1

29 2011

.1
3N1
3N2
X
X
Pj2
p2i
= )} H ({pi } , {Pi
+
2m1 j=1 2m2
i=1

.2 ,

m1
m2 Pi

= ,Pi

3N2 2
3N1
3N2 2
3N1
X
X
X

X
Pj
Pj
p2i
m2
p2i
= H {pi } , Pi
+

=
+
2m1 j=1 2m2 m1
2m1 j=1 2m1
i=1
i=1

.3 E n , ):n (R

d3N2 P

 32 N2

m1
m2

d3N1 qd3N2 Qd3N1 p

H<E

1
! h3N1 +3N2 N1 !N2

= d3N1 qd3N2 Qd3N1 pd3N2 P

! h3N1 +3N2 N1 !N2

H<E

 32 N2

m1
m2

)(E

V N1 +N2
3N
1
! h +3N2 N1 !N2


p
=
= 2m1 E
3N1 +3N2
#
3N1 +3N2

" 3N
3N1 +3N2
2
V N1 +N2
m1 2 2

2
)
(2m1 E
2
h3N1 +3N2 N1 !N2 ! m2
3N1 +3N
+1
2

 3N
3N
2m1 E 2 1 2m2 E 2 2
V N1 +N2


=
2
h2
h2
N1 !N2 ! 3N1 +3N
+1
2
.n! ' nn en ,
 32 N2

V N1 +N2

2m2 E
h2

3N1 +3N2
5
2
N1N1 N2N2 ( 3N1 +3N
) 2
) e 2 (N1 +N2
2
" #N1
#N2
 23
5
V
4m2 E
V
) e 2 (N1 +N2
N1
) h2 (3N1 + 3N2
N2

 32

  23 N1

2m1 E
h2

4m1 E
) h2 (3N1 + 3N2


=

)(E

"
=

.4 ):S(E, V, N1 , N2 ) = kB ln (E
#
"
#
 23
V
4m2 E
V
5
+ kB N2 ln
) + kB (N1 + N2
N1
) h2 (3N1 + 3N2
N2
2

 32

4m1 E
) h2 (3N1 + 3N2

"
= kB N1 ln

) S(E, V, N1 , N2

 .5


3
1
3
1
kB N1 + kB N2
2
E
2
E

=
V,N1 ,N2

S
E

1
T

3
kB (N1 + N2 ) T
2

) (Equipartition T heorem
. 21 kB T "
1
1
+ k B N2
V
V


= kB N1
E,N1 ,N2

S
V

kB (N1 + N2 ) T

P
T

PV

)( [N V E]1/3

1/3

R2
v0


= S .

1
S
> 0
E 2/3
) E (
 2 1/3
[3 N V E]1/3 = S(E, V, N ) ,
S(E, V, N ) = vR0


2
S 1
E .S(0, V, N ) = 0
T = 0 " E 3 = 0
2/3
)(

NE
V

 1/3

R
2


= S

 1/3
2/3
2 NE
V
6= S(E, V ) ,
 1/2
1/2
RV 2
NE +
)(
v02

R
2


= ) S(E, V, N


= S
1/2

> 0


NE +

RV 2
v02

S
E

) (

  1/2
1/2
R
2
2 RV 2

N
E
+

= S(E, V, N ) ,
2

= ) S(E, V, N

1/2
T = 0 " = 0
V3
)(
NE

R2
v03

RV 2
v02


NE +

S 1
E

.S( RV
, V, N ) = 0
N v2
0


= S

T = 0 " = 0
)( [N 2 V E 2 ]1/5

1/5

R3
v0 2

S 1
E

) .S(0, V, N


= S

E 3/5 > 0

S
E

) (
2

1/5

R3
v0 2

[5 N 2 V E 2 ]1/5 = S(E, V, N ) ,


S 1
E .S(0, V, N ) = 0
T = 0 " E 3/5 = 0
EV
)( )
N 2 Rv0

( S = N R ln

T = 0 " E = 0
V2
)( )
2N 2 v02

= ) S(E, V, N

[N E]1/2 exp(

1/2

S 1
E

.S(0, V, N )


= S

S
) E (
E 1/2 > 0

1/2 2
2 2
S(E, V, N ) = R
[ N E]1/2 exp( 22 NV2 v2 ) = S(E, V, N ) ,

0


S 1
E .S(0, V, N ) = 0
T = 0 " E 1/2 = 0


EV
)(
exp
N Rv0

1/2

1/2

][N E


= S



EV
= ) S(E, V, N
[N E] exp N Rv0 6= S(E, V, N ) ,




EV
S
VE
VE
1/2
(1 N Rv0 ) exp N Rv0 < 0
E E N Rv0 > 1


R 1/2

1/2

S2
S
(exp
)( )
V
NR

v0
R


= E

exp( NSR ) > 0

S 2 1
) NR

(2S +

E 1
S N,V

S
E N,V

. ) : S(E, V, N

1
S
v0 12 2 S 2
= E
) exp(
R
V
NR


v0 2 S 2
S
= )(E
(exp
)
) R (V
(N )R


) S(E, V, N ) = S(E, V, N
2

T = 0 " (2S + NSR ) exp( NSR ) = 0

. S = 0 .T = 0




R
S
= E .
NV 1 +
)( )exp(S/N R
v0
NR

E
S

. " ,

E 1
S N,V

( N1R (NSR)2 )1 exp( NSR ) < ,

0 .S > N R


E
1
S
S
T = 0 " S ( N R (N R)2 ) exp( N R ) = 0 .S = 0

S
E N,V

.1 ! N N ! = eN ln N N .N ! = (2N )1/2 eN ln N N :

)! N ln N N > 0.95 ln(N N = 23 )! ln(2N ) > 0.95 ln(N

.N > 3

1
2

N ln N N +

.2 .
 .2/3 , Q
)( 1/3

Q 2
N Q
N

. 31

3
Q
  Q  N Q
 Q  N Q
1
2
1
2
!N
=
3
3
Q!(N Q)! 3
3

N
Q


= ) P (Q, N

 Q  N Q
2
1
1
2
= = eN ln N Q ln Q(QN ) ln(QN ) eQ ln 3 +(N Q) ln 3
3
eQ ln QQ e(QN ) ln(QN )(QN ) 3
1
2
) = eN (q ln q(1q) ln(1q)) eN (q ln 3 +(1q) ln 3
eN ln N N

)( ) P (Q, N ) = eN f ( N
1
2
+ (1 q) ln
3
3

q ln

= q ln q (1 q) ln(1 q)+

:
1
2
ln
3
3

1
3

+ ln

)= ln q + ln(1 q

= .q

<0

1
1q

= 1q

d2 f
dq 2

df
dq

)f (q

) P (Q, N

)( ) : P (Q, N

)( ) N (q 13