Cht lng dch v cho VoIP

C ng ngh truyn thoi qua mng IP s pht trin rt nhanh trong vi nm ti. Tuy nhin, ngi dng quen vi cht lng ting ni do cng ngh hin thi mang li. Cc nh sn xut ang c gng to ra cc thit b theo cng ngh mi, tha mn yu cu ca ngi s dng. Ci chng ta cn l dch v thoi vi cc ph r hn, cht lng chp nhn c v c tin cy cao. a phn cc nh sn xut s khng mo him v cht lng i vi loi dch v c bn v quan trng nh in thoi. y c xem nh mt tiu ch quan trng nht trin khai VoIP trong thc t. Cng ngh truyn thoi qua mng IP phi m bo nhng ch tiu cn thit nh gim thiu cc cuc gi b t chi, s tr trn mng, mt gi, v t lin kt. Tuy nhin, cc yu t ny a phn thuc v h tng c s mng. Chc nng iu khin cht lng dch v cho VoIP ht sc phc tp v s c cp cc bi tip theo. C rt nhiu yu t nh hng ti cht lng dch v cho thoi trn IP nhng cc tham s ch yu l : 1. Tr 2. Jitter 3. Mt gi tin Vi vic s dng giao thc vn chuyn thi gian thc RTP cho php ta gim st cc tham s ny t nh gi c cht lng dch v cho thoi trn IP.

1. Tr :
Khi xy dng v trin khai mt ng dng thoi trn IP , c rt nhiu yu t lm nh hng ti cht lng cui cng ca h thng. c th l cht lng ting ni qua cc b CODEC, gii thng mng, cc kh nng kt ni mng... Mt yu t quan trng nh hng ti cht lng dch v l tr.

Tr c hiu l khong thi gian tiu tn ngi nghe nghe c m thanh pht ra t ngi ni trong mt cuc thoi (t ming ti tai). Tr xut hin do rt nhiu nguyn nhn t khi truyn tin qua mng IP cho ti lc pht li ting ni ti bn nhn, c th do b x l tn hiu s DSP, do thut ton nn v gii nn, jitter...Tr l yu t khng th trnh khi. Thng thng, tr trong mng in thoi truyn thng vo khong 50z70 ms. c c tr trong h thng VoIP xp x vi tr trong mng chuyn mch knh l l tng nhng iu kh c th thc hin c. Ta ch c th xy dng h thng VoIP c tr chp nhn c i vi ngi s dng. Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU th mt h thng VoIP m bo cht lng dch v tt khi tr mt chiu khng c vt qu 150 ms :

Theo hnh trn, tr mt chiu khng c vt qu 450 ms. Thng thng tr chp nhn c vo khong 200 ms. Cc yu t gy tr c tng hp hnh di y:

1.1 Tr do mng :
Qu trnh truyn cc gi tin qua mng IP ti ch phi qua nhiu thit b nh Gateway lin mng, b chn ng, my phc v y quynMi qu trnh x l trn cc thit b ny u gy ra mt lng tr ng k. y l lng tr c hu ca mng chuyn mch gi. Thng thng, tr qua mng vo khong 50 ms l chp nhn c. Ngoi ra n cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo lu thng trn mng v tc kt ni ca modem. T chc IETF khuyn ngh v giao thc gi trc ti nguyn Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), cho php qu trnh kt ni gia cc thit b Gateway c m bo v gii thng. RSVP cho php to v qun l cc ti nguyn trn cc b chn ng v Gateway. Nh vy, thi gian phn phi gi tin gim v tng cht lng truyn d liu.

1.2 Tr do b CODEC :
Qu trnh m ha v gii m qua cc b CODEC cng gy ra mt lng tr. Thng thng, lng tr ny hon ton xc nh i vi tng b CODEC :

Tn G.711 PCM G.722 ADPCM G.723.1 MPMLQ G.726 ADPCM G.728 LDCELP G.729 CSACELP

Tc nn (Kbps) 64 48/56/64 6,4/5,3 40/32/24 16 8

Ti nguyn CPU cn thit Khng cn Thp Trung bnh Thp Rt cao Cao

Cht lng ting ni Rt tt Rt tt (64) Tt (6,4) Kh tt (5,3) Tt (40) Kh tt (24) Tt Tt

tr thut ton (ms) <<1 <<2 67-97 60 <<2 25-35

nh gi cht lng nn ting ni qua b CODEC, ngi ta a vo tham s MOS (Mean Opinion Score). Gi tr MOS nm trong khong 1z5, cho bit cht

lng ting ni c nn so vi ting ni t nhin. B CODEC c gi tr MOS cng cao th cht lng cng tt.

1.3 Tr do hin tng Jitter :

Qu trnh x l hin tng Jitter bn nhn cng gy ra tr. Lng tr ny thng vo khong 50 ms.

1.4 Tr do ng gi d liu :
Qu trnh gn tiu RTP vo mi gi tin trc khi truyn i cng gy ra tr. Thng thng lng tr ny xp x 15 ms.

1.5 Tr do sp ch :
Ti bn gi cc gi tin c sp xp ng th t trc khi gi. V mt l do no , th t ny c th b xo trn khi ti ch:

Bn nhn phi sp xp li ng th t cc gi tin trc khi gii m. Qu trnh ny cng gy ra tr.

2. Jitter :
L hin tng sai lch thi gian, gi tin n ch khng ng thi im :

Ting ni qua b CODEC c s ha v chia thnh cc gi tin theo mt tc xc nh. khi phc li ting ni ti pha thu th tc thu phi bng vi tc pha pht. Pha thu phi c b m ln cha c gi tin ti mun nht ri sp xp li trc khi khi phc ting ni. Ton b cng vic x l ny gy ra mt tr. Thng thng, lng tr ny vo khong 50 ms l chp nhn c. y l tham s ring bit ca ting ni. gii quyt hin tng ny, ta phi xc nh kch thc b m hp l, thng qua 2 cch : y o cc mc gi tin khc nhau ca b m trn ton b thi gian v iu chnh kch thc b m thch hp. Cch ny ch ph hp vi loi mng n nh nh cc mng cc b, mng ATM. y m s lng gi tin n mun v tnh t l ca chng trn tng s gi tin nhn c trong sut tin trnh. T t l ny, ta c th sa li kch thc b m. Cch ny rt thng dng.

3. Mt gi tin :
Thc ra Internet l mng ca cc mng v khng c c ch gim st y no m bo cht lng thng tin truyn. Hin tng mt gi tin l kt qu ca rt nhiu nguyn nhn : Qu ti lng ngi truy nhp cng lc m ti nguyn mng cn hn ch. Hin tng xung t trn mng LAN. Li do cc thit b vt l v cc lin kt truy nhp mng. Mt khc, qu trnh truyn ting ni phi p ng yu cu thi gian thc nn cc gi tin ting ni ch c ngha khi thi gian ti ch ca chng khng c vt qu thi gian tr cho php. Do vy, khi thi gian ny vt qu tr th cng c hiu nh l mt gi tin. Tt c cc iu kin c th gy ra hin tng mt gi tin v thm ch mt cuc gi nu nh s gi tin b mt l qu ln. Hin tng mt gi tin gy nh hng nghim trng ti cht lng cuc gi, nht l i vi mng IP v cc dch v trn thng khng c bo m. Trong

mng IP, gi tin thoi cng ging nh gi tin d liu thng thng, nhng trong trng hp d liu th c c ch pht li. ng thi, do tnh c th ca tn hiu ting ni lin quan ti thi gian thc nn hin tng mt gi tin thoi gy ra cc s c nghim trng trong qu trnh khi phc ting ni :

Vi vic s dng giao thc RTP vn chuyn v gim st lung thng tin th hin tng mt gi tin c pht hin kp thi. Ta c th gim st s lng gi tin b mt . Ti mi bn tham gia hi thoi c th tnh tng i chnh xc t l gi tin b mt c gi t mt ngun. Thng thng t l ny vo khong 5-10%. T l ny c trao i qua trng fraction lost trong cc bn tin thng k c gi mt cch nh k. Trn thc t, mi gi tin ting ni ch khong vi chc byte nn ta vn c c ch b khi phc tn hiu m khng cn s dng c ch pht li. Mt s cch gii quyt vn trn : y T ng gi li gi tin cui cng khi pht hin c hin tng mt gi tin. y l mt cch thc n gin, ch ph hp khi gi tin b mt khng k nhau v hin tng mt gi tin l khng thng xuyn.

y Gi km cc thng tin tha gi tin th (n+1) trong n gi tin gi. Cch thc ny c u im l xc nh c chnh xc gi tin no b mt, nhng li lm gim hiu sut s dng ng truyn v tng tr do phi x l cc gi tin tha. y Gim lng tin tha gi tin th (n+1) gii quyt vn gii thng nhng cch ny li gy kh khn trong vn x l tr. Nh vy, ta cp ti mt s vn v cht lng dch v cho thoi trn IP. y l iu ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh trin khai mt h thng VoIP thc tin. Trong mt vi nm sp ti, cht lng ting ni qua cc b CODEC s tip tc c ci thin. Cng vi s pht trin ca cc thit b phn cng v gii thng cho mng, cht lng dch v cho VoIP s c nng cao hn na. Vi mt s thnh tu t c trong nhng nm 90, nht l trong x l tn hiu s, cc b chuyn mch cht lng cao v cc giao thc c s QoS, cho php khuyn khch cng ngh truyn thoi qua mng IP.