B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG
---------o0o---------

Xy dng chng trnh h tr xp lch thi kha biu cho o to v hc

tp tn ch

N TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

NGNH CNG NGH THNG TIN

Sinh vin thc hin:

Nguyn Hong Anh

Gio vin hng dn:

Ths. Nguyn Th Xun Hng

M s sinh vin:

111185

HI PHNG 2011

LI CM N
Trc tin em xin c by t s trn trng v lng bit n i vi c gio
Th.S Nguyn Th Xun Hng ging vin Khoa Cng ngh thng tin Trng i
hc Dn lp Hi Phng. Trong sut thi gian hc v lm n tt nghip, c
dnh rt nhiu thi gian qu bu tn tnh ch bo, hng dn, nh hng cho em
trong vic nghin cu, thc hin n.
Em xin c cm n cc thy, c gio Khoa Cng ngh thng tin ca trng
ging dy em trong qu trnh hc tp, thc hnh, lm bi tp, cung cp nhng
kin thc qu bu em c th tip cn v nghin cu nhng cng ngh, k thut
mi.
Xin cm n cc bn b v nht l cc thnh vin trong gia nh to mi
iu kin tt nht, ng vin, c v ti trong sut qu trnh hc v lm n tt
nghip.
Mc d em tch cc c gng hon thnh n song vi khun kh n
tt nghip khng trnh khi thiu st. V vy, em rt mong c s thng cm gp
ca cc thy c v cc bn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Hi Phng, thng 07 nm 2010

Sinh vin

Nguyn Hong Anh

MC LC
LI CM N .................................................................................................. 1
MC LC ........................................................................................................ 3
DANH MC HNH V .................................................................................. 5
DANH MC BNG BIU ............................................................................. 6
DANH MC CH VIT TT ...................................................................... 7
M U .......................................................................................................... 8
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BI TON XP THI KHA BIU
V CC PHNG PHP TIP CN ........................................................ 9
1.1 Tng quan ............................................................................................. 9
1.2

ng Cao ng i hc ............. 10

1.3 Cc phng php tip cn hin nay .................................................... 12

CHNG 2:
HA

GII THUT DI TRUYN V TNH TON TIN

............................................................................................. 15

2.1 Gii thut di truyn ............................................................................. 15

2.1.1 tng........................................................................................ 15
2.1.2 c trng ..................................................................................... 15
2.1.3 Cu trc ....................................................................................... 16
2.1.4 Biu din bng vector s thc ..................................................... 23
2.1.5 Mt s ci tin n gin ca gii thut di truyn ........................ 24
2.2 Tnh ton tin ha (Evolutionary Computation) ................................. 25
2.2.1 Cc chin lc tin ha (Evolution Strategies ES) .................. 25
2.2.2 Lp trnh tin ha (Evoluationary Programming EP) .............. 28
2.2.3 Lp trnh di truyn (Genetic Programming GP) ...................... 29
2.2.4 Chng trnh tin ha (Evoluation Programmes Eps) ............. 31
CHNG 3: BI TON THI KHA BIU PHN TCH THIT
K H THNG V P DNG GII THUT TIN HA .................... 35
3.1 Phn tch thit k h thng .................................................................. 35
3.1.1 M hnh o to theo tn ch ....................................................... 35
3.1.2 Quy trnh xp thi kha biu theo o to tn ch ....................... 36
3.1.3 S tin trnh nghip v xp thi kha biu ............................ 39
3.1.4 M hnh nghip v ...................................................................... 40
3.1.5 Biu ng cnh ........................................................................ 41
3

3.1.6 Biu phn r chc nng .......................................................... 42

3.1.7 Danh sch h s d liu s dng ................................................ 43
3.1.8 Ma trn thc th chc nng ......................................................... 43
3.1.9 Biu lung d liu .................................................................. 44
3.1.10

M hnh lin kt thc th (ER) ............................................... 47

3.1.11

M hnh quan h ..................................................................... 50

3.2 p dng gii thut tin ha ................................................................. 54

3.2.1 Cc yu cu c bn ca thi kha biu theo o to tn ch ....... 54
3.2.2 Biu din nhim sc th .............................................................. 55
3.2.3 Khi to qun th ban u .......................................................... 57
3.2.4 Xc nh hm thch nghi ............................................................. 60
3.2.5 Cc ton t di truyn ................................................................... 61
3.2.6 Qu trnh chn lc ....................................................................... 63
3.2.7 Th tc tin ha ........................................................................... 64
CHNG 4:

XY DNG NG DNG MINH HA ......................... 65

4.1 Tng quan v ng dng ...................................................................... 65

4.2 Mt s chc nng vo giao din ca ng dng .................................. 66
4.2.1 Chc nng nhp d liu .............................................................. 66
4.2.2 Chc nng hin th thi kha biu .............................................. 69
4.3 Th nghim ng dng ......................................................................... 70
4.3.1 Kt qu t c ca ng dng .................................................. 71
4.3.2 Bng kt qu thc nghim........................................................... 71
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................ 74

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 2.1 S cu trc gii thut di truyn ............................................... 17
Hnh 2.2 Bnh xe x s ............................................................................... 20
Hnh 2.3 S hnh cy ca hai nhim sc th v1 v v2 ............................. 30
Hnh 2.4 Ni dung th tc Eps .................................................................... 32
Hnh 2.5 Hng tip cn ca GA c in ................................................... 33
Hnh 2.6 Hng tip cn ca Eps ............................................................... 33
Hnh 3.1 Quy trnh xp thi kha biu theo o to tn ch........................ 36
Hnh 3.2 S tin trnh nghip v ............................................................ 39
Hnh 3.3 Biu ng cnh ......................................................................... 41
Hnh 3.4 Biu phn r chc nng ........................................................... 42
Hnh 3.5 Biu lung d liu mc 0 ........................................................ 44
Hnh 3.6 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh nhp d liu ................... 45
Hnh 3.7 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh xp TKB ........................ 46
Hnh 3.8 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh xem TKB ....................... 46
Hnh 3.9 M hnh ER .................................................................................. 48
Hnh 3.10 C s d liu .............................................................................. 50
Hnh 3.11 Cu trc mt nhim sc .............................................................. 56
Hnh 3.12 Thi kha biu ban u theo trc ca-ngy ................................. 58
Hnh 3.13 Thi kha biu hon chnh ca phng hc ................................ 59
Hnh 3.14 Ton t i ch gio vin........................................................... 62
Hnh 3.15 Ton t i ch lp mn hc ..................................................... 63
Hnh 3.16 Th tc tin ha cho bi ton xp thi kha biu tn ch ........... 64
Hnh 4.1 Menu ng dng ............................................................................ 65
Hnh 4.2 Trang nhp lp mn hc .............................................................. 66
Hnh 4.3 Trang nhp gio vin d kin ...................................................... 67
Hnh 4.4 Trang nhp phng hc d kin .................................................... 68
Hnh 4.5 Thi kha biu ca phng hc ..................................................... 69
Hnh 4.6 Thi kha biu gio vin.............................................................. 69
Hnh 4.7 Thi kha biu cc lp mn hc .................................................. 70

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1: So snh gia m hnh nin ch v tn ch: .................................. 11
Bng 2.1 M t cch hot ng ca bnh xe x s ..................................... 21
Bng 3.1 Ni dung cng vic xp thi kha biu ....................................... 38
Bng 3.2 Bng phn tch xc nh cc chc nng tc nhn v h s ......... 40
Bng 3.3 Ma trn thc th chc nng ......................................................... 43
Bng 3.4 Cc kiu thc th, thuc tnh v kha ......................................... 47
Bng 3.5 DUKIEN_DT ............................................................................... 51
Bng 3.6 MON_CHO_CTDT ..................................................................... 51
Bng 3.7 LOP_MONHOC .......................................................................... 51
Bng 3.8 MON ............................................................................................ 52
Bng 3.9 GV ................................................................................................ 52
Bng 3.10 GV_DAY_MON........................................................................ 52
Bng 3.11 TKB ........................................................................................... 53
Bng 3.12 PHONG...................................................................................... 53
Bng 3.13 NGUYEN_VONG ..................................................................... 53
Bng 3.14 Danh sch cc mn hc d kin cho ngnh CT13 .................... 57
Bng 4.1 Bng kt qu nh gi thc nghim ng dng ............................ 72

DANH MC CH VIT TT
GA Genetic Algorithm Gii thut di truyn c in
TKB Thi kha biu
GV Gio vin
DS Danh sch
HSDL H s d liu
SV Sinh vin
MH Mn hc
t/tin Thng tin
QL Qun l
HT H thng

M U
Thi kha biu ca trng hc l k hoch ging dy ca gio vin v hc
tp ca sinh vin. Mt bng thi kha biu hp l gip gio vin thun li, thoi
mi khi ln lp v gip sinh vin thoi mi khi ng k hc tp.
t lu, vic lp thi kha biu cho cc lp tn ch l vn quan trng ca
phng o to v phi lun lun hon thnh trc khi trin khai cho sinh vin ng
k hc. Lp thi kha biu bng phng php th cng l cng vic rt nng n, tn
nhiu thi gian v d vi phm cc rng buc v nghip v. Do vy, khi p dng phi
tri qua iu chnh vi ln mi c th t c yu cu c bn.
Cc bi ton thi kha biu rt phong ph v a dng bi nhng rng buc
v yu cu c trng ca tng h o to, thm ch tng trng hc.
Bi ton thi kha biu thuc lp cc bi ton ti u nn cc gii thut
truyn thng kh gii quyt c trn vn cc yu cu nghip v v yu cu v thi
gian thc hin.
Trong ba thp nin qua, c nhiu gii thut c xy dng v ci tin gii
cc bi ton ti u. Gii thut di truyn v tnh tin ha m phng s tin ha ca t
nhin ca sinh hc v gn y nht l phng php ti u ha n kin do Dorigo
xut l hng tip cn hin i nht. C hai loi gii thut trn t ra rt hiu
qu trong vic p dng gii quyt cc bi ton ti u trong thc t, tiu biu l bi
ton lp thi kha biu trng hc, l mt bi ton th v v c tnh thc tin cao.
Xut pht t nhng vn trn, ti Xy dng chng trnh h tr xp
lch thi kha biu cho o to v hc tp tn ch c hnh thnh, n tp trung
nghin cu bi ton lp thi kha biu cho o to tn ch, s dng gii thut di
truyn v phng php tnh ton tin ha gii bi ton c v mt l thuyt ln
xy dng ng dng.
Cu trc ca n nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v bi ton xp thi kha biu v cc phng php
tip cn,
Chng 2: Gii thut di truyn v tnh ton tin ha,
Chng 3: Bi ton thi kha biu Phn tch thit k h thng v p dng
gii thut tin ha,
Chng 4: Xy dng ng dng minh ha,
V cui cng l phn kt lun.

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BI TON XP THI KHA BIU

V CC PHNG PHP TIP CN
1.1 Tng quan
Bi ton lp thi kha biu trng hc l mt trong nhng bi ton th v
nht trong lp cc bi ton ti u v tnh cht a dng v m hnh thi kha biu, c
nhiu rng buc phc tp v tnh cht thc tin ca n.
Bi ton thi kha biu l trng hp ring ca bi ton lp lch, trong
a ra mt chui cc s kin (cc mn hc, bi ging hoc mn thi) v bao gm cc
gio vin v hc sinh trong mt khong thi gian nh trc, v mt tp cc rng
buc phi tha mn ca tng loi thi kha biu khc nhau. Tp rng buc bao gm
kh nng tham d ca hc sinh, kh nng lm vic ca gio vin, s lng v sc
cha ca phng hc v cc yu cu ca cc s kin.
Pht biu bi ton
Mi trng c mt danh sch cc lp hc.
Mi lp c mt danh sch xc nh cc gi hc trong mt tun, bao gm tn
mn hc, tn gio vin v s tit.
Cc lp hc c phn b trong cc phng hc bit.
Tm mt phng n phn b gi hc, mn hc v gio vin tha mn mt s
rng buc bt buc (rng buc cng) v mt s c th c hoc khng cc rng buc
khng bt buc tha mn trit (rng buc mm).
C th nu ra mt s rng buc ph bin sau:
Rng buc cng:
Mt gio vin trong mt tit dy khng qu mt lp.
Mt lp trong mt tit hc c khng qu mt gio vin.
Mt lp trong mt tit hc c khng qu mt mn.
Khng c lp lch vo cc gi bn ca gio vin. Chng hn, cc tit hp
nh k ca trng khoa, hay trng b mn
Mt s mn khng c dy qu k tit trong mt ngy hc.
Trong mi bui hc ca mi lp cc tit hc lin tc (khng c tit ngh
gia)
Trong mi bui hc, cc tit hc ca cng mt mn hc lin tc (khng c
tch ri).

Mt s mn phi phn vo cc gi xc nh. V d: tit sinh hot l tit u

ca bui u tun.
Rng buc mm:
Cc mn hc c nhiu tit trong tun phi phn b tng i tp trung cho
mi lp.
Mt s gio vin mun dy hoc khng dy vo mt s tit hoc mt s bui
nht nh.
S bui dy ca mi gio vin l khng qu nhiu (gom ngy dy).
Trng hp mt gio vin dy c hai bui th nu bui sng c tit dy th
bui chiu ngy khng phn lch dy, hoc bui sng khng phn lch tit
cui v bui chiu khng phn lch tit u

1.2 Bi ton thi kha biu

ao ng i hc

y l loi thi kha biu phc tp v tnh bin ng v tnh cht a dng
ca loi hnh o to (hc theo nin ch, hc theo tn ch).
Bi ton lp thi kha biu cho trng i hc
l bi ton lp lch
cho cc bi ging vo tng kha hc vi mt s lng phng hc v tit hc cho
trc. Kha hc l im khc bit ca thi kha biu trng i hc vi trng
Trung Hc Ph Thng. Cc sinh vin tham d kha hc, cn cc lp hc trng
ph thng c to bi tp hc sinh.
trng i hc,
, hai kha hc c th c trng mt s sinh vin
tham d v iu ny to ra xung t khng th lp lch c trong mt tit hc. Hn
na, cc ging vin thng ch dy mt kha hc hay mt mn hc trong mt hc
k.
Cui cng, sc cha ca cc phng hc l mt yu t quan trng trong vic
lp lch.
Hin nay, cc trng i hc Vit Nam thng o to theo 2 m hnh:
M hnh lp hc nin ch: Sinh vin vo nhp hc v cc nm hc c phn
c nh vo cc lp hc.
M hnh lp hc tn ch: Sinh vin c t do ng k vo cc lp mn hc
c chun b trc ca thi kha biu. Cc lp mn hc ny thc cht l
cc mn hc c thit k thi kha biu ging dy chi tit. Thng thng,
sau khi thi kha biu ca cc lp hc ny c ln k hoch th sinh vin
mi cn c vo thi kha biu c th ng k hc.

10

Bng 1.1: So snh gia m hnh nin ch v tn ch:

c th

Lp nin ch

Lp tn ch

Bc buc phi phn lp

To lp hc

Khng cn phn lp c
cho mi kha hc u
th, sinh vin t ng k
nm hc
Phn b mn hc v cc Vic phn b, to lp tn

Phn b mn hc

bi ging cho cc lp ch hng nm tng i

hc d dng

phc tp

Lp thi kha biu rt

Lp TKB

phc tp v phi ch
Lp thi kha biu tng
n vic trng gi, trng
i d dng v ch phi
tit trn lp, gio vin v
quan tm n gio vin
phng hc, cha k cc
v phng hc
pht sinh do ghp lp,
tch lp

Qun l ging dy

Qun l lp hc v sinh Qun l vic ln lp rt

vin d dng
phc tp

Lp ghp, lp tch

Rt phc tp khi t chc

Khng cn ghp hay tch
ghp v tch cc lp
cc lp tn ch
nin ch

Phng hc

Yu cu chung v phng Yu cu phng hc n

hc l ln v phc tp
gin

Ta nhn thy, i vi lp tn ch, vic t chc thi kha biu n gin hn,
nhng rt phc tp cho vic qun l chuyn mn, o to, cn i vi lp nin ch,
n gin v mt t chc, qun l chuyn mn, nhng rt phc tp trong vic lp
thi kha biu. Trong trng hp phi ghp hoc tch lp th cng vic lp thi
kha biu li cng phc tp hn.
V ni dung n cp v m hnh tn ch, nn phn ny ch cp n h
o to theo tn ch.
i vi cc trng i hc c hnh thc o to theo tn ch, bi ton thi
kha biu c pht biu nh sau:
C N mn hc c cc sinh vin ng k tham d cn lp lch vo mt tun
gm K tit hc tng ng.
Cc mn hc c t chc ti cc phng hc p ng cc iu kin hc
tp ca mn hc .

11

Mt li gii hay mt thi kha biu chp nhn c l tt c cc mn hc

u c chia vo cc tit hc v cc phng hc tng ng, ng thi tha mn cc
rng buc sau:
Rng buc cng:
Khng c sinh vin no tham d hn mt mn hc trong cng mt thi gian.
Phng hc c sc cha v iu kin t chc dy mn hc .
Ch c mt mn hc c t chc ti mt phng hc trong mt khong thi
gian cho trc.
Cc mn hc thng c hc t 2 n 4 tit mi ngy.
Rng buc mm:
Hn ch s sinh vin phi tham d nhiu mn hc lin tip nhau trong cng
mt ngy.
Hn ch s sinh vin ch hc ng mt mn hc trong mt ngy

1.3 Cc phng php tip cn hin nay

Trc ht, chng ta cng im qua cc gii thut truyn thng:
Gii thut vt cn (tm kim theo chiu rng hoc chiu su) v mt nguyn
tc lun tm c nghim nu bi ton c nghim. Nhng trn thc t, cc
bi ton thi kha biu khng nn p dng phng php ny, v ta phi pht
trin mt khng gian trng thi cc ln trc khi i n trng thi ch. Do
cc hn ch v thi gian tnh ton v dung lng b nh, khng cho php ta
thc hin c.
Chng hn, vi bi ton thi kha biu cho 40 lp hc, mi lp c 8 mn
hc, mi lp c 25 tit mi tun th khng gian tm kim rt ln l 825*40
trng hp. R rng, nu dng phng php vt cn th thi gian chy rt
lu, kh chp nhn c.
Gii thut leo i (Hill Climbing) s dng k thut nng cp lp, p dng cho
mt s im n (im hin hnh) trong khng gian tm kim. Mi ln nng
cp, mt im trong ln cn ca im hin hnh c chn lm im k tip,
nu n cho kt qu tt hn ca hm mc tiu. Vic tm kim kt thc khi
khng th nng cp c na. R rng, gii thut leo i ch cho kt qu ti
u cc b, kt qu ny ph thuc vo s chn la im xut pht, mt khc ta
khng c c thng tin v sai s gia ti u cc b tm c v ti u ton
cc. Mc d ci tin bng cch tng s lng im xut pht (chn ngu
nhin hoc chn theo kt qu ca ln chy trc), nhng khi c nhiu cc tr

12

a phng th kh nng tm c kt qu ti u ton cc ca gii thut leo

i cn rt thp.
Tip theo chng ta s xem cc cch tip cn hin nay:
c nhiu gii thut c xut gii cc bi ton thi kha biu. Cc
gii thut ny tm c li gii gn ti u v l mt trong cc xu th pht trin hin
nay i vi cc bi ton cha th tm c li gii ti u thc s. Cc gii thut ny
u m phng theo t nhin nh gii thut luyn kim, gii thut di truyn, phng
php tnh ton tin ha, gii thut h
kin trong , tnh ton tin ha v ti
u ha n kin t ra l phng php hu hiu nht.
Trong gii thut luyn kim (Annealing Algorithm), ngi ta dng k thut
thay i entropy ca h v iu khin tc hi t ca qun th bng cch
bin i nhit ng hc vi mt tham s nhit T ton cc. hn ch s
ti u cc b v tng kh nng khm ph khng gian tm kim, ngi ta dng
th thut gim tng bc nhit T (n mt mc no ). Tuy nhin, do T
ch gim n mt mc nht nh, nn k thut luyn kim khng trnh khi
hn ch trong vic khm ph khng gian tm kim v s hi t a phng.
Gii thut di truyn v tnh ton tin ha kt hp tng ca gii thut leo
i v luyn kim. c trng ca gii thut ny l duy tr mt tp cc li gii
tim nng (gi l tp cc c th hay qun th), khuyn khch vic hnh thnh
v trao i thng tin gia cc c th trong qun th thng qua php lai v
php bin d. Mt qu trnh tin ha c thc hin trn mt qun th thc
cht l s tm kim trong mt khng gian cc li gii tim nng. S tm kim
ny i hi s cn bng gia hai mc tiu: tm li gii tt nht v khm ph
khng gian tm kim mi.
Gii thut ti u n kin (ACO Ant Colony Optimization) do Dorigo
xut l phng php tip cn hin i nht. Mt thnh phn ngu nhin trong
ACO cho php cc con kin xy dng c mt lng ln cc li gii khc
nhau hn cc phng php khc. Ti cng mt thi gian, vic s dng cc
thng tin kinh nghim s hng dn cc con kin tm kim c cc li gii
ha hn. Quan trng hn, kinh nghim tm kim ca con kin s c s
dng hc tng cng trong qu trnh lp xy dng gii thut. Thm vo
, vic tham gia ca n kin kin lm cho gii thut ACO c c mt tp
hp cc tc nhn lp hiu qu gii quyt bi ton. Tuy nhin, gii thut ti
u n kin phc tp hn phng php tnh ton tin ha nhiu.
Hin nay gii thut di truyn v gii thut ti u n kin l hai phng php
c s dng nhiu nht gii quyt bi ton lp thi kha biu. Xt v thi gian
thc hin, chi ph thc hin th gii thut ti u n kin tt hn nhng cng phc

13

tp hn gii thut di truyn. Trn thc t vic lp thi kha biu ch din ra khong
hai n ba ln trong mt nm ph thuc vo chng trnh o to ca tng trng
c th, nn thi gian v chi ph cng khng nh hng nhiu ti vic lp thi kha
biu, v vy trong n ny n gin em s dng gii thut di truyn gii
quyt bi ton lp thi kha biu cho o to tn ch.

14

CHNG 2: GII THUT DI TRUYN V TNH TON TIN HA

2.1 Gii thut di truyn
2.1.1 tng
Gii thut di truyn (GA - Genetic Algorithm) l m phng theo qu trnh
tin ha t nhin ca sinh vt theo thuyt Darwin. Trong qu trnh tin ha, mi c
th u phi t tm cch thch nghi tt nht vi mi trng sng rt phc tp v
lun lun thay i. C th no c kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng cao hn th s
c kh nng tn ti, pht trin v sinh sn cao hn, ngc li c th no c kh nng
thch nghi thp s c nhiu nguy c b tiu vong hoc pht trin chm. S thch nghi
c c kt v ghi li trong cu trc ca nhim sc th ca chng.
Vic gii bi ton thc t c th xem l vic tm kim trong mt khng gian
cc li gii tim nng nhm tm ra li gii tt nht hoc chp nhn c m ta c
th gi l qu trnh ti u ha.
i vi khng gian tm kim nh, n gin nht l dng k thut vt cn,
ngha l lit k ton b li gii tim nng, sau kim tra iu kin chn ra li
gii. i vi khng gian tm kim kh ln th k thut vt cn c phc tp rt
ln, kh chp nhn c. Khi , gii thut di truyn c xem l rt thch hp cho
vic gii quyt bi ton tm kim li gii ti u.
GA khng ch trng n gii php duy nht v chnh xc nh cc phng
thc c in, tri li GA xt n ton b cc gii php v chn ly gii php tng
i tt nht.
GA da trn tnh ngu nhin nh trong th gii t nhin ca sinh vt, nhng
c hng dn bi hm thch nghi.

2.1.2 c trng
GA lm vic vi mt m ha ca tp hp tham s m khng phi mt tham
s.
GA tm kim t mt qun th cc im ch khng phi mt im hoc mt
vi im nh phng php tm kim leo i.
GA nh gi thng tin vi hm mc tiu m khng a vo o hm hay
thng tin b sung khc.
GA s dng cc lut bin i theo xc sut m khng s dng lut quyt
nh.

15

2.1.3 Cu trc
GA s dng tng v cc thut ng trong di truyn hc nh c trnh by
sau y.
Trong t nhin, mi c th c cc tnh cht v c im ring c th hin
ra ngoi gi l kiu hnh. Kiu hnh ny c quyt nh bi cc cu trc gene trong
c th, gi l kiu gene (genotype). Cc gene to thnh cc nhim sc th, mi t
bo c tp hp cc nhim sc th nh nhau. Cc nhim sc th l cc chui DNA
hot ng nh mt m hnh cho ton b c th. S a dng v kiu gene ca cc c
th dn n s a dng v kiu hnh ca mt qun th sinh hc. Qu trnh pht trin
ca mi qun th tun theo quy lut chn lc ca t nhin m tin ha qua cc th
h ni tip nhau. Trong , cc hu du c sinh ra t th h trc thng qua qu
trnh sinh sn ( di truyn v bin d) cch tranh t nhin vi nhau, c th no c kiu
hnh (v do l kiu gene) thch nghi cao hn trong mi trng pht trin th s c
kh nng cao hn trong tn ti v sinh sn con chu. Do , kiu gene ny s tin
ha v hon thin. Qu trnh tin ha ny c lp i lp li, cc c th c kiu gene
ph hp s sng st v pht trin, cc c th yu s b loi b dn.
GA l k thut ti u da trn khi nim chn lc t nhin v di truyn. Do
vy, li gii ca bi ton c trnh by nh cc gene trong nhim sc th. GA m
t mt nhm cc li gii tim nng c c. Qua tin ha v chn lc t nhin
cc nhim sc th vi thch nghi tt hn s xut hin.
Chn lc t nhin m bo cho c th c thch nghi tt nht s c
truyn li cho cc th h con chu (cc qun th tng lai). Php lai ghp kt hp
cc gene t hai c th b m to thnh hai c th con mi vi thch nghi c
chiu hng cao hn b m. Php bin d cho php to ra cht liu di truyn mi,
to ra nhng t ph trong tm kim thng tin mi.
GA cung cp s ci tin th h v thch nghi ca cc c th v sau nhiu
th h s to ra cc c th cha nhng thit lp bin i c ti u.
Mi c th trong GA thng ch gm mt nhim sc th. Do vy thut ng
c th v nhim sc th c dng khng phn bit ng ngha.

16

t=0
Khi to P(t)

nh gi thch nghi
ca P(t)

t=t+1
Chn Q(t) t P(t-1) // bi bnh xe x s

Ti to P(t) t Q(t) // bi cc ton t di truyn

nh gi thch nghi ca P(t) v chn c th
tt nht

Kim tra iu kin kt

thc thut ton tha mn
cha?
Y
Kt thc
Hnh 2.1 S cu trc gii thut di truyn

Trong :
P(t) l qun th ti th h th t.
Q(t) l qun th trung gian.

2.1.3.1 Nhim sc th v qun th

Trong GA, mi c th (hay nhim sc th) c m ha bi cc chui nh
phn.
V d: mt nhim sc th gm 8 gene nh sau

17

Mi c th (mt nhim sc th c th) biu th mt li gii tim nng ca bi

ton. Mt qu trnh tin ha c thc hin trn mt qun th (mt tp hp cc c
th) tng ng vi s tm kim trong mt khng gian cc li gii tim nng. S
tm kim ny i hi s cn bng gia hai mc tiu: tm li gii tt nht v khm
ph khng gian tm kim.
GA thc hin vic tm kim theo nhiu hng bng cch duy tr mt tp li
gii tim nng, khuyn khch s hnh thnh v trao i thng tin gia cc hng.
Tp li gii tri qua qu trnh tin ha v cui cng cho ta mt li gii tt theo
yu cu. Ti mi th h, cc li gii tng i tt c ti sinh, v cc li gii
tng i xu b loi b dn. nh gi mc tt xu ca tng li gii, ngi ta
xy dng hm thch nghi, hm ny ng vai tr nh mi trng sng trong thuyt
tin ha ca darwin.
M ha nhim sc th: Biu din m nh phn ca mi li gii tim nng
Ta c cng thc:

(bi

ai ) *10 p

2mi 1

[2.1]

Trong :
10-p sai s n p ch s thp phn
bi l im cui trn min gii hn
ai l im u trn min gii hn
mi l di chui nh phn
V d: Tm gi tr cc i ca hm s hai bin:
f(x1,x2)= 10 + x1 * sin x1 + x2 * sin x2 trn min -1 x1 3 ; 3 x2 5 vi
sai s cc bin l 10-2
V: b1 a1 = 3 (-1) = 4; 4*102 = 400 v 28 < 400 <29 nn cn 9 gene biu
din x1
Tng t ta c 27 < 200 < 28 nn cn 8 gene biu din x2
Do vy, m = 17 l di chui ca mt nhim sc th.
Gii m nhim sc th: Chuyn i cc chui nh phn v dng s thp phn.
Vi mi on gene (bmi 1 ,..., b0 ) ta xc nh ki theo c s 10: (bj*2j)10
mi 1

ki

(b j * 2 j )10

j 0

18

v c:

xi

ai

(bi

ki *

ai )

2mi

[2.2]

V d trn ta c:
x1 biu din bi 9 gene x2 biu din bi 8 gene

k1 = 1*22 + 1*24 + 1*25 + 1*28 = 308

x1 = -1 + 308*(3 (-1)) / (29 1) = 1.41
k2 = 1*20 + 1*21 + 1*22 =7
x2 =3 + 7 *(5 3) / (28 1) = 3.05

2.1.3.2 Hm nh gi
Hm nh gi (eval) trn tp nhim sc th nh gi thch nghi ca
mi c th : eval(z) = f(x), trong x l vector tng ng vi z
V d hm f(x1,x2)= 10 + x1 * sin x1 + x2 * sin x2 v d trn chnh l hm
nh gi thch nghi.

2.1.3.3 Th tc chn lc (Selection)

Cc c th c chn lc theo thch nghi ca chng tham gia vo pha
tip theo ca qu trnh tin ha. C th c thch nghi cao hn c c hi c
chn nhiu hn, ngha l c nhiu con chu trong cc th h tip theo.
Php chn lc cc c th trong mi qun th c thc hin nh bnh xe x
s (Roulette Wheel).
Vi mi qun th P(t 1) gm N nhim sc th: P(t 1) = {v1,v2,vn} ta
xy dng bnh xe x s nh sau:
nh gi ph hp ton phn, cn gi l tng thch nghi ca qun th.
N

eval (vi )
i 1

[2.3]

Tnh xc sut chn lc pi ca mi c th vi:

pi

eval(vi )
F

[2.4]

19

Tnh xc sut tch ly qi cho mi c th vi:

i

qi

pj,i

1,2,... N

j 1

[2.5]

Qu trnh chn lc qun th Q(t) t P(t 1) da vo bnh xe x s c thc

hin nh sau:
i vi mi s t nhin k = 1, 2, N pht sinh mt s thc ngu nhin

rk

[0,1]

Nu rk q1 th chn c th v1, ngc li, chn c th vi sao cho qi 1 < rk qi ;

2iN
Vi cch thc hin nh th, c th c mt s c th c chn nhiu ln v
Q(t) vn c xem l c N phn t. Cc c th tt c chn nhiu ln, cc c th
trung bnh th bnh n v cc c th xu b gim dn.
Minh ha bnh xe x s vi qun th c 5 c th:

C th 1, 20%
C th 5, 30%

C th 2, 25%
C th 4, 15%
C th
3, 10%

Hnh 2.2 Bnh xe x s

C th 1 c xc sut chn lc l 20%, ngha l mi ln quay bnh xe x s,
n c kh nng c chn l 0.2. Tng t nh vy cho cc c th th 2, 3, 4, 5.
Vi v d trn ta c
f(x1,x2)= 10 + x1 * sin x1 + x2 * sin x2 trn min -1 x1 3 ; 3 x2 5 vi
sai s cc bin l 10-2
m = 17 l di chui ca mt nhim sc th, x1 biu din bi 9 gene x2 biu
din bi 8 gene.

20

Khi to ngu nhin 3 c th:

v1 = (10011010000000111) tng ng vi x1 = 1.41; x2 = 3.05;
eval (v1) =12.68;
v2 = (11100010010011011) tng ng vi x1 = 2.54; x2 = 4.22;
eval (v2) =14.78;
v3 = (00001000001100100) tng ng vi x1 = 0.87; x2 = 3.78;
eval (v3) =10.94;
C th v2 l tt nht vi eval (v2) =14.78 v thch nghi ton phn ca qun
th l F = 38.4
Gi s cc ri ngu nhin nh sau: r1 = 0.52; r2 = 0.17; r3 = 0.7

Bng 2.1 M t cch hot ng ca bnh xe x s

STT

Xc sut
chn lc pi

Xc sut
tch ly qi

S ngu
nhin ri

C th
c chn

nh s
li

0.33

0.33

0.52

v2

u1

0.38

0.71

0.17

v1

u2

0.28

0.7

v2

u3

2.1.3.4 Qu trnh ti to
Qu trnh ti to da trn cc ton t di truyn l Php lai v bin d.
Cho trc xc sut lai pc v xc sut bin d pm
Vi mi c th vi thuc Q(t), i=1, 2, N, pht sinh mt s ngu nhin r
[0,1]. Nu r < pc th vi c a vo tp lai. Tp ny chia thnh cp, nu l th
thm hoc bt ngu nhin mt c th khc v p dng php lai to hu du
thay th cho chng.
Sau khi lai ghp, i vi mi gene ca c th, pht sinh mt s ngu nhin r
[0,1]. Nu r < pm th gene c bin d
Qu trnh trn cho ta qun th P(t) ca th h t v c nh gi chn c
th c gi tr thch nghi tt nht.
Php lai hay trao i cho:
Kt hp cc c tnh trn nhim sc th ca b v m to thnh hai c th
con mi, bng cch hon i cc on gene tng ng trn cc nhim sc th ca
b v m. Php lai nhm nng cao cht lng c th, do vy s nh hng n tc
hi t ca qu trnh tin ha.

21

Vi hai nhim sc th ty :
x = (x1, x2, , xm)
y = (y1, y2, , ym)
Chn im lai k

[1, m-1] (k chn trc hoc ngu nhin), ta s sinh c

hai c th mi:
x = (x1, , xk, yk+1, , ym)
y =(y1, , yk, xk+1, , xm)
V d:

Parent1

Parent2

Nu thc hin lai ghp sau gene th 5, s to ra hai con nh sau:

Child1

Child2

Php bin d:
L s sa i mt hoc mt vi gene ca mt nhim sc th. Ton t bin d
lm tng nhanh qu trnh hi t, nhng c th lm tng t ngt v khng gy tc
dng g hoc lm hi t sm n mt li gii di ti u. Trong GA, mi c th
biu din bi mt chui nh phn, nn bin d ti mt v tr no l s o bit ti v
tr .
V d:

Parent

Sau khi bin d ti v tr 6:

Child

2.1.3.5 iu kin kt thc:

L iu kin kt thc qu trnh tin ha ca qun th. Ty theo bi ton
m chn cch kt thc khc nhau. Ngi ta thng dng mt trong cc cch sau:
Kt thc theo kt qu: Khi t n mc gi tr yu cu th dng.
Kt thc da vo s th h: xc nh trc s th h cn tin ha, khi tri qua
s th h th dng, khng cn bit kt qu nh th no.
Tnh theo thi gian: qu trnh kt thc sau mt khong thi gian quy nh
trc, khng cn bit s th h tri qua cng nh kt qu.

22

T hp nhiu cch: dng nhiu phng n khc nhau cho vn . Chng hn:
chy theo s th h, nh gi v cho chy tip theo kt qu

2.1.4 Biu din bng vector s thc

i vi cc bi ton kh c min chp nhn ln v i hi sai s nh th
di ca mi nhim sc th theo phng php GA c in trnh by trn l rt ln,
nn vic p dng GA rt kh khn. Do vy, ngi ta ci tin cch biu din nhim
sc th bng vector thc gii bi ton. Trong cch biu din ny, ngi ta dng
cc vector thc trong min chp nhn c (thuc tp M) lm nhim sc th v thit
k cc nhm ton t di truyn cho thch hp vi cch biu din ny m vn gi
nguyn th tc GA c t trn. Di y gii thiu mt s ton t d dng.
Cc ton t lai:
Lai n gin: ton t ny thc hin tro i hai nhm gene tng t nh GA
c in.
x = (x1, x2, , xm) v y = (y1, y2, , ym)
Chn im lai k

[1, m 1] (chn trc hoc ngu nhin), ta s sinh c

hai c th mi:
x = (x1, , xk, yk+1, , ym) v y = (y1, , yk, xk+1, , xm)
Lai s hc n: Nu lai hai vector:
x = (x1, , xm) v y = (y1, , ym) vi im chn v tr k, th ta c:
x = (x1, xk, , xm) v y = (y1, , yk, , ym)
trong , xk = a*xk + (1 a)*yk v yk = a*yk + (1 a)*xk vi a

(0,1) l

mt s cho trc hoc chn ngu nhin.

Lai s hc ton cc:
Nu lai hai vector x = (x1, , xm) v y = (y1, , ym) th c:
X = a*x + (1 a)*y v y = a*y + (1 a)*x vi a

(0,1) l mt s cho trc

hoc chn ngu nhin.

Cc ton t bin d:
Bin d u: gi s gene xk bin d thnh xk th xk l s ngu nhin phn b
u trn min chp nhn c [ak, bk] ca n.
Bin d khng u: gi s gene xk bin d thnh xk th xk = xk + (t, xk),
trong (t, xk) l s ngu nhin phn b khng u trn on [ak xk, bk
xk] v hi t theo xc sut v 0 khi t tng ra v cng, tham s t ch vng lp.

23

2.1.5 Mt s ci tin n gin ca gii thut di truyn

Cng vi s pht trin ca thut ton di truyn cc nh nghin cu xut
mt s phng php chn lc, lai ghp v t bin khc.

2.1.5.1 Chn lc c th
Theo thuyt tin ha ca Darwin, nhim sc th tt nht s tn ti v to ra
cc c th con mi. C nhiu phng php chn cc nhim sc th tt nht.
Chn lc Roulette (Roulette Wheel Selection)
Chn lc xp hng (Rank Selection)
Chn lc cnh tranh (Tournament Selection)

2.1.5.2 Ton t lai ghp

Lai ghp nhm nng cao kt qu c th, do , ton t lai ghp s to iu
kin cho tin trnh hi t nhanh hay chm. Cn ty thuc vo cch t chc v phn
b cc nhim sc th m chng ta c xc sut lai ghp nhanh hay chm. Sau y l
vi phng php lai ghp thng dng trong gii thut di truyn:
Lai ghp nh x tng phn (PMX Partial Mapped Crossover)
Lai ghp c trt t (OX Order Crossover)
Lai ghp da trn v tr (Position Based Crossover)
Lai ghp da trn th t (Order Base Crossover)
Lai ghp c chu trnh (CX Cycle Crossover)
Lai ghp th t tuyn tnh (LOX Linear Order Crossover)

2.1.5.3 Ton t t bin

Cng ging nh lai ghp, ton t t bin lm tng nhanh qu trnh hi t,
nhng tng mt cch t ngt, cng c khi s khng gy tc dng g mt khi khng
thnh cng. Khng ai c th nh gi c phng php t bin no tt hn, do
c mt vi phng php n gin, cng c vi trng hp kh phc tp. Ngi ta
thng chn mt trong nhng phng php sau :
t bin o ngc (Inversion Mutation)
t bin chn (Insertion Mutation)
t bin thay th (Displacement Mutation)
t bin tng h (Reciprocal Exchange Mutation)
t bin chuyn dch (Shift Mutation)

24

2.2 Tnh ton tin ha (Evolutionary Computation)

Gii thut di truyn c in dng phng php m ha nh phn cho cc
nhim sc th, v vy khi p dng cho cc bi ton c min chp nhn c ln
trong khng gian nhiu chiu v yu cu chnh xc cao, th cc nhim sc th s
c kch thc rt ln nn gp nhiu kh khn khi thc hin.
V d : xt hm s hai bin:
F(x1, x2) = 10 + x1*sin x1 + x2*sin x2 trn min -5 x1 5; -10 x2 10 vi
sai s cc bin l 10-4
Biu din nhim sc th theo GA c in
V b1 a1 =5 (-5) = 10; 10*104 =105 v 216 < 105 <217 nn cn 17 gene
biu din x1
Tng t, b2 a2 = 10 (-10) =20; 2*105 v 217 < 2*105 <218 nn cn 18
gene biu din x2
Nn di ca chui l 35 l kh ln.
c bit, khi bi ton c nhiu rng buc phc tp, th cc ton t di truyn
truyn thng t ra km hiu qu.
Trong nhng nm va qua, rt nhiu hng tip cn da trn nguyn l tin
ha v chn lc t nhin c nghin cu v pht trin. Cc hng tip cn tp
trung vo mt s vn chnh sau y; cc nhim sc th c di khng c nh
v c cu trc a dng, phc tp hn chui nh phn, chng hn nhim sc th c
cu trc mng a chiu, cc ton t di truyn c thay i ph hp vi iu
kin ca bi ton c th.
Phn ln cc nh nghin cu ci tin gii thut di truyn bng cch dng
biu din khng thuc dng chui, hoc thit k cc ton t di truyn c bit
ph hp vi bi ton c th cn gii.
S cn thit ca vic kt hp cc thng tin c th ca bi ton v gii thut
di truyn c tha nhn trong nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v nhiu bi bo
khoa hc trong thp k qua. Cc pht trin ca GA c in c xut v ng
dng gii cc bi ton kh, c th trong thc tin mang cc tn gi khc nhau
nh: Cc chin lc tin ha, lp trnh tin ha, lp trnh di truyn, cc chng trnh
tin ha v tt c chng u c mt tn gi chung l tnh ton tin ha.

2.2.1 Cc chin lc tin ha (Evolution Strategies ES)

ES m phng cc nguyn tc tin ha trong t nhin to ra mt phng
php gii cc bi ton ti u vi cc tham s thay i lin tc, v gn y m rng

25

cho cc bi ton ri rc. Trong , cch biu din gene trn cc vector thc c s
dng x l cc rng buc v gim khi lng x l d liu.
Ni dung ca chin lc tin ha:

2.2.1.1 Chin lc tin ha hai thnh vin

Chin lc ny c dng trn qun th ch gm mt c th v ch p dng
mt ton t di truyn l bin d. Sau khi bin d ta c mt c th con. C th con ny
u tranh sinh tn vi c th m sinh ra n trong pha chn lc. Mt trong hai c th
m v con ny s c chn cho th h tip theo ty thuc thch nghi ca chng.
ES c k hiu l (1+1) ES
Biu din nhim sc th: mi c th biu din dng v = (x, ), trong x v
l cc vector thc, x l i din cho mt im tm kim,

l vector cc

lch tiu chun.

Tp li gii: (1+1) ES c qun th ch gm mt c th.
Xc nh hm thch nghi: Hm thch nghi v tng thch nghi c xc
nh tng t nh GA c in, n c o da vo gi tr ca hm ph hp.
Cc ton t di truyn: Ch gm php bin d, v c thc hin nh sau:
Thay x bi x= x + N(0, ) l vector cc s Gausse ngu nhin c lp, c
trung bnh l 0 v c lch tiu chun l .
Php chn lc: Nu c th con c thch nghi cao hn c th m v tha
mn mi rng buc th n thay th c th m, nu khng n s b loi b v
qun th khng thay i.
V d:
Cho hm s f(x1, x2) = 21.5 + x1*sin(4*x1)*x2*sin(20*x2) min xc nh
nh sau: -3 x1 12.1; 4.1 x2 5.8
Nhim sc th c dng (x, ) trong x = (x1, x2) l mt im trong khng
gian tm kim ( -3 x1 12.1; 4.1 x2 5.8)
chun c dng cho php bin d.

= ( 1,

2)

biu din hai lch tiu

Gi s ti th h th t, ta c tp li gii vi mt c th duy nht l:

(xt, ) = ((5.3, 4.9), (1.0, 1.0))
Gi s php bin d cho ta kt qu sau:
x1t+1 = x1t + N (0, 1.0) = 5.3 + 0.4 = 5.7
x2t+1 = x2t + N (0, 1.0) = 4.9 0.3 = 4.6

26

Hm thch nghi chnh l hm f cho, ta c:

f(xt) = f(5.3, 4.9) = 18.3837
f(xt+1) = f(5.7, 4.6) = 24.8495
Php chn lc v f(xt) < f(xt+1) v x1t+1 v x2t+1 u nm trong min xc nh,
nn c th con s c chn thay th c th m th h th t + 1.

2.2.1.2 Chin lc tin ha a thnh vin: k hiu ( + 1) ES

Cu trc nhim sc th: cu trc nhim sc th v hot ng ging nh (1 +
1) ES
Tp li gii: c nhiu c th.
Cc ton t di truyn
Php lai: Mi c th trong qun th c cng xc sut ghp cp tham gia lai
ghp. Hai c th cha m c chn ngu nhin, sau php li cho ra mt c th con
Ton t bin d v quy tc iu chnh
hai thnh vin (1 + 1) ES

vn ging nh chin lc tin ha

Php chn lc : ging nh (1 + 1) ES ch trong mi th h ch sinh ng

mt c th con, v c th yu nht trong (pop_size + 1) c th s b loi b.

2.2.1.3 Chin lc tin ha a thnh vin ci tin

Gm hai dng sau:
( + ) ES : trong mi th h, c th cha m sinh ra
qun th

+ s loi b

c th con, sau

c th trong qu trnh chn lc.

(, ) ES : trong mi th h, c th cha m sinh ra

sau s chn lc c th t

c th con ( <

),

c th con trong qu trnh chn lc.

So snh chin lc tin ha v gii thut di truyn c in

ES v GA c in ging nhau im u duy tr mt tp li gii tim nng,
sau tri qua cc qu trnh tin ha tm ra li gii tt nht.
im khc bit gia ES v GA l:
Cch biu din c th : ES biu din cc c th bng cc vector thc, cn GA
c in dng cc vector nh phn.
Qu trnh chn lc: trong ES, th tc chn lc c tnh cht tt nh chn
c th t

+ c th trong - ( + ) ES, hoc t

c th trong (, ) ES

v khng c s lp li. Cn trong GA c in th c th tt vn c th c

chn nhiu ln.

27

Trt t cc ton t: trong ES, th tc chn lc c thc hin sau cc php

bin i gene, cn trong GA c in th ngc li.
Trong nhng nm gn y, khong cch gia hai hng tip cn ES v GA
c in cng gn nhau hn.

2.2.2 Lp trnh tin ha (Evoluationary Programming EP)

2.2.2.1 tng
Lp trnh tin ha hng ti s tin ha ca tr tu nhn to trong vic pht
trin kh nng d on cc thay i ca mi trng. Mi trng c m t bng
mt chui k hiu (t mt bng ch ci hu hn), gii thut tin ha cn a ra mt
k hiu mi, k hiu mi ny lm cc i hm do chnh xc ca d on.

2.2.2.2 Biu din nhim sc th

Cc c th ca qun th trong EP c biu din bi cc automat hu hn,
k hiu l FSM (Finite State Machine)
Tp li gii: EP duy tr mt qun th cc FSM, mi FSM i din cho mt li
gii ca bi ton.
Hm thch nghi: Mi FSM c o thch nghi bng cch th chng trong
mi trng, ngha l cho cc FSM kho st cc k hiu gp.
Cc ton t di truyn: EP ch s dng mt php bin d gene, EP to cc c
th con trc, sau mi thc hin php chn lc. Mi c th cha m sinh ra
ng mt c th con, v vy qun th trung gian c kch thc gp i tp li
gii.
Cc c th con (FSM) c sinh ra bng cch thc hin php bin d ngu
nhin trn qun th cha m. C nm hnh thc bin d:
Sa mt k hiu ra.
Sa mt cung chuyn trng thi.
Thm mt cung trng thi.
Xa mt trng thi.
Thay i trng thi ban u.
Php chn lc: Pop_size c th tt nht c chn t 2* pop_size c th
trung gian cho th h mi theo thch nghi ca cc c th, nh vy, mi FSM
c chn phi nm trong nhm 50% FSM c thch nghi cao hn cc FSM cn
li.
So snh lp trnh tin ha vi gii thut di truyn c in

28

EP v GA c in c mt s khc bit sau y:

Cch biu din nhim sc th: EP biu din cc c th bng cc otomat hu
hn, cn GA biu din bng cc vector nh phn.
Qu trnh chn lc: trong EP, th tc chn lc c tnh cht tt nh: chn
pop_size c th tt nht t 2* pop_size c th trung gian v khng c s lp
li trong vic chn lc, cn trong GA th cc c th tt c th c chn
nhiu ln.
Trt t cc ton t: trong EP, th tc chn lc c thc hin sau cc php
bin d gene, cn trong GA c in th ngc li.
Cc tham s: trong GA c in, xc sut lai v bin d gi nguyn trong sut
qu trnh tin ha, cn trong EP, xc sut bin d c th thay i trong qu
trnh tin ha.

2.2.3 Lp trnh di truyn (Genetic Programming GP)

2.2.3.1 tng ca GP
Lp trnh di truyn da trn nguyn l tin ha t nhin, trong cc c th
ca qun th l cc chng trnh my tnh. tm li gii cho mt bi ton, ngi
ta xy dng mt qun th cc chng trnh my tnh, tri qua qu trnh tin ha, cc
chng trnh cch tranh nhau, cc chng trnh yu b dn loi b v cui cng cho
ta chng trnh tt nht.

2.2.3.2 Biu din nhim sc th

Mi chng trnh my tnh c cu trc cy.
V d: hai nhim sc th v1 biu din biu thc sin(x) + 2x+y v v2 biu din
biu thc sin(x) + ( x2 y) c dng sau:

29

+
^

sin

sin

x
^
x

y
2

Hnh 2.3 S hnh cy ca hai nhim sc th v1 v v2

Tp li gii: Qun th ban u gm c mt tp cc cy c sinh ngu nhin.
Hm thch nghi: Hm nh gi gn mt gi tr thch nghi nh gi hiu qu
ca cy. Cc nh gi da trn b test c chn trc.
Cc ton t di truyn
Php lai: l ton t ch o trong GP. Php lai to ra c th con bng cch
hon i cc cy con ca cc c th cha m.
Php bin d: thng s dng l chn mt nt trn cy v sinh ngu nhin
mt cy con mi c gc ti nt c chn.
Php chn lc

30

Chn lc theo nguyn tc mi cy c mt xc sut c chn cho th h sau

t l thun vi thch nghi ca cy .
So snh lp trnh di truyn vi gii thut di truyn c in
Khc bit c bn gia GP v GA c in cch biu din c th, GP biu
din cc c th bng cc chng trnh my tnh c cu trc dng cy, GA c in s
dng vector nh phn.

2.2.4 Chng trnh tin ha (Evoluation Programmes Eps)

2.2.4.1 tng
Nh trnh by, GA c in gp kh khn vi nhng bi ton c nhiu rng
buc khng tm thng v nhng bi ton c khng gian tm kim phc tp. Chnh
v vy, ngi ta ci tin GA c in bng cch s dng nhng cu trc d liu
hp l v tt hn m khng buc phi dng cc chui nh phn, cng nh s dng
cc ton t di truyn thch hp hn cho tng lp bi ton c. Phng php tnh ton
tin ha theo phng thc trn gi l cc chng trnh tin ha.
Theo Michalewicz th:

Cu trc d liu + Gii thut di truyn = Chng trnh tin ha

2.2.4.2 So snh GA c in v cc chng trnh tin ha
GA v Eps tng ng im cng duy tr mt tp cc li gii tim nng, v
thc hin chn lc da trn thch nghi ca tng c th, ri p dng cc php bin
i gene trong qu trnh tin ha.

31

Ni dung th tc Eps u c dng sau:

Procedure Eps
Begin
t0
Khi to P(t)
nh gi P(t)
While (not iu kin dng) do
Begin
tt+1
chn P(t) t P(t-1)
thay i P(t)
nh gi P(t)
End
End
End

Hnh 2.4 Ni dung th tc Eps

Mt s khc bit gia GA c in v Eps nh sau:

Eps kt hp c c im ca mi bi ton bng cch dng cc cu trc d
liu t nhin, c dng gn ging vi li gii thc t ca bi ton, v xy dng
cc ton t di truyn ph hp vi bi ton c th. GA c in khng ph
thuc c im bi ton v s dng cu trc nhim sc th nh phn.
Trong GA c in, bc chn lc P(t) c thc hin trc, bc thay i
P(t) c thc hin sau. Trong Eps th hai bc ny c th c hon i cho
nhau.
S khc nhau v cch tip cn:
Trong GA c in, bi ton ban u c bin i sang dng c bit bng
cch xy dng cc chui nh phn cho cc li gii tim nng (m ha), cc b gii

32

m, cc gii thut sa cha Trong thc t, nhng vic ny khng phi lc no

cng d dng thc hin.
Hng tip cn GA c in c th biu din bng s sau:

GA c in

Bi ton
thc t

Bi ton
bin i
Hnh 2.5 Hng tip cn ca GA c in
Trong cc chng trnh tin ha th ngc li. Ngi ta khng bin i bi
ton m bin i chnh GA, tc l bin i cch biu din nhim sc th v cc ton
t di truyn sao cho ph hp vi bi ton.
Hng tip cn ca Eps c th biu din bng s sau:

Bi ton
thc t

GA c in

Chng
trnh tin
ha
Hnh 2.6 Hng tip cn ca Eps
C th ni, chng trnh tin ha l s ci tin ton din GA c in v cch
biu din nhim sc th v ni dung cc ton t di truyn.

33

Nhc im ca chng trnh tin ha:

Nhn chung, chng c nhc im l khng c c s l thuyt chc chn nh
GA c in, m ch c nh gi qua kt qu thc nghim.

2.2.4.3 Cc bc xy dng mt chng trnh tin ha

Bc 1: Chn cch biu din gene cho li gii ca bi ton. Cn chn cch
biu din gene sao cho t nhin, gn vi dng li gii thc t. y l bc
quan trng nht c nh hng n chng trnh tin ha. Cch biu din gene
cn cha cc thng tin quan trng v kt qu. S khc nhau c bn ca
cc phng php tnh ton tin ha l cch biu din gene.
Bc 2: Khi to qun th (tp li gii) ban u. Vic khi to c th l ngu
nhin hay c p dng mt vi gi thut heuristic, nhng phi bo m c
cc rng buc ca bi ton.
Bc 3: xy dng hm nh gi nh gi thch nghi ca cc c th
trong qun th theo thch nghi ca chng.
Bc 4: xy dng cc ton t di truyn da trn bi ton v cc rng buc
ca n.
Bc 5: Cc tham s cho bi ton. Cc tham s ny c th khng thay i
hoc c t iu chnh trong qu trnh tin ha nh cc hng tip cn mi.

34

CHNG 3: BI TON THI KHA BIU PHN TCH THIT

K H THNG V P DNG GII THUT TIN HA
3.1 Phn tch thit k h thng
3.1.1 M hnh o to theo tn ch
Hc ch tn ch l phng thc o to, trong sinh vin ch ng la chn
hc tng mn hc (tun theo mt s rng buc c quy nh trc) nhm tch ly
tng phn v tin ti hon tt ton b chng trnh o to, c cp vn bng tt
nghip.
Trn c s lng ha quy trnh o to thng qua khi nim "tn ch", hc
ch tn ch to iu kin ti a c nhn ha quy trnh o to, trao quyn cho sinh
vin trong vic ng k sp xp lch hc, vic tch ly cc hc phn, k c sp xp
thi gian hc khoa, thi gian tt nghip, ra trng. V pha mnh, ngi sinh vin
cn pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng thch ng vi quy trnh o to ny v
t nhng kt qu tt nht trong hc tp, rn luyn.
Tn ch c s dng tnh khi lng hc tp ca sinh vin. Mt tn ch
c quy nh bng 22.5 tit hc l thuyt; 30 - 45 tit thc hnh, th nghim hoc
tho lun; 45 - 90 gi thc tp ti c s; 45 - 60 gi lm tiu lun, bi tp ln hoc
n, kho lun tt nghip (i vi nhng chng trnh, khi lng ca tng hc
phn c tnh theo n v hc trnh, th 1,5 n v hc trnh c quy i thnh
1 tn ch).

35

3.1.2 Quy trnh xp thi kha biu theo o to tn ch

Giai on xp

D kin k
hoch m lp
Danh sch sinh
vin (cc khoa,
ngnh)
Danh sch GV
Danh sch
phng

Cc
lp
mn
hc

Lch
bn
ri

Xp t ng
(thut ton)

TKB
d
kin

Xp th cng
(can thip c
ch )

Cc rng buc
xp TKB

Hnh 3.1 Quy trnh xp thi kha biu theo o to tn ch

Din gii quy trnh
u mi k hc, xp c thi kha biu hp l, nhn vin phng o to
phi nm c cc thng tin v danh sch lp mn hc, danh sch gio vin bn ri,
danh sch phng bn ri,
u mi k hc, to c danh sch lp mn hc hp l, phng o to
phi nm c cc thng tin v danh sch mn hc d kin, danh sch lng sinh
vin. T a ra gii php tr gip quyt nh s lp mn hc cn m,
chnh l D kin m lp.
Vic lp danh sch mn hc d kin cho tng k tng nm hc c cc
khoa thc hin da vo danh sch mn hc a ra d kin v cc mn hc
cn m lp cho tng ngnh tng kha.
Vic thng k v lp danh sch lng sinh vin c b phn qun l im
sinh vin thc hin da trn danh sch sinh vin ca tng ngnh tng kha,
s lng sinh vin s c tnh nh sau: s sinh vin s l tng s sinh vin
ca cc ngnh c mn hc tng ng cng thm s lng sinh vin hc
mn hc m cha qua.

36

Sau khi lp xong hai loi danh sch trn khoa v b phn qun l im sinh
vin s gi li cho phng o to, phng o to s lp danh sch d kin m lp v
trnh ln lnh o k duyt, tip theo da trn danh sch d kin m lp c
duyt phng o to s lp danh sch lp mn hc.
Mt lp mn hc c th c chia thnh cc nhm l thuyt, thc hnh. V
d nh mn Vt l i cng 1: c chia thnh nhm l thuyt v nhm
thc hnh. Cn kim tra khi xp tkb sao cho l thuyt v thc hnh khng
trng vo cng thi gian.
Cc lp mn hc c t chc ging dy theo ca mi ca l 3 tit, mt ngy
ti 1 phng c 4 ca. Vi cc lp mn hc c khi lng hc t 4 tn ch tr
ln: v d nh mn qun tr ti chnh doanh nghip c t chc ging dy 2
ca 1 tun. Cc mn di 4 tn ch th 1 ca 1 tun.
tin hnh xp thi kha biu ngoi danh sch lp mn hc cn cn thm
danh sch gio vin d kin v danh sch phng d kin:
Vic lp danh sch gio vin d kin do khoa thc hin da trn danh sch
gio vin ca cc b mn.
Vic thng k v lp danh sch phng hc d kin do phng t chc hnh
chnh thc hin da trn danh sch phng hc.
Sau khi c c ba danh sch bao gm: danh sch lp mn hc, danh
sch gio vin d kin, danh sch phng hc d kin, phng o to tin hnh xp
thi kha biu.
Thi kha biu s c xp cho 1 tun v sau tri ra 15 tun. Sau khi tri
xong c th sa thi kha biu ca tng tun.

37

Bng 3.1 Ni dung cng vic xp thi kha biu

STT

Tn cng vic

i tng thc hin

H s d liu

1.

Lp danh sch lp
mn hc

Phng o to

Danh sch lp mn
hc

2.

Thng k v lp
danh sch phng hc
d kin

Phng t chc hnh

chnh

Danh sch phng hc

d kin

3.

Lp danh sch gio

vin d kin

Khoa

Danh sch gio vin

d kin

4.

5.

Lp danh sch mn
hc d kin
Thng k v lp
danh sch lng sinh
vin

Khoa

Danh sch mn hc
d kin

B phn qun l im

Danh sch lng sinh

sinh vin

vin
Danh sch d kin
m lp

6.

Lp danh sch d
kin m lp

Phng o to

7.

K duyt

Lnh o

8.

Xp thi kha biu

Phng o to

Danh sch d kin

m lp
Thi kha biu

38

3.1.3 S tin trnh nghip v xp thi kha biu

Lnh
o

Phng o
to

B phn QL
im sinh vin

Phng t
chc hnh
chnh

Khoa

H s d liu

DS SinhVin
Yu cu
thng tin d
kin m lp

Lp DS
mn hc
d kin

Thng k v
lp DS lng
sinh vin

DS mn hc
DS MH d
kin

Gi DS
mn hc
d kin

Gi DS
lng sinh
vin

DS lng SV

Lp DS d
kin m lp

DS d kin
m lp

Gi DS d
kin m lp
Duyt
DS d
kin m
lp

Lp DS lp
mn hc

Yu cu t/tin
xp TKB

DS lp mn
hc
Thng k
v lp DS
phng hc
d kin

Lp DS GV
d kin

Gi DS GV
d kin

Xp TKB
Gi DS
phng hc
d kin

DS phng
hc
DS Gio vin
DS GV d
kin
DS phng
hc d kin

TKB

Hnh 3.2 S tin trnh nghip v

39

3.1.4 M hnh nghip v

Bng 3.2 Bng phn tch xc nh cc chc nng tc nhn v h s
ng t + B ng

Danh t

Nhn xt

Thng k v lp danh sch lng

B phn qun l im sinh vin Tc nhn
sinh vin
Lp danh sch mn hc d kin

Khoa

Lp danh sch d kin m lp

Danh sch mn hc d kin +

HSDL
Danh sch lng sinh vin

Lp danh sch lp mn hc

Danh sch d kin m lp

HSDL

Lp danh sch gio vin d kin

Khoa

Tc nhn

Tc nhn

Thng k v lp danh sch phng

Phng t chc hnh chnh
hc d kin

Tc nhn

Duyt danh sch d kin m lp

Lnh o

Tc nhn

Xp thi kha biu

Danh sch lp mn hc + Danh

sch phng hc d kin+ Danh HSDL
sch gio vin d kin

40

3.1.5 Biu ng cnh

PHNG T
CHC HNH
CHNH
Yu cu t/tin
xp TKB

DS phng
hc d kin
0

LNH
O

Duyt DS d
kin m lp
DS d kin
m lp

H
THNG
XP
THI
KHA
BIU

Yu cu t/tin xp TBK
DS gio
vin d kin

KHOA

DS mn hc
d kin

DS lng
sinh vin

Yu cu thng tin
d kin m lp

Yu cu thng tin
d kin m lp

B PHN
QUN L IM
SINH VIN

Hnh 3.3 Biu ng cnh

Phn tch hot ng:
Khi c yu cu t h thng v thng tin cn thit lp danh sch d kin
m lp, khoa v b phn qun l im sinh vin s a d liu u vo cho h
thng:
Danh sch lng sinh vin
Danh sch mn hc d kin
Khi nhn c cc thng tin trn h thng s tin hnh lp danh sch d kin
m lp v gi cho cc lnh o ph duyt. Khi c ph duyt da vo danh
sch d kin m lp h thng tin hnh ln danh sch lp mn hc v gi i yu

41

cu thng tin xp thi kha biu cho khoa v phng t chc hnh chnh, hai ni ny
s gi v d liu u vo cho h thng:
Danh sch gio vin d kin
Danh sch phng hc d kin
Kt hp thng tin trn vi danh sch lp mn hc h thng s tin hnh xp
thi kha biu.

3.1.6 Biu phn r chc nng

V ni dung n ch cp v vn xp lch nn phn d kin o to em
s b qua trong cc phn thit k tip theo ca n, em ch s dng nhng d liu
cn thit l danh sch lp mn hc, danh sch phng hc d kin, danh sch gio
vin d kin, danh sch d kin o to.

H thng xp
thi kha biu

1.0 Nhp d
liu

2.0 Lp thi
kha biu

3.0 Xem thi

kha biu

1.1 Nhp DS lp
mn hc

2.1 Lp TKB cc
lp mn hc

3.1 Xem TKB

phng

1.2 Nhp DS
gio vin d
kin

2.2 Chn thi

kha biu

3.2 Xem TKB

Gio vin

1.3 Nhp DS
phng hc d
kin

3.3 Xem TKB lp

mn hc

Hnh 3.4 Biu phn r chc nng

42

3.1.7 Danh sch h s d liu s dng

d1. Danh sch lp mn hc
d2. Danh sch phng hc d kin
d3. Danh sch gio vin d kin
d4. Thi kha biu
d5. Danh sch d kin o to

3.1.8 Ma trn thc th chc nng

Bng 3.3 Ma trn thc th chc nng
Cc thc th d liu
d1. Danh sch lp mn hc
d2. Danh sch phng hc d kin
d3. Danh sch gio vin d kin
d4. Thi kha biu
d5.Danh sch d kin o to
Cc chc nng nghip v

D1

D2

D3

1.0 Nhp d liu

2.0 Lp thi kha biu

3.0 Xem thi kha biu

D4

D5

C/U

43

3.1.9 Biu lung d liu

3.1.9.1 Biu lung d liu mc 0
Phng t
chc hnh
chnh

Khoa

DS phng hc d
kin
1.0

DS

Nhp
d liu

d3

DS gio vin d kin

d2

DS phng hc d kin

d1

DS lp mn hc

d4

Thi kha biu

2.0
Lp
TKB

3.0
d5

DS d kin o to

Xem
TKB

Hnh 3.5 Biu lung d liu mc 0

44

3.1.9.2 Biu lung d liu mc 1

Tin trnh nhp d liu

1.1
Chun b d
liu xp TKB

d1

DS gio vin d
kin

Khoa
Yu cu thng tin
xp TKB

Chun b d
liu xp TKB

Nhp DS
lp mn
hc

DS lp mn hc

1.2
Nhp DS
gio vin
d kin

d3

DS gio vin d kin

d2

DS phng hc d kin

1.3
DS phng hc d kin

Phng t
chc hnh
chnh

Nhp DS
phng hc
d kin

Yu cu thng tin
xp TKB

Hnh 3.6 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh nhp d liu

45

Tin trnh xp thi kha biu

2.1
d3

DS gio vin d kin

d2

DS phng hc d kin

d1

DS lp mn hc

d4

Thi kha biu

Lp TKB
cc lp
mn hc

2.2
d5

DS d kin o to

Chn TKB

Hnh 3.7 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh xp TKB

Tin trnh xem thi kha biu

3.1

d4

Xem
TKB
phng

Thi kha biu

3.2

3.3

Xem TKB
gio vin

Xem TKB
lp mn hc
Hnh 3.8 Biu lung d liu mc 1 tin trnh xem TKB

46

3.1.10 M hnh lin kt thc th (ER)

Xc nh cc kiu thc th, cc thuc tnh v thuc tnh kha ca thc th

Bng 3.4 Cc kiu thc th, thuc tnh v kha

STT

Kiu thc
th

Thuc tnh

Thuc tnh
kho

Mn

Mn ID, Mn tn, Mn s tn ch, Mn hc

phn, Mn v tr, Mn tn ting anh.

Mn ID

Gio vin

Gio vin ID, Gio vin h tn

Gio vin
ID

Lp mn hc

Lp ID, Lp s lng sinh vin, Lp tn

Lp ID

Phng

Phng ID, Phng loi, Phng s ch

Phng ID

D kin o
to

D kin o to ID, K, Ngnh, D kin

o to tng s tn ch

D kin o
to ID

Nguyn vng

Nguyn vng ID, Ca, Th

Nguyn
vng ID

47

M hnh ER
KY

DUKIEN_DT
_ID

MON_TEN
_TA

MON_ID

MON_TINCHI

DUKIEN_DT

CHO

MON

1
DUKIEN_DT_
SOTINCHI

NGANH

MON_HOC
PHAN

MON_VITRI

MON_TEN

CO

LOP_TEN

DAY
GV_ID

LOP_MONHOC
LOP_ID

GV

n
LOP_SLSV

THU

GV_HOTEN
CO

TKB_ID

XEP_TKB

CA

n
PHONG_ID

PHONG

NGUYEN_VONG

CA
THU
NV_ID

PHONG_LOAI

PHONG_SOCHO

Hnh 3.9 M hnh ER

:
D kin o to:
DUKIEN_DT (DUKIEN_DT_ID, DUKIEN_DT_SOTINCHI, NGANH_ID,
KY_ID)
Mn hc:

48

MON (MON_ID, MON_SOTINCHI, MON_HOCPHAN, MON_VITRI,

MON_TEN_TA, MON_TEN)
Lp mn hc:
LOP_MONHOC (LOP_ID, LOP_TEN, LOP_SLSV)
Gio vin:
GV (GV_ID, GV_HO_TEN)
Phng:
PHONG (PHONG_ID, PHONG_LOAI, PHONG_SOCHO)
Nguyn vng:
NGUYEN_VONG (NV_ID, CA, THU)
Biu din cc mi quan h
Mn CHO d kin o to thuc dng quan h nhiu vi nhiu.
MON_CHO_CTDT (DUKIEN_DT_ID, MON_ID)
To ra mt bng vi hai kha ph ly t hai kha ca hai thc th hnh thnh
mi quan h.
Gio vin DAY mn hc thuc dng quan h nhiu vi nhiu.
GV_DAY_MON (GV_ID, MON_ID)
To ra mt bng vi hai kha ph ly t hai kha ca hai thc th hnh thnh
mi quan h.
Mn CO cc lp mn hc thuc dng quan h mt nhiu vi mt pha mn
v nhiu pha lp mn hc.
LOP_MONHOC (LOP_ID, LOP_TEN, LOP_SLSV, MON_ID)
Thc th lp mn hc ly kha chnh ca thc th mn v lm thuc tnh.
Gio vin CO nguyn vng thuc dng quan h mt nhiu vi mt pha
gio vin v nhiu pha nguyn vng.
NGUYEN_VONG (NV_ID, CA, THU, GV_ID)
Thc th nguyn vng ly kha chnh ca thc th gio vin v lm thuc
tnh.
XEP_TKB cho lp mn hc, gio vin, v phng thuc dng quan h nhiu
nhiu.
TKB (TKB_ID, TKB_CA, TKB_THU, LOP_ID, PHONG_ID, GV_ID)

49

To ra mt bng c kha chnh v thuc tnh ring, ng thi ly kha ca c

ba thc th tham gia vo quan h lm thuc tnh.

3.1.11 M hnh quan h

Hnh 3.10 C s d liu

50

Cc bng d liu:

Bng 3.5 DUKIEN_DT

Dng lu thng tin v d kin k hoch m lp ca cc nm hc.
Kiu d

Kch

liu

DUKIEN_DT_ID

nvarchar

50

M d kin o to

KY_ID

nvarchar

50

M k

NGANH_ID

nvarchar

50

M ngnh

DUKIEN_DT_SOTINCHI

nvarchar

50

Tng s tn ch

STT

Tn trng

Ghi ch

Bng 3.6 MON_CHO_CTDT

Dng lu thng tin v cc mn hc ng vi tng k hoch m lp ca cc
nm.
STT

Tn trng

Kiu d liu Kch c

MON_ID

nvarchar

50

M mn

DUKIEN_DT_ID

nvarchar

50

M d kin o to

Ghi ch

Bng 3.7 LOP_MONHOC

Dng lu thng tin v cc lp mn hc.
STT Tn trng Kiu d liu Kch c

Ghi ch

LOP_ID

nvarchar

50

M lp

MON_ID

nvarchar

50

M mn

LOP_SLSV

nvarchar

50

S lng sinh vin ca lp

LOP_TEN

nvarchar

50

Tn lp

51

Bng 3.8 MON

Dng lu thng tin v cc mn hc.
STT

Tn trng

Kiu d
liu

Kch
c

Ghi ch

MON_ID

nvarchar

50

M mn

MON_TEN

nvarchar

50

Tn ting vit ca mn

MON_TEN_TA

nvarchar

50

Tn vit tt ting anh ca mn

BOMON_ID

nvarchar

50

M b mn

MON_SOTINCHI

nvarchar

50

S tn ch

MON_HOCPHAN

nvarchar

50

S hc phn ca mn

MON_VITRI

nvarchar

50

V tr ca mn trong CTDT

Bng 3.9 GV
Dng lu thng tin v cc gio vin.
STT

Tn trng

Kiu d liu Kch c

GV_ID

nvarchar

50

M Gio vin

GV_HO_TEN

nvarchar

50

H Tn Gio
vin

BOMON_ID

nvarchar

50

M b mn

Ghi ch

Bng 3.10 GV_DAY_MON

Dng lu thng tin cc v cc gio vin ng vi cc mn hc h c th
dy.
STT Tn trng Kiu d liu Kch c

Ghi ch

MON_ID

nvarchar

50

M mn

GV_ID

nvarchar

50

M Gio vin

52

Bng 3.11 TKB

Dng lu thng tin v thi kha biu ca ton b cc lp mn hc hin
c.
STT Tn trng Kiu d liu Kch c

Ghi ch

TKB_ID

nvarchar

50

M s kin

TKB_THU

nvarchar

50

Th

TKB_CA

nvarchar

50

Ca

LOP_ID

nvarchar

50

M lp

PHONG_ID

nvarchar

50

M phng

GV_ID

nvarchar

50

M Gio vin

Bng 3.12 PHONG

Dng lu thng tin v cc phng.
STT

Tn trng

Kiu d liu Kch c

PHONG_ID

nvarchar

50

M phng

PHONG_LOAI

nvarchar

50

Loi phng

PHONG_SOCHO

nvarchar

50

Sc cha ca phng

Ghi ch

Bng 3.13 NGUYEN_VONG

Dng lu thng tin v cc bui hc m cc gio vin khng th dy trong
tun.
STT Tn trng Kiu d liu Kch c

Ghi ch

NV_ID

nvarchar

50

M nguyn vng

GV_ID

nvarchar

50

M gio vin

CA

nvarchar

50

Ca

THU

nvarchar

50

Th

53

3.2 p dng gii thut tin ha

3.2.1 Cc yu cu c bn ca thi kha biu theo o to tn ch
Thi kha biu ca gio vin khng trng lp: Tha mn iu ny c ngha l
ti mt thi im ch cho php gio vin dy mt lp mn hc ti mt phng
hc xc nh no .
Thi kha biu phi tha mn c bn nguyn vng ca gio vin. Thi kha
biu tha mn nguyn vng ca gio vin l iu rt cn thit v s to nn
tnh mm do cho Thi kha biu. Thc t c rt nhiu gio vin va phi
dy, va phi kim nhim cc chc v khc nh trng, ph phng,
, trng b mn, .Cc gio vin ny thng c nhng cuc hp
quan trng, i hi trong Thi kha biu ca h phi trnh xp vo cc tit
m gio vin phi i hp. Ngoi ra, vic cho php Thi kha biu tha mn
nguyn vng ca gio vin cn gip nhng gio vin c con nh, cc gio
vin xa v Khoa cng tc, ging dy, c lch biu hp l hn to iu
kin tt nht cho h khi cng tc ti Khoa. Tuy nhin, nguyn vng ca gio
vin phi m bo s tit phi dy ca gio vin nh hn hoc bng s tit
con trng trong Thi kha biu hin thi ca gio vin . Nu s tit dy
ca gio vin ln hn s tit cn trng trong Thi kha biu ca gio vin th
nguyn vng ca gio vin khng th c p ng v bi ton l khng th
xp c. Thi kha biu ca gio vin nn c xp sao cho gio vin c
th dy lin tip cc tit trong mt bui, phi hn ch cc tit trng gia bui
cho gio vin.
Mt yu cu quan trng trong thi kha biu theo tn ch l phi m bo sao
cho mi sinh vin c th ng k c ht cc mn hc trong hc k. Nh
vy thi kha biu phi r rng, d hiu sinh vin c th d chn ra c
lch hc cho bn thn.
Phng hc c sp xp m bo lm sao cho sc cha ca phng hc
phi ln hn hoc bng tng s sinh vin ca lp mn hc ti phng .
T cc yu cu c bn trn ta c cc rng buc cho bi ton thi kha biu
tn ch
Cc rng buc cng:
Phng hc c iu kin dy lp mn hc .
Ch c mt lp mn hc c t chc ti mt phng hc trong mt ca xc
nh.
Cc lp mn hc t 4 ch tr ln phi c chia thnh hai ca hc khc nhau.

54

Ti mt khong thi gian cho trc ch c mt gio vin dy mt lp mn

hc ti mt phng xc nh no .
Cc rng buc mm:
Cc mn chuyn ngnh ca cng mt k, cng mt kha, thuc cng mt
ngnh t b trng lch nhau m bo cho mi sinh vin c th ng k
c ht cc mn hc.
Cc lp mn hc c chia thnh hai ca hc ti hai ngy c khong gin cch
trong tun l ph hp (thng thng khong cch gia 2 ngy cch nhau
t 2-3 ngy l hp l).
Thi kho biu phi c kh nng chp nhn cc ngy ngh nh trc ca cc
gio vin.
Cc ngy ngh nh trc l nhng ngy m gio vin phi i hp, hi
tho Hoc l cc yu cu t pha cc ging vin cao tui, h yu cu khng
dy hc vo cc tit u ca bui tra v nh th l qu sc vi h
Ta c th thy nu vi phm cc rng buc cng s lm cho thi kho biu
khng th chp nhn c, v s khng phi l mt thi kho biu thc s. Cn
nu vi phm cc rng buc mm th thi kho biu vn c coi l thi kho biu
nhng n khng c hp l lm v s c mt s ngi khng thch kiu lp thi
kho biu ny. Tuy nhin vi chng trnh ny chng ta s c gng lm sao m
bo khng vi phm cc rng buc cng, cn cc rng buc mm nu gii quyt
c th cng tt cn nu khng th cng c th coi l chp nhn c.
Cc rng buc cho sinh vin khng c tnh n y v thi kha biu
ny s l chun cho sinh vin ng k hc. Trong qu trnh ng k s x l vic
trng thi gian gia cc lp mn hc m sinh vin ng k bng cch thng bo cho
sinh vin ng k lp khc hoc hy ng k mn . Lch hc ca sinh vin nhiu
hay t ph thuc hon ton vo quyt nh v la chn ca sinh vin.

3.2.2 Biu din nhim sc th

Ty vo tng bi ton m ngi gii c cc cch biu din cu trc nhim
sc th khc nhau, mi cch c u im ring nhng u bo m gn ging vi
dng li gii thc t hoc d dng chuyn v dng nh li gii thc t sau khi
tm c li gii tt. Ph bin l dng cu trc mng 3 chiu.
V th ta s dng mng 3 chiu biu din mt nhim sc th (c th):
Chiu th nht biu din cc ca hc trong ngy.
Chiu th hai biu din cc ngy trong tun.
Chiu th ba biu din cc phng hc.

55

Khi thit k ng dng ta s s dng mt mng 2 chiu thay cho mng 3 chiu
biu din nhim sc th v thc t mng 3 chiu cng ch l nhiu mng 2 chiu
ni tip nhau.

Phng
A205
A204
A203
A202
A201

Hai Ba

Nm Su

By

Ngy

1
2
3
4

Ca
A202-Th 7-Ca 3: (ALG31021-1: Nguyn Th Hu)
A201-Th 4-Ca 2: (GPH31021-1: inh c Linh)

Hnh 3.11 Cu trc mt nhim sc

Mi mt phn t ca mng ng vi v tr ca mt gene trn nhim sc th,
m ha cho mt ca hc trong mt ngy trong tun ti mt phng xc nh, ngha l
xc nh 3 tham s [Ca, Ngy, Phng].
Mi gene lu tr hai thng tin (Lp mn hc, Gio vin) tng ng vi ca
hc ca mt lp mn hc trong ngy.
Mt nht ct theo hai trc ca-ngy, ta c thi kha biu ca mt phng.
Mt nht ct theo hai trc ngy-phng ta c mt ca hc ca tt c cc phng
trong c tun.
Mt nht ct theo hai trc ca-phng ta c cc ca hc ca mt ngy trong tun
ti tt c cc phng.
Ton b nhim sc th l thi kha biu mt trng.

56

3.2.3 Khi to qun th ban u

3.2.3.1 Th tc to ngu nhin mt nhim sc th
Ta ln lt to ngu nhin thi kha biu cho mt phng, tng ng vi mt
nht ct theo trc ca-ngy.
Trc tin, m bo cc mn hc d kin cho tng kha ngnh trong d
kin k hoch m lp t b trng nhau to iu kin cho cc sinh vin c th ng k
ht cc mn hc cn thit ca ngnh mnh ta s ly thng tin v cc mn hc ca
tng ngnh tng kha trong d kin m lp xp trc.
Ta s dng hm
(random) chn ra mt ngnh trong danh sch
cc ngnh v ly cc mn d kin ca ngnh tham chiu ti cc lp mn hc
tng ng v xp vo mt hoc hai phng sau loi b ngnh ny khi danh
sch, lp li bc ny vi tt c cc ngnh cn li ti cc phng cn li ta gii quyt
c tt c cc mn d kin cho tng ngnh m bo t b trng nhau. Cc lp mn
hc cn li thc hin random ti mt v tr ngu nhin trong mng 3 chiu sao cho
ti v tr cn trng th xp vo v tr . Thc hin th tc ny vi tt c cc lp
mn hc cn li ta c qun th ban u gm N c th, v hin nhin cn vi phm
nhiu rng buc.
V d: xt danh sch cc mn hc d kin ca ngnh CT13 vi s lng ca
cc ca hc ca tng mn trong 1 tun

Bng 3.14 Danh sch cc mn hc d kin cho ngnh CT13

S lng ca hc trong

Mn

Lp mn hc

ha my tnh

CGR33021-1

V k thut

DRA31021-1

C s d liu

DSY33031-1

Ting Anh 5

ENG31035-1

Ting Anh 1

ENG31041-2

Ting Anh 2

ENG31042-2

Ting Anh 3

ENG31053-2

Ting Anh 4

ENG31054-2

Ton cao cp 2

MAT31032-2

Ton cao cp 1

MAT31031-2

Ton cao cp 3

MAT31023-2

Vi x l v lp trnh

MAP32021-1

mt tun

57

Assembly
T tng HCM

HCM31021-1

Vt l i cng 2

GPH31022-1

Vt l i cng 1

GPH31021-1

Phng php tnh

MCA32021-1

Nhng nguyn l c bn
ca ch ngha MACLENIN 1

MLP31021-2

ca ch ngha MACLENIN 2

MLP31032-1

Lp trnh hng i tng

OOP33021-1

H iu hnh

OSP23021-1

An ton bo mt thng tin

SSI33021-1

Nhng nguyn l c bn

25 gene trong mt c th
21 mn hc d kin

Tng ng vi 25 v tr
khc nhau.

Ta ly ngu nhin mt mn v nh x ti mt lp mn hc tng ng cha

c xp ch v xp vo mt v tr bt k trong cng mt phng.
Ca\Th

CGR33021
-1

DSY33031
-1

MAP32021
-1

SSI33021-1

HCM31021
-1

GPH31022
-1

DRA31021
-1

OSP230211

OOP33021
-1

MCA32021
-1

GPH31021
-1

MLP31032
-1

MLP31021
-2

ENG31041
-2

MAT31031
-2

ENG31054
-2

ENG31053
-2

ENG31054
-2

ENG31041
-2

MAT31032
-2

ENG31042
-2

ENG31053
-2

ENG31042
-2

MAT31023
-2

Hnh 3.12 Thi kha biu ban u theo trc ca-ngy

Nh vy l ta cn lp ting anh 5 khng xp c vo v mt phng trong
mt tun ch c 4*6=24 v tr m ta cn ti 25 v tr, nhng cng khng c ai c th
hc c 5 lp ting anh cng mt k, cho nn nu sau ny ta xp lp ting anh ny
ti mt phng no khc v chc chn s trng lch vi mt mn no trn th
cng khng nh hng nhiu lm.
T bng trn ta thy nu xp nh vy s khin cho cc lp mn hc tp trung
ti mt phng. iu ny khin cho cc phng cn li c nguy c khng c lp mn

58

hc no c v cc phng khc ly ht cc lp mn hc ca k ri. V vy ta s

tch s lng lp mn hc phng trn lm hai cc lp ti ca sng ta gi nguyn v
chuyn ton b cc lp bui chiu sang mt phng trng khc lm vy m bo
cc lp mn hc c dn u ra cc phng.
Vi cc lp mn hc cn li ta s xp ngu nhin vo mt gene trng trn c
th, sau khi xp ht s lng lp mn hc vo cc phng ta c mt c th vi N
lp mn hc tng ng vi N gene.
Vic tip theo l in m gio vin vo cc lp c xp ch da vo
danh sch mi ging, nu ch nh r gio vin no s dy lp no th n gin l
ch vic tm lp trn c th v in m gio vin tng ng vo cnh m lp.
Nu nh cha ch nh r gio vin no dy lp mn hc no th ta s tm trong c
s d liu cc gio vin c kh nng dy lp , ri la chn mt gio vin m khi
nhn lp cc rng buc b vi phm l t nht xp vo. Sau bc ny ta c mt
c th hon chnh vi nhiu phng hc c xp lch ging nh hai bng sau:

C\T
1

CGR33021-1 DSY33031-1 \
\ GV-001
GV-007
DRA31021-1\
GV-321

3
4

MLP31021-2
\ GV-512

ENG31053-2
\GV-245

SSI33021-1 \
GV-123

7
GPH31022-1
\ GV-221

OOP33021-1 \
GV-322

GPH31021-1
\ GV-422

MLP31032-2 \
GV-777

MAP32021-2
\ GV-213

HCM31021-2 OSP23021-2 \
\ GV-331
GV-751

C\T

MCA32021-2
\ GV-023

MAT31023-2 ENG31042-2
\GV-733
\GV-742
ENG31042-2
\GV-572
ENG31041-2 MAT31031-2 ENG31054-2
\GV-623
\GV-432
\GV-145

ENG31041-2 MAT31032-2
\GV-867
\GV-735

ENG31054-2
\GV-235

ENG31053-2
\GV-522

Hnh 3.13 Thi kha biu hon chnh ca phng hc

59

Nu nh khng tm c mt gio vin no thch hp ta s trng phn m

gio vin ti lp mn hc .
Vi cch biu din nhim sc th v th tc khi to qun th ban u nh
trn, gii thut tha mn c mt s rng buc cng sau:
Ch c mt lp mn hc c t chc ti mt phng trong mt ca xc nh.
Cc lp hc t 4

ch tr ln c chia thnh hai ca khc nhau.

V tha mn mt rng buc mm:

Cc mn chuyn ngnh ca cng mt k, cng mt kha, thuc cng mt
ngnh t b trng lch nhau m bo cho mi sinh vin c th ng k
c ht cc mn hc.
Cc rng buc cn li s c x l bng cc php bin d, s trnh by k
phn sau.
u im ca cch biu din ny l:
Cu trc nhim sc th ging vi mt thi kha biu thc t.
Mi nhim sc th m ha cho ton b thi kha biu ca mt trng.

3.2.4 Xc nh hm thch nghi

Do cc rng buc a dng, ta nn xt tng rng buc v xy dng cc hm
nh gi tng ng, sau t hp li thnh hm nh gi chung cho c th. Ty
theo tnh cht cng, mm v tnh cn thit ca cc rng buc, ta s gn cho chng
cc tham s ln nh khc nhau trong hm nh gi tng th ca c th.
Ta xy dng t hp cc hm nh gi thnh phn ca c th v gm k rng
buc nh sau:
k

f (v )

f i (v )
i 1

[3.1]

Trong , fi(v) = - Ai*xi l hm nh gi theo rng buc th i, Ai > 0 l tham

s, xi 0 l s lp mn hc vi phm rng buc th i, vi i = 1, 2, , k,
M > 0 l gia s ban u. Gia s M phi c chn ln bo m cho
f(v) > 0
V d:
f1(v) = - A1*x1 nh gi s tit hc b trng ca gio vin (A1 l tham s, x1
l s lp mn hc b trng).
x1=10 c ngha l c 10 lp mn hc m mt s gio vin b trng lch ti
mt s ca hc.

60

A1 = 10 tng ng vi mi vi phm tnh 10 im tng s im vi phm l

100
Khi chn M bng 1000 vy s im cn li ca c th l 1000 100
cn 900. Vy c th no c im cng cao cng gn vi 1000 l c th ti u hn.
Ty theo tng loi rng buc cng hay mm v s vi phm nhiu hay t m quyt
nh gi tr cho tham s A v gia s M.
Vic xy dng hm thch nghi cho c th t cc hm thch nghi ton phn
gip ta d dng thay i cc tham s c th iu khin hng hi t ca bi ton
theo nh hng ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, nhng thay i ny cn phi bo
m tiu chun c bn ca hm thch nghi trong mi pha tin ha, ngha l hm
thch nghi phi phn bit c thch nghi ca tng c th, c th tng ng
vi li gii tt hn s c gi tr hm thch nghi ln hn.

3.2.5 Cc ton t di truyn

Cc ton t di truyn c tch thnh hai nhm chnh l ton t lai v ton
t bin d. Mt s ton t bin d ngoi vic to ra cc c th mi cn c nhim v
x l cc rng buc. Vi bi ton thi kha biu ny ta khng s dng ton t lai v
cc on gene trong mi nhim sc th mang tnh duy nht i din cho mt lp
mn hc c th v chng c xp ngu nhin vo cc phng. V th ta khi i ch
cc on gene gia cc c th vi nhau s to ra vic tha cc lp mn hc c th
ny nhng li thiu lp mn hc c th kia, iu s khng m bo s ton vn
ca cc lp mn hc u vo. Hn na y l xp ngu nhin v th cng kh
tm cc on gene ging nhau i ch nn ta ch dng c ton t bin d trong
bi ton ny.
Mt c im ca gii thut tin ha l thng ch tm c cc li gii gn
ti u, rt kh tha mn hon ton cc rng buc, hoc nu cho tha mn trit th
thi gian chy rt lu (c th ln ti c ngy) do khng gian tm kim rng v c
s lp li. Do , i vi mi rng buc, ta cn c cc ton t bin i c nh
hng (ging nh vic bin i gene theo con ngi trong cng ngh sinh hc).
Vic ny va gip to ra nhim sc th mi, va x l c cc rng buc v y
nhanh qu trnh hi t. Ngoi ra, vic y nhanh s hi t s c th dn n mt mt
s thng tin tch cc (mt s nhim sc th c tim nng cao b b qua), nn b
sung thng tin ta cn c cc ton t bin d mnh.

61

3.2.5.1 Ton t i ch gio vin trong mt phng (kh ca trng)

S dng ton t ny xa ca trng ca mt gio vin ti nhiu phng.
Khi c mt gio vin A b trng ca dy trn hai phng, gi s l phng A201
v phng C101 vo ca th T ca ngy N. Ta s tm ca T vo ngy N trong tun
sao cho gio vin A khng c ca dy. Ta tm c gio vin B dy ti tit T ca
ngy N ca mt trong hai phng . i ch ca dy ca hai gio vin, ta kh c
xung t ti ca T ca gio vin A.
V d:
A201

Th 2

Th 3

Th 7

A201 Th 2 Th 3

Th 7

Ca 1

GV-A

GV-D

Ca 1

GV-B

GV-D

Ca 2

GV-G

GV-B

Ca 2

GV-G

GV-A

Ca 3

GV-G

GV-E

Ca 3

GV-G

GV-E

Ca 4

GV-C

Ca 4

GV-C

C101

Th 2

Ca 1

Th 3

Th 7

GV-A

GV-C

Ca 2

GV-M

GV-G

Ca 3

GV-L

GV-N

Ca 4

GV-O

Hnh 3.14 Ton t i ch gio vin

62

3.2.5.2 Ton t i ch lp mn hc (kh cc lp cm)

S dng ton t ny i ch cc lp mn hc c 4 ch tr ln c chia
lm hai ca c v tr lin k nhau. Khong cch ti u gia hai ca hc ny l hai n
ba ngy.
C\T

MLP31021-2

ENG31053-2

3
4

ENG31042-2

MAT31032-2 ENG31041-2

MLP31021-2

ENG31053-2

MAT31023-2 ENG31042-2

ENG31041-2 MAT31031-2 ENG31054-2

C\T

ENG31054-2

ENG31053-2

MAT31023-2 ENG31042-2
ENG31042-2
ENG31041-2 MAT31031-2 ENG31054-2

MAT31032-2

ENG31054-2

ENG31053-2 ENG31041-2

Hnh 3.15 Ton t i ch lp mn hc

3.2.5.3 Ton t thay i ton b lp
Mt c im ca gii thut tin ha l khi t n gi tr gn ti u, qun
th s mt dn tnh bin d v khng cn thng tin mi nn kh pht trin. khc
phc im ny, ta s cho bin d mnh bng cch thay th mt phn hoc ton b
cc c th bng cc c th hon ton mi. iu ny s cung cp thng tin mi cho
gii thut, em li kh nng c nhng t ph mi tromg tm kim dn n gi
tr gn ti u hn.

3.2.6 Qu trnh chn lc

Qu trnh ny da vo phng php bnh xe x s ca GA c in (xem
mc 2.1.3.3) vi xc sut la chn ca mi c th vi c tnh theo cng thc:

pi

f (vi )
N

f (v j )
j 1

[3.2]
N

f (v j )

Trong , f(vi) l hm nh gi c th vi trn tt c cc rng buc,

j 1

l thch nghi ton phn ca qun th, N l s c th.

63

3.2.7 Th tc tin ha
Procedure len_lich_tkb;
Begin
Khi to P;
nh gi P;
Repeat
S_ln Random( )
For i 1 to S_ln Do
Begin
H_s Random( );
If H_s < Pmut1 then Kh ca trng ca gio vin( P,T);
H_s Random( );
If H_s < Pmut2 then Kh cc lp cm (P,T);
H_s Random( );
If H_s < Pmut3 then

Bin d mnh (P);

End;
nh gi P;
Until iu_kin_kt_thc;
Biu_din_li_gii;
End;
Hnh 3.16 Th tc tin ha cho bi ton xp thi kha biu tn ch
Trc tin, khi to qun th P nh trnh by mc 3.2.3
Sau , cc c th ca qun th P c nh gi thch nghi thng qua th
tc nh gi nh mc 3.2.4.

H_s Random( );

Vng lp Repeat Until thc hin qu trnh tin ha cho n khi tha mn
iu_kin_kt_thc (t n mt gi tr ln ca hm thch nghi). Trong vng lp

H_s Random( );

ny, qun th P lin tc c ti sinh v pht trin thng qua qun th trung gian T.
Cc c th mi c sinh ra thng qua cc ton t di truyn c lu tr tm thi
trong T. Sau khi hon thnh cc ton t di truyn, th tc La_chn (xem mc
3.2.6) mi thc hin la chn t qun th T cc c th tt hn thng qua hm thch
nghi a vo qun th P. Cui cng P c nh gi vi cc c th mi kt
thc mt bc lp.Trong th tc trn, cc bin Pmut1, Pmut2, Pmut3 l cc tham
s th hin xc sut c s dng cc ton t. Chng c th c c nh hoc thay
i gi tr trong qu trnh thc hin ng dng.

64

CHNG 4: XY DNG NG DNG MINH HA

4.1 Tng quan v ng dng
ng dng s dng qun th gm 20 c th, mi c th c th hin bi mt
nhim sc th c cu trc mng hai chiu th hin thi kha biu ca ton b mt
trng hc. Cu trc ny d dng chuyn v dng cu trc mng ba chiu nh
m t mc 3.2.2 sau khi tm c li gii tt. Vic s dng mng hai chiu
gip ta c ci nhn tng th v thi kha biu ca ton b trng, ng thi d dng
xy dng cc ton t di truyn v t lng ph b nh. gii quyt vn v cc
bui m gio vin phi hp ti b mn ng dng cho php nh du trc vo ngy
trnh phn lch. Cui cng, ng dng cho php quyt nh ly bao nhiu li
gii tt c th chn ra phng n va nht.
Menu chnh:

Hnh 4.1 Menu ng dng

65

4.2 Mt s chc nng vo giao din ca ng dng

4.2.1 Chc nng nhp d liu
4.2.1.1 Chc nng nhp lp mn hc
Nhp cc lp mn hc cho qu trnh xp lch thi kha biu ti y. S dng
mt li hin th kt ni ti c s d liu hiu chnh, xa v thm mi cc lp
mn hc. Menu t ng hin th khi di chut ti trng d liu tng ng, c th
hiu chnh trc tip trn li d liu hoc s dng cc textbox v combobox bn
di. S dng cc nt bn di kt thc hoc p dng cc thay i vo c s d
liu thc t.

Hnh 4.2 Trang nhp lp mn hc

66

4.2.1.2 Chc nng nhp gio vin d kin

Dng li d liu hin th cc bng trong c s d liu, c th tng tc
vi cc d liu trn li mt cch trc quan v d s dng. Ti y c th nhp cc
mn m gio vin c kh nng dy ng thi cho php ng k cc ca bn ca gio
vin trong tun.

Hnh 4.3 Trang nhp gio vin d kin

67

4.2.1.3 Chc nng nhp phng hc d kin

Trang ny ch nhp mi hoc sa cha cc thng tin v phng hc.

Hnh 4.4 Trang nhp phng hc d kin

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4.2.2 Chc nng hin th thi kha biu

4.2.2.1 Xem thi kha biu phng hc
S dng mt dropdownlist la chn phng hc cn xem lch.

Hnh 4.5 Thi kha biu ca phng hc

4.2.2.2 Xem thi kha biu gio vin
S dng tab pha trn di chuyn qua li gia ba loi thi kha biu hoc
c th s dng menu bn tri.

Hnh 4.6 Thi kha biu gio vin

69

4.2.2.3 Xem thi kha biu cc lp mn hc

Ti y hin th ton b thi kha biu ca cc lp mn hc trong mt k.

Hnh 4.7 Thi kha biu cc lp mn hc

4.3 Th nghim ng dng
ng dng c chy th nhiu ln trn cng mt b d liu thc t, vi cc
tham s bin d c nh, kt qua thu c kh kh quan trong vic gii quyt cc
rng buc cng v rng buc mm. Qua th nghim cho thy, sau 50 ti 100 th h
tin ha vi thi gian thc hin t 7 ti 15 pht c th cho li gii tt hoc chp
nhn c.
Hn ch ca ng dng ny l tc hi t cn km, nu ci tin cc tham s
tnh bng cc tham s ng th chc chn s hiu qu hn.

70

4.3.1 Kt qu t c ca ng dng
Cc rng buc cng:
Gii quyt trn vn cc rng buc sau:
Phng hc c iu kin dy lp mn hc .
Ch c mt lp mn hc c t chc ti mt phng hc trong mt ca xc
nh.
Cc lp mn hc t 4 ch tr ln phi c chia thnh hai ca hc khc nhau.
Ti mt khong thi gian cho trc ch c mt gio vin dy mt lp mn
hc ti mt phng xc nh no .
Cc rng buc mm
Cc mn chuyn ngnh ca cng mt k, cng mt kha, thuc cng mt
ngnh t b trng lch nhau m bo cho mi sinh vin c th ng k
c ht cc mn hc.
Cc lp mn hc c chia thnh hai ca hc ti hai ngy c khong gin cch
trong tun l ph hp (thng thng khong cch gia 2 ngy cch nhau
t 2-3 ngy l hp l).
Thi kho biu phi c kh nng chp nhn cc ngy ngh nh trc ca cc
gio vin.

4.3.2 Bng kt qu thc nghim

B d liu th nghim
Gm ton b cc lp mn hc c phng o to d kin m cho khi
ngnh k thut CT, CTC, C, CC, XD, XDC, T vi tt c cc kha cng
thm cc lp thuc b mn Gio dc th cht (GDTC) tng cng 405 lp
mn hc.
Tng s gio vin tham gia quy trnh xp thi kha biu tng ng vi 405
lp mn hc l 112 gio vin. Mt s lp mn hc nh Gio dc quc phng,
k nng thuyt trnh v giao tip hiu qu khng xc nh trc c gio
vin ging dy.
Tng s phng hc c s dng xp thi kha biu l ton b dy nh A
gm 3 phng my v 24 phng hc cng vi tng 1 v tng 2 dy nh F gm
3 phng my tng 1 v 2 phng th nghim tng 2 v cui cng l khu
nh tp a nng v b bi sn bng tng cng 37 phng c s dng
xp cc lp mn hc vo.

71

Tng s trng to ra cho mi quan h gia cc gio vin vi cc lp mn

hc mnh c th dy l 1132 trng.

Bng 4.1 Bng kt qu nh gi thc nghim ng dng

Kt qu trung bnh
S ca cng
S th h

Kt qu tt nht
S ca

S ca

S ca trng
lch GV

ngy ca
cc mn 4
ch

30

20

15

50

trng lch
GV

cng ngy
ca cc
mn 4 ch

72

KT LUN
Trong thi gian

, n t c mt s kt qu sau:

Tm hiu s b v bi ton xp thi kha biu tn ch

Tm hiu v gii thut di truyn v phng php tnh ton tin ha.

.
p dng gii thut di truyn vo bi ton xp thi kha biu tn ch.
Xy dng thnh cng ng dng demo xp thi kha biu tn ch.
Tuy nhin
hn ch thiu st nht nh.
Do s dng cc tham s tnh nn s hi t ca ng dng bng nhau ti mi
thi im nn kt qu t c i khi khng tt to thnh thi kha
biu.
Vi mt s lng ln cc gi tr u vo to ra mt khng gian tm kim cc
ln gii thut di truyn phi tng s lng th h ln khin cho thi gian thc
hin ng dng tng i lu c th ln ti c vi ting iu ny c th gy
kh khn cho mt s h thng.
Cc rng buc cho bi ton ch dng li mc c bn to thnh mt thi
kha biu th cha phn nh c mt thi kha biu hon chnh v y
trong thc t.
Trong tng lai em s c gng b sung v pht trin thm mt s chc nng
cho ng dng ngi s dng c th linh ng hn trong qu trnh xp lch, ng
thi cng nng cp thut ton c th x l v gii quyt nhiu rng buc hn
trong thc t.

73

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Trn Quc Hng (2004), Lun vn thc s ti Tnh ton tin ha v
ng dng lp thi kha biu trng trung hc ph thng, i hc Quc Gia H
Ni.
[2]. Lu Th Liu (2009), n Tt Nghip ti Xy dng chng trnh
xp thi kha biu phc v o to tn ch cho khoa CNTT, Trng i hc Thi
Nguyn.
[3]. Hong Chnh Ngha (2009), n Tt Nghip ti Tm hiu gii
thut di truyn ng dng gii bi ton lp lch, Trng HDL Hi Phng.
[4]. Bi Th Oanh (2009), n Tt Nghip ti Nghin cu tnh ton
mm v ng dng, Trng HDL Hi Phng.
[5]. Nguyn c Khnh (2007), n Tt Nghip ti Lp thi kha
biu t ng cho trng i hc Bch Khoa, Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

74