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The immune system works with the operation of a variety of cells which
move freely about the body locating and destroying alien viruses , bacteria
and cancer cells .
Out of every million to ten million cells created by a body one is a cancer
cell . This means that every day the body produces several thousand
cancer cells capable of touching off the formation of tumour . The immune
system kills them .
As long as the system functions as it should , the individual remains in
good health .
But , any upset can touch off disease , including the most serious .
The immune system can call upon various organs to help it .
1) Lymph nodes ( which swell up when a person has tonsillitis) .
2) The spleen
3) The bone marrow
4) The thymus gland ( the most important but also the most puzzling organ
of all ).
Thymus gland
Thymus is a two lobed ductless endocrine gland . Hidden behind the breast
bone , in front part of top of thorax , the thymus is a unorthodox organ .
The thymus participates in lymphopoiesis ( the formation of lymphocytes )
and immunological defense reactions of the organism . In addition , the
thymus intensively synthesizes DNA .
The role of thymus remained mystery to scientists until 1960s . Now we
know that the thymus produces T- lymphocytes .
Scientists developed a special breed of mice lacking the thymus gland .
Such mice are distinguished by steeply reduced immunity . Infections
,tumours arise in them comparatively easily.
Unlike the liver , kidney and heart , for instance , the thymus is at its largest
in children . The thymus reaches maximum weight ( 20 to 37 grams ) by the
time of puberty. It remains active only until puberty.
Then with growing age , it starts to shrink . In old people , the thymus gland
is scarcely distinguishable from surrounding fatty tissue . As man ages the
thymus slowly shrinks , eventually degenerating into tiny islands of fatty
tissue . By the age of 75 years , the thymus gland weighs only 6 grams . In
children the thymus is grayish-pink in colour and in adults it is yellow .
The thymus's function also changes as a person gets older . Initially it acts
as a " teacher "
Most of the immune cells , which occur within the marrow , cannot at first
combat the body's enemies , but when they get into the thymus , influenced
by specific substances , they become a regular army trained to fight
viruses and tumours . Scientists call them " T- Lymphocytes "
As the person ages , the thymus too gets older ; it can" train " fewer and
fewer " T- lymphocytes "
Hence , the body's own protective powers become increasingly diminished
. ( This is one of the reason why malignant tumours occur mainly in elderly
people. Statisticians have found out that the incidence of cancer increases
with age at a rate of 25 to 26 .A malignant tumour is like a shrapnel time-
bomb which unless quickly rendered harmless , will explode ( metastasize )
and kill the patient )
In some people the thymus " wears out " sooner than in others .
Any infectious disease and various stresses speed up its wear . Involution
of thymus also occurs under the effect of external influences ( infections ,
starvation , burns etc. ) and hormonal factors such as glucocorticoids ,
androgens and oestrogens .
The consequence is the ageing of the immune system , in other words , of
man himself .
B- activin Preparation
The immune system possesses amazing ability to produce antibodies
capable of combating antigen – those harmful elements which can occur
within the body or penetrate into it from without , such as microbes
,viruses , allergens , noxious organic substances contained in the food and
in the air , worn-out tissue , mutant cells , including cancer cells , and
proteins which have disintegrated as a result of an injury or burn.
Each antigen has a specific weapon forged against it - an antibody or ,
properly speaking , body’s own internal medicine . The antibodies are the
substances of the protein nature , they react with antigens and either
neutralize them or destroy them . At present , over 1000 different
types of antibodies are known to exists
If a ‘flu virus gets into organism anti-‘flu antibodies are immediately
become synthesized , if a cholera vibrion gets in , then anti-cholera
antibodies are produced , and if a cancer cell appears anticarcinogenic
ones are formed .
In the small lymphocytes which are formed in the bone marrow , there are
sensitive areas of the membranes ( receptors ) - these are the first to come
in contact with and recognize alien antigens .
The process of recognition triggers the transformation of these cells
( called as B-lymphocytes ) into plasmocytes , which produce antibodies .
The scientists invented B- activin preparation - a stimulant of the synthesis
of antibodies .