CHEM REVIEW The electrode at which oxidation occurs is called the anode (NEGATIVE) The electrode at which oxidation

occurs is called the cathode (POSITIVE) Electrons flow from anode cathode SALT BRIDGE Anions move toward the anode Cations move toward the cathode

ECELL = EOX + ERED

**Half-cell potentials are neither multiplied nor changed they do not follow the same principle as Hess law** The more positive the E value for a half reaction, the greater the tendency for that reaction to occur as written. A negative reduction potential indicates that the species is more difficult to reduce than H+(aq) POSITIVE EMF Spontaneous NEGATIVE EMF Non-Spontaneous The relationship between G (Measure of reaction spontaneity) and EMF

G = -nFE
n = number of moles of electrons transferred

F = Faradays constant (96,485 C/mol) G = -nFE

(Standard states)

-nFE = -2.3 R T log(k) E = E = Elog(k) = log(Q) log(k)

Electrolysis C = I x t (Charge = Current x time) C = Amperes x seconds Maximum work from a voltaic cell

Wmax = n F E
Minimum work needed to cause a non-spontaneous reaction to occur (electrolytic cell)

Wmin = n F E

m = MQ/Fn
m Mass M Molar mass Q charge = current x time F faradays constant n- number of moles of electrons

KINETICS

RATE =

or

RATE IS ALWAYS POSITIVE Rate =

In General

aA + bB cC +dD RATE = -(1/a)

Factors that affect rates:

= -(1/b)

= (1/c)

= (1/d)

[reactants] Temperature Solvent system Catalysts

RATE LAW

RATE = K [A]M[B]N
Reaction order = (M+N) First Order Reactions

( Slope =

(Half-life)

Second Order Reactions

Slope = k

The Arrhenius Equation ( )