1.1 ?

f(x) ()
(n+1) x0 < x1 < < xn, ., f(x0), . . . , f(xn) .
Q(x) .
, .
, ( ) , .,
.
. ,
, Q(x), . ,
-

Q(x) = f(xj), 0 n

. ( 1.1)

1.1: f(x), x0, x1, x2, Q(x)

: (x0,
f(x0)) (x1, f(x1)). .
,

 ,
. , , ,
, f(x0) = f(x1)
, Q(x) f(x0), .
1 (
1).
x0, . . . , xn .
.
( ).
.
, , .
.
.
f(x).
Q(x) f(x)
f(x) (1.1).
, Q(x) f(x) .
.
, .
(
) f(x). ,
x0, . . . , xn, , y0, y1, . . . , yn,
.
.
1.2
: n + 1
x , . . . , xn, Qn(x)
:
0

Qn(xj) = f(xj), =0,...., n

x0, . . . , xn,
.

. , n,
. , n = 1,
(x , f(x )) and (x , f(x )). 1
. .
0

1.1 x0, . . . , xn R , f(x ),.. f(x )

Qn(x) n (1.2) .
0

. . n = 0,

Q0 = f(x0). Qn1 n 1,
Qn1(x ) = f(x ), 0 n 1
j

Qn1(x) , Qn(x), :
Qn(x) = Qn1(x) + c(x x0) . . . (x xn1)
. , Qn(x)
(Qn (x)) n. Qn(x) Qn(xj) = f(xj) 0
n 1.
, Qn(xn) = f(xn), , . Qn (xn) = Qn1(xn) + c(xn x0) . . . (xn xn1).
1.3
1.3

c=

f ( xn ) Qn1 ( xn )
n 1

( x

xj)

j =0

.
, Qn(x), Pn(x) n
(1.2). Hn(x)
Hn(x) = Qn(x) Pn(x).
Hn(x) n n (
). Qn(x) Pn(x) (1.2),
Hn(xj) = (Qn Pn)(xj) = 0, 0 n
Hn(x) n + 1 .
Hn(x) , ., Pn(x) = Qn(x),
.

1.4
1.2 . ,
.
1.3 .
.

Q (x) = a ,
0

a = f(x ).
0

Q1(x) = a + a (x x )
0

1.3
a1 =

f ( x1 ) Q0 ( x1 )
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
=
x1 x0
x1 x0

 Q1(x) (x0, f(x0)) and (x1,

f(x1)).
,
j 1

Qn(x) = a0 + a1(x x0) + . . . + an(x x0) . . . (x xn1) = a0 + j =1 a j ( x xk )

n

1.5

k =0

aj 1.5
a = f(x )
0

aj =

f ( x j ) Q j 1 ( x j )
j 1

( x
k =0

x )

1.6

j k

, (1.5)-(1.6),
. ,
.
1.2
.

1.7

n

Qn ( x ) = bk x k

1.8

k =0

Qn(xj) = f(xj), 0 n
1.2 ,
1.8.
, , (1.8), :
b0 + b1xj + . . . + bnxnj = f(xj), j = 0, . . . , n. (1.9)
, (1.9)

 (1.10) , . , .,
, .

1.11
1.11 .

2.0
(1.8)
0,...... n, .

n + 1 n. ,
, {f(xj)}nj0=0, .

Qn ( x) = f ( x j ) l n j ( x)
j =0

2.14

n
l j (x ) n. :

l j ( x) n, n l j ( x ) - n.
, l j ( x) n ( n). ,
Qn(x) n . Qn(x)

Qn(xi) = f(xi), 0 i n .
2.15
xi (2.14)
n

Qn ( xi ) = f ( x j ) l j ( xi ),
j =0

0 i n.

(2.15) l j ( x)
n
l j ( xi ) = ij
ij ,

lnj ( x) n
(2.16) :

 (2.17)
, lnj ( x) .
Q (x) (2.14),
lnj ( x) n
n

2.6

a = f(x )
0

j- , a - . -
, aj , 0,......, f(x0), . .
. , f(xj). , :
j,

aj = f[x0, . . . , xj ], 0 i n

a0 = f[x0],

f[x0] = f(x0).

-
. .
2.6 :

. , Qk(x), , f(x)
x0, . . . , xk,

P(x) n 1 f(x)
x1, . . . , xn.

xn (2.24) f[x0, , xn]. xn-1 () f[x0, ,

xn] xn-1 Qn-1 () f[x0, , xn-1]. , xn
(2.24)

2.7

f(x).
,
. , ,
.
n .
2.8 f(x) C n +1 [ a, b].

Qn(x) n f(x)

n + 1 x , . . . , xn [ a, b] . x [ a, b], n ( a, b )
0

. x [a, b]. x , . . . , xn,

(2.25) ,
. x x j 0 n,
0

F(x) = 0, .,

x0, . . . , xn , w( x )
. f(x) C n +1 [ a, b].

Qn

, F(x) C n +1 [ a, b].
, F n + 2 :
x0, . . . , xn . , F0 n + 1 (a, b), F
n (a, b), , F(n+1) (a, b),
n .

, w(x) xn+1, (n
+ 1)-
2.26
2.26

n xn
,
. , .,

, ,
, x0 < x1. f(x)
[x0, x1], f(x)
, .,

,
.
f(x) (. ),
.
.
2.9 , 0,...n-1 n+1 . a = min(x, x0, . . . , xn1)
b = max(x, x0, . . . , xn1). f(y) n
(a, b).
2.28

 ( a, b ) .
. Qn+1(y) f(y) x0, . . . , xn1, x.
(2.22),

Qn(y) f(y) ,

2.8

2.28.

:
- Levy D., Numerical Analysis, Stanford University, 2005