavien Cramique prcoce en Fennoscandie septentrionale By Marianne Skandfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 The Adoption of pottery in Mesolithic Finland Sources of impulses, when and why? Die bernahme der Keramik im Mesolithikum Finnlands Ursprungsgebiet, Zeitpunkt und Ursachen Ladoption de la poterie dans le Msolithique finlandais origines des influences, quand et pourquoi? By Heikki Matiskainen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Kitchen middens and the early pottery of Denmark Kkkenmddinger und die frhe Keramik in Dnemark Les dchets de cuisine et la cramique prcoce du Danemark By Sren H. Andersen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Hundred and fifty years of Erteblle ceramics in the western Baltic Einhundertfnfzig Jahre Forschungen zur Erteblle-Keramik im westlichen Ostseeraum Cent cinquante ans de recherches sur la cramique Erteblle dans la rgion baltique occidentale By Erik Brinch Petersen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
9 From pointed bottom to round and flat bottom tracking early pottery from SchleswigHolstein Vom Spitzboden zum Rund- und Flachboden auf den Spuren frher Keramik aus Schleswig-Holstein Du fond pointu au fond bomb et plat Examen de la cramique prcoce du SchleswigHolstein By Snke Hartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Neustadt LA 156: a submarine site from the Late Mesolithic-Erteblle and earliest Neolithic-Funnel Beaker in northern Germany first results of the typological and technological analysis of the ceramics Neustadt LA 156: Ein submariner Fundplatz der sptmesolithischen Erteblle- und der frhesten Trichterbecher-Kultur im nrdlichen Deutschland Erste Ergebnisse der typologischen und technologischen Keramikanalyse Neustadt LA 156: Un site sous-marin de lErteblle msolithique tardif et du dbut de la culture des Gobelets en entonnoir en Allemagne du Nord Premiers rsultats de lanalyse typologique et technologique de la cramique By Aikaterini Glykou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Early pottery in the North a southern perspective Die frheste Keramik im Norden eine sdliche Perspektive La plus ancienne cramique dans le Nord une perspective mridionale By Johannes Mller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 The earliest pottery east of the Baltic Sea Die frheste Keramik im stlichen Ostseeraum La plus ancienne cramique dans la rgion balte orientale By Henny Piezonka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Linear Pottery farmers and the introduction of pottery in the southern Baltic Linienbandkeramische Bauern und die Einfhrung der Keramik im sdlichen Ost see raum Les paysans rubans et lintroduction de la cramique dans la rgion balte mridionale By Lech Czerniak and Joanna Pyzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Pots and pikes at Dbki 9, Koszalin district (Poland) the early pottery on the Pomeranian coast Tpfe und Hechte in Dbki 9, Woj. Koszalin (Polen) Die frhe Keramik an der Pommerschen Kste Pots et brochet Dbki 9, Woj. Koszalin (Pologne) La cramique prcoce de la cte pomranienne By Jacek Kabaciski and Thomas Terberger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Early pottery from the coastal site Rzucewo, Gulf of Gdask (Poland) Die Frhe Keramik des Kstenfundplatzes von Rzucewo, Danziger Bucht (Polen) La cramique prcoce du site ctier de Rzucewo, baie de Gdask (Pologne) By Jacek Kabaciski, Danuta Krl and Thomas Terberger . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
10 A dialogue across the Baltic on Narva and Erteblle pottery Ein Dialog ber die Ostsee zur Narva- und Erteblle-Keramik Dialogue travers la Baltique sur la cramique de Narva et dErteblle By Baiba Dumpe, Valdis Brzi and Ole Stilborg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
409
The earliest pottery in the western part of the North German Plain and its inspirations Die frheste Keramik im westlichen Teil des norddeutschen Flachlandes und ihre Vorbilder La plus ancienne cramique et ses modles dans les basses plaines occidentales de lAllemagne du Nord By Leendert P. Louwe Kooijmans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Swifterbant pottery in the Scheldt Basin and the emergence of the earliest indigenous pottery in the sandy lowlands of Belgium Swifterbant-Keramik in der Schelde-Niederung und die Entstehung der frhesten indigenen Keramik im Flachland Belgiens La cramique Swifterbant du bassin de lEscaut et la naissance de la premire cramique indigne en basse Belgique By Philippe Cromb, Mathieu Boudin and Mark Van Strydonck . . . . . . . . . 465 Early Swifterbant pottery (5000 4600calBC): Research history, age, characteristics and the introduction of pottery Frhe Swifterbant-Keramik (5000 4600 v. Chr.): Forschungsgeschichte, Alter, Charakteristik und die Einfhrung der Keramik La cramique Swifterbant prcoce (50004600 av. J.-C.): histoire de la recherche, ge, caractristiques et introduction de la cramique By Daan C.M. Raemaekers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia
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Early pottery in Afroeurasia Origins and possible routes of dispersal

By Detlef Gronenborn
Dedicated to the memory of Vladimir Ivanovich Timofeev
Schlagwrter: Afrika Europa Asien Mesolithikum Neolithikum Keramikgefe Kulturentwicklung Linearbandkeramik Keywords: Africa Europe Asia Mesolithic Neolithic ceramic vessels development of culture Linear Pottery culture Mots-cls: Afrique Europe Asie Msolithique Nolithique vases en cramique dveloppement de culture cramique linaire du Ruban
Introduction
Methodologically and theoretically the approach presented in the following is influenced by work on the spread of Iron technology and farming into South Africa: After AD1 South Africa witnesses a technological and sociocultural shift from hunter-gatherers to a combination of hunters, pastoralists, and farmers (agro-pastoralists) who all co-existed until the advent of Europeans at the end of the 15th centuryAD. This very circumstance brought one advantage for those working in South Africa: the complex interaction between these different economies is documented historically by written1 and graphical sources2. While southern Africa is currently also under discussion as a possible centre of pottery invention3 it is furthermore of particular interest for the research historian as some aspects of archaeological theorising have persisted continuously, aspects which had disappeared in Europe, namely the concept of migrations connected to grand scale historical trajectories: human groups moved with their technology over long periods and long distances4. These trajectories were baptised streams5 in southern African archaeology: Figure1 shows the Bantu expansion streams and the migrations of pastoralists (historically appearing as the Khoekhoe6). Following the southern African methodology it seemed appealing to classify the current pottery spectrum in western Eurasia equally into three streams which are understood to have
1
2 3
Hall 1990; Barnard 1992; Fauvelle-Aymar 2002; Mitchell 2002. E.g. Daniell 1820. Sadr/Sampson 2006.
4 5 6
Richards et al. 2004; Gronenborn 2004. Huffmann 1989. Fauvelle-Aymar 2002.
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Fig.1. Bantu and Khoekhoe expansion in southern Africa (after Huffman 1989).
served as cultural veins for technological innovation: farming, pastoralism and pottery, all of which compose what we call the process of neolithisation (Fig.2). The application of possible analogies from southern Africa is not new in northern European archaeology, as G. Clark referring to Erteblle pottery stated in his 1936 classic it is hard to think that pottery was invented separately and independently by the strand-loopers of the Litorina coast7. This term is clearly borrowed from Afrikaans where it refers to a particular group of Cape Town Bay groups8 which, at the arrival of the Dutch settlers, had carved out a living through harvesting shells and hunting small game. Possibly, this group had lost its herds and had reverted back to a simple opportunistic forager strategy. Within the socioeconomic ranking of indigenous South African ethnic groups they scored lowest and soon disappeared as slaves and bondsmen in the European-African community of early Cape Town. But in the literature, they survived as the most impoverished group of the region. As methodologi 7
Clark 1977, 156.
Barnard 1992, 157; Mountain 2003, 50.
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cally and theoretically problematic as Clarks equation may be from a modern perspective, his conclusion about the technological incentive of the inhabitants of the Litorina coast might still be very valid. Hence, it may indeed be rewarding to test the validity of the concept of a distant origin of the various pottery horizons in Early Neolithic Europe on a hemispherical scale. It appears to have been G. Childe who had firstly discussed possible origins of southern Scandinavian early pottery in Spain and the Crimea9. He was followed by Gnter Smolla who had suggested finds from the Russian pottery tradition10 of Zedmar as the closest resemblances11. Behind the Iron curtain long-distance connections of pottery traditions had been proposed by scholars such as V. Danilenko who saw resemblances between Ukrainian and Baltic wares12. V. Timofeev returned to these ideas and developed them further: pottery spread from Ukraine and southeastern Russia to the Baltic coast13. But Timofeev/Zaitseva also suggested an independent emergence of pottery in the southeastern Russian steppe zones because the Elshan tradition in the Samara Valley appeared to be earlier than surrounding traditions in western Central Asia14. In the West another non-traditionally Neolithic, i.e. non-Danubian, tradition has emerged in the 1980s: La Hoguette15. In this case it has been argued convincingly that the origins lie in southern France and the western Mediterranean Early Neolithic16. This western stream is furthermore composed of other pottery traditions which had been distinguished from the Linear Pottery culture (Germ. Linienbandkeramik LBK), namely Limburg ware17 and the so-called Accompanying Ceramics (Germ. Begleitkeramik)18. Hence, Central Europe becomes the focal point of three different cultural streams which together form what we coarsely term neolithisation (Fig.2). Later van Berg broadened the perspective and contrasted the pottery traditions of Euroasian hunter-gatherers, horticulturalists and pastoralists with those of the Neolithic farmers19. He used the term subnolithique and set them apart from the Neolithique cralier, the Danubian traditions of southern Central Europe.
Regions of origin
While currently we begin to have a relatively robust model for the interactions between the three different streams within temperate Europe, the question remains: is there something beyond these suggested regions of origin? For the Danubian the picture appears to be relatively clear and will not be discussed here. Its source region is the Near Eastern Neolithic and the reader is referred to the newer literature20. Equally left out are Upper Palaeolithic non-container (animal and human figurines) forms of pottery, Rices software horizon. Of interest for the question dealt with in this volume, are the possible origins of the sub-Neolithic wares of western Europe, the northern Lowlands and the Baltic21.
9 10
11 12
Childe 1927; Id. 1950. The concept of pottery traditions evolved in North American theoretical archaeology during the midtwentieth century and has been defined by Willey (1945, 53): A pottery tradition comprises a line, or a number of lines, of pottery development through time within the confines of a certain technique or decorative constant. In successive time periods through which the history of ceramic development can be traced, certain styles arose within the tradition. Smolla 1960, 30. Danilenko 1969.
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20
21
Timofeev 1998. Timofeev/Zaitseva 1999. Jeunesse 1987; Id. 1998; Lning et al. 1989. Jeunesse 2000. Modderman 1974. Jeunesse 1994, 15 f.; Brounen 1999; Amkreutz in press. van Berg 1997. Garfinkel 1999; Aurenche/Kozlowski 1999, 97 f.; Perls 2001; Lichter 2005. Rice 1999, 37 ff.
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Rice discusses a variety of hypotheses on the origins of pottery and concludes that on a world-wide basis no association exists between pottery manufacture and the emergence of farming22. Early pottery containers exist most commonly in rich, diverse, tropical/subtropical, and riverine/coastal locations among complex (or transegalitarian, storing, accumulating) hunter-gatherers. Indeed, the current picture of container pottery origins seems to support this hypothesis largely for Africa and also the Americas23 but not for Eurasia (Fig.2) where pottery had evolved in Late Pleistocene environments before the abrupt warming and cooling events of the Late Glacial24. Also Rices postulate that container pottery technology would preferably emerge among semi-sedentary foragers and collectors moving between riparian and interior environments needs to be modified25, as many of the early pottery-using societies in Afroeurasia appear to have been sedentary and lived far inland, for instance in the central Sahara. Referring to the theoretical apparatus of Hayden, Rice sees the socio-political role of early container pottery as a prestige technology where the display effect in serving would have been more important than any cooking and storage function26. Less political arguments have been formulated by Haaland who draws a connection between sedentism, aquatic adaptations, pottery for cooking, and population growth through shorter birth spacing27. According to her study pottery serves as an amplifier of already existing socio-economic trajectories. Similarly Pearson sees no evidence of prestige-related functions of early pottery in South China28. Also, Keally et al. mention simple functions such as cooking and storing for early eastern Asian wares29; moreover the earliest vessels from this region are minimally decorated if at all. Only with later phases do artful ornaments appear. The origins of pottery thus seem to have been attached to more earthly functions such as improvements in food preparation or technically more effective alternatives to already existing technologies, the classic so-called culinary hypothesis30. With time and technological as well as artistic sophistication, however, pottery will certainly have adopted more complex functions within human social and political interaction. It is by now also quite evident, that there is no immediate correlation between domestication and container pottery. The Near East serves as the best example: while cereals had been domesticated and used on a broader basis as from 8500calBC onwards31, ceramic containers, which would have been useful for food preparation, appear only several centuries later32. Contrary to the Near East, pottery in various regions of Africa appeared centuries, if not millennia, before local domestication33 and the same holds true for Asia and eastern Europe. Nevertheless, container pottery is still closely connected to the preparation and consumption of food and Haaland has shown how different culinary traditions may have influenced the speed of adoption of pottery34. However, despite her broad comparative approach Haaland was unable to formulate a robust and explanatory sound theoretical framework which would explain the invention and early use of container pottery and how it became embedded in subsistence technologies and socio-political behaviour35. It seems indeed, that up to today neither theoretical perspective whether functional or culture materialist in the wider sense may provide any conclusive solution to the questions around this marked technological breakthrough. Despite these theoretical uncertainties our rate of information about the Afroeurasian regions of origins for this technology has increased considerably.
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ibid, 44ff. Sassaman 1993. Keally et al. 2003. Rice 1999, 21. Hayden 1998; Rice 1999. Haaland 1992, 47 ff.; Id. 2007, 172. Pearson 2005.
29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Keally et al. 2003. Pearson 2005, 820. Willcox 2005. Aurenche/Kozlowski 1999, 97 f. Garcea 2004; Id. 2006. Haaland 2007. Ibid.
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Fig.2. Streams of neolithisation in western Eurasia (modified after Bramanti et al. 2009; Gronenborn 2009).
Africa
For Africa, Rice, following Close and others, concluded that pottery would have been invented along the southern edge of the Sahara and / or the Middle Nile valley36. This concept is supported by the most recent data on early pottery in Africa (Fig.3) 37. The presently earliest dates were recently produced from the site of Ounjougou in Mali: Huysecom et al. were able to establish a geoarchaeological sequence based on erosion channel deposits. The early Holocene formation (HA 1) is composed of coarse gravel and sand which indicate massive and intensive floods. The archaeological assemblage consists of bifacially worked arrowheads and three ceramic sherds of which one shows a decoration by unidentifiable impressions. Following the sequence of 14C-dates for the formations above (HA 2 4) HA 1 would date before 9400calBC38. Considering the date and the sediments Huysecom et al. argue that pottery was in use at Ounjougou during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition when the West African monsoon front moved northwards and drastically changed the rainfall patterns in the hitherto desiccated environment. With these changes panicoid grasses became widely available to the inhabitants of the region. Ceramic containers were then used to boil these edible grasses. It is, however, uncertain whether the pottery had been invented in the region or whether it had moved with the environmental changes from the south 39. The earliest certain dates in the Sahara, albeit with high standard deviations, stem from the open-air and rockshelter site of Tagalagal in the Ar in Niger, from Adrar Bous 10 equally
36 37
Rice 1999, 17; Close 1995. Jesse 2003; Mohammed-Ali/Khabir 2003; Huyse com et al. 2009.
38 39
Huysecom et al. 2004; Huysecom et al. 2009, 910 f. Haaland 2007; Huysecom et al. 2009, 911 ff.
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in Niger and Sorouab 2 in the Nile Valley40. Of these sites Tagalagal has produced the earliest measurement. Calibrated dates fall to the second half of the ninth millennium. Tagalagal is an open air site with parts protected by a rockshelter where the charcoal samples were collected41. The pottery is quite diverse with dotted wavy-line decoration and impressions. Forms can be classified as closed bowls with round bottom and small rims (Plate1). Wavy Line pottery continues to be manufactured in the Sahara and West Africa for several millennia until the 4th millennium when Wavy Line pottery shifts towards the West. The latest appearance of Wavy Line pottery is attested for Senegal for the 1st millennium calBC42. Wavy Line pottery manufacturers were hunter-gatherers adapted to a lacustrine environment of the early and Middle Holocene Sahara. Continuous research in the eastern Sahara has shown that humid conditions appeared rapidly around 8500 cal BC with a shift in monsoonal patterns43. The hyperarid environment of the Pleistocene changed to an open savannah with lakes and temporary water-courses. Equally the Central and western Sahara shows an abrupt increase in humid conditions between 12000 and 8000calBC, the transitional period being limited to only a few centuries44. Once Early Holocene humid conditions were established humans moved into the previously hostile environment and formed what has been termed the African aquatic civilization45 with its peculiar adaptation to lacustrine environments with their high biomass and high-protein food supplies. These conditions favoured sedentism and more complex sociopolitical structures46. Microlithic industries, grinding implements and bone harpoons show that people practised a hunting-gathering-fishing economy. Under such conditions pottery offers a clear advantage as it permits more effective food preparation as far as digestibility and storing is concerned. Moreover, food which because of toxins cannot be eaten raw may be added to the spectrum. The fact that within the Sahara the earliest manifestations of the new way of life are limited to the Ar and Ahaggar might indicate that these regions had become inhabitable first, as they had attracted more rainfall than the surrounding regions47; the Nile valley had already served as a refuge area during the hyper-arid periods48. Just like for the Far Eastern early pottery, notably in the Russian research tradition, the term Neolithic has been suggested for these manifestations. However, in recent articles Garcea has underlined the difficulties in applying Near Eastern conceptions of historical trajectories to North Africa where the Neolithic package has never been bundled but rather sedentism is associated with foraging-fishing economies and an increase in social (and perhaps political) complexity49. Only much later do we see the emergence of a producing subsistence strategy not farming but pastoralism50. These problems with the western European interpretation of the term Neolithic have led to a re-acceptance of Hays term Khartoum Horizon Style51 or Keramikum with Early Khartoum as the designation for the earliest ware52. While container pottery apparently emerged at a relatively early stage in West Africa, the Sahara and the Nile Valley, the new technology appears comparatively late along the Mediterranean coastline. Currently it seems that this technology is not of Saharan origin, rather pottery had spread via the Mediterranean. This becomes particularly clear from the stratigraphy from the
40 41 42 43 44
45 46
Ibid. Tab. 61; 226 f. Roset 1987. Jesse 2003. Kuper/Krpelin 2006. Cremaschi/Di Lernia 1999; Gasse 2000; deMenocal et al. 2000. Sutton 1974. Garcea 2006.
47 48 49 50 51 52
Id. 1998. Kuper/Krpelin 2006. Garcea 2004; Id. 2006. Smith 2005. Mohammed-Ali/Khabir 2003. Hays 1974; Mohammed-Ali/Khabir 2003; Jesse 2003, 41.
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rockshelter of Hassi Ouenzga in the Moroccan eastern Rif, recently published by Linstdter, where the interplay between Saharan and Mediterranean influences has been recorded53. At Hassi Ouenzga the first potty appears around 5600calBC54 and is influenced by the western Mediterranean Cardium horizon but shows a considerable amount of local decoration types. Linstdter interprets the Hassi Ouenzga data as representing a situation where a local huntergatherer population has adopted externally introduced pottery technology and also animal husbandry55. The latter were apparently introduced from the more easterly Tanger tradition. Pottery is stylistically related to Portuguese sites which, however, date slightly later56. Nevertheless it is fairly well established that early pottery traditions in the Northwest African coastal regions are related to the western Mediterranean. At Hassi Ouenzga Saharan influenced wares appear only around 3500 cal BC57. These should be seen in connection with the rapid shift in the monsoonal patterns and the subsequent rapid desiccation of the Central Sahara after 3500calBC58. Summing up, container pottery emerged in inland West and North Africa independently from other regions in Afroeurasia within sedentary or semi-sedentary forager-fisher communities shortly after the onset of post-glacial climatic and environmental conditions and is clearly disconnected to pastoralism59 or farming60 both of which appeared millennia later. Southern Africa may represent another independent centre for pottery invention but post-dates the North African data by several millennia. A thin-walled plain ware seems to have been produced on the Central Plateau of South Africa a few centuries before the advent of iron-using agro-pastoralists in the sub-continent; in absolute terms this would have been during the last centuries of the first millennium calBC61.
East Asia, Siberia and the southeastern Russian Steppe zones

Another independent region of early pottery emergence is northeastern continental Asia and Japan. The exact dating of the earliest appearance of container pottery in this region had been a matter of debate: Kuzmin has reviewed the dates available for East Asia and has concluded that the new technology emerged towards the final stages of the last glacial, between 15300 and 13000calBC62; similar conclusions had previously been formulated by Keally et al.63. Presently it appears that the earliest Asian but for that matter also Afroeurasian container pottery emerged independently in three regions: southern China, the lower and middle Amur River Basin in the Russian Far East, and in Japan within societies that were either fully sedentary or semi-sedentary. Despite generally contemporaneous dates for the earliest appearance of pottery in eastern 64 Asia , dates in Japan appear to be slightly earlier than on the continent65. Pottery in Japan is generally subsumed under the generic term Jomon, meaning cord-decoration. Jomon is an archaeological culture which began during the Pleistocene and lasted until the first millennium calBC when it was followed by the Yayoi Period66. The manufacturers of Jomon pottery were hunter-gatherers. Rice farming and iron technology was introduced to the Japanese
53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Linstdter 2004. Ibid. 138. Ibid. 173. Ibid. 169 ff. Ibid. 133. deMenocal et al. 2000; Foley et al. 2003. Smith 2005. Neumann 2005.
61 62 63 64 65
66
Sadr/Sampson 2006, 248. Kuzmin 2006a, 369. Keally et al. 2004. Kuzmin 2006a. Nakamura et al. 2001; Keally et al. 2004; Kudo 2004. Habu 2004.
66
Islands during the Yayoi Period, maybe as early as 700 cal BC67. The earliest pottery on the Japanese archipelago is subdivided into regional sequences, beginning with an Initial or Incipient Jomon and followed by an earliest Jomon phase. The preceding period is termed Palaeolithic, the difference from Jomon being the absence of ceramic vessels. However, as there is no clear temporal demarcation between these two entities the transition from the Palaeolithic to Incipient Jomon is fluid and takes place between 15000 and 12000calBC68. Pottery of a plain, undecorated style makes its appearance between 14800 and 13750calBC. The earliest appearance of this ware is documented at the site of Odai Yamamoto I in northern Honshu, where a plain ware dates to around 14800calBC and is considered to demarcate a transitional stage between the Palaeolithic and Jomon69. This phase seems to be followed by the appearance of a linear-relief decoration and later a nail-impressed and cord-marked ware; both mark two successive stages of Incipient Jomon with linear-relief pottery dating from 13800 to 12400calBC and nail-impressed and cord-marked pottery dating between 11 500 and 9500 cal BC. While vessel-forms of the transitional phase remain unidentified, Incipient Jomon vessels are of a conical shape with a rounded bottom and slightly incurving or everting rims (Plate2). Flat bases do occur but are rare, some containers have fibre tempering. Vessels appear to have been used for boiling and / or cooking but also for storing liquid as well as solid materials70. Initial and earliest Jomon groups practiced an immediate-return hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy with hunting and fishing. However, acorns were stored in pits on Kyushu Island as early as the 10th millennium calBC71 and during the Middle Jomon Period (30002000calBC) chestnut and horse chestnut stands seem to have been tended in northern Honshu72. Early container pottery in China appears in two regions, one is located in southern China the other one in northern China. Southern Chinese pottery appeared earlier, with the site of Yuchanyan (layer 3E) in Hunan province dating back as far as between 14900 and 14050calBC (BA-5058: 13680 270 BP). Miaoyan (layer 4M) in Guangxi Province dates between 14 500 and 13600calBC (BA-92034: 13320 270BP) and Xianrendong Cave (zone 3C1b) dates between 13 100 and 12 100 cal BC (UCR-3561: 12430 80BP)73. Xianrendong Cave provides a stratified sequence for the appearance of pottery (Plate3,14) and associated economic data: Deer, boar, rabbit, and fox seem to have been consumed as well as a variety of birds74. Remains of wild rice were found at Yuchanyan and other sites along the Middle and Lower Yangtze River as from 13 000 cal BC and a pre-domesticated form of rice was gathered in the region as from 8000calBC onwards75. Communities appear to have been sedentary at that time with permanent buildings as at the open-air site of Shangshan. Ground and polished stone axes and adzes are part of the material culture76, as are grinding slabs together with plain and corddecorated pottery77. Shangshan is the earliest open-air site with evidence of rice utilisation and early pottery. The earliest indication of actual rice cultivation in China currently comes from the site of Kuahuqiao, equally in the Lower Yangtze region and dates to around 5500calBC. Rice was grown in slightly brackish coastal swamps but already at this early stage required considerable preparation and clearance of this peculiar environment78. A third, and possibly equally independent centre of pottery origin, is the Russian Far East, a diversified environment along the Pacific coastline with rivers, the major one being the Amur, draining towards the Northeast into the Pacific79. Here several multi-component sites
67 68 69
70 71 72
Harunari et al. 2003. Keally et al. 2003; Kudo 2004; Id. 2006. Habu 2004, 31 f.; Keally et al. 2004, 347 f.; Kudo 2004. Keally et al. 2003, 5 ff. Kawagushi 1982. Kitagawa/Yasuda 2004.
73 74 75 76 77 78 79
Keally et al. 2004; Kuzmin 2006a. Chi 2002. Liu et al. 2007. Zhao et al. 2004. Jiang/Liu 2006. Zong et al. 2007. Kuzmin 2006b.
67
in the Amur River Basin have yielded early ceramics which are subsumed under the term Osi000 to 9000 cal BC. povka culture80. Dates for the Osipovka ceramic tradition range from 14 Measurements of charcoal have been supplemented by TL dates from pottery of the site of Gasya which fall in the same range81. Osipovka pottery varies between the sites, while Gasya and Khummi containers have flat bottoms with thick walls (up to 1.7cm) and a grass-tempered matrix and vertical grooves (Plate3,5), Goncharka ceramics are decorated with cord and comb impressions and lighter in make without organic tempering82. Containers may have been used for cooking but also for extracting fish oils83. The lithic industry is based on a blade technology but also on bifaces with points categorised as arrow-heads but also dart heads84, heavier tools are chipped adze-like implements and at Gasya a part of a rectangular ground adze with a slightly convex working edge was discovered in situ 85. Another complex of sites is that of Ust Karenga in the Transbaikal in eastern Siberia86. The sites are located along the lower Karenga River at its confluence with the Vitim which in turn empties into the Lena River, the Lena then draining into the Arctic Ocean. The sites are at 600m a.s.l. Mountain tops in the region reach up to 1700m a.s.l. The climate in eastern Siberia is continental with hot summers and severely cold winters and thus different from that of the Russian Far East. The sites have been subdivided into several cultural layers of which layer 7 contains the earliest pottery. Vessels have pointed bottoms, straight walls and straight to slightly incurving rims (Plate3,610). They are decorated with comb, zigzag, and chevron motives, the clay is plant-fibre tempered. The lithic industry is blade-based, local river pebbles were used. Radiocarbon measurements from layer 7 of the Ust Karenga complex range from 12200 to 10200calBC. However, it is not impossible that older ceramics may eventually be discovered in earlier layers of the Ust Karenga complex87. According to palaeobotanical reconstructions of the environment of the Ust Karenga layer 7 period a cold grass steppe dominated; it interchanged with pine-larch forests, composed also of dwarf birch, apparently the typical vegetation for the transition from the Late Pleistocene to the Early Holocene in eastern Siberia88. Ust Karenga layer 7 has produced the earliest ceramics in eastern Siberia. Their relationship to the east Asian ceramics is only of a very general nature in that organic tempering is equally documented from the Osipovka Complex and from Incipient Jomon where pointed bases also exist. However, these similarities do not allow any far-reaching conclusions about possible contacts between these distant regions and thus, at least for now, no hypothesis about a common ancestor or a core region from where the technology could have spread to the other regions in eastern Asia may be phrased. Currently, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Japan and China are all seen as independent centres of origins for container ceramics89. The question is, however, whether these wares influenced those of western Siberia and possibly also the eastern Russian steppe zones in Europe. Unfortunately, the data set available is not too satisfactory and the possibility of contacts from eastern Siberia towards the West need to be investigated further: Kuzmin / Veterov mention the Sumpanya-type pottery from western Siberian Ob Basin90 3000km west of the Karenga-Vitim confluence where a series of sites was excavated during the 1960s and which hitherto has been considered as a local and independent invention91. While a number of 14C dates fall into the sixth millennium cal BC,
Id. 2002; Derevianko/Medvedev 2006. Keally et al. 2004, 348. Kuzmin 2002, 39 f. Keally et al. 2003, 11. Derevianko/Medvedev 2006, 126. Ibid. 127, 128, Fig.7,4 5. Kuzmin 2002; Kuzmin/Vetrov 2007. Ibid. Krivonogov et al. 2004. Kuzmin 2006a; Kuzmin/Veterov 2007. Ibid. Kuzmin/Orlova 2000, 361.
80 81 82 83 84 85
86 87 88 89 90 91
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older dates reach as far back as the 10th and 11th millennium calBC, yet these are considered problematic92; Sumpanya-type remains uncertain as far as dating and stylistic associations are concerned. The earliest pottery in Europe so far appears to be that of the Elshan tradition in the wider Samara valley from between 7200 and 6800 cal BC, based on dates taken from river mussel shells93. The sites are shallow campsites along rivers with an economy based on hunting and fishing. Remarkable are the pointed base vessels with everted rims. Flat bases are also present, decorations are incisions, punctuations outside or inside the vessel rims and motifs are rhomboids, triangles or chevrons94 (plate 4). The lithic industry is characterised by so-called EpiSwidry points; trapezes and segments appear only during the evolved Elshan tradition which would underline the dating of the earlier phases to the Late Boreal. Elshan marks the earliest pottery in Europe and currently is without any immediate regional predecessors95; it has been considered as an independent innovation96.
Streams of neolithisation
Pottery, always in a hunter-gatherer context, appears to have spread from the Russian steppe zone towards the Northwest into the forest zone and further into the Baltic as far as into northern Fennoscandia and ultimately to the western Baltic, the Netherlands and the Belgian lowlands where early Erteblle and Swifterbant pottery appear around 5000calBC or slightly earlier97. It thus forms an independent Neolithic tradition across eastern Europe which is not connected to farming but to technological innovations such as pottery and ground stone and emerging socio-political complexity. This conservative definition of the term Neolithic has prevailed in the Russian archaeological tradition98 and differs from the definition favoured in the West where economic aspects have been highlighted. Stylistic and technological similarities of these hunter-gatherer pottery traditions of eastern Europe may permit us to subsume these under the overlying concept of a stream, much in the way as it has been conceived for southern Africa (Fig.1). In a similar way the classic Neolithic of the southeastern European and ultimately Near Eastern tradition may be conceived as another stream, and lastly the western passage of Neolithic technologies such as pottery and pastoralism in southern France and the Iberian peninsula can be subsumed as a third stream. However, unlike the situation in southern Africa, it is yet unclear how these streams came into existence. Actual movement of larger groups across long distances, as with the Bantu migrations across Africa, have for al long time been viewed as unlikely for Europe99. It seemed more probable that the Eurasian streams were formed by cultural borrowing and only to a much lesser and still not fully understood degree by actual migrations. However, recent archaeogenetic studies e. g. by Haak et al. (2010) indicate more considerable migration movements in the course of the erarly neolithisation process. In any case, these streams, which do have conceptional similarities with the currently still infamous Kulturkreise, have been termed Hyperborean, Danubian and Occidental100, the latter two have also been
92 93 94 95 96 97
Kuzim/Veterov 2007. Mamonov 2000; Vybornov 2008. Ibid. Kuzmin/Orlova 2000. Timofeev/Zaitseva 1999, 190. Timofeev 1998; Piezonka 2008; Skandfer 2005; 2008; Klassen 2000; Hartz 2000; Id. 2008; Doluk-
hanov 2005; Gronenborn in press; Cromb et al. 2008; Raemakers 2008. 98 Dolukhanov 1995; Kuzmin 2006a; Parzinger 2006, 41. 99 E.g. Richards et al. 2004; Gronenborn 2007; Zvelebil et al. in press. 100 Gronenborn 2003.
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Fig. 3. Regions of origin for early container pottery in Afroeurasia (after Haaland 2007, 172 Fig. 2; Aurenche/Kolowski 1999, 98 Fig. 14; Kuzmin/Orlova 2000, 357 Fig.1; Kuzmin 2006, 363 Fig.1). Climate proxy: GRIP/NGRIP *18O-curve after Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (S.O. Rasmussen; K.K. Andersen; A.M. Svensson; J. P. Steffensen;
B. M. Vinther; H. B. Clausen; M.-L. Siggaard-Andersen; S. J. Johnsen; L. B. Larsen; D. Dahl-Jensen; M. Bigler; R. Rthlisberger; H. Fischer; K. GotoAzuma; M.E. Hansson; U. Ruth, A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, 2006, D06102, doi:10.1029/2005JD006079.)
70
termed the Danubian and Mediterranean sphere by Jeunesse / van Willigen, indicating a more static concept without directional dynamics101. Each of these streams appear to have their origins in regions outside of Europe: the Danubian ultimately going back to the Near Eastern core zone of the agricultural Neolithic, the occidental stream has its origins in the western Mediterranean, possibly with an African component, and the hyperborean stream has its origins in the Russian steppe zone and possibly further east in Siberia and Northeast Asia. This is indicated by the data presented in Bramanti et al. (2009) and Haak et. al (2010). The Danubian and Occidental stream may also have been constituted largely by immigrants, a process which may have started already during the seventh millenium calBC (Gronenborn 2007; in press). These three grand streams of neolithisation merge in western Central Europe, a region which has for long been recognised as a melting pot of different European Early Neolithic traditions102. Occasionally these three traditions are manifested in the archaeological material of one single site, this is the case for instance at the site of Bruchenbrcken, an earliest Linear Pottery site in the Wetterau region north of Frankfurt a.M.103 where western, eastern and classic Danubian elements have been preserved in the archaeological record: the lithic industry has technological affiliations to the Late Mesolithic of eastern Central Europe but equally to the Late Mesolithic of western Europe104. Raw materials come from the Maas Valley, but also from the northern erratic sources, microlithic points have eastern, western, and northern stylistic affiliations (Fig.4). The pottery is typical for earliest Linear Pottery. Fragments of La Hoguette ware indicate that people who manufactured this occidental tradition style lived on the site105. A microlith typical for Southwest Germany and adjacent regions and associated to La Hoguette, a pointe de Bavans106, was found at the nearby earliest Linear Pottery site of Goddelau in the Upper Rhine Valley107. The situation in the Netherlands and in the Belgian lowlands is similar: here, too, the traditions mixed and the pottery shows stylistic influences from both the Occidental as well as the Hyperborean stream108.
Dating fault lines

While the evidence from the site itself seems well integrated, problems arise when regarded in a broad context. According to varying age models Bruchenbrcken would date between before 5400 and around 5300calBC109 or 5320 and 5140calBC110. According to the age-model favoured by Strien and Gronenborn, House 2 with the characteristic microliths reflecting the distant connections should date around 5400calBC. All chronologies, regardless of whether long or short would arrange the site together with the La Hoguette pottery contemporaneous to or slightly after the current estimations for the beginning of the southern French Cardial, with which La Hoguette pottery does share stylistic similarities111. While the age model for the advent of La Hoguette pottery, and likely also the pastoral economy of occidental tradition, is relatively robust for western Central Europe with a possible early beginning at Bavans rockshelter around 5600calBC112 its chronological and thus culture historical ties to southern France are much less well understood113. The earliest Neolithic along the western
101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Jeunesse/van Willigen in press. E.g. Buttler 1938. Lning 1997. Gronenborn 1990; Id. 1997. Lning et al. 1989; Kloos 1997; Eisenhauer 2003. Mauvilly 1997. Gronenborn 1997.
108 109
110 111 112 113
See Cromb et al. 2008; Raemaekers 2008. Cladders/Stuble 2003, 499; Strien/Gronenborn 2005. Lning 2005, 68 ff. Lning et al. 1989; Jeunesse/Van Willigen 2010. Aim 1995. Jeunesse/Van Willigen in press.
71
Mediterranean coastlines is currently considered to be the Impressa wares and according to newer studies of other southern French colleagues the Cardial and picardial should not have made their appearance before 5400 cal BC114. This would mean that the stylistic innovations leading to La Hoguette pottery would have reached western Central Europe before Cardial emerged in southern France an impossible scenario. Of a more general nature are the uncertainties with regard to an African contribution to the Early Neolithic societies of the western Mediterranean. While continuously discussed in the literature over many decades115, actual archaeological evidence of such interactions during the time of the advent of the Neolithic is still sparse. Recently, however, Manen et al. were able to work out a contact-horizon in the early southern Iberian Neolithic which is characterised by innovations of a possible Northwest African origin: ceramics with rounded bases (formes en sac), impression decoration techniques, the use of red colourant and pressure technique in lithics and microlithic segments116. These innovations, possibly originating from Morocco, would have arrived on the Iberian peninsula after 5500calBC before or contemporaneous with the Cardial tradition117. A similar situation of co-existance has recently been suggested for the occupation of the site of Hassi Ouenzga, where the ceramics of the Oran tradition, characterised by incised lines, and Cardial-influenced ware of the local Hassi Ouenzga tradition occur contemporaneously from maybe as early as 5600 cal BC onwards, certainly from 5400calBC onwards118. It is interesting to note, that at Hassi Ouenzga Cardium or Cardiumlike decorations pre-date their presumed appearance on the European continent by more than a century or are at least contemporaneous119. The situation in western Europe is thus confusing: Cardial-related ware appears to be older at the northern and southern margins of the style horizon than in the centre, or at least contemporaneous. This contradiction is one of the important problems in European Early Neolithic research which needs to be solved in the nearer future. When turning to eastern Europe, another dating fault line becomes apparent. With its early age measurements the Elshan tradition antedates any other ceramic tradition in the wider region, also those from immediately beyond the Ural mountain chain120. This, again, makes the reconstruction of pan-regional communication and contacts quite difficult. And indeed, concerns have been phrased about a broad-scale integration of eastern European pottery traditions into a grand westward stream121. Also, while a number of authors follow the idea of a general southeastern influence on Baltic Sea and northwestern European lowland pottery traditions122 others are still reluctant in accepting the idea of a hyperborean stream because of local and regional stylistic dissimilarities and dating uncertainties123. Moreover, some authors still adhere to Mid-Holocene dates for early pottery in eastern Eurasia124. Taking these disagreements into account, it is of absolute necessity to refine chronological schemes also for eastern Europe and further beyond for Siberia by providing new AMS dates as a basis for understanding the nature of possible far-reaching networks during the earlier to Mid Holocene. While, admittedly, not all problems in reconstructing the proposed streams have been solved on every possible level of resolution, a general tendency of geographical and chronological trajectories across western Eurasia is visible in the present archaeological and archaeogenetic
114
115
116 117 118
Zilho 2001; Manen/Sabatier 2003; van Willigen 2004; 2006. See Linstdter 2004, 156 ff.; Manen et al. 2007, 143f. Manen et al. 2007. Ibid. 148. Linstdter 2004, 133 ff., 136.
119 120 121 122
123 124
Ibid. 136, 169 f. Kuzmin/Orlova 2000. Kuzmin/Veterov 2007. E.g. Hartz 2000; Klassen 2000; Gronenborn 2003; 2009; Jordan/Zvelebil 2009.. Cromb in press. E.g. Parzinger 2006.
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Fig.4. Bruchenbrcken, Wetteraukreis. Stylistic, technological and economic influences (modified after Gronenborn 2005).
data. These pan-regional contacts between the Atlantic and the Ural followed contact networks established many millennia before the advent of the Neolithic. The recently presented mtDNA-data by Bramanti et al. (Fig.2) shows that the European northern lowlands must have been populated by a genetically different population characterized by the predominance of haplotype U at the period of the neolithisation of western Eurasia125. Apparently this population had also lived in southern Central Europe during the Late Pleistocene and earlier Holocene and it seems to have been largely replaced by incoming groups characterized by mtDNA haplotypes K, T, J, V, H, HV, N1a in the course of the neolithisation126. Possibly, this replacement began with the Late Mesolithic during the seventh millennium cal BC, when considerable changes can be observed in the material record across western Eurasia; this replacement process continued for several millennia127. Western Europe, the Occidental stream,
125 126
Bramanti et al. 2009. Haak et al. 2005; 2010.
127
Gronenborn in press.
73
Fig. 5. Streams of Neolithization in western Eurasia (modified after McDonald 2005; Gronenborn 2009).
today the Benelux, France, and the Iberian Peninsula may have had a genetically composed population. Clearly, contacts and exchanges similar to that of the Danubian stream (Haak et al. 2010) were much more intense in the West, between the Rhine and the Seine, beginning with Bruchenbrcken and Goddelau128. As far as the YDNA evidence is concerned, the streams of neolithisation are still faintly preserved in the present-day distribution (Fig.5). Haplotypes R1a and R1b are seen as the genetic signature of the western and eastern repopulation of Temperate Europe after the Late Glacial Maximum129, but it may be particularly the distribution of YDNA haplotype N (Fig.5) which may be linked to the contacts and migrations established in the course of the spread of pottery through the Hyperborean stream130. Just as the distribution of YDNA and mtDNA across modern western Eurasia has to be understood as a palimpsest of migrations and smallscale movements, the three streams of neolithisation have to be seen as grand-scale low-resolution trajectories which in detail and over time were formed by countless inter-group contacts, smaller group movements and only very occasionally by actual long-distance migrations.
128 129
Gronenborn 2007. Torroni et al. 1998; Simoni et al. 2000; Richards/Macauley 2000; Richards et al. 2002; King/Underhill 2002; Richards 2003; Sykes
130
2003; Achilli et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004; Zvelebil et al in press. Rootsi et al. 2007; Derenko et al. 2007.
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In conclusion, it may be postulated that the process of neolithisation in northwestern Afroeurasia is a reflection of population movements and contact networks going back to the initial colonisation of Europe by modern humans and the re-population after the Glacial Maximum. The networks thus established served as cultural conveyor belts, also for the spread of early pottery traditions.
75
10
11
12
Plate1. 13 Reconstructed Wavy-Line ceramics from Tagalagal, Niger (from Roset 1987, 221 Fig.11,3); 4 12 ceramic fragments from Hassi Ouenzga, Morokko, Hassi Ouenzga Group I (from Linstdter 2004, 130 Fig.60).
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1 6
3 7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Plate2. Initial or Incipient Jomon Pottery in Japan. 1 5 earliest plain ware; 6 13 linear relief decorated ware; 14 22 punctate marked, nail-impressed and cord-marked ware (from Keally 2003, 4 Fig.1).
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5 7 5
9 10
Plate 3. 1 4 Stripe-marked, plain-marked and cord-marked pottery from Xianrendong, China (from Chi 2002, 3233 Fig.69); 5 Osipovka ceramics from the site of Gasya, Primorye, Russian Far East; 610 vessels from Ust-Karenga, Siberia, Russia (from Kuzmin 2002).
78
5
Plate4. Ceramics from the Elshan culture, Samara Valley, Russia, various sites (from Mamonov 2000, 164 Fig.2).
79
ZusammenfassungAbstractRsum
abstract Written from a Central European perspective, this chapter will present a coarse overview of recent developments in studies on early container pottery emergence in Afroeurasia. In order to understand the wider implications of the technological innovation and its spread to Europe, it is necessary to take a broad view and to investigate the current status of knowledge for the various centres of origin for pottery. It appears that early container pottery emerged independently in two broad zones, eastern Asia and West- and northern Africa, towards the end of the Pleistocene and during the earlier Holocene. Such container pottery was manufactured by small bands of sedentary or semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer-fishers. The new technology spread from these centres, but it is at present unclear whether pottery reached Europe from these distant source areas, as chronological and spatial gaps rupture the proposed routes of diffusion. A third centre of origin is the northern Fertile Crescent, where container pottery emerges in the course of the 6th millennium calBC among farming societies, possibly independently of the other regions. The spread of pottery into Europe itself appears to follow long-term communication routes across western Afroeurasia which are also reflected in the three different neolithisation streams.
zusammenfassung
Aus einer europischen Perspektive geschrieben, bietet der Beitrag einen berblick ber jngere Entwicklungen in den Studien zur Entstehung von Gefkeramik in Afroeurasien. Um die weiteren Konsequenzen dieser technologischen Innovation und ihrer Ausbreitung nach Europa zu verstehen ist es notwendig, ein breites Blickfeld zu erffnen und den gegenwrtigen Stand der Erkenntnis zu den jeweiligen entfernten Entstehungszentren mit einzubeziehen. Derzeit scheint es, dass Gefkeramik unabhngig voneinander in zwei Groregionen entstanden ist, einmal im stlichen Asien, dann aber auch im westlichen und nrdlichen Afrika. Dies geschah gegen Ende der Eiszeit und mit Beginn der Wiedererwrmung. Gefkeramik wurde von sesshaften oder halbsesshaften Sammler-Jgern und Fischern hergestellt. Diese neue Technologie breitete sich von diesen Zentren aus, aber es ist derzeit unklar, ob auch nach Europa direkt Keramik aus diesen weit entfernten Kerngebieten gelangt ist, da sowohl rumliche wie auch chronologische Lcken in den Ausbreitungsrichtungen bestehen. Ein drittes Zentrum der Keramikentstehung ist der nrdliche Fruchtbare Halbmond, wo Gefkeramik whrend des 6. Jahrtausends cal BC von buerlichen Gemeinschaften entwickelt wird. Die Ausbreitung von Keramik nach Europa folgt langfristig existierenden Kommunikationsrouten ber das westliche Afroeurasien und sie wird auch in den drei Neolithisierungsstrmungen reflektiert.
rsum
Cet article, rdig dans une perspective europenne, prsente un aperu des derniers acquis raliss dans la recherche sur lorigine de la cramique en Afro-Eurasie. En vue de mieux saisir les retombes de cette innovation technologique et de sa diffusion vers lEurope, il faut largir lhorizon et prendre en compte ltat actuel de la recherche sur les picentres respectifs, fort loigns. Il semble en ce moment que la poterie se soit dveloppe dans deux grandes rgions indpendantes : en Asie orientale et en Afrique de lOuest et du Nord. Cette innovation eut lieu vers la fin de la dernire glaciation et au dbut du rchauffement. La premire poterie fut fabrique par des chasseurs-cueilleurs et pcheurs sdentaires ou semi-sden-
80
taires. Cette nouvelle technologie se rpandit alors partir de ces centres, mais, vu les lacunes spatiales et chronologiques constates sur les axes de pntration, lincertitude subsiste quant une diffusion directe vers lEurope. Un troisime picentre correspond au nord du Croissant fertile , o des communauts paysannes ont dvelopp une poterie au 6e millnaire cal BC. La diffusion de la cramique vers lEurope suit des voies de communication tablies de longue date travers lAfro-Eurasie occidentale et se reflte dans les trois courants de nolithisation.
Acknowledgements
I am indebted to a number of colleagues for providing me with unpublished or distantly published information on the various regions dealt with in this article: J. Habu, Berkeley E. Garcea, Cassino R. Haaland, Bergen K. Sadr, Johannesburg Y.V. Kuzmin, Vladivostok Ch.T. Keally, Tokyo G. Marchand, Rennes Y. Kudo, Nagoya and W. Haak, Adelaide. Lastly I am certainly also indebted to S. Hartz, Schleswig Th. Terberger, Greifswald F. Lth and K. Rassmann, Frankfurt a.M., for patiently waiting until I completed this manuscript.
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Contact details of the author Detlef Gronenborn Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2 55166 Mainz gronenborn@rgzm.de University of the Witwatersrand School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental Studies Johannesburg South Africa

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1

Rmisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts

Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission Band 89 2008

Schriftleitung Frankfurt a. M. PalmengartenstraSSe 1012

Philipp von Zabern 2011

2 Mit 242 Textabbildungen, 19 Tabellen und 4 Tafeln

Hinweise fr Publikationen der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission . . . . . . . 569

Table des matires

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early pottery in Afroeurasia Origins and possible routes of dispersal

Richards et al. 2004; Gronenborn 2004. Huffmann 1989. Fauvelle-Aymar 2002.

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Clark 1977, 156.

Barnard 1992, 157; Mountain 2003, 50.

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

East Asia, Siberia and the southeastern Russian Steppe zones

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Dating fault lines

110 111 112 113

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

116 117 118

119 120 121 122

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Bramanti et al. 2009. Haak et al. 2005; 2010.

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

Early Pottery in the Baltic Dating, Origin and Social Context

Detlef Gronenborn Early pottery in Afroeurasia

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