2A p= pRT=(1.2X1.01 x 104) 2871300) p= 14 kgin? v= Mp= 1.81 = 0.71 mg 22 Mean kinetic energy of each stom 4.38 x 10300) one tga, ch mamas hs 62 1 ons. Hee gas! (602 10°) = 1.505 x 10% atoms, ‘Total inteznal energy (energy per atom)number of atoms) 1,035 x 101.505 x 10")= 1,588 10° 23 p= Pa 2NE ___ gqqa37S8 RT A716x460459) a Volume of the oom = (20,(15)8)= 2400 Total mass io the room Weight = (5.688)32.2)~ 183 24 p 2116. goaz S88 Ti1H860-19) v Since the volume of the root isthe same, we can simply compare densities between the ‘wo problems.slug ap=0.00274-0.00237 0.000375 io change = 92 = 290037 , (400) — 15.6% increase p 000237 25 First, caloulate the density ftom the known mass and volume, p= 1500/900 = 1.67 lbw? In consistent units, p= 1.67/32.2 = 0,052 slup/f’. Also, T= 70F = 70 + 460 = S30R. Hence, po pRI = (0:52)(1716)530) p= 47290 Iba or p=472902116= 223 aim 26 p=pRT expo imps €oR& eoT Dilferentiting with respect to time, Ldp dp, 1aT pa par Tat dp pap, pat oh dt pat Tat pry nt ox, Barr Le pe 1 at at a dt a ‘At the instant the 1000 thy of at in the tank, the density is p= 1000/900= 1.11 that?p= 1:11/32.2 0.0345 slug” Alto, in consistent units, iss given that T= 50+ 460= 510R and that ar dt F/min = 1R/min = 0.0167Risee From the given pumping rte, and the fact thatthe volume ofthe tak is 900 f°, we also have gp _ 05 by see ‘ B = 0.000856 Ihy/(TP)see) at 900 Se 0005 1.755 10%aap (Pe) Thus fom ston above, © -cnoxsion.2 x10? +(osKrn6400160 161 ~ 15.1 +099 16.1 se) = FE = 0,0076 atmvsee 2.7 Inconsistent wit, Te -10+273=263K ‘Thus, p=pRT = (1.7 x 1O4V287)(263 p= 0225 kgim’28 RT 5 x 10°I(287)240) = 0.726 kin? [p= V0.726= 138 me 29 [rae f atis-109.a% = [2116x - 5x"]3, = 6303 Ib perpendicular to wall. Ed Fee Force ductosbearetese= ['r de de +9? = (96+ 947; = 123.5 - S40 = 83.5 Ib tangential to wall fe G302640) “Magnitude ofthe resultant aerodynamic force (SY = 6303.6 lb 0.76°210 v=3vesino Minimum velocity occurs when sin = 0, ie, when 0 and 180°, Vers “0 at = 0 and 180°, ic, at its most forward and rearward points Maximum velocity occurs when sin @=1, i.e, when = 90°, Hence Von 3 5K0)= 1275 gh 10507, i.e, the entre rim of the sphere in a plane perpendicular to the freestresm direction, 2AM The mass of sir displaced is M= 2.2X0.002377) = 5.23 x 10° slug The weight of this airis Wag (5.23 x 10°}32.2)= 0.168 Ib This is the lifing foree on the balloon due to the outside ar. However, the helium inside the balloon has weight, acting in the downward direction. The weight of the helium is less than that of sir by the ratio ofthe molecular weights W, 168): 4.00233 1b. Tas Hence, the maxinam weight that can be lifted by the balloon is 0.168 - 0.0233 0.145 162.12 Let ps, ps, and Ts denote the conditions atthe hepinning of combustion, and ps, and Ts denote conditions atthe end of combustion, Since the volume is constant, and the amass of th gos is const then px~ p)~ 113 kim’, Ths fom he caution of tate, em pu RTs = (1139287400) 1.5 x 107 Nin? 13 x10 7 i: Torx ie eam 2.13 The atea of the piston face, where the diameter is 9 em = 0.09 m, is (@) The pressure ofthe gas minture atthe beginning of combustion is Pa= pp RTs=11.3 (287(625) =2.02 x 10° Ni The force on the piston is 128% 10'N Fy=ps A= (2.02 x 109 (636% 10° Since 445 N= 1 Ibf, o RT, = (11.3)28744000) = 1.3 x 10” Nim? “The foree on the piston is 8 x 10") (6.36 x 10°) = B27 x10 Fy=pea7-210 es ag ERT 2.14 Let ps and T; denote conditions at the inlet tothe combustor, and Ts denote the temperature at the exit, Note: ps = py= 4x 10° Nin? @ po 4x y= Pee ANNO iS akan mT, Garson) Sak & pun Bn SI - pa 3:1 An examination of the standard (emperatue distribution through the stimosphere tsiven in Figure 3.3 of the txt shows that bth 12 km and 18 kim are in the same constant temperature region. Hence, the equations that apply are Es. (3.9) and (3.10) in the tex. Since we are in sme isothermal region with aerefare the same base values of p and these equations can be written as Po oP AP ‘where points 1 and 2 are any two arbitrary points in the Hence, with and ise 287 jouletkeK, and letting points 1 aad 2 correspond to 12 kim and 18 km altitudes respectively,2a Ba. aR _ ogg a Hence: 2 = (0.3884)(1.9399 x 104) = 7.53 x 10° Nim? 2 = (03884)(3.1194 x 10°) = 0.121 kgm? and of course Ts 16.66K ‘These answers check the results listed in Appendix A of the text within round-off error. 3.2 From Appendix A of the text, we sce immediately thet p = 2.65 x 10" Nin? corresponds to 10,000 m, or 10 km, inthe standard atmosphere, Hence, presoure altitude = 10 km, ‘The outside air density is Pp __ 26sx10¢ PY RT (2873220) A19 kg/m? From Appendix A, this value of p corresponds w 9,88 km in the standard atmosphere. Hence, density altitude ~ 9.88 km 33 A135,000 A, ftom Appendix B, we find that p= 4.99 x 10? 499 Ib 34° From Appendix Bin the text, 33,500 ft corresponds top = $35.89 Ib32,000 Ft corresponds to p= 8.2704 x 10° aug Hence, po 53589 R274 x 10-071, ‘From Eq. (3.6), the above equation becomes: hy (2) hay = 0.02 r =0.02 (6.357 x 10") 92 ig © 1.27108 m= 127 km 36 T= 15 -0.006Sh = 15 -0,0065(5000)=-17.5°C = 255.5°K a= T. o0065 From Eq, (3.12) P @ =)" 0538 wT) as p= 0.533 p,~ 0.533 (1.01 x 105)= 5.38% 10' Nin? > my i Smee Tl are x oh)RT én PB 8 P, bok ‘Letting by = 0 (ihe surface) = 17,358 m= 17.358 km 38 A standard alitude of 25,000 ft fills within the fzst gradient region in the standard atmosphere. Hence, the variation of pressure and temperature are given by ae 1) PB and T=T)+ach-hp Differentiating Eq, (1) with respect to time: 1 dp Gea Scar pa ur) aR a Ditferetiatng Ba. 2) with espe to ime at _ ah a at Substitute Bg (4) into (3) -neni() He Ia Eq, (S), dhidt is the rate-of-cimb, given by dhidt ~ 500 fUsec. sradient region, the lapse rate ean be calculated from the tbulations in Appendix B. For example, take O and 10,000 A, we find 1 41S7XASO) En 0S 349 (STHASO) 200. o @ @ @ 3 Allo, in the first,T=, _ 48304~s1869 rk a= BOA S1869 _ 9.00357 bh, 10,000-0 a Also from Appendix B, py = 2116.2 Ib? st sea level, and T = 429.64 °R at 25,000 A Ths, g_ 92 ak” (6000357)0716) Hence, from Ea, (5) dp 525/322" £256 79, =-21162)5186 "6 &P -arreaysisesy™{ 22) aa9sy'00 #7 t ase 39° Prom the hydrostatic equation, Eq, (3.2) or(3.3), ap=-pgedh a a rae PE ae ‘The upward speed of the elevator is dh, which is ah dp /at ape ‘At sca lovel, p= 1.225 kg’. Also, a one-percent change in presuro per minute starting from sea level is dp 1.01 x 10°V0.01 ane ‘K LOL x 10° Nim? per minute HenceLoL x 10 5)(98) = 84.1 meter pee minute 3.10 Prom Appendix B: At35,500 A: p= 535.89 Ih |At34,000 ts p= 523.47 I? Fora pressure of $30 Ib, the pressure altitude is 33,500 + 500 53889-530 53 = 30737 53589 ~523.47/ 77 ‘The density atthe altitude t which the sieplane is fying i p50 Healt = 7919 x 104 slupit P° RE” 0716690) . rom Appendix B: At 33,000 8: p= 7.9656 10 tug? A133,500 ft: p= 7.8165 x 10° slug/f? Hence, the density altitude is 0 sn (29688-7912). ss 456n (roase ice 211 Let £ be the length of one wall ofthe tank, # = 30. Letd be the depth ofthe pool, d= 10 , Atthe water surfce, the pressure is stmospherc pressure, ps. The water pressure increases with increasing depth; the pressure asa function of distance below the surface, i given by the hydrostatic equation p= pedh oNote: The hydrostatic equation given by Eq, (3.2) in the text has a minus sign because ho ‘is measured positive inthe upward direction, In Bg (1) his measured positive in the downward direction, with h= 0 atthe surfuce ofthe water. Hence, no minus sign appears in Bq, (1); sh increases (as we go deeper into the water), p increases, Eq, (1) is ‘consistent with this fact. Integrating Eq, (1) fom h = 0 where p=, to some local depth ‘nwhere the pressures p, and noting that pis constant for water, we have [exten omen p=peh+p. Q ag. (2) gives the water pressure exerted on the wall at an arbitrary depth h wider an elementary small sliver of wall surface oflength & and height dh, ‘The water force on this sliver of area is edn ‘Total fore, F, on the wall is o where ps given by Bq (2). Isering Eg (2) to), Ff oeneno ca repet (4) ence OyIn Fa, (4, the proauct pg isthe specific weight (eight per unit volume) of water: pg 62.4 Ib’. From Eq. (4), F=e0 90 © senacon P= 93,600 + 634,800 = ERO [Note: This fore is the combined efit ofthe Free due to the weight ofthe water, 93,600 Ib, and the force due to atmospheric pressure transmitted through the water, 1634800 ht this example, te later i the larger somtibation to the free on te wal the wall were freestanding with atmospheric pressure exerted on the opposite se, then the net force exerted onthe wall would be that due tothe weight ofthe water only, te wall in contact with the water is 93,600 Ib. In tons, the force on the side ofthe 728,400 2000 564.2 ton Inthe case ofa freestanding wall the net force, that due only to the weight ofthe water, 2 Pe 2. g0s1ssovaniauy a Hence,p= poo**= (1225)(1.6575 x 10°) = 203s 10 kgm] rom the standard stmosphere, at 45 km, p ~ 2.02. 10° kg/m’. ‘The exponential mosphere model gives a emarkubly accurate value forthe deasity at 5 km when a value of 240 K is used forthe temperature, 41 A= AN Let points 1 and 2 denote the inlet and exit conditions respectively. Then, v-Vs (<0 (2) 125 sce 42 From Bernoulli's oquation, pte arte spa 2 ve pepn £0 Inconsistent units, os = 1.94 slug? 22 me 7 Hence, pepe S65)-(1.25)1 prep = 097 34)= 2227 he43° From Appendix; 8t 300m alinde, 01 x 10 Nim? Pi p= 0.909 kai? From Bernoulli's equation, papit 2 eve-Ve) 7.01 x 108+ S08, (60? - 707} Pr= 7.01 x 10*-0.059x 10"= 698 x 10! Nim? 44° From Bemoullis equation, ‘Also from the incompressible continuity equation vi (Ay Combining, At standard sea level, p= 0.00237 slug’, Hence, 280) Yi" Veoonar(ay? =) 67 see‘Note that also Vi = 67 (#) = 46 mith. (This is approximately the landing speed of ‘Work! War I vintage sizeral) 45 2 20:-P) , v2 Vv PO yy 1 5 o @ on 8 Also, ALVI= AL Ve of, Au} y, o ta, Suistitute (3) into (4)a0 1a) x 10? “Fax/-(]] V2= 102.22 misee Note: It takes a pressure difference of only 2 07609-17800) | yop. ve OD 0.0020482, san! 2168 fisee 4.7 From Bernoulli's equation, And from the incompressible contizuity equatoa, Ve= Vi (Avs) Combining: piepe= 2 VE [CAyAg) = 1 Hence, the maximum pressure difference will occur when simultaneously 0,02 atm to produce such a high velocity1. Vs is maximum 2. pis maximum ie.sea level ‘The design maximum velocity is 90 m/sec, and p = 1.225 ket’ at sea level. Hence, pr-p= 225 (997 (0.37 1] 3403 Nini Please note: In reality the airplane will most likely exceed 90 msec in a dive, so the airspeed indicator should be designed for a maximum velocity somewhat above 90 m/sec. 438 The isentropic relations are Hence, From the equation of sate Pe (OMLOIxtO*) RT, (287300) = 11.73 kg/m? Thus ova (2) eun(2)" 26 kein! ‘Asacheck on the results, apply the equation of state at the ext Pe" peRT? 1.01 x 10° = 2.26)(287)155)LOL x10°= 101 x10" Techecks! 49° Since the velocity is essentially zero in the reservoir, the ensegy equation written ‘between the reservoir and the exit is or, =2 tho-h)) a However, n= eT. Thus Fg, (1) becomes 2 a Subsite (3) into (1). poof)" “ ‘This is the desired result. Note from Bq, (4) that Ve inereases as T increases, and as p/P Ve decreases. Equation (4) isa useful formula for rocket engine performance analysis. 4410 The flow velocity is certainly large enough that the low must be weated as ‘compressible. From the energy equation,y ¥ ott Miners Ti+ 2 ® ‘Ata standard altitude ofS km, from Appendix A, pie Sax 10Nin? T)=255.9K Also, fr air, 6p 1005 julel(kgXK). Hence, fom Eq, (1) above w-w Ze, 14 (270)? ~ (330)* Ts 2581+ 210005), 55.7-179 = 237 8K ‘Since the flow is also isentropic, nV 4 (2378)i04 (8) sexo (334) P 19 x 10° Nin? ne Please now: ‘This problem and problem 4.3 ask the same question, However, the flow velocities in the present problem requite a compressible analysis. Make certain to examine the solutions of oth prublems 4.10 and 43 in order to contrast compressible versus incompressible analyses.4.11 From the energy equation epTo= oy Te Toe ME Te= 1000-1590. g12.5n 2.6000) Inthe reserva the density is pon Be = DANO 9.0086 agit? RT, ~ 716,100) From the isentropic relation, P 2. (si2s)n ; 0.0086 (081 slugit fe {i000 mi From the continuity equation, Thus, A= aN, Inconsistent units, 15 ta~ 3S = 0.087 stugisee a lug Henes,0.0061 #2 (38) 1500 mph = 1500 2200 fee = 3) v2=26, ieTy4ve Vi =2 (6000}389.99 - 793.32) + 22007" V2" 63 fisee ‘Note: This is very sill velocity compared to the inital freesream velocity of 2200 fifsee. At the point in question, the velocity is very near zero, and hence the point is nearly a stagnation point. 413° Atthe ile, the mass Dow ofaicis r= PAV = (3.6391 x 10°Y(203(2200) = 16 OVstua/see aie ~ (0.05Y16.01) = 0.8 slug/see ‘otal mass flow at exit = 16.01 +0.8~ 16.81 slugisee 4.14 From problem 4.11, Ve= 1500 fusee Te=812.5R Hence,a= RT, = (ONTOS = 1397 fisee . 1500 Thus, M, = Maton 7 [Note thatthe nozzle of problem 4.11 is just barely supersonic 4.18 Prom Appendix A, Tae 216.65K Hens, an YAR = SU PRHATEEG = 205 nvsce 280 205 1847 4.46 Atstandacd sea level, Te $18.69R ao ORT = {OATTIANSIRAD) = 1116 Hse Since 60 mi/hr- 88 fee, then v. 348 (60/88) = 2283 mifh 417 -V=2200 fsee = iT = J(UAYI7I6V38999) = 967,94 susee Pav_ 2200 a 96798 207 4.18 The test seation density is 101 x 10° . - 7 BT eanann 7 73 kui Since the flow is low speed, consider it to be incompressible, ie. withthe above density ‘troughout. Pipes 5 VED =A] o Tntenns ofthe manometer reading, pi-pr= ah @ ‘here = 1.33 x 10° Nim? for mercury Thus, combining Eqs. (1) and @), a7 = 8 go? 1-120) Bass x19 6 1-200) 0.928m= 2.8 emvote sr pr-po™ 98.5 Ib? tt pviens AMI=ADVe = Vi A ass: ¥ noe tollt) 2) ~ usm fay, (ay - = | 293.3 me bs) — pi-ps™ 0959 Ibi? Note: By the addition ofa difaser, the required pressure difference was reduced by an onder of magnitude, Since it costs money to produce a pressure difference (say by rnaing compresors or vacuum pumps), then a diffuser, the purpose of which is toimprove the aerodynamic efficiency, allows the wind tunnel fo be operated more ‘economically. 420 In the test section p 2116 Pg 216 ____ 9.00233 siuy/t™ RT” (716,704 460) ‘The flow velocity is low enough so that incompressible flow ean be assumed. Hence, from Bernoulli's equation, it 8 fl aa zP aires + nosy 30 60 (Remember that 88 f/see = 60 mh.) 2116 + 5 (ao02ssxa207 Pe = 2172 Ib? 421 The altimeter mosasures pressure altitude, Thus, from Appendix B, p = 1572 Th, The aie density is then psn, PB -_1572___ goo is3 stugit? RT O716y500) ” p Hence, from Bemoulli's equation, (2(hes0 = 1572) ‘0.00183The equivalent airspeed is fe =D_ (AABO=1573} “Vp 0000377 256 Risee 422 The altimeter measures pressure altitude. Thus, ftom Appendix A, p= 7.95 x 10*Nim®, Hence, B75 x 10" 9.959 kai’ RT (287)(280) The relation herwcen Vine ad Ve is VeudVem VP, Hence, Vine = 50 (0.225) /0.989 = 56 nv/scc Hence, po LATp = 147 (1.01 x 105)~ 1.48 10° Nin? 94x 10" Nim ftom Appendix A, 82_ (296 x 10)"™ aise) =1]\194 x 10°) Pe a1 +0.2(0.65)'P*= 1.328 P pe Pe = 3389 = 961 ye? 1328 7 1328 From Appendix B, this pressure comesponds to a pressure altitude, hence altimeter reading of 5000 ft 426 Atstandard sea level, T=518.69R MP =1+ 02 (0.96) = 1.184 Ty= LISMT= 1.186 618.69) T)=6143R S43 4a7 297 mvsee‘The flow is supersonic. Hence, the Rayleigh Pitot tube fozmula must be used. eeu] [: ram) eayay _ ]fi-t4+20407 *|aqn@y 2004), 24 1 =2.65 x 10° Nin? from Appendix A. p,,= 5.64 (2.65 x 10')= 1.49 x 108 Nim? 429 qe E poMo=0.7 pee? o Use Appendix to obtain the values of ps corresponding tothe given values of. Then use Fa. (1) above to calculate qa htm) 6) 50 40 30 20 petNint) 25.6 879 299.8 LI9x10° 5.33% 10° 20M "7 95 35 3 1 dM) 52x10 56x10? 63x10 75x10 359x107 [Note that qe progressively increases as the shuttle penetrates deeper into the atmosphere, that it pesks at a slightly supersonic Mach number, and then decreases as the shuttle completes ies entry 430 Recall that total pressure is defined as that pressure that would exist if the low \were slowed isenttopically to zero velocity. This isa definition; it applies to all flows = subsonic or supersonic. Hence, Eq, (4.74) applies, no matter whether the flow is subsonic or supers rt) =[1 +02 @y y= 7.824 Hence: Po 7825 po~ 7828 2116) 1.656% 10' Note tht the above ale is nat the pessune aa stagnation point atthe nose ofa blunt body, because in soning to zero velocity, the fle has to go through a shock wave, which is non-isenropic, The stagnation pressure atthe nose of hody in @ Mash 2 stream is the total pressure behind a normal shock wave, which is lower than the total pressure ofthe feesweam, as calculated above. This stagnation pressure tthe nose of a blunt body is given by Ea. (4.79), aPr [ester] fi-ua+209@ © |AGAX2)? = 2(04), 24 Hence, pa #5659 p.= 5639 2116) 1193 10 If Bemouli’s equation is used, the following wrong result fr otal pressure is obtained Pompe a, Po= 2116+ 07 2116) @)*=0.808x 10t Compared to the correct result of 1.656 x 10* 2 + this leads to an error 51%, aan P= 5(1.01 x 105 [1 +02 6)" pe® 137 x 10° Nim? ) =a+02@77' Te= ($00)0.387) = 178.6K Pe _ 137 x 108 RT, GsHU7EH, 0.267 kg/m? Pe(oie We =o 8301 +02 TIPE Tap OHH +02.0-7N)F 433 LL Pg = 07M +02My> 2p,o ° o 02 0.04 pe 04 06 0.100 06 036 0.198, 08 0.68 0.294 10 10 0370 12 144 0.416 14 196 0431 L6 236 0.422 18 3.24 0395 20 4.00 0358 [Note that the dynamic pressure increases svth Mach number for M < 1.4 but decreases with Mach number for M > 1.4. Le, in an isentopie nozzle expansion, there is a peak local dynamie pressure which oocurs at ”4234 Firs, calculate the value of the Reynolds nurabe. = 2aNol, He Re, ‘The dynamic pressure is Loy 3 PeNe 20) V4 x 10" =0.0024m= 0.24em and 1328 Re, Var x 0" ‘00021 The skin etion dragon one side ofthe plate is De= qe Sor= 245 x 105(8)17.540.00021) D,=200N The total skin fiction drag, accounting fr both dhe top and the bottom of the plate Is ‘wie this value, namely Total Dr= S40 037L__ 03703) 435 ; e,* GI x 10") 33m 3.3 em rom problem 4.24, we find Surratea/Brssinar = 33 = 3.75 a26‘The turbulent boundary layer is more than an order of magnitude thicker than the laminar boundary ayer. 074 oor * (Re)? GEL x ory =O? “The skin fiction drag on one side is then De ge Ser= 2445 x 10')3)(17.540.0022) 2630N ‘The foe, aecounting for both top and bottom is Total D= S660N From problem 4.24, we find 3660 _ D.,..)/(D, 10s Pome) *'sa0 The turbulent skin friction drag is an order of magnitude larger than the laminar valve. 10°)(.789 x 107) (02254200) J 5200 fee LAMA PLOW TURBULENT FLOW -B 6The turbulent drag that would exist over the fist 7.3 x 10% of chord length from the leading ede (area A) is oor D, $4.8, (on one side Bert ( ) 0074 1 UR AS10373 x 1053075) D, |46N (on one side) From problem 4.25, the turbulent drag on one side, assuming both areas A and B to be turbulent, is 2830N. Henee the wrbulent drag on area B alone is D,, = 2830-146 -2686N (turbulent) The laminar drag on area A is 1328 |g », s Ree 28 iia eia x 10°N7.3 x 107) Gone 245% 100173 x 107K075) 2N laminar) Hence the skin fiction drag on one side, assuming atea A to be laminar and area B 1 be turbulent is Dy D,, Gaminar) + D,, (turbulent) Dy=42-+2684 = 2726N ‘The total drag, accounting for both sides, is ‘Total De= $452N, n‘Note: By comparing the results ofthis problem with those of problem 4.25, we see that the flow over the wing is mostly turbulent, which is usually the ease for real srplanes in Aight 4.37 The relation between changes in pressure and velocity at a point in an inviscid flow is given by the Buler equation, i. (4.8) dp=-pVav Letting s denote distance along the streamline through the point, Bq. (4.8) can be weitten &_ oy av af as ap a (viv) of =p) gs PN as @) (iN) 0.02 per millimeter as Hence, B= a.1,00740.02) per millimeter Bx -cayroo0y40.02)= 23000 per minster Conclusion: At a point ina high-speed flow, it requires a much leper pressure gradient to achieve a given percentage change in velocity than for a low speed flow, everything else being equal438 We use the fact that total pressure is constant in an isentropic flow. From Ei, (4.74) applied inthe freestream, wi)" = 0+0207%F Bel From Eq. (4.74) applied atthe point on the wing Pealiat—ye A pee arias Pe a(t) =u voaauyifean Pes = |fe.),fe. 1387 s o= (2) )p CE -as Ata standard altitude of 3 km, from Appendix A, p= 7.0121 x 10" Wits, Henee, p= (0.65)7.0121 x 10°) = 4.555 10" Nim? 439 This problem is simply asking what is the equivalent airspeed, as discussed in Section 4.12. Hence (2) aon (8228) sa ae lad 23769 x 10 440° (a) From Eq, (4.88) (8) HA 2.87 x 10° a yal Hence:= [1 +02 doy y= 4.248 x 104 Ata standard altitude of 5S km, p= 48.373 Nin®, Hence 093 x 10° Nin? = 203 atm 244 x 10948373) (© From Eg. 485) 140.210)" =21 ‘Ata standard altude of 55 km, T= 275.78 K. Hence, 15=275.78 Qt)= 5791 K Examining the sbove results, we note that: 1. The required expansion ratio of 5359 is hue, hut is readily manufactured 2, The required reservoir pressure of 20.3 atm is large, but can be handled by proper design ofthe reservoir chamber. 3, The required seservoir temperature of $791 K is tremendously lege, especially when you remember that the surface temperature of the sun is about 6000 K. For a continuous flow hypersonic tunnel, such high reservoir tmpertues can not be handled, 1 practice, a reservoir temperature of about haf this value or Iss is employed, withthe sacrifice made that “rue temperature” simulation in the test stream isnot obtained. 441 The speed of sound inthe test steam isnem YF RT, = MOOI Hence, Vo=Moag= 10 332.9) = 3329 mises 442 (a) From Eq. 488, for Me~ 20 (4) ELA Zifie02 eof = 2365.10 _ A Sean (b) From Eq, (4.85) % o(ve2ztud)" saan ana R-PaiunesTotiaR we FRE SGITTD~ 615m ‘Mc a = 20 (169.5) = 3390 msec Comments: 1. To obtain Mach 20, ie, to double the Mach number in this case, the expansion sitio must be increased by a factor of 15,377/535.9= 28.7. High hypersonic Mach ‘numbers demand wind tunnels with very large exitto-throat ratios. In practice, ‘his is usually obtained by designing the nozzle with a small droat area a2, Of particular interest is thet the exit velocity is inereased by a very small sount, namely by only 61 m/sec, although the exit Mach mumber has been doubled. The higher Mach mumber of 20 is achieved not by a largo increase in exit velocity by rather by a large decrease in the speed of sound atthe est, “This is characteristic of mest conventional hypersonic wind tunnels ~ the higher Mach numbers are not associated with comesponding increases inthe test section flow velocities, 443. We will se the sketch shown in Figure 447, idenifping the separate planoxm cas A and . @ qo Ye pa Vel = Ye (1.23)(207 = 246 Nim? Re,, = 2eVete 5x 10 Hence 10°\S x PNe 2320) 9 3636m where VoL _ (1232044) (788 x 10°) 55x 10°oon Gx 0y 0032 Dr, =4e $ Cr= (246)(4)(4}( 0.00332) ~ 13.07 N The turbulent drag on area A is obtained from aor 0074 Re TOP 00% (246,4)(0:2636)(0.00536) = 1.92 ‘The turbulent crag on area Bis 13.07-192= 11.15 wr Dy, ‘The laminar drog on area is obtained ftom 1328 1328 Re x1 0.00188 (aminae) D,, = de Cy, = 246)4)(0.3636)(0.00188)= 0.67 N The total eietion dra is Dy D,, + D, = 0.67 + 11.15 =. o = 40 misce Ge = Ye be Ve? = Va (1.23 K407 = 984 Nim Vel: _(128)(40K4) a reo! es He (1789 x 10°) oor aan bul tot = 0.0089 (autem) Re TS TE D, 12 § C,,,,= O84) 4NAK0.00289) = 45.5. “8oom __ao74 Re, Ex 1OH™ (Turbulent) € 0.00536 [Note that, since Re,_ remains the same, but Vis doubled, xis half that from part @ xq 73636 - 91818 m 2 Dy, a6 C,, = 08434}(0.1818)0.00536) = 3.84 N Hence, Dy, = Dy, ~D,,=455-3.84=41.66N (Laminar) C,, = 1728 328 = 00188 RIP Ex? Di. de C, = (984K4}01818}0.00188) = 1.345 N Thus, © Dye Va Using the results from parts (a) and (b) D, (yy pb, \w 12 (20) 43 Go. 0.275=(0.5)"‘Taking the log of both sides 0s (030) ne 9S ay 030 Note’ Skin fition drag does not follow the velocity squared Jaw; rather skin friction varies with velocity ata power slightly less than 2, 4.44 (a) Forturblent flow, Cra: MoE. then Cree 5 v, ig 08 Cea Ve $ Ces Vol (a5 Drew" 1 (©) Fortaminar Now, Cee 5 « 4.45 (a) Ma. Since a, = 340.3 m/sec at sea level, nG40.3) 40.3 m/sec “s3)340. 0074 (36 x 10) o.oorss Thus, Cr= 0.91 (0.00188) = 0.00171 Dy= de S Cr(7.12 x 10%K4(4 0.00171) Pawan 3403) 021 mvs, Ya Be Ve = Ya (1.231021) = 61 x 10° Nin? VoL _ (12310214) _ He (1789 x10") 281x108 cy artes ‘(281 x L0"y = 0.00151 From Figure 4.44, for the turbulent case, approximate reading of the graph shows, for Me=3, C1 = 0,86 ©, “Cr= 0.56 (0.00151) = 0.000846 Drm ge$ Cr= (6.41 x 10°)4)(4(0.000846) © 1948 (ey ‘3677 Gonos. 0.2245 = (0333)" (04772) ‘This implies Dro: Val, This is considerably different than the velocity squared Jaw. In fact, comparing this result, where n= 1.36, with the incompressible result in Problem 4.43, where n = 1.87, indicates that the aed effect of compressibility (higher Mach numbers) continues to drive down the exponent. The eompatison is only ‘qualitative, however, because the Reynolds numbers in Problem 4.45 are much larger than those in Problem 4.43, of Problems 4.43, 4.44, and 4.45 is that flows with Inany event, the bottom fition and/or compressibility do not follow the velocity squared law, but rather for such ‘lows the skin friction drag varies as Vc" where n is an exponent les than 2. «SAL Assume the moment is governed by M Va Pes S, Hoe) More specifically M Vet pa Stat Bauutng the dimensions of mass, m. length. ¢, and time |, and considering Z diresiolss, mé?_(£)"(m)") yf £)"(m)° +O o0@ L=beF Pores) deac3be2d ef (Frlenaty eof (fortime) Solving, , and din tems of and f beret and, a=2-0-f ani, 2=2-e-f-343+20+e+f or O=.3 48+ 2d (lets [Note that S'? is a characteristic length; denote it by the chord, 4“/, M=peVu?SeZ However, aJVn= Ma and et V.p.e Re Let Gye where Gn isthe moment coefficient. Then, as was to be derived, we have M Loy V2 Cem 3P oh M=qeSeen 52 From Appendix D, at 5° angle of attack, 067 (Note: Two sets of lif and moment cosficient data are given forthe NACA 1412 airfoil ~ with and without flap deflection, Make cerain to read the code properly, and use only the unflapped data, as given above. Also, note thatthe seae fore, is diffrent than that for ¢, ~ be careful in reading the data) ‘With repatd to cy, ist check the Reynolds muanber, (0.002377)100)(3) (7373 x 10°)Re=19x 10° Inthe airfoil data, the closest Re is 3x 10°, Use y for this value. c47 0.007 (for ¢, - 0.67) ‘The dynamic pressure is a-ha =f 00min =119 ‘The area per unit span is S= 1(¢)=(1})=3 6 Hence, per unit span, L=qoS , = (11.998¥0.67)= 23.916 D= ge S$ ey = (11.993}0.007) = 0.25 tb 3)(-0.025} Mer= Ge S€ ¢,,, = (1998 From Appendix D, e,-098 on, =-0012 Checking the Reynolds number, using the viscosity coefficient ftom the curve given in Chapter 4, He, = 182 10° kgim see at T= 308K, Rem 2aMas (USTIARIOD gg gh He” 182 x10 0‘This Reynolds number is considerably less than the lowest value of 3x 10° for which data is given for he NACA 23012 airfoil in Appendix D. Hence, we can use this data only to sive an educated guess; use ‘10.01, which is about 10 percent higher than the value of 0,008 given for Re=3 x 10° pressure is 1024 Nim? ‘The area per unit span is $=(1(03)=0.3 mi, Hence, aS, 1024K0.3)(0.98) = 301N Dm qe Sca=(1028)(0.3)(0.01)= 3.07N Mut=qo$ €6™ (1024K0-3}(03)(0.012) = -1.1Nm SA From the previous problem, q-= 1020 Nin? Leas, Hence, The wing area 8 = (2)(0.3)=06 ma? Hence, 6 = 2 0033 102405) From Appendix D, the angle of attack which corresponds to ths if coefficient i a=? st55 From Appendix D, at a= et Also, Y, eae! =} (00023779176) = 368 Tie L-aeSc, L385 qac, (36804) 86 L=qSe, Hence, We must tabulate the values of fey for various angles of attack, and find where the ‘maximum occurs. For example, from Appendix D, at 028 «40.006, Hence L_ev_ 025 BB OS Doe” 0006A tabulation flows, oe 025 035 045 055 065 075 O85 095 105 LAS 1.006 0.006 0.006 0.0065 0.0072 0.0075 0.008 0.0085 0.0098 0.0105 4L7 583° 75° 846 903 100 106 «112, From the above tabulation, Hence, @_- Atsea level fre 1.225 kin? 01 x 10° Nim? Pe endo =} (2280607185 Nt From the definition of pressure coefficient, 58 P=pe _ (095-101) x 10° cs te 1531 391 The speed is low enough that incompressible flow can be assumed. From Bemoulli's equation,59 5.10 The speed of sound is 2.5 ORT, = ((ATTOGSIO = 1107 1/00 Hence, M. 700 0.63 a. 07 ln problem 5.9, the pressure coeficient at the given point was calculated as -0.485. However, the conditions of problem 5.9 were low speed, hence we identify 5, = Oss ‘At the new, higher free stream velocity, the pressure coefficient must be corrected for compressibility. Using the Prandl-Glauest Rule, the high speed pressure coefficient is Ey0925 S11 The formula derived in problem 5.8, namely - uslized Bemoulli's equation in the derivation, Hence, it is not valid for compressible flow. Inthe present problem, check the Mach number. som YART, = (UATE) = 101 fe/see Mo= 20 « 0.708. Hol ‘The flow is clearly compressible! To obtain the pressure coefficient, first caleulate p= from the equation of state 2116 = 2118 __ 9.09244 stugit RT, G716 (605) i Pe To find the pressure at the point on the wing where V = $50 fSee, first find the ‘temperature from the energy equation t+ ner Se yoy ‘The specific heat at constant pressure for ait is R__ GAYITIO, yl” sD 506 A ag RHence, 780" — 850" Te 505 +2(6006) 05 -9.5 = 4955R Assuming isentropic flow 4955)" 2 = cuts (285)" = were PreN9 505 om te tition pene ,_wio-2i6 pe }(a00244y780)' 5.2 A velocity of 100 fsec is low speed, Hence, the desired pressure coefficient is a low speed value, C,, From problem 5.11, 0.183 and Mo = 0.708. Thus, 0.183 yi-(0.708)° (0.183)(0.706) = -0.129 56$13 Recall thatthe airfoil data in Appendix D is for low speeds. Hence, at a= 4, e,, 058, ‘Thus, from the Prandtl-Glauert rule, 058 vi- (08) =097 qi-me S14 The Tift coefficient measured is the high speed value, e,. Its low speed counterpart is e, , where vem? 07 (085) yi- a FFor this value, the low speed data in Appendix D yield ar S15 First, obtain a curve of Ce versus Me from I Some values are tabulated below for y M. 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Cpe 3.66 2.13 -129 0.779 0.435 -0.188 0Now, obtain the variation ofthe minimum pressure coefficient, Cp with May where C,, 0.90, From the Pranl-Glaver le 090 qi-M, ‘Some tabulated values ace: M. 04 05 06 07 08 09 C098 108 1125 126 15 -206 A plot ofthe two curves is given on the next page sOF 05 Be a7 a8 aT 40 From the interseoton point, Ma = [63] 8.16 The curve of Cyr versus Mo bas already been obtained inthe previous problem; it isa universal curve, and hence can be used for this aud all other problems. We simply hove to obizin the variation of C, with Ma from the Prandl-Glaver rule, a follows: Ss, -065 yieoMs Jiu Me 04 05 06 07 08 09 Cp O71 075 081-091 -1.08 -1.49 ‘The results are plotted below. »OF as 06 a7 08 AF 40 From the point of intersection, = Please note that, comparing problems 5.15 and 5.16, the eitical Mach number fora given airfoil is somewhat dependent on angle of attack for the simple reason thatthe value of the minimum pressure coefficient isa function of angle of attack, When a critical Mach number is stated fora given airfoil in the literature, i s usally for @ small (cruising) angle of attack, S117 Mach angle = = are sin 1/M) p= ate sin (1/2) 30° ©5.9 At36,000 trom Appendix B, To=390.9°R Pa 71x 104 sug/t? Y1AYI716\3905) = 969 f /see ke Me = (9692.2) =2132 fsee 5 @-1x 10*9@132)"= 1614 in {In evel fight, the airplane’ lift must balance its weight, hence L=W= 16,0001. From the definition of lift eoetticient, G 087 Je S= 16,000(1614(210) 6Assume that all the lift is derived ftom the wings (his is not really tue because the fuselage and horizontal tail also contribute to the airplane lif) Moreover, assume the wings can be approximated by a thin flat plate. Hence, the lif coefficient is given approximately by Solve fora, 1 a=te, feuyM = 1 400403) = 0.023 radians (or 1.2 degrees) ‘The wave drag coefficient is approximated by 4a Hence, Dy =GeS Cy, = (1614)(210\(0.00108) Dy~ 3661 5.20 _(@) At 50,000 f, pe =3.6391 x 10" shugif? and T.=390°R, Hence, YCAXTTI6X390) = 968 ft see and 2130 Ase ‘The viscosity coefticient at Te = 390°R = 216.7K can be estimated from an extrapolation of the straight line given in Fig. 430. The slope ofthis line is @uy _ 212-154) x 10” ke 8 x 10 a G0 0) (nsooNK) Exttapolating from the sea level value of p= 1.7894 x 10° kglim)(see), we have at Ta = 216.7 K. ue 1.7894 x 10 - (5:8 x 104) (288- 216.7) es 1.37 x 10° kyle) Converting 1 english engineering units, using the information in Chapter 4, we have 137 10 sary « 1027 HE slg 74107 37373 x 10 286 x T7a09 x 107° Bae NIT sce Finally, we can caleulate the Reynolds number forthe flat plate: 36391 x 10°(2130)202) PaNal i = S47 x 10" Re 286 x 107 ‘Thos, fom Eq, (4.100) reduced by 20 percent (08) — 0074 0.00106 674 x 10) ‘The wave drag coefficients estimated from fa’ cow Wei where a= <2 = 0035 rad. 53 Thos, otal drag coefficient = 0,0025 + (2X0.00106) = 0.00462 oNote: In the above, Cris multiplied by two, because Eq, (4100) applied to only one side ‘of the fat plate. In flight, both the top and bottom of the plate will experience skin friction, hone that ttl skin frition coeffcln is 2.00106) = 0.00212, (©) Ieavis increased to $ degrees, where a = 5157.3 - 0.00873 red, then = 400873) _ porss6 ee ‘Total drag coefficient = 0.01556 + 20.00106) = 0.0177 (6) In case (a) where the angle of attack is 2 degrees, the wave drag ceficient (0.0025) and the skin friction drag eoelficient acting on both sides of the plate (2 x (0.00106 = 0.00212) ae about the same. Horvever, in case (b) where the angle of attack is higher, the wave drag coefficient (0.0172) is about eight times the total skin fition cocfficiest, This is because, as increases, the strength of the leading edge shock ‘increases rapidly. In this ease, wave drag dominates the overall drag forthe plate. va=251 n= (2s14t8)(_th_)( 1000) 697g S21 ver2s1 inns (251ht)( A 00 69.7 225 kon? ae 225\(69.1)' = 2976 Nim” L980 995 a.5” B7OKISS Cy, = SE = 0205 gona s ReAR” (0673) c2975)16230.00289522 Vo" 85.5 kowh= 23.75 misee Have asegaufisenad q= + -_980__ © G.S” G45\162)— Cy = Ste 075" oats RAR (0627.31) joS Cp, = (45)(16.2)(0.215) = 1202 Note: ‘The induced drag at low speeds, such as near stalling velocity, is considerably larger than at high speeds, near maximum velocity. Compare the results of problems 5.20 and $21 523 First, obtain the infinite wing liA slope. From Appendix D for a NACA 65-210 sie C, #105 ate Henes, & 0.11 per degree cig Pee The lift slope for the finite wing is ay ou eae [Bia STMOI ~ OPS 2 (9K3) 6Ata 6 C= aa axe)= (0.076) [5 The total drag coefficient is Coe = (0.008) + mar“ » 008 + 0,023 = 0.027, poVe 10°,L = 17.9 1b, Hence __179 as ain05 SL =O, Hence a acy 0-0 da fio ‘This is the finite wing Hi slope. Solve for 2, 0.083 ™ TO 1423 weAR | # (095K6) = 0.11 per degree 6a5 Thus, at = a-0 Dost 4.8 CONS ‘Ata 2, assume that cy has not materially changed, ie, the “drag bucket” ofthe profile rag curve (see Appendix D) extends at least from -I° to 2%, where oy is essentially constant. Ths, ata= 2° L 5 as” Ganay Ge D_ 023 - = 000763 a8” Gots However: frat Se ean 0.00763 = 0.006+ 168)" _ 80) 0.905 4 200146 = 090 To obiain the Tift slope of the airfoil infinite wing), first calculate the finite wing lift slope. (0166-0) 2-@y 155 per degree aa oss & sa (0055) “eAR # (09KG) y= 0.068 per degree 2W_ {_27780) 526 527 a= ,-0087 mins nan 2x (0.087)= 0.548 (b) Using the Prandtl-Glauert rue, 0548 =0767 528 For V~ 21.8 fsee at sea level 1 ounce = 1/16 Ib = 0.0625 Ib 006s Sas s6500~ “Fora flet plate airfoil 6 =2na=29(3/57.3)= 0.329 The difference between the higher value predicted by thin airfoil theory and the lower value measured by Cayley is de to the low aspect ratio of Cayle's test wing, and viscous effects at low Reynolds number 5.29 From Eqs. (5.1) and (5.2), written in coefficient form G Cy 60s 0+ Casin ce Co=Cysina*Caeos a Hence: C= 08 c0s 6° -0.06 sin 6* = 0.7956 - 0.00627 = 0.789, ‘p= 0.8 sinc + 0.06 cos w= 0.0836 + 0.0597 = 0.1433 Note: At the relatively small angles of attack associated with normal airplane flight, Cy and Cy are essentially the same value, as shown in cis example, 530 First solve for the angle of attack and the profile drag eoetTcient, which stay the same inthis problem, °° Ty573 a, 10 eAR) wae Sitresnsane any 038 {14573 OYTO 42°The profile drag can be obtained as follows. = 935 e012 2 oy WAR i ssppiy i030" (MD or, aie Increasing the aspect rtio at the same angle of attack increases Cand reduces Cp. For AR=10, we have C.sa0= 15573 a, 1G e,AR) couya2y T5573 (ON\/Ue OOO) ~ S775 _ 062 + 0.005048 = 0.112 x (99) Hence, the new value of LID is Gi 8778 37 cy oo1t2 531 For incompressible flow, from Bemouli's equation, the stagnation pressure is Pompe t Ya pea? Let $ be the sure area of each face ofthe plate, ‘The aerodynamic force exerted on the front face is Feat = Po Sand the aerodynamic force on the back face is Pome The net forse, which is the drag, is D= Fea Pius“ (Pa Pa) S From Bernoulli's equation, Po Bo Ye pe Va? “Thus, D="ep.v2s Co-72 v's 3h ae Hence: 8.32 The drag of the airplane is D=qeS Cp o “The drag ofa fla plate st 90° to the flow, with an area fand drag coefficient of 1, is D=aef Cp, a2 f(0) @ Bquating Bas. (1) and 2) GS Co= get Eas6A c= W_ 38220 as @ane7ay oe * 9,93 +0242" aR © (0975) oy, C= 0.03 + 0.002 0.0328 CuCy = 0.24210.0328 we aie 1 (b) ae ©) ae" 5 w 38220 “ gS (3670)(273) 5 (038) F (ONS) 0.0368 CC = 0.38/0.0368 = 103Ww _38220 W820 sy Ge, 103 62 ve=200 88-2993 fisee 0 (0.002377)(293.3)" = 02.2 ll? Ww 5000 “4.8 0223200) =0245 C2 (0245) RAR (O95N85) = 0.0024 ‘Since the airplane is Aying at the condition of maximum L/D, hence minimum thrust required, Cp, =Cp, . Thus, =2 Cy, =2(0.0024) = 0.1088 102.2)(200(0.0048) = 98.1 1b 63 (@) Choose a velocity, say V. 00 mise 1 ae Fm Vat = 20.225) 1009 = 6125 Nin? a 0x07 G25) con & 132 +(0358)" AR ® (O87\(65) 0.032 + 0,007 = 0.0392in Ve = (11287)(100) » 1.129 x 10° watts 129 kw A tabulation for other velocities follows on the nest page: v a Co Cua Pa misec daw) 100 0358 po 9.13 1129 130 0212 0934s 6 2182 160 oso 0031 4.23 3898, 190 0.099 0.9325 3.05 619 20 0.074 0.0323 9900 250 0.057 os LT 14550 260 0.045 0.0321 143 20180 310 0.037 ° 32 Las 27780 Pa (2)(40298) Var = 80596 Vir ‘The power required and power available curves are plotted below i ; ! on eho aa ho Bo to SY, % Om/sec)From the intersection of the Pa and Pk curves, we Find, = 295 m/sec at sea level (©) At5 km standard alitude, p ~ 0.7364 kg! Hence, (ovo)! =(1.2250.7368)"? = 1.29 Var= (Psp)! Vo 1.29 Vo Pea (Ov) Pa, = 1.29 Pa, rom the results from part () above, v. Fe Ya wis 9) wise 100 na 129 150 aun 168 160 3498 206 190 sat9 os no 9500 24 250 m @h, n(£ 0601 T,, ad Hence, P= Ty, Vo=(0501N80596) Vu 48158 V5 ‘The power required and power available curves are plotied below. 5 Cow) 1456 ass 5028, 8281 1271 18770ns g a” |. [Fan] 3 cS I Sos ¢ I 1 0G te 0 to Bm Joo Y,, Om/sec) rom the intersection ofthe Py and P, curves, we find Vnar™ 290 misee at 5 km ‘Comment: The mach numbers corresponding to the maximum velocities in parts(b) and (@) ae as follows: At sea level c= IRI, = (TAGIAHBIG) = 340 msec Ma = X= AtS kmsttiade ae~ (RT, = MOOT we eB 90 These mach numbers are slightly larger than what might be the actual drag-divergence “Mach number for an airplane such as the A-10. Our calculations have not taken the large %6drag rise at drag-divergence into acount, Hence, the maximum velocities calculated above are somewhat higher than reality 64 (@) Choose a velocity, sy Vio = 100 fusee Loewe Hesro? =n vg SM at39. 8” (i808) ~ oars 39 + UoK) 027 +0.109= 0.136 w 3000 3000 4g. GiG, * Tap r0136) ~ 1022 785 ‘A tabulation for other velocities follows:Ve ce) © cute Pa hp) 7 08 5.88 649 10 0.136 10.22 sad 150 0.0487 2.73 643 200 0.0330 029 106 250 0.223 0.0298 748 182 300 015s 0.0284 3.46 300 350 oad 0.0277 42 463 (b) At sea level, maximum Ps = 0.83 (345) = 286 hp. The power required and power availabe are plotted below, § sea evel pense rowen gs 8 3 8 9 30 we fe ate aie 355 to Vi (f4/see) nFrom the intersection ofthe Pa and Px curves, Vnar= 295 fse0=201 mph at sa level (©) Ata standard altitude of 12,000 f p= 1.648 x 10° stugit?™ Hence, (0.00237770.001648)'* (oo) 2Ve Vax (0¥/9)"" Vo Pay = (lo)!? Ph, = 1.2 Dy Using the results from part () above, vy, Pe Vu s9 a arses 70 oo “ m9 100 saa 20 ou 150 ws 180 769 200 106 a0 wa 280 182 sao as 300 349 340 300 (@) Assuming thatthe power output of the engine is proportional 1 ps, 2001888) », 0603 P, 02377 . Pa, =(PlPs) Pa, 81 12,000 8, Pq = 0.693 (286) = 198 hp The power required and power available carves ar ploted below. »3 72,000 4) 8 HORSEPOWER From the intersection of the Pa al Pk curves, Vix = 290 fsee ~ 198 mph] st 12,000 f 65S Fromsthe Pg and Py curves generated in problem 63, we find approximately excess power = 9000 kev at sea level ‘excess power = 5000 kw at 5k Hence, at sea level excess power _ 9 x 10" watts RIC a W 10307 x 10°, and at 5 km altitude, 5x lo! = SKM 48.5 m/sec 103047 x 107 646 From the Pa and Pa curves generated in problem 6.4, we find approximately: 0excess power = 232 hp at sea level excess power = 134 hp st 12,000 ft Hence, at sea level, excess power _(232\550) Ww 3000 RIC 42.5 fboe and at 12,000 ft stud, 34350), 3000 RIC = 2456 fisee 627 Assuming (Chau vais lnecy with lite, ®C mah ed From th to R/C)ax values fom problem 6.5, 873=a0)+b 485 a(000)+b Hence, (RIC)gug 0.00776 b+ 87.3 ‘To obtain the absolute ceiling, set (R/C)ax:~0, and solve for h 873 000776 1,250m absolute ceiling = 11.3 km68 WO ahb From the results of problem 6.6, 425-2@)+b 246 =a(12,000) +b Hence, beans 0.00149 BOna =-0.00149 +425 To obiain the absolute ceiling, sot (RIC)aax =O, and solve for, pa 00149 absolute citing = 28,500 ft COMMENT TO THE INSTRUCTOR Tn the above problems dealing with a performance analysis of the twinjet and single-engine piston aiplans, the answers will someshet depend on the precision and umber of calculations made by te stent. For example, if'he Px curve is constructed fiom 30 point instead ofthe sx oc eight points as above, the subsequent resuls fr rate- of climb and absolute ceiling will be more accurate than obsined above. Some leeway on the students’ answers is therefore advised. In my own experience, lam glad when the scudents fll within the same ballpark. 69 R=N(LDjgu, = 5000 (7.7) = 38,500 = 729 miles60 , we have to calculate the C; corresponding to maximum L/D, Goat CAR _ [re aR 2Cr0 V4 Coo (028)n(07\A11 ane near = 0038 ‘ CL=Cp | =*| = 0.076 (7.7) = 0.585 ()-ansan is oma=anetan (2) are tan 013) = Paw o(w)_ [Tena (1m) [2 em Oa) (100) «9 sa5 231) 6.1 From Eq. (6.85), (2) ARC, \D) 20, Pultiag in the numbe (2) _Eoweraya02s” ag \D). ‘0050 s6.12 Aviation gasoline weighs 5.4 Ib per gallon, Hence, Wy ~ G4)(5.64)~ 248 Thus, the empty weight is W, = 3400-248 = 3152 The specific fel consumption, in consistent unis, is © = 042/(350(3600) = 2.12 x 107 fe The maximum L/D ean be found fiom Eq. (6.85). (L) _(@eAR Cu)” _trooni62xoo27* _ \D)., 2G, 2(0.027) bs ‘Thus, the maximum sange is: x (0 212 x 10 R=38x 10H, Interms of miles, To calculate endurance, we must fist obiain the value of (C.%Cp)gu. Feom Eq. (6.87), (2) Putting in the numbers (Came AR)” 4G,"| __ [3:0027)x(0.91(62)) Cer). 4@m7) 109 Hence, the endurance is Qs 2 po)" (Wil? = Wel) 2= (got) ano coomsraiy 2.100% B= 267x 10" see = 74 be 6.13 One gallon of kerosene weighs 6.67 Ib, Since | Ib = 4.448 N, then one gallon of kerosene also weighs 29.67 N. Thus, = Wy= 136960 - $6370 = 80590 N Inconsistent units, =10 N_ Man 777 x10" sec" Also ata standard altitude of 8 ko. pe 0.526 kgm® Since masimom range for a jet srceaft depends upon maximum C,!/Cp, we must use Eq, 686). Putting inthe numbers,+ 1846 me (0032) 5 (0032) For atte he as eee eee cos20] 2777 «107? R=273x 10%m= 2730 km The enduraee depends on CCp. From Eq. (685), Qe Ca)" _ 1s cosryesxo0s2y bre 2 (003) \ Best ant a7 x0" ( 136960) 30590) E=22496 see = 625 br 6‘Thisis Eg. (6.80) Lo ech 38 , GAS FromEg. (681), Co, 7This is Eq. (6.86) (This is Eq. 687) G16 AR=b4S, hence b= /SAR = TKS =1748m he 5 f= (913.28) m= 1.524m ba S24/17.48= 0.08719 (6 hibY_ 1946 _ 6 6 14 (16 h/by? 2946” Vio= 12 Vaa=12 [2 — 2 12,[ 2008047) 50.3 see \ PS Coc (A708) ence, 0.7 Vig 562 mises. This ithe velocity at which the average force is evalua ds syste I send jo Ep Va? = 4 (1,225)S6:2)°= 1935 Nin? Go" 50 0. 225K5629 L=ga8 C. = (0935K47)0.8) = 72760 N 8D=qeSCo=ae5 (Cy, +6 a) D= (19359647) (005: + (0.664 0.8)"x(0.87)(6.5)] D sorN From Eq. (6.0) laa We TDs HW 44 (03047)? (@.8y.225)47(08) (80595-5072 + (O2\LOB0AT ~ 7276} so = 452m 67 exe bb = 473, Lisa Cs yt _ 368 1+(16 iby 465 078s a Vio=12 [2¥— 21223000) ps ?y (0023771811) = 135 fvs00 0.7 Vio" 0.7 (135) = 945 Ase. = Hoavd= Haonsmens?=106m? L=gese. (10.)C181)(1.1) = 211016co7ssyaay? D=co.ois1) [0027+ O.eXLEN i 7(091)(62) 154615 T= ($50 HPV = (350)285)94.5 = 1659 Ib las wt 8 PS Cin {t(D +, (W=1) = _ 144 (3000)" 32.33(0.002377 (1 IKLIN{T59 [1546+ (02)(3000~ 2110) suo” S728. aw _, 5 (2003017) PS Crom — ¥(123)47)2.8) = 46.39 mise 0.7 Vr=32.47 mise. o> Hee asxas9¢neny Since the lift is zero after touchdown, Cp = Co. D=qo8 Coo = (648.4)(47)(0.052) = 9752 N - 19 wi Faecal +a-O, 1.69 (103047)? * GaN 2H (9752 + oAaosoRy 7 ™ [26000 69 ' (o002377)181y8) = 1144 fsee (07 Vz =80.08 Fse. %”6.20 622 ae~ byte Losjonsrncon? 102 wit D=ge8 Coo =(7.62K181)(0.027) = 372 Ib 169 We tam [LD + 4,0 -Dhinwe - 69 (3000)? (2220002377 (181)(18)[372 +04 (3000}] eamequeasi( | anevescconne Veo= 250 mph 250{ 55) fi 366.6 fu 166 6 (0.3048) nsec = 111.7 mses 5)(1.25)(111.79 = 7673 Nin? L= G28 Chinn ® (1673)47)(1.2) = 4328 x 10" N L438 x10", Wo 103047 __angy 9si4ay 0.358 rad/see From Eg. (6.13) T 1S Co a From Ea. (6.1e) oC= Combining (1) and @) e T=4eS[Coo* @ GS [Cot SR] ° From Eq. (6.14) L=W-aeSC w ans ro) Substitute (4) ito (3) 8 Coot T= 428 |Co9+— 3 aSaeaR Mulpy by ge T= qe" S Coot e * Oo" SeeAR 2 wv og 8Co0-aT Hg ° From the quae for: a80,,¥ te fee Sweat a 28 Coo (a) ow [ry 4 See (s}*s |W) “year 1 - paV 2 Coo00-404 AR = Pa» Coe (coke) + Ss J" S\WW) rear P- Con For Vina? T= (Tux (®) (%) wity _ 4 Coo (wi bs/" s Wow! ee AR P= Co0 Figure 6.2, (L/D)nas= 18.5, and Co =0.015. From Eq. (6.85) (2) - (Coo © aR)? 2 Cop _ 40015)185) (70)Please note: Consistent with the derivation of Bq, (6.85) where a parabolic drag polat is assumed with the zeto-ift drag coefficient equal tothe minimum drag eoedicent, forthe value of Cp in this problem we read the minimum drag coefficient from Figure 6.2. 624 Drag: D-qeS Cp o Power Available: Pa=n Py @ Also, Px=Ta Von Hence Ty= 2 ° Vv, (a) Atan altitude of 30,000 R, p= 0.00089068 slug/f and T= 411.86°R, The speed of sound is ‘The drag coefficient st Mach one, as given inthe problem statement is Cog (at Ma = 1) = 10 [Cpe (¢t ow speed)] = 10 0.0211) = 0211 Heenee, drag at Much one is *D> qo Cp ~ (440.6(334)(0211) =31.051 tb The thrust available is obtained as follows. The engine produces 1500 horsepower supercharged 10 17,500 fl. Above that altitude, we assume that the power decreases iretly a the air density. At 17,500 ff, po =0.0013781 slugif’. Hence Balat 30000 A) (459 200089068 Pa(at 17500 ft) (00013781 uP. (1500) = 969 HP From Eq. (3), above 7B, _ (034960550) 9987 16L1b Consider the aiaplane in vertical dive at Mach one. The maximum downward vertical force is W+T,= 12,441 + 161 = 12,602 1b. However, the drag isthe retarding force ating verieally upward, and itis 31,051 Ib. At Mach one, the drag far exooeds the maximum downward force, Hence, it i not possible for the airplane to achieve Mach (®) Atm altiude of 2,000 8, a= 0.0012673 sg? 73 = (UAT) = 1036.8 tusee 9s81 thn? Loyoel de> 5 PeVel= 5 (0.0013672)(1006.8 D= qe $ Cy (681)(334}0.211) = 47.995 tb The thrust available is obtained as follows alot 20,000 ) ooor2673 . p= 1500) = 20022675 7 paca 17500) )~ qgorsran (50°) 879 HF Henee, , , tan BPE = WINISTONSSD) 94 10368 In a vertical, power-on dive at 20,000 fi, the maximum vertical force downward is W + ™ 12,441 +219 = 12,660 Ib. However, the drag isthe retarding force acting vertically the drag far exceeds the maximum downward ‘upward, and it fs 47,998 Ib. At Mach on once, Hence its not possible forthe airplane to achieve Mach 1 (628 Taking the analytical approach given in Example 619, from Ba, (E6191) Pa=% paVa! 8 Coo+ o bi a4ssy" R= Pe #193 AR as W = 1020 kgr= (1020)(9.8) = 9996 N Pa=n (bhp) = (0.9985) = 76.5 hp Using consistent units, noting that | hp = 746 WattsPa™ (76.5)(746) = 5.71 x 108 Watts Yapa8Cro=% ( 23K (0.03) =0.2113 Ya pa Smee AR ~ ¥a (1.23X11.45) x (0.79193) Inserting these numbers into Eq, (1) 5.11 x 104= 0.2113 Va) + OO 2989, sort x 1002113 Veh + 38S 10 ® v. Solving Fa, (2) for Vi Voe= Vac [39 mised] 6.26 From Bq, (667) 1 SM eG ® (S.)_ -CuseaD” nempeonvay” gg Colman 2 Cow 2003) Using consistent unit, — ke opine) “ee (| Lip | in) ox) |i ke) | 746 NZ (3600 see) =73%107m" Wo = 1020 kge~ 1020 9.8) - 9996N 7Wi=Wo- Was 15X98) = 7105 N From Ba, (6.67) ) aso 9) 627 XCpy 1 ¢ AR)" 4G5 = Mon s(07093)" yo (003) From Bq. (6.68) -(3) (=) pes) (wi Wo”) Using results rom Problem 6.2 a9 aw) E=6.54 x 107 (0.01186—0.01000] 99) [2(.28,11.45)" £7105)" = 0996)"] B= 12164x 10° see 12164 x 10" 36001a a FC (I) ou 12 ge loavd At zeto lift, the moment coefficient about cis c, « Ma_,__-l24 ase” GlISNINO45) However, at zero lif ths is also the value of the moment coefficient about the ac. Cy, = 0008 Atte other angle of attack, 3675 aS” C2505) M, af © 2067 ase G55 Thus, from Eq, (7.9) inthe text, Cu, =Cu, +E th- Thus, »0005 ~ (-0.0: 04 hae = 0.02 The aerodynamic center is two percent of the chord length shead of the center of gravity. 73. From the results of problem 722, qe 6125 Nin? Cy, =-0.003 h-be=0.02 Tne present problem, the ex, has been shifted 0.2e rearward. Hence, hh =0.0240.2= 022 000 i Alo, C= He = = 0435 4,8” i253) Thus, Cy, ug CL has) Cy, 0.003 + 0.435 (0.22) = 0.0927 74 From problem 72, we knowGe 6125 Nim 003 heh 0.02 From information provided inthe present problem, at LL 4134 aS” @R25K15) Henee, dc, _ 04s a= Ce. - 0.09 per degree da § 09 per deg 1S. _ 10K04) _ 55 so, v= 2 7 Al eS (045\(15) os rom Eg, (7.26) in the text, , +a [= )-va2( -4)}- Vya(ie+6,) 03 + (0.098) [too -cos0a( 2) 049) +(0.593)0.1292.0) 058 Cu, Hence, the moment is toMa=qoS¢ Cy, =(6125K1.5)0.45)-0.058) Mg = -240Nim where, from problems 74 and 7.2, = 0,09 per degree hy, = 0.02 0003 Vu 0.593,0.003 + (0.593)(0.12)(2.0+ 0)= 0.139 = Cy, + Vn ee) The trim angle of attack can be found from Cu, (By, 1) =-0.139/0.039) = 3.56" This is a reasonable angle of attack, falling within the normal flight range. Hence, the sirplane model is also balanced From Problem 72, hy~ h,.., = 0.02 Hence, 2440593 for ( (1-089 Co by By definition, 70-026= 044 static margin = heh 1031,4), W s Val, 7) ,,= 0.139 from Problem 7.3) By, /4er,= 0.039 (from Problem 7.5) % 93 (rom Problem 7.4) 145, =0108 given) “ts, n= C1392(2OI9NB) _ 7350 vem = "(05933(004) = (Li) (ut ae 1 1B.) (Buran) a &./(E.1%,) 1 (942) 805 an” Cooi2) +FVn alee) 0.003 + (0.806}0.593)(0.12)2 + 0)= 0.112This isto be compared with Cy, =0.139 from Problem 7.5 for stck-fixed stability. h, ee tEVy -&y (012) 0.24 + (0,806,0.593) ~ 04) 8, $0.24 + 080610585) C4042) = 0.600 ‘Thisis to be compared with hy = 0.70 from Problem 7.6 for sticl-fxed stability hy -n=0.609-026= 0349 [Note thatthe static margin for stick-free is 79% of that fr stick-ixed AC, =f, -1} = 0.090549) This is 40 be compared with a slope of 0.039 obtained trom Problem 7.5 forthe stick fixed case, osExamining the above figure for a canard, let us trace trough the pertinent equations in the text, modifying them appropriately forthe eanaedcontiguation. Starting with Eq, (7.12) forthe moment generated about the center of eravity due to the tal the minus sign is replaced by a positive, because the til is ow ahead of the center of gravity, creating a positive moment Mas le o ‘Thus, Bq, (7.17) becomes Caan Va Cus ® ‘Note that the canard til sees no downwash, and the ennard is canted upward relative to the wing-body zero lift link, 50 Bi (718) forthe angle of attack ofthe tal becomes cH ay ° ‘Therefore, Eq. (7.22) i replaced by Cytaus= Vir ou + Vira co} In turn, Bq, (7.24) forthe otal pitching moment becomes Cwee= Curses * Cog (Ob, Va Cus 6 Bg. (7.25) becomes Cree Corgag Bet Ot (ChB) + Va 2] +Vi aie © Differentiating Eq, (6) with respect to angle of attack, the form that replaces Pq (7.28) is Ent mathhy, + Vy] omust be negative, From Ba, (1). therefore, (oh) + MAB 1, and also because T> I]. ‘The bit equation is _? Tre es @- 204 x 10” TF196 cos (@- The phase angle, C, is calculated as follows, Substitute the burnout location (ry = 7.044 x 10m and 0 = 0") into the above equation, 1044 x 108 = 204 x 10" 15196 cas (C) 08 (€) =0.967 Hence, the complete equation of the trajectory is 204 x10 T+196 cos (041476) where @ is in degroos and rin meters. feelection of amoten foe. SGeccene re 82 Escape velocity = V = 10.3 km/sec 03x 10" misee: For Venus: V= @\Q28 x 10")/616 x 1 x 10° = 1,11 x 10° m/sec = 11.3 km/sec Foran: V= (G96 x 10°)7639 5.02 kansee For Mars: V= J@)A27 x 10°)/339 x 10" =5.02x 10° mise For Jupiter: V= Yea x 10°) 74 x 10 83 G=667 x10" mMkay see) 35107 kg M uoGM =k? = (6.67 x 10)(7.35 x 10) = 4.9 x 10" m/sec” Orbital velocity is V = Vi 7 Vesiaa= V49 x 107/174 x 10" = 1678 m/soe = 1.678 kmn/see Escape velocity is larger by 2 factor of 2)! 84 some = V2 (1.678)= 2.37 kaise From Kepler’ 3rd law, @) a=) (ai? lad ata (yt) 143 10 m 495 x 10") (29.7110) Please note: The “distant planet” i in reality Saturn 8s (assuming the Furth is a perfect sphere) Tn order to remain over the same point on the Earth’s equator at all times m the satelite must have a circular rbit with @period of 24 hours = 8.64.10" see. As part of the derivation of Kepler's third law in the test, it was shown that ) ena, tts) (8.64 105)" = 4.21 x 10 m a) (283 0)" ‘The radius ofthe Earth is 6.4 x 10° m, Hence, the skiude above the surface of the Earth hhg=4.21 x 107-64 10°=3.57 x 107 m= 35,700 km Circular velocity is (i956 x 10" JKC = 3958 x 10" 5065 misee Ve" Va2rx 0 (0 ($2) 087149083104933 x 10" 429 kgf e0D et (000118 mx" Z= eIRT = 9,8/287)(29188) Prom E4. (8.97), the density the altitude for maximum deceleration is = 2 Zino. 74293(0,0001 18) sin 30°= 0.4383, GE From Fa. (873) iy _ NE Zsind _(8000)*(0000118Xsin 30°) _ 646 yee? FA See rast a's 0247 247 Ve=0.247 (8000)= 1978 m'see8.7 Aerodynamic heating vates as V.'. Hence: 9. (280) a, (2700 a= (1002.37) = 237 Baul? sec) ‘BS Assume the mean velociy ofthe earth around the sun is essenially fs Circular orbital velocity given by ie Ve where K? = GM, and Mis the mass ofthe sun. From Eq. (1) v. = 29,77 x 10" misee a y= (29.77 x 10°} (147 x 10°)= 1.30.x 10” msec ‘The asteroid is moving a 0.9 times the escape velocity from the sun. o ‘To interscot with the earth, the asteroids value of rn Eq. (2) isthe same as fr for the certh in Eq. (1). Henee, [203 10°) «55 550% 10 mice a7 x10) ‘The relative head-on collision velocity, which isthe velocity at which the asteroid would enter the earth’s atmosphere, is Van = 29.17 x 10) +37.85 x 10? = 67.62 10° m/see ean + Vase8.9 Farth'sradius= R= 64x 10%m Following the nomeneclatue in Figure 8.18, aus = R + (altitude above earth's surface) 64 x 104.17 x 10°= 6817 x 10m o @ ‘Combining (1) and @) fan _ He _ 100132 | = 10026 Toe” 090868 ae = fn (1.026) (6.817 x 10°K,0026) = 6.8347 x 10° ma Altitude at apogee = 6.8347 x 10°—6.4 x 10°= 0.4347 x 10° m ~ 34.7 km] 8.10 From Eq. (8.71), 12 = 3,956. 10" msec? From the solution of problem 8.9, Four = 6.8347 x 108m Tue “6817 X 10°(68347 + 6817) x 108 2 = 682585 x 10m Inserting these numbers into Eq. (8.71) _ im? (682885 x 108)! 13956 x 10" 3.1738 x10" 5634 see 5634 (36m 3600 8.11 The angular momentum per unit mass ish= 16, To calculate h, proceed as follows, From E4,(8.62), bre Tee Wt) From the solution of Problem 8.9, we have fein = 6817 x 10%. Thus, WP = (6817 x 10°¥(1.00132)3.956 x 10") = 27x 10" h=5.1965x 10" 1182 x 107 radisee n6(6.817 x 10°) (1.1182. 10°) = 7623 m/see = [L623 lanlsed Vossen "Fe 9.1 Following the nomenclature in the text 67344 Ty= 2.159285) = 619 The heat released per kg of fuekair mixture is established in the text as 243 x 10° joulerkg. Hence, S47; where ey = 720 jouleke" 2248 x 10! 4613 = 3988 702 (HY = (2) -000 84.6)(0.069) = 5.84 atin BY, ~P.Y, Wosmorice r The volumes V> and V; can be obtained as follows [ol 2] 4 984 com een os 75, Thus,x=1.71 em Thus, Va= 22 (9.84 1.71) where b=bore = 11.1 em 118m? = 1.118. 10%m* Vs= V¥6.75 = 1.118 x 1016.75 = 1.66 x 104m" Thus,=a4 S84)(L118 x 10) ~(846YL66 x 10°)]L01 x 10" “4 Won 1897 joule w pone ~ Womresion ~ 1897 -263 = 1634 jle 1 Pa 4 (RPM) NW ap Maes (RPM) (085(083)(2800(4)(1634) Pao 1.076 x 10° watts 1076 x 10° watts or Pam vats — 144 by veattsrhp SEP 92 Px= intaay (RPMYD 2 PAA Mo R where D= 2% y= ZLUD? (84K) ar 19D = 3809 em’ = 3.809 x 10%m* 120% Maga RPM) D 120(1076 x 10°) Pe (085)G089}(2800)3809 x 10) pe= 172 10°Nim? = 17 atm, 9.3 First, calculate the mass flow through the engine, For simplicity, we will ignore the mass of the added fuel, and assume the mass flow fiom inlet to exit is constam. Evaluating conditions atthe exit, 101 x 10 RT, ~ 287 (750) = 0.469 kgm? f= peas (0.469)(0.45)400) ~ 84 kg/see Atte inlet, assume standard sea level conultions Th=peAM 4 kp/see Hence, fm se Pad, ” (225043)‘Note: ven though the engine is sttionry, is sucking ai nto the inlet at such arate that the streamtube of air entering the engine is accelerated to velocity of 152 m/sec at the inlet, The Mach number atthe ile is approximately 0.45, ‘Therefore by making the assumption of standard sea level density atthe inlet, we are making about « 10 percent error inthe calculation of Vi, To obtain the thrust, To i (We Vi) + Re=fe) Ae = 84 (400-152) +(0) Ae= 20832. Since 1 I= 4.448 N, we also have 20832 4684 Th +8 94 Ata standard alitude of 40,000 po= 395.12 bv? po 5.8727 x 10° sugit The fre stream velocity is 88) 3308) 777 se veos (=r Henee, In = paVods = (5.87 x 10*K777)(13) = 5.95 slugisee T= th (Ver Va) +(e Bo) AeT= (6.93X1500-777) + 450-393)(10) T= 4287 +570= 48871 95 Assume the Mach number at the end of the diffuser (hence atthe entrance to the ‘compressor is close to zero, hence pz can be assumed tobe total pressure. Henee, Ps Ps Py 12\14D) = 176 PB ‘As demonstrated on the pressure-volume diagram for an ideal turbojet, the compression process is isentropic. Hence, 1917.6) = 1178" m2Combustion occurs at constant pressure, For each slug of air entering the combustor, (0.05 slug of ful is added. Each slug of fuel releases a chemical energy (heat) of (14 x 107)(32.3)=451 5 10° fitbstug, Henee, the hea released per slug of fuel-air mixture is _ ASL x 10°05) 105 215 x 10" Rlbstag cause the heat is added at constant pressine, ar Te-T) R__ 14070) _ gyq5 fb Forair, He Od ‘slug?R 17g + 5810" _ sa75 3580 6006 758R ‘Again, from the p-y diagram for an ideal turbojet, Also,neon (Be} "= 4758000 Ps 63° = 2095R [Noie: The temperatures calculated in this problem exceed those allowable for structural integrity. However, in real life, the losses due to heat conduction will decrease the temperature. Also, the fuel-air ratio would be decreased in order to lower the temperatures in an actual application, 96 m (Ve Va) +(Pe- Da) Ac 0 mn (2000-950) +0 = 0,952 slugisee However, mn 0982 = m2 __ 099) ___ gare? PN. @N2INGSO) 9.7 ALSO km, pe= 87.9 Nin? T= sh Vo (Re Po) Ae™ 25),4000) + 2x 104-87.9) 2)~ 100,000 +39,824 = 139,824 Since 11b= 44810 98 (a) Ata standart altitude of 5 kam, Pe po 2527 Nin? 1-1 fame, 8 (01820) 303 x 10°) p= 375 see (©) From the isentropic relations, = 1274 2827 (303 x 10°! _ R__(1418)(8314) (01820) 725 joulelke’K ‘From the energy equation6 {T, T.) = YAATEIGTSE- TTA, = 3678 msec Ps joule where 157 O hear kek 2527 = 227 = 0.00477 kgm? Pe isn) ® I = peAcVe~ (0.00477(15)(3678) = 263.5 ka/see (&) From the definition of specific impulse, where W isthe weight flow We = im go" (263.5)9.8) = 2582 Nisee Hence, (2582)(375) = 968250N o, T= 258250 - aye92m aaa nett ne aaa Tr, Ry +1) sig = 00x wha [8 (2 y Gry Vas7\2I80.169 m? 99 72 sug/see opat be ; y we Wm \RU at 31736 Ibi? Interms oF atmospheres, 31736 «15 atm 2116 Mi. omen os 910 Vs= gol fn 4009.6 m/sec 941 Mp=M)-My rowamyenry 999 1,200 msec 912 From Fa, (9.43) rapt log ¢= log a+ n log py At ps= 500 Ibvin®: log (0.04) = log a +n Tog (500) or, loga=-13979-2.69897 2 tp. 1000 Ibin?: 1og (0.058) = log 2 + m log (1000) or Toga Solving Fs. (1) and (1) fora and n, we have 0= 0.16133 + 0.03103 n a @a= 00014313 Heenee, the equation forthe linear buming rte is = 0.0014313 p08” @ For py 1500 Ibin® += 0,0014313 (1500) = 0,0721 insee In S seconds, the total distance receded by the burning surface is 0.0721 (8) = 0.36 in 9.43 Led MntMa +My, #M, +My Bete MM, 1M, Mi, 7200+ 8004-5400 + 6004460 = 0.9075) & OCD) 800 + 5400 + 600+ 60 = 1934 mise = $975 misee 1Hence: Ny ‘a Te veloc oft jt veliveoyous (We Va) This the velo you elo the “win” lef behind nthe it arth device pases ough your space. Th ery it sis inc pce, Th ery its net eungy, which or wit mses Va (Ve= Vey nes the Kneis nergy deposited per ni ines Varn (Ve~Vay 9s Power available Ve © From Fa (9.2 inorng the presets term and assuming hat ie esently ha, T=m(Ve- Vo) Q) ‘Theol power eset by the propsive devo the uf power pus the wasted power, Hence, ‘oul power genemied = Va Yah Ve- Val? ® Thus, uel power available Ty, tol power genented ry ly yp TV, +5 (V,- Va) o on Substituting Bq. @) into (),nh (Y,-Vo) Vo ws T AW AV) Vt my, WAV Vt SHY © Dividing numerator and denominator by m ( V=) Vox Eq. (5) becomes 1 1 9.16 From Example 93, Va" 500 miles/hour=733 see And Ve= 1600 fisee 2 2 we TAY. 1600) “83 eiNe iy ) Vial 9.17 Briefly: (@) The flow velocity increase across the propeller is small, hence Ve is only slightly larger than V,., and np is high a(b) The exit velocity ofthe gas from a rocket engine is supersonic. Hence, Veis very high compared to the velocity of the rocket, Va, and mis low. (©) The exit velocity from a gos turbine jet engine is usually a very high subsonic value, andl sometimes a supersonic value just above one, Hence itis less eflcient chan a propeller, but considerably more efficient than a rocket engine. 101 A ‘The teosile stress is 785 For the AM-350 stainless steal rod: 19,099 D x10 = 6586 x 10 aE At = ef =(6.586 x 10°)(10 8) = 6586x107 A, For the 2024 aluminum rod, B= 10.7 x 10° Hence: AP = (6586 x 10°70) 2% = 178x108. 107 The aluminum rod will elongate the most, bya fuctor of 2.71 1mThe yield tensile stress i 45,000 Ibfin?, Hence 15,000 0.196) = 8820 18 FeoyA: 10.3 We firs have to calculate what portion ofthe airplane's weight is carted by the nose wheel strut and the main gear tuts, Consider the sketch below. -— 674 > | le 02/4 | 406 Taking moments sbout point A; S158 Fxg Fy (6.74) (5158)(5.62) Taking moments about point B: Fy (6.74) =(5158X0.12) 5158(112) _ 9g SISSON) 857 Wy, 674 The nose wheel strut cross section axea is B20) 9785 in? a4 Hence, the compressive sites in the nose wheel strut is 13.The force in each main strut is Fy ~ 43 150.5 Ib. Hence the compressive stress ineach main gear strut is By _ 21505 p= Gy 8002 104 Re r=. 20. 00m Sin 60 0866 The resultant force is balanced by the force in the eord, The eross-seetional area of the cords a= SL. SOD" ooo78s in? 44 “Tensile stress R_ 2309 64s tin? ‘A 00795 = 2541 Tblin105 The shearing strain Gis given by on SE 9.00833 in perin 2 bs (0 = 0.00833 radians From Eq. (10.5): = G0 (4 x 10°¥(0.00835 3 (100) = 30 inches This dramatically demonstrates that boundary layers t hypersonie Mach numbers can be very thick, 11.2 From Chapter 4 we have ‘At59 km, T= 258.1 K,Thus: Ts ~ (81)(258.1) = 20,906 K Considering that the surface tempertuce ofthe sun i about 6000K, the above result isan extremely high temperature. This illustrates that hypersonic flows can be very high temperature flows. At such tomperatues, the sir becomes highly chemically reacting, and in realty te rato of speife heats is no longer constant; in tor, the above equation, Which assumes constant y, is no longer valid. Because the dissociation ofthe air requires ‘energy (essentially “absorbs” ergy), the gas temperature a the stagnation point will be ‘much lower than calculate above; it will be approximately 600K. This is stil quite hgh, and is sufficient to cause massive dissociation ofthe ai. 113 Following the nomenclature of Example 11.1, = 573 (@R)=573 (6.12)=2865° 0-90"-6-615" ™ (iM YY tay tay ME & tyme 27-9] 74H ff rats 20.08) | yg 2 2 2 (4176-1) = 1.836 anny 16(Note: This value of C) na is only slightly smaller than the value calculated in Example 11.1, which was 1.838 for M. = 25. This is ax illustration of the hypersonic Mach number independence principle, which states that pressure coefficient is relatively independeat of Mach number at hypersonic speeds.) (b) From modified Newetonian: y= Comin" = (1836) sn? (61.59) 418 M4 From Eq. (1111), C= 2 sia? cos ac, da 2 sin? o)(sin a) +4 cos! asin a= 0 a= 200 a= 2(1 sin? a) sin? a= 23 ane Camm =2 sit? (54.7) 008 (54.7) = 0.77 11S (@) C= 2sin? acosoCo=2 sin a Cao For small a, these become ant Cp=2@ + Coo CG 2a a= (Cx0)" Substituting Eg. (4) into Ea, (3): (%4) Coo)” Co) am 2 Cop * Hence: ) =067 (Cop) and it occurs at pe Coa) o @ @ “ _067 Coa)?Cy=2@ + Coo @ rom the resulls of part (a), at (L/D)eus We have a= (Cyo0)". Substituting this into Ea @. Cp=2Cx0+Cno~3 Coo Since Co=Cow + Coo where Co isthe wave drag, we have Co=Com* Coo=3 Coo Cow=2 Cao Wave drag = 2 (fiition drag) when LD is maximum. Or, another way of stating this is ‘that ition drag is one-third the total drag,