Vai tr ca hi hc trong ging dy Ton

Dnh cho gio vin

Tc gi: BAN BIN TP Th nm, 10 Thng 5 2012 16:08
C mt nh l trong gio dc hc l: Tm trng ca hc sinh khi hc nh hng rt ln n kh nng tip thu v kt qu hc tp.

Trng thi tm l thun li cho vic hc l: thoi mi, vui v, phn khch, tp trung. Hc m vui sng, tp trung v hng say nh l ang c chi mt tr th v, l hc nhanh vo nht. Ngc li, nu ri vo mt trong cc trng thi nh hoang mang, s hi, cu knh, bc bi, bun chn, l ng th s kh hc c kin thc vo u. Nhiu phng php gio dc c in ch ch trng n phn kin thc, nhi nht kin thc, m khng m xa n tm l hc sinh. Thm ch phn gio dc, cm doi nh hc sinh lin tc, khin hc sinh i hc m nh l b tra tn, hc v s n ch mt ht nim vui, hc trong trng thi c ch, c i c li nh con vt nhng vn b no thi ra v trong trng thi c ch no kh chp nhn ghi li kin thc mi m ch mun qun n i (v mun qun i s au kh khi hc, nn qun lun c kin thc i km, v ci ny gi nh n ci kia) Cc phng php gio dc hin i ang ch hn n vic lm sao cho hc sinh hc m phn khi nh chi, nhm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh tip thu kin thc. Mt trong cc phng php thm ch c tn rt ng l CheCha (vit tt ca hai ch Cheerful v Challenging gp li vi nhau), c gii thiu trong bi bo ca Shmakov & Hannula. Phng php CheCha da trn cc cu truyn tranh nh hi hc v cc riddles (bi ton ) cng nh cc tr chi kch thch tr t m ca hc sinh, v to khng kh vui v trong qu trnh hc.

Mt v d truyn ci trong bi bo ca Shmakov v Hannula l: Pooh v Piglet ang ngi trn gh bng ni chuyn vi nhau, c Eeyore gi 1 hp ko c 10 ci ko trong , v km theo mu th: gi cho Pooh v Piglet, chia u mi bn 7 ci ko. Pooh thc mc t khng hiu sao li th; cu ngh th no ? Piglet bc ko n ri tr li: T ch ngh g c, nhng t n ht phn 7 ci ko ca t ri. Ti khng quen dy tr em nh tui nn khng bit cu chuyn trn c thuc loi hm hnh i vi tr nh khng (bn thn ti th thy n cng hi hm hnh, nhng c l c nhng chuyn khc cn hm hn). i vi ton bc i hc, cng c nhiu cu chuyn hm hnh. V bn thn cc anecdotes v cc nh ton hc v lch s pht minh ra cc khi nim ton hc cng rt ly k, k cho SV nghe c th lm tng kch thch tnh t m ca h. Mt vi v d v chuyn hi hc dng cho dy ton: * S nh phn: C 10 loi ngi trn th gii: loi bit s nh phn, v loi khng bit s nh phn. * Logic: Pinocchio mi khi ni di th mi di ra, cn khi ni tht th mi khng di ra. Th khi Pinocchio ni l mi ti s di ra by gi th sao ?! * Chui s (khi ni v hi t & phn k) . Mt nh ton hc t chc mt gii x s, qung co l ai c gii s c v hn tin. Sau khi mt ngi trng gii n i gii, nh ton hc mi ni: Th ny nh, tun u anh s nhn c 1 ng, tun th hai 12, tun th ba 13, v c nh th * L thuyt tp hp (khi ni v cardinal) . Cc bn c bit cu mi ngi u bnh ng, nhng c nhng ngi bnh ng hn nhng ngi khc? (Orwell). Trong ton cng vy, cc tp v hn u v hn, nhng c nhng tp v hn hn nhng tp khc! * Gi Su l nh ton hc. Chng minh: Gi Su cm mt ci bnh m, ri dng nh l Banach-Tarskinhn ra thnh nhiu ci bnh m chia cho mi ngi n * S ln. (Theo Richard Feynman). Gii ngn h c n 1011 ngi sao, nn trc y cm t s thin vn c dng ch cc con s rt ln, hn chc ch s. Nhng n chnh ph (ca M) ngy nay l hng nghn t la, tc l nhng 13 ch s, v bi vy by gi cc con s rt ln c gi l s kinh t !
Li Ban Bin Tp: k thi hc sinh gii Quc gia c din n trong hai ngy 11 v 12 thng 1 nm 2012. Di y chng ti xin gii thiu thi chnh thc ca c hai ngy. Thi gian lm bi mi ngy l 180 pht. p n ca k thi s nhanh chng c cp nht.

Ngy thi th nht (11-01-2012)

Bi 1 (5,0 im). Cho dy s thc(xn) xc nh bi Chng minh rng dy

x1=3 v xn=n+23n(xn1+2) vi mi n2. s c gii hn hu hn khi n+. (bn) v

Tm

gii

hn

Bi 2 (5,0 im). Cho cc cp s cng (an), hai: Pk(x)=x2+akx+bk,

s nguyn m>2. Xt m tam thc bc

k=1,2,3,....,m. Chng

minh rng nu hai tam thc P1(x),

Pm(x) u

khng c nghim thc th tt c cc a thc cn li cng khng c nghim thc. Bi 3 (5,0 im). Trong mt phng, cho t gic li ABCD ni tip ng trn tm O v c cc cp cnh

M,N tng ng l giao im ca cc ng thng AB v CD, AD v BC. Gi P,Q,S,T tng ng l giao im cc ng phn gic trong ca cc cp MAN v MBN,MBN v MCN,MCN v MDN,MDN v MAN. Gi s bn im P,Q,S,T i mt phn bit.
Chng minh rng bn im P,Q,S,T cng nm trn mt ng trn. Gi I l tm ca ng trn . 2. Gi E l giao im ca cc ng cho AC v BD. Chng minh rng ba im E,O,I thng hng. Bi 4 (5,0 im). Cho s nguyn dng n. C n hc sinh nam v n hc sinh n xp thnh mt hng 1. ngang, theo th t ty . Mi hc sinh (trong s 2n hc sinh va nu) c cho mt s ko bng ng s cch chn ra hai hc sinh khc gii vi X v ng hai pha ca X. Chng minh rng tng s ko m tt c 2n hc sinh nhn c khng vt qu 13n(n21).

khng

song

song.

Gi

Ngy thi th hai (12-01-2012)

Bi 5 (7,0 im). Cho mt nhm gm 5 c gi, k hiu l G1,G2,G3,G4,G5, v 12 chng trai. C 17 chic gh c xp thnh mt hng ngang. Ngi ta xp nhm ngi cho ngi vo cc chic gh sao cho cc iu kin sau c ng thi tha mn: 1. 2. 3. Mi gh c ng mt ngi ngi; Th t ngi ca cc c gi, xt t tri qua phi, l G1,G2,G3,G4,G5; Gia G1 v G2 c t nht 3 chng trai;

4. Gia G4 v G5 c t nht 1 chng trai v nhiu nht 4 chng trai. Hi c tt c bao nhiu cch xp nh vy? (Hai cch xp c coi l khc nhau nu tn ti mt chic gh m ngi ngi chic gh trong hai cch xp l khc nhau). Bi 6 (7,0 im). Xt cc s t nhin l a,b m a l c s ca b2+2 v b l c s ca a2+2. Chng minh rng a v b l cc s hng ca dy s t nhin (vn) xc nh bi

v1=v2=1 v vn=4vn1vn2 vi mi n3.

Bi 7 (6,0 im). Tm tt c cc hm s f xc nh trn tp s thc R, ly gi tr trong R v tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau: 1. 2. 3.

f l ton nh t R n R; f l hm s tng trn R; f(f(x))=f(x)+12x vi mi s thc x.

Kosovo Team Selection Test 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic

Tc gi: BAN

BIN TP

Th ba, 24 Thng 4 2012 00:16

Cu 1. Mt hc sinh c 18 t giy. Anh ta chn ra mt s t, sau ct mi t trong s va chn thnh 18 mnh. Anh ta li ly mt s mnh v mt ln na ct mi mnh thnh 18 mnh. Anh ta c tip tc nh th cho n khi mt. Sau mt thi gian, anh ta m li v thy c 2012 mnh. Chng minh rng hc sinh sai trong qu trnh kim m. Cu 2. Tm tt c cc s c ba ch s sao cho tng bnh phng cc ch s ca n bng

90.

Cu 3 Gi s a,b,c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic v ma,mb,mc l di cc ng trung tuyn. Chng minh rng

(m2a+m2b+m2c)=3(a2+b2+c2)

Cu 4. Mi s hng tip theo ca dy 1,0,1,0,1,0,... u l ch s hng n v ca tng 6 s hng lin trc n. Chng minh rng trnh t ...0,1,0,1,0,1,... khng bao gi xy ra trong dy. Cu 5 Chng minh rng phng trnh sau c v s nghim nguyn dng

4n=1x+1y+1z

Canada National Olympiad 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic
Tc gi: BAN BIN TP Th hai, 07 Thng 5 2012 00:00

Cu 1. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng x2+xy2+xyz24xyz4 Cu 2. Vi cc s nguyn dng bt k n v k,t L(n,k) l bi chung nh nht ca k s nguyn lin tip n,n+1,,n+k1. Chng minh rng vi bt k s nguyn b, tn ti cc s nguyn n v k sao cho L(n,k)>bL(n+1,k). Cu 3. Cho ABCD l 1 t gic li, P l giao im ca AC v BD. Gi s AC+AD=BC+BD. Chng minh rng ng phn gic trong cc gc ACB, ADB v APB ng quy.

Cu 4. Mt s robot c t trn cc vung ca mt mng li hu hn. Mt hnh vung c th cha 1 s lng robot bt k. Mi cnh ca mi vung ca mng li c chia lm 2 loi: loi vt qua c v loi khng th i qua. Tt c cc cnh trn bin gii ca mng li l khng th i qua. Bn c th ra bt c lnh no (ln, xung, tri, hoc bn phi) cho cc robot.

Tt c cc robot sau ng thi c gng di chuyn theo hng quy nh. Nu cc cnh lin k vi mt robot theo hng l vt qua c, robot di chuyn trn cnhv vo vung tip theo. Nu khng, robot vn cn trn hin ti ca n. Sau , bn c th ra cho mt lnh khc (ln, xung, tri, hoc bn phi), min l bn mun. Gi s rng i vi bt k robot , v hnh vung bt k trn mng li, c l mt dy hu hn cc lnh s di chuyn robot ti hnh vung . Chng minh rng bn cng c th ra cho mt chui hu hn cc lnh nh vy m tt c cc robot kt thc trn cng mt hnh vung cng mt lc.

Cu 5. Mt k sch c cc cun sch c nh th t nhn t

1 n n. Th th mun t chng theo ng th

t nh sau. Th th la chn mt cun qu xa bn phi, vi nhn k, ly n ra, v chn n vo v tr th k. V d, nu gi sch c cha cc cun 1,2,3,4, th th c th ly ra cun 2 v t n v tr th hai. Nhng cun sch sau cui cng s s c c theo theo ng th th t t 1,2,3,4. ng. (a) Chng minh rng nu qu trnh ny c lp i lp li, th d th th lm ngu nhin, tt c cc cun sch (b) s lng ln nht cc bc m qu trnh ny c th bao hhiu?

Macedonia National Olympiad 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic
Tc gi: BAN

BIN TP

Th by, 23 Thng 6 2012 00:00

Bi 1 Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn x4+2y4+4z4+8t4=16xyzt Bi 2 Nu a,b,c d l cc s thc dng tha abcd=1 chng minh rng

1bc+cd+da1+1ab+cd+da1+1ab+bc+da1+1ab+bc+cd12.
ng thc xy ra khi no Bi 3 Tm hm s f:RZ tha mn

f(x+y)<f(x)+f(y) f(f(x))=x+2
Bi 4. Cho mt ng trn c nh k v cc im E,F,G thng hng sao cho E v G nm ngoi k v F nm trong k. Chng minh rng vi t gic ABCD bt k ni tip k sao cho E,F,G ln lt thuc AB,AD v DC th BC i qua im c nh cng tuyn vi E,F G, khng ph thuc vo t gic ABCD (Ispectorgadget dch) Bi 5. Cho mt bn hnh lc gic nh hnh trn, bn c tt c 2012 ct. C 2012 hnh lc gic trong mi ct l v 2013 hnh lc gic trong mi ct chn. Sau , ta vit s i vo mi hnh lc gic ca ct th i. Ch c th thay i cc s trong bn theo cch sau: Ta chn ty 3 hnh lc gic k nhau v o cc s li, nu o thun chiu kim ng h th c ba s gim i mt n v, cn nu quay ngc chiu kim ng h th 3 s trn tng thm mt n v (xem hnh di). Hi ta c nhiu nht bao nhiu s 0 khi thc hin cch trn ?

Italy NMO 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic

Tc gi: BAN BIN TP Th nm, 14 Thng 6 2012 00:00

1.
Cho tam gic ABC vung A. Trn cc cnh BC,AC v AB ly tng ng ba im D,E and Ftha mn t gic AFDE l hnh vung. Gi x l di cnh hnh vung. CMR :

1x=1AB+1AC 2.
Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng tha mn s bng 300 ln tng cc ch s ca n.

3.
Cho s nguyn n (n2). Gi s c n ngi, trong c nhng ngi lun ni di v nhng ngi lun ni tht . Tt c mi ngi ( tr ngi u tin) ch v ngi pha trc h v ni : : "y l ngi lun ni di" hoc "y l ngi lun ni tht". Bit rng ngi lun ni di nhiu hn ngi lun ni tht. CMR : c th xc nh mi ngi l ngi lun ni di hoc lun ni tht nh cc d kin trn.
Vn 3 (David Arthur, Canada)

Cc tr chi on ca k ni di l mt tr chi c chi gia hai ngi chi \ (A \) \ (B \). Cc quy tc ca tr chi ph thuc vo hai s nguyn dng \ (k \) \ (\ n) c bit l c hai ngi chi. A v B . Cc quy tc ca tr chi ph thuc vo hai s nguyn dng k v n c bit l c hai ngi chi. Khi bt u ca tr chi, ngi chi \ (A \) chn s nguyn \ (x \) \ (N \) \ (1 \ Leq x \ Leq N \). Player \ (A \) ngid \ (x \) b mt, v trung thc ni vi \ (N \) cc cu th \ (B \). Ngi chi \ (B \) by gi c gng c c thng tin v \ (x \) bng cch yu cu ngi chi \ (A \) cu hi nh sau: mi cu hi bao gm \ (B \) xc nh mt thit lp ty \ (S \) tch cc s nguyn (c th l mt quy nh trong mt s cu hi trc ), v yu cu \ (A \) cho d \ (x \) thuc v \ (\). Player \ (B \) c th yu cu nh nhiu cu hi nh ng mong mun. Sau mi cu hi, ngi chi \ (A \) ngay lp tc phi tr li c hoc khng c, nhng c php ni di nhiu ln nh c y mun, nhng hn ch duy nht l, trong bt k \ (k 1 \) cu tr li lin tip, t nht mt cu tr li phi trung thc. A chn s nguyn x v N vi 1 x N . Th gi x b

mt, v trung thc ni vi N cho ngi chi B . Cc cu th B by gi s c gng c c thng tin v x bng cch yu cu ngi chi Mt cu hi nh sau: mi cu hi bao gm B xc nh mt thit lp ty S cc s nguyn dng (c th l mt quy nh trong mt s cu hi trc ), v yu cu A cho d x thuc S .Th B c th yu cu cng nhiu cu hi nh ng mong mun. Sau mi cu hi, ngi chi A ngay lp tc phi tr li c hoc khng c, nhng c php ni di nhiu ln nh c y mun, nhng hn ch duy nht l, trong s nhng cu tr li lin tip bt k 1 k , t nht mt cu tr li phi trung thc. AxNBBxABSAxSBAK + 1 Sau khi \ (B \) hi cng nhiu cu hi anh mun, anh ta phi xc nh mt tp hp \ (X \) ti hu ht \ (\ n) s nguyn dng. Nu \ (x \ in X \), sau \ (B \) chin thng, nu khng, ng mt. Chng minh rng:B hi cng nhiu cu hi anh mun, anh ta phi ch nh mt thit lp X ca hu ht n s nguyn dng. Nu x mt. Chng minh rng:

X , sau B thng, nu khng, ng

(A) Nu \ (n \ geq 2 ^ k \) sau \ (B \) c mt chin lc chin thng. n chin lc chin thng.

2k sau B c mt

(B) C tn ti mt s nguyn dng \ (k_0 \) nh vy m cho mi \ (k \ geq k_0 \) c tn ti 1 s nguyn \ (n \ geq 1,99 ^ k \) m \ (B \) khng c th m bo chin thng 1 .k0 nh vy cho mi k

K0 c tn ti mt s nguyn n 1,99k m B khng th m bo mt chin thng.

Hide gii php Tr chi c th ci tin cng tng ng: Ngi chi \ (A \) chn mt phn t \ (x \) t cc thit lp \ (S \) (\ (| S | = N \)) v my nghe nhc \ ( B \) yu cu trnh t ca cu hi. Cu hi \ (j \) th bao gm \ (B \) chn mt tp hp \ (D_j \ subseteq S \) v my nghe nhc \ (A \) chn mt tp hp \ (P_j \ \ left \ {Q_j, Q_j ^ C \ right \} \). Cc cu th \ (A \) m bo rng i vi mi \ (j \ geq 1 \) lin quan di y c: \ [x \ in P_j \ cup P_ {k +1} \ cup \ cdots \ cup P_ {j + k} \] Ngi chi \ (B \) thng nu sau khi mt s hu hn cc bc, ng c th chn mt tp hp \ (X \) \ (| X | \ Leq n \) nh vy m \ (x \ in X \). A la chn mt phn t x t tp hp S(vi |

S| = N ) v B yu cu cc cu th trnh t ca cu hi. j cu hi th bao gm B la chn mt b Dj S v my nghe nhc la chn mt tp P_j \ \ left \ {Q_j, Q_j C \
ngay ^ \} . Cc cu th A c m bo rng i vi mi \ j geq 1 mi quan h di y c: x \ trong P_j \ cup P_ {k +1} \ cup \ cdots \ cup P_ {j + k}. Ngi chi B thng nu sau khi mt s hu hn cc bc, ng c th chn mt tp hp X vi | X | \ Leq n nh vy m x \ in X . APj { Qj, QCj}Aj 1

BX| X| nx X

x Pj Pj + 1 Pj + K.

(A) chng minh rng nu \ (N \ geq 2 ^ k 1 \) sau ngi chi \ (B \) c th xc nh mt tp hp \ (S ^ {\ th} \ subseteq S \) \ (| S ^ {\ th} | \ Leq N-1 \) nh vy m \ (x \ in S ^ {\ th} \). N 2k+ 1 sau cc cu th B c th xc nh mt tp hp S' S vi |S'| n- 1 nh vy m x

S' .

Gi s rng \ (N \ geq 2 ^ n 1 \). Trong ng thi u tin \ (B \) chn bt k tp hp \ (D_1 \ subseteq S \) nh vy m \ (| D_1 | \ geq 2 ^ {k-1} \) \ (| D_1 ^ C | \ geq 2 ^ {k-1} \). Sau khi nhn c cc thit lp \ (P_1 \) t \ (A \), \ (B \) lm cho vic di chuyn th hai. Ngi chi \ (B \) la chn mt tp hp \ (D_2 \ subseteq S \) nh vy m \ (| D_2 \ cap P_1 ^ C | \ geq 2 ^ {k-2} \) \ (| D_2 ^ C \ cap P_1 ^ C | \ geq 2 ^ {k-2} \). Ngi chi \ (B \) tip tc theo cch ny: trong di chuyn \ (j \) anh / c y la chn mt tp hp \ (D_j \) nh vy m \ (| D_j \ cap P_j ^ C | \ geq

2 ^ {KJ} \ ) v \ (| D_j ^ C \ cap P_j ^ C | \ geq 2 ^ {KJ} \). N 2n+ chn bt k tp hp D1

1 . Trong ng thi 1 B la S nh vy m | D1| 2k - 1 v | DC1| 2k - 1 . Sau khi nhn c cc thit lp P1 t A, B lm cho di chuyn th hai. Cc cu th B la chn mt b D2 S nh vy m | D2 PC1| 2k - 2 v | DC2 PC1| 2k - 2 . Cc cu th B tip tc theo cch ny: di chuyn j anh / c y la chn mt b Dj| Dj PCj| 2k - j v | DCj PCj| 2k - j .
Bng cch ny ngi chi \ (B \) thu c nhng b \ (P_1 \), \ (P_2 \), du chm \ (\ \), \ (P_k \) nh vy m \ (\ left (P_1 \ cup \ cdots \ cup P_k \ right) ^ C \ geq 1 \). \ (B \) chn cc thit lp \ (D_ {k +1} \) l mt singleton c cha bt k yu t bn ngoi ca \ (P_1 \ cup \ cdots \ cup P_k \). C hai trng hp: B thu c b P1 , P2 , ... , Pk nh vy m (

P1 Pk)C 1 .Sau , B chn b DK + 1 l mt singleton c cha bt k yu t Pk . C hai trng hp:

bn ngoi ca P1

1 Ngi chi la chn P_ {k +1} = D_ {k +1} ^ C . Sau B c th mt S ^ {\ th} = S

\ setminus D_ {k +1} v tuyn b c chng minh. APK + 1=

DCK + 1BS'= S DK + 1

2 Ngi chi la chn P_ {k +1} = D_ {k +1} . By gi cc cu th B lp i lp li cc

th tc trc y v cc thit lp S_1 = S \ setminus D_ {k +1} c c trnh t ca b P_ {k 2} , P_ {k +3} \ du chm , P_ {2k +1 } . Bt bnh ng di y c:\ left | S_1 \ setminus \ left (P_ {k 2} \ cdots P_ {2k +1} \ right) \ right | \ geq 1, k t | S_1 | \ geq 2 ^ k . Tuy nhin, by gi chng ta c \ left | \ left (P_ {k +1} \ cup P_ {k 2} \ cup \ cdots \ cup P_ {2k +1} \ right) ^ C \ right | \ geq 1, v chng ta c th mt S ^ {\ th} = P_ {k +1} \ cup \ cdots \ cup P_ {2k +1} . APK + 1=

DK + 1BS1= S DK + 1PK + 2PK + 3...P2 k + 1 |S1 ( PK + 2 P2 k + 1) | 1 ,

|S1| 2k ||( PK + 1 PK + 2 P2 k + 1)C|| 1 , S'= PK + 1 P2 k + 1

(B) Hy \ (\) \ (q \) l hai s nguyn dng nh vy m \ (1,99 \ lneq p \ lneq q \ lneq 2 \). Chng ta hy chn \ (k_0 \) nh vy m \ [\ left (\ frac {p} {q} \ right) ^ {k_0} \ Leq 2 \ cdot \ left (1 - \ frac {q} 2 \ right) \ quad \ quad \ quad \ mbox {v} \ quad \ quad \ quad p ^ k-1,99 ^ k \ gneq 1 \] Chng ti s chng minh cho mi \ (k \ geq k_0 \) \ (| S | \ \ left (1,99 ^ k, p ^ k \ right) \) sau c mt chin lc cho ngi chi \ (A \) la chn b \ (P_1 \), \ (P_2 \), \ (\ chm \) (da trn b \ (D_1 \), \ (D_2 \), du chm \ (\ \) c cung cp bi \ (B \)) nh vy m cho mi \ (j \) lin quan di y c: \ [P_j \ chn P_ {k +1} \ cup \ cdots \ cup P_ {j + k} = S. \]p v q l hai s nguyn dng l 1,99

p q 2 . Hy chng ti chn k0 nh vy m

( pq)k0 2 ( 1 - q2)vpk- 1,99k 1. Chng ti s chng minh rng i vi mi k K0 nu | S| ( 1,99k, pk) sau c mt chin
lc cho ngi chi la chn b P_1 , P_2 , \ du chm (da trn b D_1 , D_2 , \ chm c cung cp bi B ) nh vy m cho mi j mi quan h di y c:P_j \ cup P_ {j 1 } \ cup \

cdots \ cup P_ {j + k} = S.AP1P2...D1D2...Bj

Pj Pj + 1 Pj + K= S.
Gi s rng \ (S = \ {1,2, \ du chm, N \} \), ngi chi \ (A \) s duy tr trnh t sau y \ (N \)tuples: \ ((\ mathbf {x} ) _ {j = 0} ^ {\ infty} = \ left (x_1 ^ j, x_2 ^ j, \ dots, x_N ^ j \ right) \). Ban u chng ti thit lp \ (x_1 ^ 0 = x_2 ^ 0 = \ cdots = x_N ^ 0 = 1 \). Sau khi tp hp \ (P_j \) c chn sau chng ti xc nh \ (\ mathbf x ^ {k +1} \) da trn \ (\ mathbf x ^ j \) nh sau: \ [x_i ^ {k +1} = \ left \ {\ begin {array} {rl} 1 & \ mbox {nu} i \ in P_j \ \ q \ cdot x_i ^ j, & \ mbox {nu} i \ khng \ trong P_j. \ End {array} \ right \] Cc cu th. \ (A \) c th gi \ (B \) t chin thng nu \ (x_i ^ j \ Leq q ^ k \) cho mi cp \ ((i, j) \ ). i vi mt chui \ (\ mathbf x \), chng ta hy xc nh \ (T (\ mathbf x) = \ sum_ {i = 1} ^ N x_i \). N cho ngi chi \ (A \) m bo rng \ (T \ left (\ mathbf x ^ j \ right) \ Leq q ^ {k} \) cho mi \ (j \). S= { 1 , 2 , ... , N} , ngi chi s duy tr trnh t sau y ca N -tuples: (\ mathbf {x}) _ {j = 0} ^ {\ infty} = \ left ( x_1 ^ j, x_2 ^ j, \ dots, x_N ^ j \ right) . Ban u chng ti thit lp x_1 ^ 0 = x_2 ^ 0 = \ cdots = x_N ^ 0 = 1 . Sau khi tp hp P_j c chn sau chng ti xc nh \ mathbf x ^ {k +1} \ mathbf x ^ j nh sau: x_i ^ {k +1} = \ left \ {\ begin {array} {rl} 1, & \ mbox {nu} i \ in P_j \ \ q \ cdot x_i ^ j, & \ mbox {nu} i \ khng \ trong P_j. \ End {array} \ right. Ngi chi c th gi B t chin thng nu x_i ^ j \ Leq q ^ k cho mi cp (i, j) . i vi mt chui \ mathbf x , cho php chng ti xc nh T (\ mathbf x) = \ sum_ {i = 1} ^ N x_i . N cho ngi chi m bo rng T \ left (\ mathbf x ^ j \ right) \ Leq q ^ {k} cho mi j . AN(

x )j = 0= ( xj1, xj2, ... , xjN)x01= x02= = x0N= 1Pjxj + 1xj

xj + 1ti= { 1 ,q xjti, nu i Pj nu i Pj. ABxjti qk( i , j )xT( x ) = Ni = 1xtiAT( xj) qkj

Ch rng \ (T \ left (\ mathbf x ^ 0 \ right) = N \ Leq p ^ k \ lneq q ^ k \). T( x0)

= n pk qk .

By gi chng ta s chng minh rng cho \ (\ mathbf x ^ j \) nh vy m \ (T \ left (\ mathbf x ^ j \ right) \ Leq q ^ k \), v mt b \ (D_ {k +1} \) ngi chi \ (A \) c th chn \ (P_ {k +1} \ in \ left \ {D_ {k +1}, D_ {k +1} ^ C \ right \} \) nh vy m \ ( T \ left (\ mathbf x ^ {k +1} \ right) \ Leq q ^ k \). Hy \ (\ mathbf y \) l trnh t m c th thu c nu \ (P_ {k +1} = D_ {k +1} \), v cho \ (\ mathbf z \) l trnh t m c th thu c nu \ (P_ {k +1} = D_ {k +1} ^ C \). Sau , chng ta c \ [T \ left (\ mathbf y \ right) = \ sum_ {i \ trong D_ {k +1} ^ C} qx_i ^ j + \ left | D_ {k +1} \ right | \] \ [ T \ left (\ mathbf z \ right) = \ sum_ {i \ trong D_ {k +1}} qx_i ^ j + \ left | D_ {k +1} ^ C \ right | \] Tng hp hai equalities cho: \ [T \ left (\ mathbf y \ right) + T \ left (\ mathbf z \ right) = q \ cdot T \ left (\ mathbf x ^ j \ right) + N \ Leq q ^ {k + 1} + p ^ k \ mbox {do } \] \ [\ min \ left \ {T \ left (\ mathbf y \ right), T \ left (\ mathbf z \ right) \ right \} \ Leq \ frac {q} 2 \ cdot q ^ k + \ frac {p ^ k} 2 \ Leq q ^ k \] ca s la chn ca chng ti \ (k_0 \). xj nh vy m T( xj) qk , v mt b Dj + 1 ngi chi c th chn P_ {k +1} \ in \ left \ {D_ {k +1}, D_ {j 1} ^ C \ right \} nh vy m T \ left (\ mathbf x ^ {k +1} \ right) \ Leq q ^ k . Hy \ mathbf y l trnh t m c th thu c nu P_ {k +1} = D_ {k +1} , v cho \ mathbf z l trnh t m c th thu c nu P_ {k +1} = D_ {j + 1} ^ C . Sau , chng ta c T \ left (\ mathbf y \ right) = \ sum_ {i \ trong D_ {k +1} ^ C} qx_i ^ j + \ left | D_ {k +1} \ right | T \ left (\ mathbf z \ right) = \ sum_ {i \ trong D_ {k +1}} qx_i ^ j + \ left | D_ {k +1} ^ C \ right | Tng hp hai equalities trc cho: T \ left (\ mathbf y \ right) + T \ left (\ mathbf z \ right) = q \ cdot T \ left (\ mathbf x ^ j \ right) + N \ Leq q ^ {k +1} + p ^ k, \ mbox { do } \ min \ bn tri \ {T \ bn tri (\ mathbf y \ right), T \ bn tri (\ mathbf z \ right) \ right \} \ Leq \ frac {q} 2 \ cdot q ^ k + \ frac {p ^ k} 2 \ Leq q ^ k, bi v s la chn ca chng ti ca k_0 . APj + 1 { Dj + 1, DCj + 1}T( xj + 1) qkyPj + 1= Dj + 1zPj + 1= DCj + 1

T( y ) = DCj + 1qxjti+ ||Dj + 1|| T( z ) = Dj + 1qxjti+ ||DCj + 1||.

T( y ) + T( z ) = q T( xj) + n qK + 1+ Pk, do min { t( y ) , T( z ) } q2 qk+ Pk2 qk, k0

4.
Cho dy (xn) c xc nh bi cng thc :

{x1=4xn+1=x1x2x3xn+5 \ for n1
Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng {a,b} tha mn xaxb l s chnh phng.

5.
Cho hnh vung ABCD. Tm qu tch ca im P (PA,B,C,D) trn mt phng sao cho : APB+CPD=180o

6.
Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng {a,b} c tnh cht: khi bn t mu cc s nguyn dng vi hai mu A v B, lun tn ti hai s nguyn dng mu A khc s nguyn dng a hoc mu Bkhc s b.

Mi bn cng tho lun v ti: http://diendantoanhoc.net/forum/index.php?showtopic=73077

thi

ny

thi Olympic 30/4 ln th XVIII khi 10 nm hc 2011 - 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic
Tc gi: BAN

BIN TP

Ch nht, 08 Thng 4 2012 20:52

Ngy 07 thng 04 nm 2012

Bi 1. Gii phng trnh: 7x210x+14=5x4+4 2. Cho ng trn (O) tip xc s tip ng khc 0 cho tam thng d ti H. M v N di trc). T M v N k hai im c ng tip nh.

Bi

trn d tha HM.HN=k2 (k l tuyn MA,NB ti (O) (A,B l tip im khc H). a) Chng minh ng trn ngoi

gic OMN qua

b) Chng minh ng thng AB qua mt im c nh. Bi 3. Cho a,b,c dng tha a2+b2+c23. Chng minh:

ab+c+ba+c+cb+a22(a+b+c)
Bi 4. Chng minh vi mi s nguyn t p khng tn ti x,y nguyn dng tha 2p+3p=xy+1. Bi 5. Cho hnh vung kch thc

88 c

chia thnh 64 vung n v. Hi c th vit cc

s 1;2;3;4;...;64 vo 64 vung (mi cha ng 1 s) sao cho tng ca 4 s nm trong 4 ca 1 hnh bt k (nh km) sau y u chia ht cho 4? Bi 6. Tm hm s f:QR tha f(x+y)+f(xy)=2f(x)+2f(y); x,y Q.

thi Olympic 30/4 ln th XVIII khi 11 nm hc 2011 - 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic
Tc gi: BAN BIN TP Th by, 07 Thng 4 2012 19:34

Ngy 06/04/2012

Bi Gii h phng trnh sau: {x3y3=92x2+y24x+y=0 Bi Cho a)

1.

dy Chng

s (xn) xc

nh minh

2. bi: x1;xn+1=x4n+9x3nxn+6 rng limxn=+

b) Vi mi s nguyn dng n t yn=k=1n1x3k+3 Bi Cho tam 3. Mt ng d thay i lun i qua G v ct cc ng lt ti M,N,P.

gic ABC u cnh a tm

G.

thng BC,CA,AB ln Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc T=GM.GN.GP. Bi Tm

tt

cc

cp

hm

s f,g:RR tha

cc

iu

kin

4. sau:

i) f(0)=g(0)=1;g(1)=2 ii) f(x)f(y)=(xy)g(x+y) Bi Mt s nguyn dng n>1 c gi l hon ton khng chnh phng nu 5.

n khng c c chnh phng khc 1. Chng minh rng nu n l hp s v n1 chia ht cho (n) th n hon ton khng chnh phng v n c t nht l 3 c nguyn t (trong (n) l cc s nguyn dng khng vt qu n v nguyn t cng nhau vi n).
Bi Trn mi ca mt bng 4x4 vung, ngi ta in mt trong hai s 6.

1 hoc 1 sao cho tng cc s trong mi

hng v trong mi ct u bng 0. Hi c bao nhiu cch in nh trn?

----HT----

Vietnam Team Selection Test 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic
Tc gi: BAN

BIN TP

Th hai, 16 Thng 4 2012 19:40

Hm nay, ngy 16/04/2012 B GD v T t chc k thi chn i tuyn Vit Nam tham d k thi Olympic Ton quc t nm 2012 din ra Argentina. K thi s din ra trong hai ngy 16 - 17/04/2012. Cc th sinh phi gii 3 bi ton trong thi gian 270 pht cho mi ngy. Sau y l thi VN TST 2012.

Ngy thi th nht 16/04/2012 Thi gian lm bi: 270 pht

Bi 1. (7,0 im) Cho ng trn (O) v 2 im c nh B,C trn ng trn sao cho BC khng l ng knh ca (O), A l mt im di ng trn ng trn, A khng trng vi B,C. Gi D,K,J ln lt l trung im ca BC,CA,AB v E,M,N ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca A,B,C trn BC,DJ,DK. Chng minh rng cc tip tuyn ti M,N ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic EMN lun ct nhau ti T c nh khi A thay i. Bi 2. (7,0 im) Trn mt cnh ng hnh ch nht kch thc

mn vung gm m hng v n ct ngi ta t

mt s my bm nc vo cc vung. Bit rng mi my bm nc c th ti nc cho cc vung c chung cnh vi n v cc vung cng ct vi n v cch n ng mt vung. Tm s nh nht cc my bm nc sao a) m=4 b) m=3 Bi 3. (7,0 im) Cho s nguyn t p17. Chng minh rng t=3 l s nguyn dng ln nht tha mn iu kin: Vi cc s nguyn bt k a,b,c,d sao cho abc khng chia ht cho p v a+b+c chia ht cho pth tn ti cc s nguyn x,y,z thuc tp {0;1;...;[pt]1} sao cho ax+by+cz+dp. Ngy thi th hai 17/04/2012 Thi gian lm bi: 270 pht cho cc my bm nc c th ti ht c cnh ng trong 2 trng hp:

Bi Cho dy s (xn) xc nh bi

4. (7,0

im)

x1=1,x2=2011,xn+2=4022xn+1xn, n N

Chng minh rng x2012+12012 l s chnh phng. Bi 5. (7,0 im) Chng minh rng c=1024 l hng s ln nht tha mn iu kin: nu c cc s dng a1,a2,...a17 sao cho: $$\sum_{i=1}^{17}{a_i^2}=24;\qquad \sum_{i=1}^{17}{a_i^3}+\sum_{i=1}^{17}{a_i}<j<="" p=""> Bi 6. (7,0 im) C 42 hc sinh tham d k thi chn i tuyn Olympic ton quc t. Bit rng mt hc sinh bt k quen ng 20 hc sinh khc. Chng minh rng ta c th chia

42 hc sinh thnh 2 nhm hoc 21 nhm sao cho s

hc sinh trong cc nhm bng nhau v 2 hc sinh bt k trong cng nhm th quen nhau.

BBT trn trng cm n bn hoangduc gi cho chng ti thi ny. Mi cc bn cng tham gia tho lun ti: http://diendantoanhoc.net/forum/index.php?showtopic=71284

Ti liu v thi - Olympic

Tc gi: BAN

BIN TP

Th by, 23 Thng 6 2012 00:00

Bi 1 Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn x4+2y4+4z4+8t4=16xyzt Bi 2 Nu a,b,c d l cc s thc dng tha abcd=1 chng minh rng

1bc+cd+da1+1ab+cd+da1+1ab+bc+da1+1ab+bc+cd12.
ng thc xy ra khi no Bi 3 Tm hm s f:RZ tha mn

f(x+y)<f(x)+f(y) f(f(x))=x+2
Bi 4. Cho mt ng trn c nh k v cc im E,F,G thng hng sao cho E v G nm ngoi k v F nm trong k. Chng minh rng vi t gic ABCD bt k ni tip k sao cho E,F,G ln lt thuc AB,AD v DC th BC i qua im c nh cng tuyn vi E,F G, khng ph thuc vo t gic ABCD (Ispectorgadget dch) Bi 5. Cho mt bn hnh lc gic nh hnh trn, bn c tt c 2012 ct. C 2012 hnh lc gic trong mi ct l v 2013 hnh lc gic trong mi ct chn. Sau , ta vit s i vo mi hnh lc gic ca ct th i. Ch c th thay i cc s trong bn theo cch sau: Ta chn ty 3 hnh lc gic k nhau v o cc s li, nu o thun chiu kim ng h th c ba s gim i mt n v, cn nu quay ngc chiu kim ng h th 3 s trn tng thm mt n v (xem hnh di). Hi ta c nhiu nht bao nhiu s 0 khi thc hin cch trn ?

British Mathematical Olympiad 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic
Tc gi: BAN

BIN TP

Ch nht, 05 Thng 2 2012 22:04

K thi British Mathematical Olympiad 2012 c 2 vng. Vng 1 thi ngy 2/12/2011, vng 2 thi ngy 26/01/2012. Mi cc bn cng tham gia gii thi ny.

Vng Bi 1: Tm tt c cc s nguyn n sao cho n2+20n+11 l s chnh

1 phng.

Bi 2: Tm s nguyn t (theo n) ln nht sao cho khi sp sp cc s nguyn t 1 n n thnh mt hng m hai s ng cnh nhau hn km nhau t nht t n v. Bi 3: Cho ng trn S v im P nm ngoi S. Mt ng thng k qua P, ct S ti 2 im phn bit X v Y. Cc ng trn S1,S2 qua P v tip xc vi S ti X v Y tng ng. Chng minh rng s khc nhau ca bn knh S1 v S2 khng ph thuc vo v tr ca P, X, Y. Bi 4: Ban u c m qu bng trong mt ci bao v n qu trong ci bao khc, (m,n>0). Hai hnh ng sau c php thc hin:

a. Gim mt lng bng bng nhau c 2 bao. b. Tng gp i s bng ca mt trong 2 bao.

Hi c th lun a v thnh hai bao rng sau hu hn ln hnh ng c khng? Nu thay hnh ng b. thnh hnh ng

b'. Tng gp ba s bng ca mt trong 2 bao.

Hi c th lun a v thnh hai bao rng sau hu hn ln hnh ng c khng?

Bi 5:Chng minh rng tch ca 4 s nguyn dng lin tip khng th bng tch ca 2 s nguyn dng lin tip. Bi 6: Cho tam gic ABC nhn, gi AD,BE,CF l ba ng cao. Chng minh rng DE+DFBC v vi iu kin no ca tam gic ABC th du bng xy ra.

Vng

Bi 1: Hai ng cho AC v BD ca t gic ABCD ct nhau ti E. Gi P,Q,R,S ln lt l trung im ca AB,BC,CD,DA. Chng minh rng cc ng trn ngoi tip tam gic EPS v EQR c cng bn knh. Bi 2: Hm f c nh ngha trn tp cc s nguyn dng nh sau:

f(1)=1 f(n)=f([2n13])+f([2n3]) vi n>1 Hi f(n)f(n1)n vi mi n>1 hay

khng

Bi 3: Tp hp tt c cc s thc c chia thnh hai tp hp ri nhau. Chng minh rng vi mi cp cc s nguyn dng (m,n) lun tn ti cc s thc $x Bi 4: Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn k tho tnh cht sau: Nu a,b,c,d,e,f l cc s nguyn vm l c nguyn dng ca

an+bn+cndnen=fn, 1nk

th m cng l c nguyn dng ca

an+bn+cndnen=fn, n N.

Niels Henrik Abel Mathematics Competition 2012

Ti liu v thi - Olympic
Tc gi: BAN

BIN TP

Th ba, 13 Thng 3 2012 20:14

Bi 1. a. Berit c 11 t tin loi 20 , 14 t loi 10 v 12 t loi 5 . Mt my i tin c th i 3 t 10 thnh 1 t 20 v 2 t 5 v c th i ngc li. N cng c th i 2 t 20 thnh 3 t 10 v 2 t 5 v c th i ngc li.
Hi Berit c th c s t 20 bng s t 10 v khng c t 5

no?
Hi Berit c th c s t 20 , 10 v 5 bng nhau khng? b. Mi s nguyn c t bi mt trong hai mu trng v en, bit rng nu m t mu trng th m+20cng t mu trng v nu k t mu en th k+35 cng t mu en. Tm n bit c ng n s trong cc s 1,2,...,50 c t mu trng.
Bi 2. a. Cho hai ng trn S1,S2 nm ngoi nhau c tm ln lt l O1,O2. T O1 k O1L2 v O1M2 tip xc vi S2, t O2 k O2L1 v O2M1 tip xc vi S1. Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht mt ng trn ng thi tip xc vi bn ng thng O1L2,O1M2,O2L1,O2M1.

b. Cho bn ng trn S1,S2,S3,S4 c tm ln lt l O1,O2,O3,O4 i mt nm

ngoi nhau. Vi mi cp $(S_i,S_j),(1\leq i<="" span="">

1R12+1R23+1R34+1R14=2(1R13+1R24).
Bi a. Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 3. tch 1.3.5....2009.2011.

b. Tm

tt

cc

nguyn

dng m sao

cho km1 chia

ht

cho 2m vi

mi k3 l. 4.

Bi a. Cho x,y l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng

(1+xy)3+(1+yx)316. b. Cho cc s thc dng b1,b2,...,bn sao cho b1+b2+...+bn10. t a1=b1 v am=sam1+bm, m>1 vi 0s<1. Chng minh rng a21+a22+...+a2n1001s2.

thi Hng ti Olympic Ton 2013

Ti liu v thi - Olympic
Tc gi: BAN BIN TP Th by, 04 Thng 8 2012 00:53
BBT: Trng h Ton hc 2012 vi ch Hng ti Olympic Ton 2013 c t chc bi Cu lc b Ton hc t ngy 29/07 n ngy 04/08/2012. Sau y BBT xin gii thiu n cc bn ton b thi Hng ti Olympic Ton 2013 dnh cho ba khi 10, 11 v 12.

Khi 10 Bi 1. Cho dy s nguyn dng {an} tha mn iu kin m+n chia ht cho am+an vi mi m,nnguyn dng. Hy tm tt c cc gi tr c th c ca a2012. Bi 2. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). Gi UV l mt dy cung ca (O). Gi s UV ct AB,AC ln lt ti Q v P. Gi M,N,J,R theo th t l trung im BP,CQ,PQ v UV. Chng minh rng R nm trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic MNJ. Bi 3.

Chng minh rng vi mi x,y,z>0 ta c:

3xy+4yz+16z3x+y15
Bi 4. Hi c th ph bn c 88 bng 9 hnh vung 22 v 7 hnh ch Z c hay khng? Gii thch r cu tr li.

Khi 11 Bi 1. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:

1a2+1b2+1c2+1(a+b+c)2725(1a+1b+1c+1a+b+c)2
Bi 2. Cho t gic li ABCD tha mn ABC+BCD<1800. Gi s hai ng thng AB v CD ct nhau ti E. Chng minh rng ta c ABC=ADC khi v ch khi AC2=|AB.AECD.CE| Bi 3.
Gi S l tp hp tt c cc s t nhin c 2011 ch s c dng a2011a2010...a2a1 tha mn iu kin aii

(mod2) vi mi i=1,2,3...,2011. Tnh s tt c cc cp s (x,y) vi x,y Z,x<ysao cho x+y chia ht cho 52011.
Bi 4. Trong chng trnh Gp g Ton hc ln IV c tng cng 673 ta sch v quyt nh t chc ng k mua sch cho cc thnh vin tham gia. Sau khi thu phiu ng k, ban t chc pht hin cc iu th v sau: 1) Tt c cc bn u ng k mua ng ba ta sch. 2) Hai bn bt k ng k mua ging nhau t nht mt ta sch. 3) Khng c ta sch no c tt c cc thnh vin ng k mua. 4) Khng c ba bn no mua ba ta sch ging nhau. Chng minh rng k Gp g Ton hc ln ny c nhiu nht 2011 bn tham gia giao lu v hc tp. Khi 12 Bi 1. Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp s thc:

2x=y3y2+22y=z3z2+22z=x3x2+2

Bi 2. Cho hai ng trn (O) v (O) c bn knh khc nhau v ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A,B. Gi PQ l tip tuyn chung gn A hn ca hai ng trn vi P thuc (O) v Q thuc (O). Gi C l im i xng vi A qua ng thng PQ. Chng minh rng: 1) Tip tuyn k t C n hai ng trn ngoi tip tam gic BPQ i qua tm v t ngoi ca hai ng trn (O), (O). 2) ng thng qua P vung gc vi BQ, ng thng qua B vung gc vi PB v ng thng OO ng quy. Bi Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n chn sao cho nu t 3.

an=11!.(n1)!+13!.(n3)!+...+1(n1)!.1!
th phng trnh 2xn=an(2yn+1) c nghim nguyn dng (xn,yn). Bi 4. Trong mt t nc c 54 thnh ph, mi thnh ph c mt sn bay. Gia hai thnh ph bt k c ng mt ng bay ni trc tip gia chng v mi ng bay thuc s hu ca mt hng hng khng duy nht. Bit rng c 4 hng hng khng ang hot ng trn nc ny. Chng minh rng tn ti mt hnh trnh bay vng quanh mt s thnh ph (ln hn 2) sao cho tt c cc ng bay trn hnh trnh u thuc s hu ca mt hng hng khng.

thi Olympic 30/4 ln th XVIII khi 10 nm hc 2011 - 2012

Ngy 07 thng 04 nm 2012

Bi 5. Cho hnh vung kch thc

88 c

chia thnh 64 vung n v. Hi c th vit cc

s 1;2;3;4;...;64 vo 64 vung (mi cha ng 1 s) sao cho tng ca 4 s nm trong 4 ca 1 hnh bt k (nh km) sau y u chia ht cho 4?

Bi s hc thy cng hi hi. Theo gi thit bi ton: 2p3p (mod xy+1)(1) Nu gi s x chia ht cho p. Theo nh l Fecma ta c 5 chia ht cho p dn n p=5. Thay vo ta thy ngay v l. Nu x khng chia ht cho p.(2)

(1) (2) suy ra 23 (mod xy+1) Li ko theo 5 chia ht cho p. Thay vo thy v l lun Vy bi ton lun lun khng c nghim