Qly Chat Luong Nuoc Dai Hoc Bach Khoa

6
QUAN LY CHAT LNG NC

6.1. GII THIEU
6.2. CAC CHAT GAY O NHIEM NC VA NGUON GOC
PHAT SINH
6.3. QUAN LY CHAT LNG NC TRONG CAC CON
SONG
Anh hng cua cac chat thai co nhu cau oxy tren
cac con song
Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD)
Xac nh cac hang so BOD bang o th
o BOD trong phong th nghiem
Nhng chu y ve BOD
S oxy hoa nit
ng cong dien tien DO
Anh hng cua cac chat dinh dng len chat
lng nc trong cac song
6.4. QUAN LY CHAT LNG NC TRONG CAC HO
S phan tang va luan chuyen
Cac vung sinh hoc
Nang suat sinh hoc cua ho
S phu dng hoa
Nhng nhu cau cho s tang trng cua tao
S han che chat dinh dng
Kiem soat phospho trong cac ho
S xt hoa cac ho
Chng
Phan I NHNG VAN E CHUNG
6.5. CAU HOI VA THAO LUAN
169
Chng 6 QUAN LY CHAT LNG NC
6.1. GII THIEU
Viec s dung nc trong cac nguon nc mat (ao, ho,
song, suoi) thng b anh hng nhieu bi chat
lng nc trong cac nguon nc. Cac hoat ong nh
nuoi ca, bi loi, du thuyen, va thai bo chat thai co
nhng yeu cau rat khac nhau oi vi chat lng
nc. Cac nguon nc co chat lng ac biet cao la
rat can thiet cho viec cung cap nc uong. Tai nhieu
ni tren the gii, cac chat gay o nhiem t cac hoat
ong cua con ngi a lam suy giam nghiem trong
chat lng nc va t o anh hng manh en viec
s dung nc.
Quan ly chat lng nc lien quan ti viec kiem soat
o nhiem t cac hoat ong cua con ngi e cho chat
lng nc khong b suy thoai en mc ma no khong
con thch hp lau dai cho cac nhu cau s dung nc.
e biet c bao nhieu chat thai co the c ong
hoa bi mot nguon nc, chung ta can phai biet
dang chat o nhiem c thai vao nguon nc va c
che tac ong cua chat o nhiem len chat lng nc.
Chung ta cung can phai biet chat lng nc b anh
hng nh the nao bi cac yeu to t nhien nh di san
khoang vat cua lu vc, hnh dang a hnh, va kh hau
cua vung ang xet. Mot con suoi nho chay nh thac
o t tren nui cao se co mot nang lc ong hoa
chat thai rat khac biet so vi mot con song vung
at thap, uon khuc quanh co va co dong chay l ,
va cac ho th lai khac biet so vi cac dong nc ang
di chuyen.
Muc ch trc tien cua viec quan ly chat lng nc
la bao ve cac quyen s dung nc co chu nh trong
luc viec s dung nc c xem nh la mot kha nang
kinh te cua viec thai bo chat thai trong gii han cua
kha nang ong hoa chat thai cua nguon nc. Nam
1999, Quoc hoi Viet Nam a thong qua Luat Tai
nguyen Nc vi nhng ieu khoan quy nh ve viec
phuc hoi va bao ton tnh nguyen ven ve mat hoa hoc,
ly hoc, va sinh hoc cua cac nguon nc quoc gia.
170
Bang cach tm hieu tac ong cua cac chat o nhiem
len chat lng nc, ngi ky s moi trng co the
thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly chat thai thch hp e
loai bo cac chat o nhiem o en cac mc co the
chap nhan c.
Phan au cua chng nay se e cap en cac dang
chat o nhiem chu yeu va nguon phat sinh ra chung.
Trong phan con lai, viec quan ly chat lng nc trong
cac con song va trong cac ho cha se c thao
luan, ac biet nhan manh en cac dang chat o
nhiem a c tm thay trong nc thai sinh hoat. Vi
ca hai dang song va ho, cac yeu to t nhien anh
hng en chat lng nc se c e cap en nh
la c s cho viec tm hieu tac ong cua cac hoat
ong cua con ngi len chat lng nc.
6.2. CAC CHAT GAY O NHIEM NGUON NC
VA CAC NGUON PHAT SINH RA CHUNG
Rat nhieu chat o nhiem c thai vao cac nguon
nc mat co the c phan nhom mot cach tong
quat nh tren Bang 6-1. Nc thai sinh hoat va cac
chat thai cong nghiep c goi la cac nguon iem
bi v chung thng c thu gom bang mang li cac
ng ong hoac kenh va chuyen tai en mot iem
rieng le e thai vao nguon tiep nhan. Nc thai sinh
hoat co cha cac chat thai t cac nha , trng
hoc, c quan, va cac ca hang. Thuat ng nc thai
o th c s dung e ch nc thai sinh hoat co
lan nc thai cong nghiep. Nhn chung, o nhiem t
cac nguon iem co the giam hoac loai tr thong qua
viec giam thieu chat thai va x ly nc thai thch
hp trc khi thai vao moi trng nc t nhien.
Bang 6-1. Cac loai chat o nhiem chnh va nguon
goc phat sinh
Nguon iem Nguon khong
iem
171
Loai chat o
nhiem
Nc
thai sinh
hoat
Chat thai
cong
nghiep
Tieu
nc
nong
nghiep
Tieu
nc
o th
Vat chat tieu thu
oxy

Chat dinh dng

Vi trung gay benh

Chat ran l
lng/bun

Muoi

Cac kim loai oc hai

Cac hoa chat hu
c oc hai

Nhiet

Cac nguon khong iem
Viec tieu thoat nc o th va nong nghiep c ac
trng bang cac iem thai phan tan, ieu o c goi
la cac nguon khong iem. Thong thng, nc a b
o nhiem chay tran tren mat at hoac doc theo cac
ranh thoat nc t nhien en moi trng nc gan
nhat. Ngay ca khi nc tieu thoat t o th hoac nong
nghiep c thu gom trong cac ng ong hoac kenh
mng, chung van thng c van chuyen mot
khoang cach ngan nhat co the co c cho viec thai
bo. Nh vay, viec x ly nc thai cuoi tng ca
xa la khong kha thi ve mat kinh te. Nhieu s o
nhiem t nguon khong iem dien ra trong nhng luc
ma dong to hoac luc tuyet tan vao mua xuan tao ra
cac toc o dong chay ln ma viec x ly chung qua
that la rat kho khan. Viec giam o nhiem t nguon
khong iem nong nghiep thng oi hoi phai co
nhng thay oi ve cac thoi quen s dung at va mot
nen giao duc a c cai tien. Nguon o nhiem khong
iem t nc ma tren o th va, tren thc te, nc
ma a c thu gom trong cac cong thoat nc ket
hp chung cho ca tieu thoat nc ma va nc thai o
th, co the oi hoi co nhng sa cha ln. Viec thiet
ke cac cong thoat nc ket hp luc au a chuan
b san mot ket cau dong chay ma khi gap ma ln,
th lng nc ma tha (vt qua cong suat thiet ke
172
cua nha may x ly nc thai) se oi hng dong
chay e thoat trc tiep ra song rach gan nhat. Viec
loai tr kha nang ngap tran cong thoat nc ket hp
co the se lien quan khong nhng en viec tach rieng
cac cong thoat nc ma va nc thai ban ma con
chuan b cac ho d tr nc ma va cac cong trnh
x ly e x ly nc ma. ay la mot van e ac
biet phc tap va ton kem bi v cac cong thoat nc
ket hp thng tm thay nhng khu pho co, nhng
khu vc phat trien nang ong nhat cua mot o th.
e cai tao lai he thong thoat nc o th, cac con
ng a c trang nha, cac tien ch cong cong va
cac hoat ong thng mai se b ap pha. Viec xay
dng cac cong ket hp hien nay b nghiem cam tai
mot so nc.
6.3. QUAN LY CHAT LNG NC SONG
Muc ch cua viec quan ly chat lng nc song la
nham kiem soat viec thai cac chat o nhiem e cho
chat lng nc khong b suy giam en mot mc o
khong the chap nhan c di mc nen t nhien.
Tat nhien, viec kiem soat cac chat thai phai la mot
no lc nh lng. Chung ta can phai o ac cac chat
o nhiem, d bao tac ong cua cac chat o nhiem
oi vi chat lng nc, xac nh chat lng nc
nen ma no hien dien khong co s can thiep cua con
ngi, va quyet nh cac mc o co the chap nhan
c oi vi viec s dung nc co muc ch.
oi vi nhieu ngi, nc ri xuong nh thac o t
cac con suoi tren nui cao, hoan toan trong suot va
lanh nh a la bieu tng cua cac nguon nc co
chat lng cao. Chac chan rang, mot dong suoi trong
ieu kien o la vo cung qu gia, nhng chung ta
khong the trong ch cho song Sai Gon hay song ong
Nai khu vc ha lu co c chat lng nc tuyet vi
nh vay. ieu nay a va se khong bao gi co c.
Tac ong cua cac chat o nhiem len mot con song
phu thuoc vao ban chat cua chat o nhiem va cac
ac tnh rieng biet cua con song o. Cac ac tnh quan
173
trong nhat cua mot con song bao gom: tr lng, lu
lng, van toc dong chay trong song, o sau va hnh
dang ay song, va he thc vat nc trong song. Cac
yeu to khac cung khong kem phan quan trong, o la:
ac iem kh hau, kh tng tren lu vc song, di san
khoang vat cua lu vc, thc trang s dung at tren
lu vc, va cac dang thuy sinh vat trong song. Quan ly
chat lng nc oi vi mot con song cu the nao o
can phai xem xet en tat ca cac yeu to tren. Nh
vay, mot vai con song la co sc chu tai cao oi vi
cac chat o nhiem nh bun lang, man va nhiet, trong
khi o cac con song khac th lai co the chu ng c
nhng au vao ln cua cac chat o nhiem o ma
khong b suy thoai nhieu.
Mot so chat o nhiem, ac biet la cac chat thai co
nhu cau ve oxy (chat thai tieu thu oxy) va cac chat
dinh dng, nhn chung la co tac ong sau sac en
hau het cac dang song va v the chung can c quan
tam ung mc. ieu nay khong co ngha la chung
luon luon la cac chat o nhiem quan trong nhat, tuy
nhien cung chang co loai chat o nhiem nao khac
gay ra nhng tac ong toan bo nh vay oi vi cac
con song cua Viet Nam. V vay, nhng phan tiep theo
di ay se e cap chu yeu en viec cac vat chat
o nhiem tieu thu oxy nh the nao va anh hng cua
cac chat dinh dng en chat lng nc song.
6.3.1.Anh hng cua cac chat thai co nhu cau
oxy tren cac con song
Viec a cac vat chat co nhu cau ve oxy, ke ca cac
chat hu c va vo c, vao trong mot con song gay ra
s suy giam ham lng oxy hoa tan trong nc. ieu
nay at ra mot s e doa oi vi ca va cac loai
thuy sinh bac cao khac neu nh nong o oxy hoa tan
trong nc song tut xuong en mot gia tr gii han
nao o. e d bao mc o suy giam oxy, can phai
biet co bao nhieu chat thai c thai vao song va
bao nhieu oxy se c oi hoi e phan huy chat thai.
Tuy nhien, bi v oxy c bo sung lien tuc t kh quyen
va t s quang hp cua tao va cac thc vat nc,
trong khi o mot lng oxy nhat nh lai c tieu thu
174
bi cac sinh vat, cho nen nong o oxy trong nc song
phai c xac nh bi cac toc o tng oi cua cac
qua trnh canh tranh. Cac vat chat hu c co nhu cau
ve oxy thng c o bang cach xac nh lng oxy b
tieu thu trong qua trnh phan huy theo cach gan ung
vi s phan huy trong cac nguon nc thien nhien.
Phan nay c bat au bang viec xem xet cac yeu
to anh hng en s tieu thu oxy trong qua trnh phan
huy vat chat hu c, sau o chuyen en xem xet cac
yeu to anh hng en s tieu thu oxy trong qua trnh
oxy hoa cac hp chat nit vo c. Cuoi cung, cac phng
trnh dung e d bao nong o oxy hoa tan trong cac
con song do s phan huy cac vat chat hu c cung
c a ra va thao luan.
6.3.2.Nhu cau Oxy sinh hoa (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand BOD)
Lng oxy can thiet e oxy hoa vat chat en san
pham cuoi cung la CO
2
va nc co the c tnh toan
bang phep tnh he so ty lng tren c s cac phan
ng hoa hoc neu nh biet c thanh phan hoa hoc
cua vat chat. Lng oxy nay c goi la Nhu cau oxy
ly thuyet (ThOD).
V du 6-1. Tnh Nhu cau oxy ly thuyet (ThOD) cua 108,75 mg/L
glucose (C
6
H
12
O
6
)
Giai:
Phng trnh phan ng oxy hoa glucose:
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2
= 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
Trong lng phan t gam cua glucose la 180 va cua oxy la
32.
Theo phng trnh phan ng tren, e oxy hoa 180 gam
glucose thanh CO
2
va H
2
O, can: 6 32 = 192 gam oxy.
Nh vay, ThOD cua 108,75 mg/L glucose la:
2
2
O mg/L 116
glucose g 180
O g 192
glucose) mg/L 75 , 108 (
,
_
175
Trai ngc vi ThOD, Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc (Chemical
Oxygen Demand COD), la mot ai lng o ma no
khong oi hoi phai biet ro thanh phan hoa hoc cua
cac vat chat trong nc. Trong xet nghiem COD, mot
chat oxy hoa manh (axt chromic) c hoa tron vi mot
mau nc va sau o c un soi. S chenh lech gia
lng chat oxy hoa trc khi th nghiem va lng con
lai sau khi ket thuc th nghiem chnh la c s e tnh
toan COD.
Neu viec oxy hoa mot hp chat hu c c thc hien
bi cac vi sinh vat ma chung s dung vat chat hu c
nh la mot nguon thc an, th khi o lng oxy tieu thu
c goi la Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand BOD). Gia tr BOD thc luon thap hn ThOD do
mot phan carbon c tieu ton e hnh thanh nen cac
te bao vi khuan mi. Viec xet nghiem BOD la mot
xet nghiem sinh hoc (Bioassay) ma o ngi ta s
dung cac vi sinh vat trong nhng ieu kien tng t nh
trong nguon nc t nhien e o trc tiep lng vat
chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc hien dien
trong mau th. Xet nghiem sinh hoc co ngha la c
o bang cac bien phap sinh hoc. Mot mau nc c
tiem vi khuan vao o va vi khuan nay tieu thu cac
vat chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc e
co c nang lng can thiet cho cac hoat ong song
cua no. Bi v cac vi sinh vat cung s dung oxy trong
qua trnh tieu thu chat thai, do o qua trnh c goi
la phan huy hieu kh (aerobic decompo-sition). S tieu
thu oxy c o mot cach de dang. Lng vat chat
hu c hien dien trong mau cang nhieu th lng oxy
c s dung cang ln. Xet nghiem BOD la mot phep
o gian tiep vat chat hu c bi v chung ta ch thc
s o c s thay oi ve nong o oxy hoa tan do cac
vi sinh vat gay ra. Mac du khong phai la tat ca vat
chat hu c eu co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc va
cac thu thuat xet nghiem tren thc te khong am
bao tnh chnh xac tuyet oi, nhng xet nghiem BOD
van la phng phap c s dung pho bien nhat e
anh gia mc o o nhiem hu c cua cac dong thai
do moi tng quan trc tiep gia BOD va s suy giam oxy
trong cac nguon nc tiep nhan.
176
Ch nhng trng hp het sc ac biet, ThOD, COD
va BOD mi bang nhau. Neu thanh phan hoa hoc cua
tat ca cac vat chat trong nc c biet va chung
co kha nang c oxy hoa hoan toan bi ca hai qua
trnh oxy hoa hoa hoc va sinh hoc, khi o 3 phep o nhu
cau oxy mi nh nhau.
Khi mot mau nc co cha vat chat hu c co kha
nang phan huy sinh hoc c at trong mot bnh kn va
c tiem vi khuan vao o, s tieu thu oxy dien ra theo
mau c minh hoa tren Hnh 6-1. Trong vai ngay au,
toc o giam oxy dien ra nhanh chong do vat chat hu
c hien dien nong o cao. Khi nong o vat chat
hu c giam th toc o tieu thu oxy cung giam theo.
phan cuoi cua ng cong BOD, s tieu thu oxy phan
ln c lien ket vi s thoi ra vi khuan ma chung
a c tang trng manh giai oan au cua tien
trnh xet nghiem. Ngi ta thng cho rang toc o tieu
thu oxy t le thuan vi nong o chat hu c co kha
nang phan huy sinh hoc con lai moi thi iem.
ng cong BOD tren Hnh 6-1 co the c bieu dien
ve mat toan hoc nh la mot phan ng bac mot:
A
t
r
dt
dL

Trong
:
L
t
= ng lng oxy cua cac chat hu c con lai
thi iem t, mg/l
r
A
= kL
t
k = Hang so toc o phan ng, ngay
1
177
(6-1)
Hnh 6-1. Cac moi quan he gia BOD va ng
lng oxy
Phng trnh 6-1 co the c bieu dien lai di dang:
kdt
L
dL
t
t

t
0
L
L
t
t
dt k
L
dL
o
kt
L
L
ln
o
t

Hoac
kt
o t
e L L

Trong o: L
o
= ng lng oxy thi iem t = 0.
Ngoai L
t
, ieu ma chung ta quan tam hn la lng oxy
c s dung e tieu thu cac chat hu c (BOD
t
). T
Hnh 6-1, de dang nhan thay rang, BOD
t
khac nhau gia
gia tr ban au cua L
o
va L
t
, nh vay:
BOD
t
= L
o
L
t
BOD
t
= L
o
L
o
e
kt
BOD
t
= L
o
(1 e
kt
)
L
o
thng c xem nh la BOD cuoi cung, o la s
tieu thu oxy ln nhat co the co c khi chat thai a
c phan huy hoan toan. Phng trnh 6-3 c goi la
phng trnh van toc BOD va thng c viet lai
dang:
BOD
t
= L
o
(1 10
Kt
)
178
(6-3)
(6-4)
(6-2)
Lu y rang k c s dung cho hang so toc o phan
ng tren c so e va K c s dung cho hang so toc
o phan ng tren c so 10. Gia chung co moi quan
he rang buoc: k = 2,303 K.
V du 6-2. Neu BOD
3
cua chat thai la 75 mg/L va hang so
toc o phan ng K = 0,150 ngay
1
, BOD cuoi cung la bao
nhieu?
Giai. e y rang hang so toc o c cho tren c so 10
(K ch khong phai la k). Thay cac gia tr a cho vao
Phng trnh 6-4 va giai phng trnh nay oi vi L
o
:
75 = L
o
(1 10
(0,150)(3)
) = 0,645 L
o
Hay L
o
= 75/0,645 = 116 mg/L
Tren c so e:
k = 2,303 (K) = 0,345; va
75 = L
o
(1 e
(0,345)(3)
) = 0,645 L
o
Nh vay: L
o
= 116 mg/L
Can phai lu y rang, BOD sau cung (L
o
) c xac nh
nh la BOD ln nhat c s dung bi chat thai. No
c bieu th bang ng nam ngang tren Hnh 6-1. V
rang BOD
t
tiem can dan en L
o
, cho nen kho co the
an nh c mot thi gian chnh xac e at en BOD
sau cung. Thc vay, tren c s Phng trnh 6-1, no ch
at en mot gii han khi t dan en vo cc. Tuy nhien,
tren quan iem thc te, chung ta co the chap nhan
rang, BOD sau cung at c khi ng cong BOD xap x
vi ng nam ngang pha tren. Tren Hnh 6-1, chung ta
nhan thay rang, thi gian e at c BOD sau cung
khoang 35 ngay. Trong tnh toan, chung ta s dung quy
tac ngon tay rang, neu BOD
t
va L
o
can bang khi lam
tron en 3 con so co ngha, th khi o thi gian e at
en BOD sau cung coi nh a at c. Kinh nghiem a
ch cho thay, co nhng bat thng trong viec xet
nghiem BOD, o la nhng trng hp khong the lam
tron en 2 con so co ngha.
Trong luc BOD sau cung bieu th tot nhat nong o vat
chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc, th t
179
ban than no cung khong ch ra c rang oxy se b
suy giam trong nguon tiep nhan mot cach nhanh chong
nh the nao. S suy giam oxy co lien quan en ca hai
yeu to: BOD sau cung va hang so toc o BOD (k). Khi
BOD sau cung tang t le thuan vi nong o vat chat
hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc, gia tr bang
so cua hang so toc o phu thuoc vao cac yeu to
sau:
1. Ban chat cua chat thai;
2. Kha nang s dung chat thai (hay con goi la kha
nang ong hoa chat thai) cua cac sinh vat trong
he thong t nhien;
3. Nhiet o.
Ban chat cua chat thai
Qua that la co hang ngan hp chat hu c c tm
thay trong t nhien, nhng khong phai tat ca chung
eu co the c phan huy nh nhau. Cac loai ng
n va tinh bot co kha nang phan huy mot cach
nhanh chong va do o chung co hang so toc o BOD
rat ln. Ngc lai, kha nang phan huy cua cellulose (v
du nh giay ve sinh) th rat thap va toc o phan huy
rat cham; con long, toc va mong tay th hau nh
khong co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc trong th
nghiem BOD hoac trong x ly nc thai thong thng.
Cac hp chat khac th nam gia cac nhom ke tren.
Hang so toc o BOD oi vi mot chat thai hon tap
phu thuoc rat nhieu vao ty le tng oi cua cac
thanh phan khac nhau co trong chat thai. Mot vai
hang so toc o BOD ien hnh c uc ket trong
Bang 6-2. Cac hang so toc o BOD oi vi nc cong
a c x ly th thap hn so vi nc cong cha x
ly, o la v cac chat hu c co kha nang phan huy
sinh hoc mot cach de dang th c loai bo triet e
hn so vi cac chat hu c co kha nang phan huy
sinh hoc kem khi x ly nc thai.
Bang 6-2. Cac gia tr ien hnh oi vi hang so
toc o BOD
180
Loai mau K (20
o
C), ngay
1
k (20
o
C), ngay
1
Nc cong cha x ly
Nc cong a c x
ly tot
Nc song b o nhiem
0,15 0,30
0,05 0,10
0,05 0,10
0,35 0,70
0,12 0,23
0,12 0,23
Nang lc ong hoa chat thai cua cac sinh vat
Bat c mot vi sinh vat nao cung eu b gii han ve
kha nang cua no trong viec s dung (ong hoa) cac
hp chat hu c. Nhieu hp chat hu c co the b
phan phan huy ch nh vao mot nhom nho cac vi
sinh vat. Trong mot moi trng t nhien ma o tiep
nhan cac cac chat thai hu c mot cach lien tuc,
quan the sinh vat co kha nang s dung cac chat
thai nay mot cach co hieu qua nhat se chiem u
the. Tuy nhien, so lng vi khuan c dung e cay
trong viec xet nghiem BOD co the ch cha mot so
rat t cac sinh vat ma chung co the phan huy cac
hp chat hu c ac thu trong chat thai. Van e nay
ac biet pho bien khi phan tch cac chat thai cong
nghiep. Cac ket qua a ch cho thay rang, hang so
toc o BOD khi xet nghiem trong phong th nghiem thap
hn so vi trong nc t nhien. ay la mot ket qua
khong mong muon. Do o, viec xet nghiem BOD nen
c tien hanh vi cac vi sinh vat ac hieu ma chung
a c thch nghi vi chat thai e am bao rang
hang so toc o c xac nh trong phong th nghiem
co the sanh c vi hang so thc trong song.
Nhiet o
Phan ln cac qua trnh sinh hoc dien ra manh me khi
tang nhiet o va cham lai khi nhiet o giam thap.
Bi v viec s dung oxy la do s trao oi chat cua cac
vi sinh vat, nen toc o s dung oxy b anh hng bi
nhiet o mot cach tng t nh tren. Mot cach ly
tng, hang so toc o BOD phai c xac nh bang
thc nghiem trong ieu kien nhiet o thc cua nguon
tiep nhan. Co 2 kho khan vi ieu ly tng nay.
Thong thng, nhiet o cua nc trong nguon tiep
181
nhan thay oi xuyen suot ca nam, do o oi hoi phai
tien hanh rat nhieu th nghiem e xac nh hang so
k. Mot kho khan na o la nhiem vu nang ne at ra
cho viec oi chieu cac d lieu thu thap c t nhieu
v tr co nhiet o khac nhau.V vay viec xet nghiem
trong ieu kien phong th nghiem c tien hanh
nhiet o chuan la 20
o
C, va hang so toc o BOD c
hieu chnh oi vi nhiet o cua nguon tiep nhan
bang cach s dung he thc thc nghiem sau:
k
T
= k
20
()
T 20
Trong
:
T = Nhiet o xem xet,
o
C
k
T
= Hang so toc o BOD nhiet o xem xet,
ngay
1

K
20
= Hang so toc o BOD c xac nh nhiet
o 20
o
C, ngay
1

=
He so nhiet o. = 1,135 nhiet o trong
khoang t 4 20
o
C va = 1,056 nhiet o
trong khoang 20 30
o
C
V du 6-3. Mot chat thai c thai vao mot con song co
nhiet o 10
o
C. Ty le oxy tieu thu toi a trong 4 ngay la
bao nhieu neu nh hang so toc o BOD c xac nh
trong phong th nghiem di cac ieu kien chuan la 0,115
ngay
1
(c so e)?
Giai. Xac nh hang so toc o BOD oi vi chat thai
nhiet o song bang cach s dung Phng trnh 6-5:
K
10
= 0,115 (1,135)
10 20
= 0,032 ngay
1
Thay gia tr nay cua k vao trong Phng trnh 6-3 e tm ty
le oxy tieu thu toi a trong 4 ngay:
BOD
4
/L
o
= 1 e
(0,032) (4)
= 0,12
6.3.3.Xac nh cac hang so BOD bang o th
Co nhieu phng phap co the c s dung e xac
nh k va L
o
t cac d lieu thc nghiem BOD. Phng
182
(6-5)
phap n gian nhat va chnh xac nhat la dng o th
BOD theo thi gian. ieu nay a en mot ng cong
hyperbol bac I cua dang a c minh hoa tren Hnh 6-1.
BOD sau cung c xac nh t ng tiem can cua
ng cong. Phng trnh van toc c s dung e giai
oi vi k. Tren thc te, thng gap kho khan trong
viec thiet lap mot ng hyperbol chnh xac t nhng
d lieu c thu thap mot cach thng xuyen. Cac
phng phap tuyen tnh hoa d lieu a c a ra. oi
vi cac phan ng bac nhat, cac phng phap o th
thong thng khong the s dung c bi v o th
ban logarit oi hoi phai biet c nong o ban au,
ma trong trng hp nay, no lai la mot trong nhng
hang so ma chung ta ang can phai xac nh, o la
L
o
! e thao g nhng rac roi nay, mot phng phap
n gian a c biet en vi ten goi la Phng phap
o th Thomas. Phng phap nay da vao s giong nhau
cua viec khai trien 2 chuoi ham sau ay:
kt
1
e 1 F

va
( )
3
2
kt
6
1
1 kt F

,
_
+
Khai trien cac chuoi ham nay, ta c:
( )
1
]
1
+ + ... ) kt (
24
1
) kt (
6
1
) kt ( 5 , 0 1 kt F
3 2
1
( )
1
]
1
+ + ... ) kt (
9 , 21
1
) kt (
6
1
) kt ( 5 , 0 1 kt F
3 2
2
Ro rang la 2 so hang au tien trong khai trien cac
chuoi ham tren la giong het nhau, ch co so hang
th ba la co khac nhau mot t. Thay the Phng trnh 6-8
bang Phng trnh 6-9 vao trong phng trnh toc o BOD
ta c phng trnh gan ung sau ay:
3
o t
] kt ) 6 / 1 ( 1 [ ) kt ( L BOD

+
183
(6-6)
(6-7)
(6-8)
(6-9)
(6-10)
Bang cach sap xep lai va khai can bac 3 ca hai ve,
Phng trnh 4-10 co the c chuyen oi thanh:
) t (
) L ( 6
) k (
) kL (
1
BOD
t
1/3
o
2/3
1/3
o
1/3
t
+
,
_
o th bieu dien (t/BOD

t
)
1/3
theo t la tuyen tnh (Hnh 6-2).
Phan ng thang b chan bi truc tung c xac nh
nh sau:
3 / 1
o
) kL ( A

He so goc cua ng thang c xac nh bi:

1/3
o
2/3
) 6(L
) k (
B
Rut L
o
t Phng trnh 6-12 va thay vao Phng trnh 6-13,
sau o giai phng trnh vi k ta c:
(B/A) 6 k
Thay gia tr cua k t Phng trnh 6-14 vao Phng trnh 6-
12 va giai phng trnh vi L
o
, ta c:
) B ( ) A ( 6
1
L
2
o

Cac bc tien hanh e xac nh hang so toc o BOD
theo phng phap nay nh sau:
1. T cac ket qua thc nghiem xac nh BOD theo cac
gia tr t khac nhau, tnh (t/BOD
t
)
1/3
moi ngay;
2. Bieu dien cac gia tr (t/BOD
t
)
1/3
theo t tren giay ke ly
va ve ng thang noi cac gia tr o theo phng
phap bnh phng cc tieu;
3. Xac nh phan cat bi truc tung (A) va he so goc
(B) t o th a c ve;
184
(6-11)
(6-12)
(6-13)
(6-14)
(6-15)
(6-13)
4. Tnh k va L
o
bang cach s dung cac Phng trnh 6-14
va 6-15.
V du 6-4. Cac d lieu di ay thu c t mot thc
nghiem e xac nh hang so toc o BOD va BOD hoan
toan oi vi mot loai nc thai cha c x ly:
Ngay 0 1 2 4 6 8
BOD,
mg/L
0 32 57 84 106 111
Giai. Trc tien ta tnh cac gia tr cua (t/BOD
t
)
1/3
Ngay 0 1 2 4 6 8
(t/BOD
t
)
1/3
0,315 0,327 0,362 0,384 0,41
6
o th (t/BOD
t
)
1/3
theo thi gian oi vi cac d lieu nay
a c the hien tren Hnh 6-2. T hnh ve, ta de dang
nhan thay A = 0,3 va
0145 , 0
) 0 8 (
) 300 , 0 416 , 0 (
B
The vao cac Phng trnh 6-14 va 6-15, ta c:

1
ngay 29 , 0
30 , 0
0145 , 0 6
k

mg/L 128
) 0145 , 0 ( ) 30 , 0 ( 6
1
L
2
o

185
Hnh 6-2. Phng phap o th Thomas bieu dien
(t/BOD
t
)
1/3
theo t
6.3.4.o Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD) trong phong th
nghiem
e co c tnh chac chan cang nhieu cang tot, ieu
quan trong la phai tieu chuan hoa cac thao tac th
nghiem khi tien hanh o BOD. Trong nhng phan di
ay, viec xet nghiem BOD theo ung tieu chuan chu
trong nhieu en ly do cho moi bc tien hanh hn la i
sau vao cac chi tiet. Cac thu thuat xet nghiem chi
tiet co the c tm thay trong Standard Methods for the
Examina-tion of Water and Wastewater
(*)
.
Bc 1
Mot chai BOD 300 mL chuyen dung (Hnh 6-3) c o ay
hoan toan vi mot mau nc ma no a c pha
loang thch hp va a c tiem cac vi sinh vat. Sau o
chai c ong nut chat e ngan chan cac bot khong
kh. Cac mau oi hoi phai pha loang bi v ch co oxy
la co the dung c e cho cac sinh vat b phan huy
trong nc. Phan ln oxy ma no co the phan huy la
khoang 9 mg/L, cho nen BOD cua mau a c pha
loang can phai nam trong khoang t 2 en 6 mg/L. Cac
mau c pha loang vi mot loai nc pha loang ac
biet co cha tat ca cac nguyen to vi lng can thiet
( *)
American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19
th
ed., Washington, DC, 1995.
186
cho s trao oi chat cua vi khuan e cho s phan huy
vat chat hu c khong b gii han bi s thieu vang
vi khuan tang trng. Nc pha loang cung co cha
mot chat e tiem chung cho cac vi sinh vat e cho tat
ca cac mau c xet nghiem trong cung mot ngay
cha khoang chng ay loai va so lng vi sinh vat.
Ty so gia mau khong c pha loang va mau a
c pha loang c goi la c mau (sample size), thng
c bieu th bang phan tram, trong khi o moi tng
quan ngc lai c goi la he so pha loang. Ve mat
toan hoc, ieu o c bieu dien nh sau:
100
loang pha c a mau cua tch The
loang pha c cha mau cua tch The
(%) mau C
(%) mau C
100
loang pha c cha mau cua tch The
loang pha c a mau cua tch The
loang sopha He
Hnh 6-3. Cac chai BOD chuyen dung
C mau thch hp e s dung co the c xac nh
bang cach chia 4 mg/L (iem gia cua khoang BOD c
187
(6-16)
(6-17)
pha loang ma chung ta mong muon) cho nong o BOD
a c c tnh trong mau a i xet nghiem. Sau o,
mot the tch thch hp cua mau cha c pha loang
c la chon cho phu hp vi c mau nay.
V du 6-5. BOD cua mot mau nc thai c c oan
la 180 mg/L. The tch cua mau cha c pha loang can
phai cho vao chai 300 mL la bao nhieu? C mau va he so
pha loang bang cach s dung the tch nay la bao nhieu?
Gia s rang 4 mg/L BOD co the b tieu thu trong chai BOD.
Giai. c tnh c mau can thiet:
% 22 , 2 100
180
4
mau C
c tnh the tch cua mau cha c pha loang can thiet
e cho the tch cua mau a c pha loang la 300 mg/L:
The tch mau cha c pha loang = 0,0222 300 mL = 6,66
mL
Nh vay mot the tch mau thch hp phai la 7,00 mL.
Tnh toan lai c mau va he so pha loang thc s:
% 33 , 2 100
mL 300
mL 7,00
mau C
42,9
mL 7,00
mL 300
loang pha so He
Bc 2
Cac mau trang (blank) ch co cha nc pha loang a
c tiem cung c cho vao chai BOD va ay kn nap
lai. Cac mau trang la can thiet e anh gia lng
oxy b tieu thu bi chat e tiem chung c them
vao trong trng hp khong co mau.
Bc 3
Cac chai BOD a c ay kn nap co cha cac mau
a c pha loang va mau trang c u trong bong
toi 20
o
C trong mot so ngay mong muon. Trong a so
cac trng hp, thi gian u c s dung la 5 ngay.
188
e xac nh BOD hoan toan va hang so toc o BOD,
can phai keo dai thi gian u lau hn. Cac mau c
u trong bong toi la nham e ngan nga s quang hp
t viec a them oxy vao nc va s lam cho mat
hieu lc tieu thu oxy. Nh a e cap pha trc, viec
xet nghiem BOD c tien hanh nhiet o chuan 20
o
C
e loai tr anh hng cua nhiet o len hang so toc
o BOD va e thong nhat ve ket qua xet nghiem
gia cac phong th nghiem.
Bc 4
Sau khi so ngay mong muon troi qua, cac mau va mau
trang c a ra khoi phong u va tien hanh o nong
o oxy hoa tan trong moi chai. BOD cua mau khong
c pha loang c tnh toan bang cach s dung
phng trnh sau:
BOD
t
= (DO
tr,t
DO
m,t
) he so pha loang
Trong
:
DO
tr,t
= Nong o oxy hoa tan trong mau trang sau t
ngay u, mg/L
DO
m,t
= Nong o oxy hoa tan trong mau sau t ngay
u, mg/L
V du 6-6. BOD
5
cua mau nc thai trong V du 6-5 la bao
nhieu neu nh cac gia tr DO cua mau trang va mau a
c pha loang sau 5 ngay la 8,7 va 4,2 mg/L?
Giai. Thay cac gia tr thch hp vao Phng trnh 6-18:
BOD
5
= (8,7 4,2) 42,9 = 193 mg/L
6.3.5.Cac iem lu y ve nhu cau oxy sinh hoa
Mac du BOD nam ngay (BOD
5
) a c chon nh la
mot ch tieu c ban e anh gia mc o o nhiem
va kiem soat o nhiem oi vi hau het cac loai nc
thai, nhng thc ra th BOD sau cung mi la mot ch
189
(6-18)
tieu tot nhat e phan anh mc o o nhiem tong
cong cua chat thai. oi vi bat ky mot loai chat
thai nao cung eu co mot hang so toc o BOD xac
nh, t le gia BOD toan phan va BOD
5
la hang so, v
the BOD
5
phan anh nong o tng oi cua chat thai.
oi vi cac loai chat thai khac nhau co BOD
5
nh nhau,
BOD toan phan may ra ch co the giong nhau neu nh
cac hang so toc o BOD la nh nhau. ieu nay c
minh hoa tren Hnh 4-4 oi vi mot loai nc thai o
th co hang so toc o K = 0,15 ngay
1
va mot loai
nc thai cong nghiep co K = 0,05 ngay
1
. Mac du ca
hai loai nc thai nay eu co BOD
5
= 200 mg/L, nhng
nc thai cong nghiep th co gia tr BOD toan phan
ln hn nhieu va co the co tac ong manh en oxy
hoa tan trong song. oi vi nc thai cong nghiep,
mot phan nho hn cua BOD a c s dung trong 5
ngay au do co hang so toc o thap hn.
Viec hieu (the hien) chnh xac cac gia tr BOD
5
cung
co the c minh hoa bang cach khac. Chung ta hay
xem xet mot mau nc song a b o nhiem co tr
so BOD
5
= 50 mg/L va K = 0,115 ngay
1
. BOD toan phan
c tnh toan t Phng trnh 6-4 la 68 mg/L. Tuy nhien, v
nhiet o nc song la 10
o
C, nen gia tr cua K trong
song ch la 0,032 ngay
1
(xem v du 6-3). Nh a the
hien bang o th tren Hnh 6-5, gia tr BOD
5
trong ieu
kien phong th nghiem anh ga qua cao s tieu thu oxy
thc te trong song. Mot lan na, mot phan nho hn
cua BOD a c s dung trong 5 ngay khi hang so toc
o BOD thap hn.
BOD
5
a c chon nh la gia tr chuan oi vi hau
het cac muc ch bi v viec xet nghiem a c phat
minh ra bi cac ky s ve sinh moi trng Anh, ni ma
cac dong song co thi gian chuyen tai ra bien ngan
hn 5 ngay, v vay khong nhat thiet phai xem xet en
nhu cau oxy cac thi gian dai hn 5 ngay.
190
Hnh 6-4. Anh hng cua K len BOD hoan toan cua
hai loai nc thai co BOD
5
nh nhau
Hnh 6-5. Anh hng cua K len BOD
5
khi BOD hoan
toan la hang so
6.3.6.S Oxy hoa cac hp chat cua Nit
Cac quan niem trc ay cho rang ch co carbon trong
vat chat hu c b oxy hoa. Thc ra, nhieu hp chat
hu c, chang han nh cac protein, trong thanh phan
cua chung ro rang la co cha nguyen to nit, nhng
no van co the b oxy hoa cung vi s tieu thu oxy
phan t. Tuy nhien, bi v cac c che va toc o cua
qua trnh oxy hoa nit co s khac biet so vi qua trnh
oxy hoa carbon, cho nen hai qua trnh nay can phai c
xem xet rieng biet. Mot cach hp ly, s tieu thu oxy do
191
qua trnh oxy hoa carbon c goi la BOD carbon (C-BOD),
trong khi o s tieu thu oxy do qua trnh oxy hoa nit
c goi la BOD nit (N-BOD).
Cac vi sinh vat ma chung oxy hoa carbon trong cac hp
chat hu c e tao ra nang lng can thiet cho qua
trnh song th khong the oxy hoa nit trong cac hp chat
o. Thay vao o, cac hp chat nit thng i vao
nguon nc dang ammonia (NH
3
). nhng gia tr pH
bnh thng, ammonia nay thc ra ton tai dang
ammonium cation (NH
4
+
). Ammonia c phong thch vao
nguon nc t cac hp chat hu c, cong them t
cac nguon khac nh nc thai cong nghiep va nc
ra troi t noi ong (chu yeu la t phan bon hoa
hoc), b oxy hoa thanh nitrate (NO
3
) nh mot nhom vi
khuan ac hieu, c goi la qua trnh nitrate hoa
(nitrification). Phan ng tong quat cua qua trnh oxy hoa
ammonia nh sau:
+ +
+ + + H 2 O H NO O 2 NH
2 3
vat sinh vi Cac
2 4
T phan ng nay, N-BOD ly thuyet co the tnh nh sau:
N /g O g 4,57
14
16 4
hoa oxy c nit gam So
dung s c oxy gam So
BOD N
2

Gia tr N-BOD thc te thng thap hn so vi gia tr N-
BOD ly thuyet do s hp nhat mot so nit vao trong
cac te bao vi khuan mi, tuy nhien s chenh lech nay
ch vao khoang mot vai phan tram.
V du 4-7. Tnh N-BOD ly thuyet cua mot loai nc thai
cha 30 mg/L ammonia theo nit (NH
3
-N). Neu ket qua phan
tch mot mau nc thai cho biet nong o ammonia (NH
3
)
la 30 mg/L th N-BOD ly thuyet se la bao nhieu?
Giai. Trong phan au cua bai toan, lng ammonia c
cho dang NH
3
-N. Do o, chung ta co the s dung Phng
trnh 6-19 e tnh N-BOD ly thuyet:
N-BOD
ly thuyet
= (30 mg N/L) (4,57 mg O
2
/mg N) = 137 mg O
2
/L
192
(6-19)
e tra li cau hoi th hai, chung ta can phai chuyen
oi mg/L ammonia thanh NH
3
-N bang cach nhan vi ty so
cua trong lng phan t gam cua N va NH
3
:
N/L mg 24,7
NH g 17
N g 14
/L) NH mg (30
3
3

,
_
Bay gi ta co the s dung moi lien he a c phat

trien t Phng trnh 6-19:
N-BOD
ly thuyet
= (24,7 mg N/L) (4,57 mg O
2
/mg N) = 113 mg O
2
/L
Van toc ma o N-BOD c s dung, phu thuoc
manh me vao s hien dien cua so vi sinh vat nitrat
hoa. Trong nc cong cha c x ly, co mot t cac vi
sinh vat nay, trong khi o trong cac dong thai a c
x ly tot, so lng vi sinh vat nay kha cao. Khi cac
mau nc cong cha c x ly va a c x ly
c em i phan tch BOD, s tieu thu oxy c the hien
tren Hnh 6-6. Trong trng hp nc cong cha c x
ly, N-BOD c s dung sau khi a co nhieu C-BOD c
s dung. S cham che la do can phai co thi gian e
cho vi khuan nitrat hoa at c mot so lng u ln
e s dung lng N-BOD. Trong trng hp nc cong
a c x ly, mot quan the vi khuan nitrat hoa ln
hn co trong mau lam giam thi gian cham tre tren.
Tuy nhien, mot khi qua trnh nitrat hoa bat au, N-BOD
co the c mo ta bang Phng trnh 6-1 vi mot
hang so toc o BOD co the so sanh c vi hang
so toc o BOD oi vi C-BOD cua mot dong thai a
c x ly tot (K = 0,04 0,10 ngay
1
). Bi v s cham
tre pha trc N-BOD co the thay oi trong mot pham vi
ln, cho nen cac gia tr BOD
5
thng kho khan e
lam sang to. Khi ch muon o rieng BOD carbon, cac
hoa chat gay c che c cho them vao mau e
lam ngng qua trnh nitrat hoa. Hang so toc o oi
vi qua trnh nitrat hoa cung b anh hng bi nhiet
o va co the c ieu chnh bang cach s dung
Phng trnh 6-2.
193
6.3.7.ng cong dien tien DO (ng cong lom)
Nong o oxy hoa tan trong mot con song la mot ch
so phan anh mc o trong sach chung cua no. Tat ca
cac dong song eu co mot kha nang t lam sach
nhat nh cua chung. Vi ieu kien la viec thai cac
chat thai co nhu cau ve oxy nam trong kha nang t
lam sach cua mot con song, ham lng DO van c
duy tr mc o cao va khi o co the tm thay mot
quan xa thc vat va ong vat phong phu, bao gom
ca cac bay ca. Khi lng chat thai tang len, kha
nang t lam sach cua dong song b qua tai, ham
lng DO trong nc song b suy giam, t o dan en
nhng thay oi bat li trong i song cua he thuy sinh
(thc vat va ong vat) trong song. Khi DO tut giam
xuong di mc 4 5 mg/L, phan ln tom ca se di
chuyen ra khoi o e tm ni c tru mi. Neu DO b
kh hoan toan, ca va cac ong vat bac cao hn khac
b giet chet hoac phai di tan en ni khac va dan
en nhng ieu kien cc ky nguy hai. Nc tr nen
co mau en va boc mui hoi thoi giong nh nc
cong, ong thi dien ra s thoi ra k kh cac xac chet
cua he thuy sinh trong song.
Hnh 6-6. Cac ng cong BOD the hien ca BOD
carbon va BOD nit
194
Mot trong nhng cong cu chnh cua viec quan ly chat
lng nc song la anh gia kha nang hap thu chat
thai cua dong song. ieu nay c tien hanh bang
cach xac nh dien bien nong o DO trong cac dong
thai ra song. Dien bien nay c goi la ng cong
lom DO (xem Hnh 6-7) bi v nong o DO luc au b
giam xuong nhanh cung luc vi cac vat chat co nhu
cau ve oxy trong dong thai b oxy hoa va sau o t
t tang len doc theo ng chuyen nc cung luc vi
s nap lai dan oxy t kh quyen cho dong chay. Nh
c mo ta trong Hnh 6-8, tnh a dang sinh hoc (biota)
cua mot dong chay thng c phan anh bi cac
ieu kien oxy hoa tan trong dong chay.
Hnh 6-7. ng cong dien tien DO ien hnh
e phat trien mot bieu thc toan hoc oi vi ng
cong lom DO, nguon oxy va cac yeu to anh hng
en s tut giam oxy phai c xac nh va nh lng.
Nguon cung cap oxy chu yeu la t kh quyen va t s
quang hp cua cac loai thc vat nc. S tut giam oxy
c gay ra do nhieu yeu to, trong o quan trong nhat
la BOD (ke ca C-BOD va N-BOD) cua dong thai ra, va
BOD san co trong nc song theo dong chay ngc len
dong thai ra. Yeu to quan trong th hai o la v DO
195
trong dong thai thng thap hn so vi DO trong song.
Nh vay, DO song b giam xuong ngay khi chat thai
c a vao, tham ch trc khi qua trnh oxy hoa sinh
hoc chat thai xay ra trong song. Cac yeu to khac anh
hng en s tut giam oxy hoa tan bao gom s o
nhiem t nguon khong iem, s ho hap cua cac sinh
vat song trong bun ay (benthic demand), va s ho hap
cua cac thc vat nc. Theo cach tiep can co ien,
phng trnh dien bien DO c phat trien bang cach
ch xem xet en s giam DO ban au, BOD carbon, va
s cung cap lai khong kh t kh quyen. Roi sau o,
phng trnh c m rong ra vi s xem xet en BOD
nit. Cuoi cung, cac yeu to khac anh hng en mc
DO se c khao sat mot cach nh tnh; con viec
khao sat nh lng chung vt ra ngoai pham tru cua
quyen sach nay.
196
197
Cach tiep can can bang vat chat
Cac can bang vat chat n gian giup chung ta hieu
c va giai quyet van e ng cong dien tien DO.
Ba dang can bang vat chat truyen thong (khong co
phan ng hoa hoc) co the c s dung e kiem
toan viec xao tron ban au cua dong chat thai va
song, BOD carbon, va tat ca nhng thay oi ve nhiet
o gay ra do s xao tron dong chat thai va song.
S o can bang vat chat truyen thong oi vi oxy
(ch co xao tron) c the hien tren Hnh 6-9. Tch so
cua lu lng nc va nong o DO cho ta mot khoi
lng oxy tren mot n v thi gian:
G
n
= Q
n
C
n
G
s
= Q
s
C
s
Trong
:
G
n
= Tai lng DO trong nc thai, g/s
G
s
= Tai lng DO trong nc song, g/s
Q
n
= Lu lng nc thai, m
3
/s
Q
s
= Lu lng nc song, m
3
/s
C
n
= Nong o oxy hoa tan trong nc thai, g/m
3
C
s
= Nong o oxy hoa tan trong nc song, g/m
3
Hnh 6-9. S o can bang vat chat truyen thong
oi vi s xao tron DO
Tai lng DO trong song sau khi hoa tron can bang vi
tong tai lng DO cua 2 dong nc song va nc
thai:
198
(6-20)
(6-21)
Tai lng DO trong
nc thai
Tai lng
DO trong
nc song
Tai lng DO trong
nc song sau khi
hoa tron
Tai lng DO sau khi hoa tron = Q
n
C
n
+ Q
s
C
s
Tng t oi vi BOD toan phan:
Tai lng BOD sau khi hoa tron = Q
n
L
n
+ Q
s
L
s
Trong o: L
n
= BOD toan phan cua nc thai, mg/L
L
s
= BOD toan phan cua nc song, mg/L
Nong o cua DO va BOD trong nc song sau khi xao
tron tng ng bang tai lng cua DO va BOD sau khi
xao tron chia cho tong lu lng cua nc thai va
nc song:
s n
s s n n
Q Q
C Q C Q
DO
+
+
s n
s s n n
a
Q Q
L Q L Q
L
+
+
Trong o L
a
= BOD toan phan au tien sau khi xao tron.
V du 6-8. Mot khu o th thai moi ngay thai ra song
17.360 m
3
nc thai a c x ly co BOD
5
= 12 mg/L va
co hang so toc o BOD la k = 0,12 ngay
1
nhiet o
20
o
C. Song co lu lng 0,43 m
3
/s va BOD toan phan la 5,0
mg/L. DO cua nc song la 6,5 mg/L va DO cua nc thai
sau khi x ly la 1,0 mg/L. Tnh DO va BOD toan phan au
tien sau khi xao tron.
Giai. DO sau khi xao tron c cho bi Phng trnh 6-24.
e s dung phng trnh nay, chung ta can phai chuyen
oi lu lng nc thai sang n v tng thch, tc la m
3
/s:
/s m 20 , 0
s/ngay 86.400
/ngay m 17.360
Q
3
3
n

DO sau khi hoa tron:
mg/L 75 , 4
/s m 43 , 0 /s m 20 , 0
mg/L) 6,5 ( ) /s m (0,43 mg/L) (1,0 /s) m 0,20 (
DO
3 3
3 3
+
+
199
(6-22)
(6-23)
(6-24)
(6-25)
Trc khi chung ta xac nh BOD toan phan au tien sau
khi xao tron, chung ta can phai xac nh BOD toan phan
cua nc thai. Giai Phng trnh 6-3 oi vi L
o
:
mg/L 6 , 26
) 55 , 0 1 (
12
) e - (1
mg/L 12
) e 1 (
BOD
L
(5) (-0,12) kt
5
o

Lu y rang, chung ta a s dung ch so 5 ngay trong

BOD
5
e xac nh gia tr cua t trong phng trnh. Bay gi
at L
n
= L
o
, chung ta co the xac nh BOD toan phan au
tien sau khi xao tron bang cach s dung Phng trnh 6-25:
mg/L 12 mg/L 86 , 11
/s m 43 , 0 /s m 20 , 0
mg/L) 5,0 ( ) /s m (0,43 mg/L) (26,6 /s) m 0,20 (
L
3 3
3 3
a

+
+
oi vi nhiet o, chung ta nen xem xet can bang

nhiet hn la can bang vat chat. ay la mot s ng
dung nguyen ly c ban cua vat ly:
H
tt
= H
t
Trong
:
H
tt
= Nhiet lng tieu ton e lam nong cac vat
the
H
t
= Nhiet lng thu c do lam nguoi cac vat
the
S thay oi enthalpy hoac ham nhiet cua mot khoi
lng vat chat co the c xac nh bi phng trnh:
H = mC
p
T
Trong
:
H = S thay oi enthalpy, J
m = Khoi lng vat chat, g
C
p
=
Nhiet dung rieng ap suat khong oi, J/gK
T
= S thay oi nhiet o, K
200
(6-26)
(6-27)
Nhiet dung rieng cua nc thay oi khong ang ke
theo nhiet o. oi vi nc t nhien, no co gia tr
gan ung la 4,19. S dung phng trnh can bang
nhiet, chung ta co the viet:
(m
n
) (4,19) T
n
= (m
s
) (4,19) T
s
Nhiet o sau khi xao tron tm c bang cach s dung
phng trnh nay oi vi nhiet o sau cung bang cach
tha nhan rang T moi ve cua phng trnh la khac
nhau gia nhiet o cuoi cua nc song (T
c
) va nhiet
o ban au cua nc thai va nc song, tc la:
s n
s s n n
c
Q Q
T Q T Q
T
+
+
o thieu hut Oxy

Phng trnh dien tien DO a c phat trien bang cach
s dung o thieu hut oxy hn la nong o oxy hoa tan
nham tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec giai phng trnh
vi phan ma no c dan ra t viec bieu dien bang
toan hoc phng trnh can bang vat chat. o thieu hut
oxy la lng ma tai o nong o oxy hoa tan thc s
thap hn gia tr bao hoa oi vi oxy trong khong kh:
D = DO
bh
DO
Trong
:
D = o thieu hut oxy, mg/L
DO
bh
= Nong o bao hoa cua oxy hoa tan, mg/L
DO = Nong o thc te cua oxy hoa tan, mg/L
Gia tr bao hoa cua oxy hoa tan phu thuoc manh vao
nhiet o cua nc thai no giam xuong khi nhiet o
tang len. Gia tr DO
bh
oi vi nc sach c cho trong
Bang A-2 Phu luc A.
201
(6-28)
(6-29)
(6-30)
o thieu hut ban au
Khi au cua ng cong dien tien DO la iem ma
tai o dong thai c xao tron vi nc song. o
thieu hut ban au c xem nh la s khac biet gia
nong o DO bao hoa va nong o DO sau khi xao tron
(Phng trnh 6-24):
s n
s s n n
bh a
Q Q
C Q C Q
DO D
+
+

Trong
:
D
a
= o thieu hut ban au sau khi nc song va
chat thai c xao tron, mg/L
DO
bh
= Nong o bao hoa cua oxy hoa tan nhiet
o cua nc song sau khi xao tron, mg/L
V du 6-9. Tnh o thieu hut ban au cua mot dong song
sau khi hoa tron vi nc thai t mot khu o th (cac
d lieu a c cho trong V du 6-8). Nhiet o cua nc
song la 10
o
C va nhiet o cua nc thai cung la 10
o
C.
Giai. Tng ng vi nhiet o cua nc song, gia tr
bao hoa cua oxy hoa tan (DO
bh
) co the c xac nh
bang cach tra bang t Phu luc A. 10
o
C, DO
bh
= 11,33
mg/L. Do chung ta a tnh toan c nong o DO sau khi
xao tron la 4,75 mg/L (V du 6-8), cho nen o thieu hut ban
au sau khi xao tron la:
D
a
= 11,33 mg/L 4,75 mg/L = 6,58 mg/L
Bi v nc thai thng co nhiet o cao hn nc
song, ac biet la vao mua ong, cho nen nhiet o
cua dong thai chay ra song thng cao hn nhiet o
cua dong chay ngc. V rang chung ta a quan tam
en cac ieu kien cua dong chay xuoi, nen ieu
quan trong la chung ta phai s dung nhiet o cua
dong chay xuoi khi xac nh nong o bao hoa cua
oxy hoa tan.
202
(6-31)
Phng trnh dien tien DO
Mot s o can bang vat chat cua DO trong mot khuc
song nho a c the hien tren Hnh 6-10a. ay la
mot can bang vat chat toan dien ma no a xem xet
en tat ca cac au vao va au ra. Nh a e cap
tren, chung ta se gii han van e cua chung ta
en mo hnh Streeter-Phelps co ien
(*)
. S o can bang
vat chat a c n gian hoa c the hien tren
Hnh 6-10b. Phng trnh can bang vat chat khi o nh
sau:
RDO
v
+ W + A M RDO
r
= 0
Hnh 6-10. S o can bang DO trong khuc song nho (a)
va can bang vat chat a c n gian hoa
oi vi mo hnh Streeter-Phelps (b)
Chu
g
i
a
i:
RDO
va
o
= Khoi lng DO chay vao khuc song
RDO
ra
= Khoi lng DO chay ra khuc song
W = Khoi lng DO trong nc thai chay vao
khuc song
A = Khoi lng DO i vao t kh quyen
P = Khoi lng DO i vao t cac san pham co
cha oxy do s quang hp cua tao
( *)
H. W. Streeter and E. B. Phelps, A Study of the Pollution and Natural
Purification of the Ohio River, U.S. Public Health Service Bulletin No. 146,
1925.
203
W A P
RDO
va
o
B M N R
RDO
r
a
W A
RDO
va
o
M
RDO
r
a
(a) (b)
(6-32)
B = Khoi lng DO b tieu thu bi nhu cau cua
sinh vat ay
M = Khoi lng DO b kh bi s phan huy sinh
hoc cua C-BOD
N = Khoi lng DO b kh bi s phan huy sinh
hoc cua C-BOD
R = Khoi lng DO b tieu thu bi s ho hap
cua tao
Trong Phng trnh 6-32 chung ta co the giai thch cho
RDO
vao
+ W. Muc ch cua chung ta la tm RDO
ra
dang
khoi lng tren mot n v the tch (mg/L). Chung ta tam
thi bo qua A va M trc khi giai phng trnh can bang
vat chat.
Toc o ma o DO bien mat t dong chay do hoat
ong cua vi khuan (M) ung bang toc o gia tang o
thieu hut oxy hoa tan. Vi gia thiet rang gia tr DO
bao hoa van la hang so [d(DO
bh
)/dt = 0], lay vi phan
Phng trnh 6-30 ta c:
0
dt
dD
dt
) DO ( d
+
va
dt
dD
dt
) DO ( d

Toc o ma o DO bien mat xay ra ong thi vi
toc o ma o BOD b phan huy, cho nen:
dt
) BOD ( d
dt
dD
dt
) DO ( d

Nh rang BOD
t
c xac nh bi:
BOD
t
= L
o
L
t
va lu y rang L
o
la mot hang so, chung ta co the
noi rang s thay oi BOD theo thi gian la:
dt
dL
dt
) BOD ( d
t

204
(6-33)
(6-34)
(6-35)
ieu nay ch ra cho chung ta thay rang toc o thay
oi o thieu hut thi iem t do BOD la mot phan
ng bac nhat t le vi ng lng oxy cua cac chat
hu c con lai:
t
kL
dt
dD
Hang so toc o k c goi la hang so toc o kh

oxy va c ky hieu la k
d
.
Toc o truyen khoi oxy t khong kh vao dung dch (A)
la mot phan ng bac nhat t le vi s chenh lech
gia gia tr bao hoa va nong o thc cua DO:
) DO DO ( k
dt
) DO ( d
bh

T Phng trnh 6-30 va 6-33, chung ta co the thay
rang:
D k
dt
dD

Hang so toc o c goi la hang so toc o nap
khong kh, k
r
.
T cac Phng trnh 6-36 va 6-38 chung ta co the thay
rang, o thieu hut oxy la mot ham cua s canh tranh
gia s s dung oxy va s nap kh t kh quyen:
D k L k
dt
dD
r d

Trong
:
dD/
dt
= S thay oi o thieu hut oxy (D) tren n v
thi gian, mg/L.ngay
k
d
= Hang so toc o kh oxy, ngay
1

L = BOD hoan toan cua nc song, mg/L
k
r
= Hang so toc o nap kh, ngay
1

205
(6-36)
(6-37)
(6-38)
(6-39)
D = o thieu hut oxy trong nc song, mg/L
Bang cach lay tch phan Phng trnh 6-39 vi cac ieu
kien bien: thi iem t = 0: D = D
a
va L = L
a
, va
thi iem t = t, D = D va L = L, ta c phng trnh dien
tien DO:
) e ( D ) e e (
k k
L k
D
t k
a
t k t k
d r
a d
r r d

+
Trong
:
D = o thieu hut oxy trong nc song sau khi s
dung BOD theo thi gian, mg/L
L
a
= BOD hoan toan luc ban au sau khi nc song
va nc thai c xao tron (Phng trnh 6-25),
mg/L
K
d
= Hang so toc o kh oxy, ngay
1

k
r
= Hang so toc o nap kh, ngay
1

D
a
= o thieu hut ban au sau khi nc song va
nc thai c xao tron (Phng trnh 6-31),
mg/L
Khi K
r
= K
d
, Phng trnh 6-30 c viet lai thanh:
) e ( ) D tL k ( D
t k
a a d
d
+
Hang so toc o kh oxy
Hang so toc o kh oxy khac hang so toc o BOD
bi v co nhng s khac biet ve mat vat ly va sinh
hoc gia mot dong song va mot chai BOD. Nhn chung,
BOD c s dung nhanh hn trong song do s xao tron
hon loan, mot so lng ln cac sinh vat mam, va s
kh BOD bi cac sinh vat tren long song cung nh
cac vi sinh vat l lng trong nc. ac biet khi k co
gia tr ln hn 0,7 ngay
1
, k
d
co the len en 7 ngay
1
oi vi nhng dong chay nong va co o doc ln.
206
(6-40)
(6-41)
Tuy nhien, oi vi nhng con song sau va co toc o
dong chay cham, gia tr k
d
thng rat thap hn so vi
k.
Bosko
(*)
a a ra mot phng phap xac nh k
d
thong
qua k bang cach s dung cac ac trng cua dong
chay:
+
H
v
k k
d
Trong
:
k
d
= Hang so toc o kh oxy 20
o
C, ngay
1
v = Toc o trung bnh cua dong chay, m/s
k = Hang so toc o BOD c xac nh trong
phong th nghiem nhiet o 20
o
C, ngay
1

H = o sau trung bnh cua dong chay, m
= He so hoat tnh nen

He so hoat tnh nen co the thay oi t 0,1 (oi vi
nc tu ong hoac nc sau) en 0,6 hoac ln hn
(oi vi cac dong chay nhanh). Lu y rang he so hoat
tnh nen co tnh en mot tha so chuyen oi e co
c so hang th hai vi th nguyen phu hp. Sau khi
xac nh k
d
t Phng trnh 6-42, no can phai c hieu
chnh ve nhiet o bang cach s dung Phng trnh 6-5
neu nh nhiet o cua dong chay khong phai la 20
o
C.
V du 6-10. Xac nh hang so toc o kh oxy cho mot
oan cua dong song ( cac V du 6-8 va 6-9) pha di
mieng xa nc thai. Toc o trung bnh cua dong chay
trong oan song nay la 0,03 m/s. o sau la 5m va he so
hoat tnh nen la 0,35.
( *)
K. Bosko, An Explanation of the Difference Between the Rate of BOD
Progression Under Laboratory and Stream Conditions, Advances in Water
Pollution Reseach, Proceedings of the Third International Conference,
Munich, p. 43, 1966.
207
(6-42)
Giai. T V du 6-8, gia tr cua k c xac nh la 0,12
ngay
1
. S dung Phng trnh 6-42, hang so toc o kh oxy
20
o
C la:
1 1
d
ngay 12 , 0 1221 , 0 ) 35 , 0 (
m 0 , 5
m/s 03 , 0
ngay 12 , 0 k

+
Lu y rang cac n v la cha phu hp. Nh chung ta a
lu y trc ay, cac bieu thc kinh nghiem nh trong
Phng trnh 6-42 co the co cac he so chuyen oi tiem
an. V vay, chung ta nen can than trong viec s dung
cac n v sao cho phu hp vi cac n v a c tac
gia s dung trong phng trnh.
Chung ta cung can lu y rang, hang so toc o kh oxy
tm c la 0,1221 ngay
1
20
o
C. Trong V du 6-9, chung ta
a gia thiet rang nhiet o cua dong song la 10
o
C. Do
vay, chung ta phai hieu chnh lai gia tr k
d
a c xac
nh bang cach s dung Phng trnh 6-5:
1 20 10 1 o
d
ngay 034 , 0 03442 , 0 ) 135 , 1 ( ) ngay 1221 , 0 ( C 10 k

S nap khong kh
Gia tr k
r
phu thuoc vao mc o xao tron hon loan
ma mc o o co lien quan chat che vi van toc
dong chay, va phu thuoc vao t so gia dien tch
mat thoang so vi the tch nc trong song. Mot dong
song hep va sau se co gia tr k
r
nho hn nhieu so vi
dong song rong va nong. Hang so toc o nap khong
kh co the c xac nh bi phng trnh sau
(*)
:
5 , 1
5 , 0
r
H
v 9 , 3
k
Trong
:
k
r
= Hang so toc o nap khong kh 20
o
C, ngay
1
v = Van toc trung bnh cua dong chay, m/s
( *)
D. J. OConnor and W. E. Dobbins, Mechanism of Reaeration in Natural
Streams, American Society of Civil Engineers Transactions, vol. 153, p. 641,
1958.
208
(6-43)
H = o sau trung bnh cua dong chay, m
Lu y rang he so 3,9 tnh en mot tha so chuyen
oi e co c so hang co th nguyen cua phng
trnh. Hang so toc o nap khong kh cung b anh
hng bi nhiet o va co the c ieu chnh theo
nhiet o thc te cua mot con song bang cach s
dung Phng trnh 6-5 nhng vi he so nhiet o =
1,024. oi vi nhieu dong chay, k
r
co the thay oi t
0,05 en ln hn 18 ngay
1
.
e lien he thi gian di chuyen vi khoang cach vat
ly xuoi dong, can phai biet van toc dong chay trung
bnh. Mot khi a tm c gia tr cua D tai mot iem
bat ky cua dong chay xuoi, chung ta co the tm c
DO t phng trnh 6-30. Lu y rang khong the dung
cac bien phap vat ly nao e lam cho DO thap hn
khong. Neu nh o thieu hut tnh toan c t Phng
trnh 6-40 ln hn gia tr DO bao hoa, th khi o toan bo
oxy se b tieu hao mot so thi gian sm hn va DO
bang khong. Neu cac ket qua tnh toan dan en cac
gia tr DO am th phai xem nh DO = 0 bi v no khong
the nao nho hn khong.
iem thap nhat cua ng cong lom DO (c goi la
iem ti han) la ieu ma chung ta quan tam nhieu
nhat v no ch ra nhng ieu kien toi te nhat trong
song. Thi gian e at en iem ti han (t
gh
) co the
c xac nh bang cach lay vi phan Phng trnh 6-40,
gan cho no bang khong, va giai oi vi t bang cach
s dung cac gia tr cua c so e oi vi k
r
va k
d
:
1
1
]
1
,
_
a d
d r
a
d
r
d r
gh
L k
k k
D 1
k
k
ln
k k
1
t
Hoac khi k
r
= k
d
:
,
_

a
a
d
c
L
D
1
k
1
t
o thieu hut ti han (D
gh
), sau o c xac nh bang
cach s dung thi gian ti han trong Phng trnh 6-40.
209
(6-44)
(6-45)
Trong mot so trng hp, ng cong DO co the khong
b vong xuong. Gia tr DO thap nhat co the dien ra
ngay trong vung xao tron. Trong nhng trng hp o,
Phng trnh 6-44 se khong cho c mot gia tr hu ch.
V du 6-11. Xac nh nong o DO tai mot iem khoang
cach 5 km so vi mieng xa nc thai theo chieu dong
chay (Cac v du 6-8, 6-9, 6-10). ong thi xac nh DO ti
han va khoang cach so vi mieng xa theo chieu dong
chay ma o xay ra DO ti han.
Giai. Tat ca cac d lieu thch hp a c cung cap t
3 v du trc. Tr thi gian di chuyen, t, va toc o nap
khong kh, cac gia tr can thiet e giai cac Phng trnh
6-40 va 6-44 a c tnh toan trong cac V du 6-8, 6-9 va 6-
10. Bc au tien la hay tnh k
r
:
1
5 , 1
5 , 0
o
r
ngay 0604 , 0
) m 0 , 5 (
) m/s 03 , 0 ( ) 9 , 3 (
C 20 k

Gia tr k
r
trong tnh toan tren tng ng vi nhiet o 20
o
C,
nhng v nhiet o cua nc song la 10
o
C, do o can phai
hieu chnh theo nhiet o bang cach s dung Phng trnh
6-5:
k
r
10
o
C = (0,0604 ngay
1
) (1,024)
10 20
= 0,04766 ngay
1

Thi gian di chuyen t c tnh toan thong qua khoang
cach theo chieu dong chay va toc o cua dong chay:
ngay 929 , 1
s/ngay) (86400 (0,03m/s)
) m/km 1000 ( ) km 5 (
t
Mac du khong c minh chng bang cac hnh anh co y
ngha trong viec tnh toan, chung ta van co the chon ra 4
hnh anh tieu bieu bi v nhng anh hng cua viec cat
bt gia tr tren may tnh.
o thieu hut c xac nh bang cach s dung Phng
trnh 6-40:
[ ] [ ]
mg/L 73 , 6 hoac 9 729 , 6 D
e 58 , 6 e e
03442 , 0 04766 , 0
) 86 , 11 )( 03442 , 0 (
D
) 929 , 1 ( ) 04766 , 0 ( ) 929 , 1 ( ) 04766 , 0 ( ) 929 , 1 ( ) 03442 , 0 (

va nong o oxy hoa tan la:
DO = 11,33 6,73 = 4,60 mg/L
210
Thi gian ti han c tnh toan bang cach s dung
Phng trnh 6-44:
ngay 45 , 6 t
) 86 , 11 ( ) 03442 , 0 (
03442 , 0 04766 , 0
58 , 6 1
03442 , 0
04766 , 0
ln
0342 , 0 04766 , 0
1
t
gh
gh
'
1
]
1
S dung t
gh
nh la mot yeu to thi gian trong Phng trnh
6-40 e tnh toan o thieu hut ti han nh sau:
[ ] [ ]
mg/L 85 , 6 D
e 58 , 6 e e
03442 , 0 04766 , 0
) 86 , 11 )( 03442 , 0 (
D
gh
) 45 , 6 ( ) 04766 , 0 ( ) 45 , 6 ( ) 04766 , 0 ( ) 45 , 6 ( ) 03442 , 0 (
gh

va DO ti han la:
DO
gh
= 11,33 6,85 = 4,48 mg/L
DO ti han xay ra khoang cach:
km 7 , 16
m/km 1000
1
) m/s 03 , 0 ( ) s/ngay 86400 ( ) ngay 45 , 6 (
,
_
so vi mieng xa nc thai theo chieu dong chay. (Lu y

rang 0,03 m/s la toc o cua dong chay trong con song ang
xet).
Chien lc quan ly
iem khi au cho viec quan ly chat lng nc trong
cac con song la s dung ng cong dien tien DO e
xac nh nong o DO nho nhat ma o cac s
song di nc se c am bao an toan. Gia tr
nay, c goi la DO tieu chuan, thng c cai at
e bao ve loai nhay cam nhat ma no ang hien dien
hoac se co the hien dien trong mot con song xac
nh. oi vi mot dong thai a biet va vi nhng
ac tnh cua mot con song a c biet, phng trnh
dien tien DO co the c giai e tm ra gia tr DO tai
iem ti han. Neu gia tr nay ln hn tieu chuan,
dong song co the ong hoa chat thai mot cach
thoa ang. Neu DO iem ti han thap hn tieu
chuan, viec x ly bo sung chat thai la can thiet.
Thong thng, ngi ky s moi trng ch kiem tra
tren 2 thong so, o la L
a
va D
a
. Bang cach tang
211
cng hieu qua cua cac qua trnh x ly hien hu
hoac bang cach bo sung them mot so cong oan can
thiet trong day chuyen cong nghe x ly, BOD hoan
toan cua dong thai co the giam xuong, do o lam
giam L
a
. Thng th mot phng phap tng oi khong
at tien e giup cai thien chat lng dong chay la
giam D
a
bang cach cung cap them oxy vao nc thai
e a no gan en gia tr bao hoa trc khi thai bo.
e xac nh xem co hay khong co mot s cai tien
c e ngh thoa ang, cac gia tr mi oi vi L
a
va
D
a
c s dung e xac nh xem can hay khong can
tieu chuan DO se b vi pham iem ti han. Di cac
ieu kien ac biet, ngi ta co the thc hien viec
thong kh cng bc cho con song bang cac he thong
thong kh c hoc nham lam tang DO.
Khi s dung ng cong DO e xac nh mc o thch
ang cua viec x ly nc thai, ieu quan trong la
phai s dung cac ieu kien thc cua con song ma
o se gay nen nong o DO thap nhat. Cac ieu kien
o thng xay ra vao nhng thang mua kho, khi ma
lu lng song ha thap va nhiet o song tang cao.
Mot tieu chuan c s dung thng xuyen la lu
lng trung bnh 10 nam va lu lng thap 7 ngay. Cac
lu lng thap cua song lam giam mc o pha loang
chat thai khi chung c a vao song, dan en
nhng gia tr cao hn cua L
a
va D
a
. Gia tr k
r
thng b
giam i khi lu lng song thap, bi v khi o van toc
dong chay cung b giam theo. Them vao o, nhng
nhiet o cao hn se lam tang k
d
hn k
r
va ong thi
giam DO bao hoa, nh vay viec tao ra iem ti han se
rac roi hn.
V du 6-12. Mot Cong ty o hop ang nghien cu m
them mot Nha may mi mot trong hai a iem co
the thc hien c: song X va nhanh cua no, va song Y.
Trong so nhng quyet nh phai lam la chat thai cua
nha may se co anh hng nh the nao oi vi moi con
song va con song nao se chu tac ong t nhat. Cac d
lieu au ra t Nha may o hop A va Nha may o hop
B c can nhac e mo ta cac ac tnh cua dong thai
tiem nang. Ngoai ra, cac ac trng dong chay cua moi
212
con song nhng ieu kien lu lng thap vao mua he
la co kha nang o ac c.
Cac thong so nc thai
au ra
Nha may A Nha may B
Lu lng, m
3
/s 0,0500 0,0500
BOD hoan toan 25
o
C,
kg/ngay
129,60 129,60
DO, mg/L 0,900 0,900
Nhiet o,
o
C 25,0 25,0
K 20
o
C, ngay
1
0,0500 0,0300
Cac thong so cua song Song X Song Y
Lu lng, m
3
/s 0,500 0,500
BOD hoan toan 25
o
C,
kg/ngay
19,00 19,00
DO, mg/L 5,85 5,85
Nhiet o,
o
C 25,0 25,0
Van toc, m/s 0,100 0,200
o sau trung bnh, m 4,00 4,00
He so hoat tnh nen 0,200 0,200
Co 4 to hp can c
anh gia:
AX BX
AY BY
Giai. Bai toan nay se c thc hien tren c so 10 v
rang hang so toc o BOD (K) c cho tren c so 10. Lu
y rang, e minh hoa cho cac tnh toan, so hnh ve thch
hp a c cho oi vi d lieu ln hn so vi so hnh
ve chac chan c o. Ch co s khac biet trong cac to
hp la s thay oi cac he so kh oxy va nap khong kh.
Nh vay, chung ta ch can tnh mot gia tr cua L
a
va mot
gia tr cua D
a
.
Chung ta bat au bang cach chuyen oi tai lng BOD
hoan toan (kg/ngay) sang nong o (mg/L). Cach tiep can
chung cua chung ta e tnh toan nong o t tai lng la
chia khoi lng thai (kg/ngay) cho lu lng nc mang chat
thai (Q
n
, Q
s
, hoac tong Q
n
+ Q
s
):
213
) /s (m thai chat cha co nc lng Lu
(kg/ngay) ra thai uc toan hoan BOD lng Khoi
3
Cac n v khoi lng thai sau o c chuyen oi thanh
mg/ngay la lu lng nc thanh L/ngay e kh bo n
v ngay.
) L/m 10 (1 s/ngay) 86400 ( ) /s m (
) kg / mg 10 (1 (kg/ngay)
3 3 3
6

oi vi Nha may A hoac Nha may B:
mg/L 00 , 30
L 10 320 , 4
mg 10 60 , 129
L
) L/m 10 1 ( ) s/ngay 86400 ( ) /s m (0,0500
) mg/kg 10 1 ( ) kg/ngay 60 , 129 (
L
6
6
n
3 3 3
6
n
Bay gi chung ta co the tnh BOD a c xao tron bang

cach s dung Phng trnh 6-25:
mg/L 20
500 , 0 0500 , 0
) 00 , 19 ( ) 500 , 0 ( ) 00 , 30 ( ) 0500 , 0 (
L
a

+
+
T Bang A-2 Phu luc A, chung ta tm c gia tr DO bao

hoa 25
o
C la 8,38 mg/L. Sau o s dung Phng trnh 6-31
chung ta xac nh c o thieu hut ban au:
mg/L 98 , 2 4 , 5 38 , 8
500 , 0 0500 , 0
) 85 , 5 ( ) 500 , 0 ( ) 900 , 0 ( ) 0500 , 0 (
38 , 8 D
a

+
+

oi vi trng hp nc thai Nha may A xa vao song X
(to hp AX), he so kh oxy va he so nap khong kh c
tnh toan bang cach s dung Phng trnh 6-42 va Phng
trnh 6-43, tren c so 10:
C 20 ngay 05217 , 0
00 , 4 3 , 2
200 , 0 100 , 0
0500 , 0 K
o 1
d

+
va
C 20 ngay 067198 , 0
) 00 , 4 (
) 100 , 0 ( 7 , 1
K
o 1
5 , 1
5 , 0
r

(Lu y: Tha so 2,3 trong phng trnh k

d
va 1,7 trong phng
trnh k
r
la nhng chuyen oi tren c so 10, do o chung
khac vi cac phng trnh trong bai oc).
214
V rang nhiet o cua song la 25
o
C va nhiet o cua
nc thai ra cung la 25
o
C, nen chung ta khong can phai
tnh nhiet o sau khi xao tron. Tuy nhien, chung ta se
hieu chnh k
d
va k
r
en 20
o
C. oi vi k
d
, chung ta s dung
Phng trnh 6-5 vi mot gia tr cua la 1,056.
1 20 25
d
ngay 0685 , 0 hoac 068513 , 0 ) 056 , 1 ( 05217 , 0 K

T nhng ieu a c trnh bay pha di Phng trnh 6-
43, chung ta lu y rang = 1,024 oi vi s nap khong kh,
va nh vay:
1 20 25
r
ngay 0757 , 0 hoac 075658 , 0 ) 024 , 1 ( 067198 , 0 K

Mac du co le khong c chng minh la ung bi cac
he so, chung ta lam tron en 3 con so co ngha bi v
chung ta ch muon tnh toan thi gian di chuyen en 2 so
le.
en ay chung ta co c ay u thong tin ma chung ta
can thiet e tnh toan thi gian en iem ti han bang
cach s dung Phng trnh 6-44:
ngay 07 , 5
0 , 20 0685 , 0
0685 , 0 0757 , 0
0 , 3 1
0685 , 0
0757 , 0
log
0685 , 0 0757 , 0
1
t
gh

'
1
]
1
,
_
Bang cach s dung gia tr nay cho t trong Phng trnh 6-40
(tren c so 10 bi v cac gia tr K la c so 10), chung
ta co the tnh c o thieu hut iem ti han:
[ ] [ ]
mg/L 23 , 8 D
10 98 , 2 10 10
0685 , 0 0757 , 0
0 , 20 0685 , 0
D
gh
) 07 , 5 ( ) 0757 , 0 ( ) 07 , 5 ( ) 0757 , 0 ( ) 07 , 5 ( ) 0685 , 0 (
gh

DO iem ti han c xac nh bang cach giai phng
trnh 6-30 oi vi DO va thay the gia tr gia tr gan ung
cua DO bao hoa t Bang A-2 cua Phu luc A:
DO = DO
bh
D = 8,38 8,13 = 0,25 mg/L
Nh vay, DO thap nhat oi vi to hp AX la 0,25 mg/L,
va no xay ra mot thi iem di chuyen la 5,07 ngay
theo chieu dong chay xuoi t mieng xa cua Nha may A.
Bi v toc o dong chay cua song X la 0,100 m/s, nen
khoang cach ve thi gian tren se tng ng vi:
km 8 , 43
m/km 1000
) s/ngay 86400 ( ) ngay 07 , 5 ( ) m/s 100 , 0 (
215
Cac ket qua tnh toan cua nhng to hp khac c tong
hp lai nh sau:
Thong so tnh
toan
AX AY BX BY
K
d
0,0685 0,0714 0,0422 0,045
1
K
r
0,0757 0,107 0,0757 0,107
t
gh
5,07 3,99 5,93 4,44
D 8,14 6,93 6,27 5,31
DO 0,25 1,47 2,13 3,08
Ro rang rang, tot nhat la nen xay dng nha may B
tren song Y (to hp B-Y).
Bang cach s dung chng trnh ien toan, chung ta a
tao ra c cac gia tr cua o thieu hut oi vi mot
chuoi thi gian cho moi to hp va the hien cac ket qua
tnh toan bang o th nh tren Hnh 6-11. T hnh ve nay,
chung ta co the co mot so nhan xet chung nh sau:
1. Tang toc o nap khong kh, trong khi gi nguyen cac
yeu to khac th se giam o thieu hut va chuyen dch
ngc dong iem ti han;
2. Giam toc o nap khong kh, trong khi gi nguyen cac
yeu to khac th se tang o thieu hut va chuyen dch
xuoi dong iem ti han;
3. Tang toc o kh oxy, trong khi gi nguyen cac yeu to
khac th se tang o thieu hut va chuyen dch ngc
dong iem ti han;
4. Giam toc o kh oxy, trong khi gi nguyen cac yeu
to khac th se giam o thieu hut va chuyen dch xuoi
dong iem ti han.
BOD Nit (N-BOD)
en iem nay, mi ch co BOD carbon (C-BOD) c
xem xet trong ng cong dien tien DO. Tuy nhien, trong
nhieu trng hp, BOD nit t ra cung co anh hng
manh en cac mc oxy hoa tan. Cac nha may x ly
nc thai hien ai co the at c chat lng nc
thai sau x ly vi C-BOD
5
thng xuyen nho hn 30
mg/L. Mot dong nc thai au ra tieu bieu cung co
216
cha khoang 30 mg/L nit, tng ng vi khoang 137
mg/L N-BOD neu nit c thai ra dang ammonia (xem V
du 6-7). BOD nit co the c ket hp chat che vao
ng cong dien tien DO bang cach a them mot so
hang bo sung vao trong Phng trnh 6-40:
( ) ( ) ( )
t k t k
n r
n n t k
a
t k t k
d r
a d
r n r r d
e e
k k
L k
e D e e
k k
L k
D

+ +
Trong
:
k
n
= he so kh oxy do nit, ngay
1
L
n
= N-BOD hoan toan sau khi chat thai c xao
tron vi nc song, mg/L
Cac so hang khac co y ngha giong nh a c
xac nh trc ay
ieu quan trong can phai lu y la vi so hang bo sung
them cho N-BOD, chung ta khong the tm c thi gian
ti han bang cach s dung Phng trnh 6-44. e thay
the, no phai c tm bang cach giai th Phng trnh
6-46 vi nhng sai so nhat nh.
217
(6-46)
Chng 6 QUAN LY CHAT LNG NC 218
Anh hng cua cac yeu to khac en mc DO
trong song
ng cong dien tien DO co ien gia thiet rang ch
co mot nguon iem thai chat thai vao song. Tren
thc te, rat hiem co trng hp nay. Cac nguon thai
phan tan co the c quan ly bang cach chia con
song ra thanh nhng oan ngan hn vi mot nguon
iem phan au cua moi oan song. Mot oan song
c ch nh ro bi mot hoac mot nhom ngi
chuyen mon da tren c s tnh ong nhat cua no,
o la, hnh dang kenh, thanh phan ay, o doc, v.v
o thieu hut oxy va BOD tha co the c tnh toan
phan cuoi cua moi oan song. Cac gia tr nay, sau
o c s dung e xac nh cac gia tr mi cua D
a
va L
a
iem au cua oan song tiep theo. S o
nhiem t cac nguon khong iem cung co the c
quan ly bang cach nay neu nh cac oan song c
chia ra u nho. S o nhiem t nguon khong iem
cung co the c ket hp trc tiep vao phng trnh
dien tien DO oi vi mot s phan tch tinh vi hn. Viec
phan chia con song ra thanh cac oan nho cung can
thiet moi khi co nhng thay oi ve che o dong
chay, v khi o he so nap khong kh cung se thay oi.
Trong cac con song nho, ghenh thac ong vai tro chu
yeu trong viec duy tr cac mc DO cao trong song. Viec
loai bo ghenh thac bang cach nao vet hoac ap ap
mot con song co the gay ra nhng tac ong rat xau
en DO, du rang DO co the ot ngot tang cao trong
dong chay tran t ap xuong do s hon loan cua
dong nc ri.
Mot so con song co cha ng nhieu tram tch vat
chat hu c trong bun lang. Chung co the la cac
tram tch t nhien cua cac la cay hoac cac thc vat
nc b chet hoac co the la cac tram tch cua bun
t cac loai nc thai t c x ly hoac khong c
x ly. Trong trng hp o, s phan huy vat chat
hu c nay at ra them mot ganh nang cho cac
nguon oxy cua dong chay. Khi nhu cau oxy cua sinh vat
ay nay la ang ke so vi nhu cau oxy trong cot
219
nc, no can phai c xem xet en mot cach nh
lng trong phng trnh dien tien DO.
Cac thc vat nc cung co the co anh hng ln
en cac mc DO. Vao ban ngay, cac hoat ong quang
hp cua chung san sinh ra oxy ma chnh lng oxy nay
co vai tro bo sung them s nap kh va tham ch co the
dan en s qua bao hoa oxy. Tuy nhien, cac thc vat
cung tieu thu oxy cho cac qua trnh ho hap. Mac du
co san sinh ra oxy, nhng s ho hap cua thc vat co
the dan en nhng mc DO thap hn rat nhieu vao
ban em. S tang trng cua thc vat thng cao nhat
vao mua he khi ma cac dong song co lu lng thap
va nhiet o cao, v the nhng nhu cau ho hap ve ban
em xay ra ong thi vi nhng trng hp toi te
nhat cua s suy giam oxy t viec s dung BOD. Hn
na, khi cac thc vat nc b chet va lang xuong
ay, chung lai lam tang nhu cau oxy cua sinh vat ay.
Theo le thng, s tang trng manh cua cac thc vat
nc la bat li cho viec duy tr mot mc DO thch hp.
6.3.8.Anh hng cua cac chat dinh dng len
chat lng nc song
Mac du cac chat thai co nhu cau ve oxy ro rang la
cac chat o nhiem song quan trong nhat tren bnh dien
chung, cac chat dinh dng cung co the gop phan
lam giam chat lng nc trong cac con song do s
tang trng thc vat qua mc. Cac chat dinh dng
la cac nguyen to ma cac thc vat can thiet cho s
phat trien cua chung. Trong mo thc vat bao gom rat
nhieu nguyen to nh: carbon, nit, phospho, va nhieu
yeu to vi lng. Khi co u so lng cua tat ca cac
chat dinh dng san co e dung, s tang trng cua
thc vat la hoan toan co the. Bang cach han che s
co the co c cua bat ky mot chat dinh dng nao,
s tang trng them na cua thc vat se b km ham.
Mot so s tang trng cua thc vat lai la ieu mong
muon, v rang cac thc vat tao ra cai nen cua chuoi
thc an va nh vay se nuoi dng quan xa ong
vat. Tuy nhien, s tang trng qua mc co the gay
nen mot so ieu kien phien phc nh tao thanh cac
220
lp nhn day tren be mat cac hon a ngap nc
va nhng s phat trien qua mc cua cac loai rong
nc.
Tnh san co e dung cua cac chat dinh dng khong
ch la can thiet cho s tang trng cua thc vat.
Trong nhieu con song, o uc c gay nen bi cac
hat at b xoi mon, vi khuan, va cac yeu to khac
ngan can anh sang mat tri xam nhap sau vao
nc, do o lam han che s tang trng tong cong
cua thc vat di lp nc sau. Minh chng cho ly do
nay la nhng s tang trng chat nhn tren be mat
cac hon a ngap nc thng dien ra trong nc
nong. Cac luong nc manh cung ngan can cac thc
vat bam re vao nhng vat co nh, va do o han
che s tang trng cua chung oi vi nhng vc
nc yen tnh, ni ma cac luong nc b yeu va nc
u can e cho anh sang xuyen qua.
Cac anh hng cua nit
Co 3 ly do tai sao nit la bat li cho mot nguon tiep
nhan:
1. nhng nong o cao, NH
3
-N oc oi vi ca;
2. NH
3
, nhng nong o thap, va NO
3
co vai tro nh
la cac chat dinh dng cho s tang trng qua mc
cua tao;
3. S chuyen hoa NH
4
+
thanh NO
3
tieu thu nhng lng

ln oxy hoa tan.
Cac anh hng cua phospho
Anh hng co hai chu yeu cua phospho la cho no
giong nh la mot chat dinh dng can cho s song oi
vi s tang trng cua tao. Neu nh tnh san co e
dung cua phospho ap ng c cac nhu cau tang
trng cua tao, th tao se c san sinh ra qua mc.
Khi tao chet i, chung tr thanh mot vat chat hu c
co nhu cau ve oxy ma vi khuan tm kiem e phan huy
221
chung. Nhu cau oxy thng xuyen oi hoi qua nhieu
s cung cap DO cua nguon nc, lam cho ca b chet.
Chien lc quan ly
Chien lc oi vi viec quan ly cac van e ve chat
lng nc lien quan chat che en cac chat dinh
dng qua mc da tren cac nguon thai cho moi mot
chat dinh dng. Ngoai tr trong nhng tnh huong rat
ac biet mi co s phong phu cua carbon san co cho
s tang trng cua thc vat. Cac thc vat s dung
carbon dioxide, ma no san co t o kiem bicarbonate
cua nc va t s phan huy sinh hoc cac vat chat
hu c co trong nguon nc. Khi carbon dioxide c loai
bo khoi nc, no lai c bo sung them t kh quyen.
Nhn chung, nguon nguyen to vi lng chu yeu la s
phong hoa t nhien cua cac khoang vat vo c, mot
qua trnh ma o ngi ky s moi trng t co kiem
soat. Tuy nhien, v ma acid c gay nen bi s o
nhiem khong kh lam tang toc qua trnh xam thc, cho
nen viec kiem soat o nhiem khong kh tot co the se
giup lam giam bt nguon cung cap cac nguyen to vi
lng. Ngay ca khi nhng lng ln cac nguyen to vi
lng c tm thay trong nc thai, th viec loai bo
chung cung gap phai nhng kho khan nhat nh.
Them vao o, nhng lng nho nh vay la can thiet
cho s phat trien cua thc vat ma nit va phospho la
co kha nang e han che chat dinh dng. V vay, viec
kiem soat cac van e ve chat lng nc do chat
dinh dng gay ra trong cac dong song chu yeu da
vao viec kh nit va/hoac phospho t cac dong nc
thai trc khi chung c thai ra song.
6.4. QUAN LY CHAT LNG NC TRONG CAC
HO
Cac chat thai co nhu cau ve oxy cung co the la cac
chat o nhiem quan trong oi vi cac ho cha nc,
ac biet la khi chat thai c thai vao mot khu vc
nam trong ho nh mot vnh. S phat sinh benh la ieu
lo ngai thc s gan cac bai tam. Mot lan na, cung
giong nh cac con song, co nhng loai ho ac biet
ma chung b tac ong nghiem trong nhat bi cac
222
chat o nhiem khac, chang han nh cac hoa chat oc
hai t nguon thai cong nghiep. Tuy nhien, v phospho la
chat o nhiem noi troi hn han cac chat o nhiem
khac trong viec kiem soat chat lng nc trong phan
ln cac ho cha, do o chung ta se tap trung thao
luan nhieu ve chung.
Mot kien thc ve cac he thong ho la can thiet e
hieu c vai tro cua phospho trong s o nhiem ho.
Viec nghien cu ve cac ho c goi la khoa hoc
nghien cu ve ho (limnology). Di ay la mot so
van e c ban trong viec nghien cu ve ho ma no
co lien quan en s o nhiem bi phospho.
6.4.1.S phan tang va luan chuyen
Gan nh tat ca cac ho trong vung on i tr nen
phan tang trong mua he va luan chuyen trong mua thu
do nhng thay oi ve nhiet o cua nc ma s thay
oi nay la ket qua cua s thay oi nhiet o khong
kh theo chu ky hang nam. Them vao o, cac ho
vung kh hau lanh lai chu s phan tang vao mua
ong va luan chuyen vao mua xuan. Cac qua trnh
vat ly o, ma no se c mo ta di ay, dien ra
bat chap chat lng nc trong ho. Ngoai ra, chung
con giup xac nh chat lng nc.
Vao mua he, nc be mat cua cac ho b nong dan
len mot cach gian tiep do tiep xuc vi khong kh
nong va trc tiep do anh nang mat tri. Nc am co
ty trong be hn nc lanh, van gan be mat cho
en khi c xao tron xuong di bi s hon loan cua
gio, song, tau thuyen, va nhng ngoai lc khac. Bi v
s hon loan nay ch keo dai en mot khoang cach
gii han pha di mat nc, nen dan en hien tng
phan tang ro ret: mot tang nc am (epilimnion) co
kha nang xao tron tot noi len tren tang nc lanh
(hypolimnion) t co kha nang c xao tron nam pha
di (Hnh 6-12a). Nh co s xao tron tot ma tang
epilimnion c thong kh (co DO). Tang hypolimnion t
c thong kh hn, do o co nong o DO thap hn va
co the tr thanh vung yem kh (khong co oxy). Ranh
gii gia 2 tang nay c goi la thermocline do s thay
oi nhiet o ot ngot (va do o thay oi ty trong)
223
ma no dien ra trong mot khoang cach tng oi ngan.
S phan tang nhiet (Thermocline) co the c nh
ngha nh la s thay oi nhiet o theo o sau ma o
thay oi o phai thoa man ieu kien ln hn 1
o
C/m.
Ban can phai co kinh nghiem ve s phan tang nhiet
khi bi trong mot ho nho. Mien la ban ch bi theo
phng ngang th luon gap nc am, nhng ngay khi ban
ap xuong nc hoac lan xuong nc th se gap phai
nc lanh: Ban a xuyen qua ng phan tang nhiet.
o sau cua tang epilimnion co lien quan en kch
thc cua ho. No ch nho khoang 1m oi vi cac ho
nho va ln en 20m hoac hn na oi vi cac ho to.
o sau cua tang epilimnion cung co lien quan en
hoat ong ma trong mua xuan khi s phan tang ang
phat trien. Mot tran ma ln vao thi iem thch hp
se lam xao tron nc am hn en mot o sau ang
ke va nh vay tao nen mot tang epilimnion sau hn
bnh thng. Mot khi c hnh thanh, s phan tang cua
ho la rat ben vng. No ch b pha v bi nhng
tran ma cc ky ln. Thc ra, do nhng tien trnh mua
he, tnh on nh tang len bi v tang epilimnion tiep tuc
am, trong khi tang hypolimnion van ton tai mot nhiet
o gan nh la hang so.
224
Hnh 6-12. S phan tang cua mot ho trong mua
he (a) va mua ong (b)
Trong khi ma, nhiet o giam xuong, tang epilimnion lanh
cho en khi no at en ty trong ln hn so vi tang
hypolimnion. Nc mat sau o lang xuong ay va gay
nen s luan chuyen. Nc cua tang hypolimnion vt
len tren be mat tai nhng cho ma no lanh va sau
o lang xuong mot lan na. Ho nh vay tr nen b
xao tron hoan toan. Neu ho trong vung kh hau
lanh, qua trnh nay ngng lai khi nhiet o ha thap
xuong en 4
o
C, v rang ay la nhiet o ma o
nc co ty trong cao nhat. Hn na, s lanh hoac bang
tuyet cua nc be mat cung dan en s phan tang
vao mua ong (Hnh 6-12b). Do nc am len vao mua
xuan, mot lan na no luan chuyen va tr nen b
xao tron hoan toan. Nh vay, ch co duy nhat cac ho
vung kh hau on i la co chu trnh phan tang va
luan chuyen hang ngay ma thoi.
6.4.2.Cac vung sinh hoc
Cac ho eu co cha nhieu vung co hoat tnh sinh hoc
rieng biet, c xac nh rong rai bang tnh san co
e dung cua anh sang va oxy. Cac vung sinh hoc quan
trong nhat, c the hien tren Hnh 6-13, la vung
euphotic, vung littoral va vung sinh vat ay (benthic).
225
Hnh 6-13. Cac vung sinh hoc trong ho
Vung Euphotic
Tang tren cung cua nc ma no co the cho anh
sang mat tri xuyen qua c goi la vung euphotic. Tat
ca s tang trng cua thc vat eu dien ra vung
nay. Trong nc sau, tao la thc vat quan trong nhat,
trong khi o cac thc vat ben re th ch tang trng
trong nc nong gan b ho. o sau cua vung
euphotic c xac nh bang lng o uc lam ngan
can s xuyen qua cua anh nang mat tri. Trong hau
het cac ho, o uc la do s tang trng cua tao,
mac du o mau va cac hat at l lng co the lam
giam ang ke s xuyen qua cua anh sang mat tri
trong mot so ho. Trong vung euphotic, cac thc vat san
sinh ra oxy nh qua trnh quang hp nhieu hn so vi nhu
cau ve oxy cho qua trnh ho hap cua chung. Pha di
vung euphotic la vung profundal. S chuyen tiep gia 2
vung c goi la mc bu anh sang (light compensation
level). Mc bu anh sang tng ng vi mot o sau
ma o cng o anh sang vao khoang 1 phan
tram so vi cng o anh sang cha b lam suy yeu.
ieu quan trong can phai chu y la ay cua vung
euphotic ch hiem khi trung vi ng phan cach nhiet
(thermocline).
Vung littoral
Nc nong gan b ho ma o cac thc vat
nc ben re co the tang trng, c goi la vung
littoral. Khoang rong cua vung littoral phu thuoc vao o
doc cua ay ho va o sau cua vung euphotic. Vung
littoral khong the keo dai sau hn vung euphotic.
226
Vung benthic
Cac vat chat tram tch (bun lang) di ay ho bao
gom vung benthic. Khi cac sinh vat song trong nc
chet i, chung lang xuong ay va o chung b
phan huy bi cac sinh vat song trong vung benthic. Vi
khuan luon co mat trong vung nay. S hien dien cua
cac loai sinh vat bac cao nh giun, con trung, va loai
giap xac phu thuoc vao tnh san co cua oxy.
6.4.3.Nang suat sinh hoc cua ho
Nang suat sinh hoc cua ho la mot ai lng dung e
o nang lc cung cap mot chuoi thc an cua no. Tao
hnh thanh nen cai nen cua chuon thc an nay, cung
cap thc an cho cac sinh vat bac cao hn. Nang suat
sinh hoc cua ho c xac nh bang cach o lng tao
tang trng ma lng tao nay co the c nuoi nang
bang cac chat dinh dng co the co c. Mac du
mot ho co nang suat sinh hoc nhieu hn thng se
co mot quan the ca cao hn, nhng so lng cua phan
ln ca mong muon co the b suy giam. Tren thc te,
nang suat tang thng dan en s suy giam chat
lng nc do nhng thay oi ngoai y muon dien ra,
chang han nh s tang trng cua tao. Bi v nang
suat sinh hoc ong vai tro quan trong trong viec xac
nh chat lng nc, nen no la c s cho viec phan
loai cac ho.
Cac ho Oligotrophic
Cac ho oligotrophic co mc nang suat sinh hoc thap do
nguon cung cap cac chat dinh dng e nuoi nang s
tang trng cua tao b han che nghiem ngat. Nh mot
ket qua, nc sach en noi ma ay cua no co the
c nhn thay nhng o sau mong muon. Trong
trng hp nay, vung euphotic thng lan sau xuong
vung hypolimnion, ma no la vung thong kh. Cac ho
oligotrophic, v the, nuoi c cac loai cac nc lanh.
Ho Tahoe bien gii California-Nevada la mot v du
ien hnh cho loai ho oligotrophic.
227
Cac ho eutrophic
Cac ho eutrophic co nang suat sinh hoc cao do nguon
cung cap cac chat dinh dng cho tao rat phong phu.
Tao lam cho nc co o uc cao, v vay vung eutrophic
ch co the lan sau mot phan vao vung epilimnion. Khi
tao chet, chung lang xuong ay ho va o chung
b phan huy bi cac sinh vat ay. Trong mot ho
eutrophic, s phan huy nay la u e lam suy yeu s
hypolimnion cua oxy trong s phan tang mua he. Bi v
tang hypolimnion la yem kh trong mua he, nen cac ho
eutrophic ch nuoi c ca nc am. Tren thc te,
phan ln ca nc am c uoi ra khoi ho trc khi
tang hypolimnion tr nen yem kh bi v cac loai ca
nay thng oi hoi mc oxy hoa tan toi thieu la 5
mg/L. Cac ho phu dng (eutrophic) cao cung co the
co nhng mang ln tao noi ma chung thng tao
nen nhng mui va v kho chu oi vi nc.
Cac ho Mesotrophic
Cac ho ma o cac ieu kien sinh hoc nam gia
cac ieu kien sinh hoc cua ho oligotrophic va eutrophic
c goi la ho mesotrophic. Mac du co the dien ra s
suy giam oxy ang ke trong tang hypolimnion, no van la
vung hieu kh.
Cac ho senescent
Co nhng ho rat gia va nong ma chung co lp
tram tch hu c day va co cac thc vat nc ben re
trong tnh trang rat hon loan. Cac ho o cuoi cung se
tr thanh cac am lay.
6.4.4.S phu dng hoa
S phu dng hoa (Eutrophication) la mot qua trnh t
nhien ma trong o cac ho dan dan tr nen can hn
va co nang suat sinh hoc hn nh s a vao va quay
vong cac chat dinh dng. Nh vay, cac ho oligotrophic
dan dan chuyen sang cac trang thai mesotrophic,
eutrophic, va senescent, va cuoi cung b lap ay hoan
toan. Thi gian e cho qua trnh nay dien ra phu thuoc
vao kch thc nguyen thuy cua ho va toc o ma
228
o cac vat chat lang ong va cac chat dinh dng
c a vao ho. Trong mot so ho, qua trnh phu
dng hoa cham en noi phai mat hang ngan nam
mi co the chuyen qua vi mot t thay oi ve chat
lng nc. Cac ho khac co the b phu dng ngay
t nhng ngay chung mi c hnh thanh nen, neu
nh cac mc dinh dng u cao thi iem o.
S phu dng hoa do trong trot (Cultural eutrophication)
c tao ra khi hoat ong cua con ngi can thiep vao
cac qua trnh dien ra trong t nhien bang cach tang
cng toc o a cac chat lang ong va cac chat
dinh dng vao ho. Nh vay, s o nhiem ho co the
c nhn thay do s tang cng qua mc cac qua
trnh t nhien. ieu nay khong noi rang, cac ho phu
dng hoa tat yeu la b o nhiem, nhng ch muon
noi rang, s o nhiem gop phan vao s phu dng
hoa. Viec quan ly chat lng nc trong cac ho trc
het co lien quan en viec km ham qua trnh phu
dng hoa t ra la en toc o t nhien. e hieu c
cac yeu to co lien quan en s phu dng hoa, can
phai tm hieu cac yeu to gop phan vao s tang
trng cua tao.
6.4.5.Cac nhu cau cho s tang trng cua tao
Tat ca cac loai tao eu can en cac chat dinh
dng a lng (macronu-trients), nh carbon, nit, va
phospho; va cac chat dinh dng vi lng (micronutrients)
nh cac nguyen to vi lng. e cho tao tang trng,
tat ca cac chat dinh dng eu phai san co e
dung. S thieu vang bat ky mot chat dinh dng nao
cung se han che tong quan the tao. Kha nang san
co cua moi mot chat dinh dng va chu trnh t nhien
cua no c dan ra di ay.
Carbon
Tao gianh c carbon cho no t carbon dioxide hoa tan
trong nc. V rang carbon dioxide nam can bang vi he
em bicarbonate (xem Chng 1), nen carbon san co tc
thi c xac nh bang o kiem cua nc. Tuy nhien,
khi carbon dioxide c kh khoi nc, no lai c bo
229
sung them t kh quyen. Tat nhien, kh quyen la mot
nguon cung cap CO
2
gan nh la vo tan. Khi tao b tieu
thu bi cac sinh vat bac cao hn hoac khi b chet va
phan huy, carbon hu c b oxy hoa tr lai thanh carbon
dioxide ma no hoac la quay tr lai nc, hoac la quay
tr lai khong kh e hoan tat chu trnh carbon.
Nit
Nit trong cac ho thng dang nitrate (NO
3
) va i vao
ho t cac nguon ben ngoai theo ng chay vao cua
cac dong suoi hoac t nc ngam. Khi c s dung
cho s tang trng cua tao, nit b kh bang con
ng hoa hoc thanh amino-nit (NH
2
) va c gan ket
vao cac hp chat hu c. Khi tao chet b phan huy,
nit hu c c phong thch vao nc dang ammonia
(NH
3
). Sau o ammonia b oxy hoa tr lai thanh nitrate
bi vi khuan trong qua trnh nitrate hoa tng t nh qua
trnh a c e cap en trc ey trong cac he
thong song.
Cac chu trnh nit t nitrate en nit hu c, thanh
ammonia, va quay tr lai nitrate dien ra trong ieu kien
hieu kh. Tuy nhien, trong bun lang yem kh, va trong
tang hypolimnion cua cac ho phu dng (eutrophic), khi
ma s phan huy tao lam suy giam nguon cung cap
oxy, nitrate b kh bi cac vi khuan k kh thanh kh nit
(N
2
) va b bien mat khoi he thong trong mot qua trnh
c goi la qua trnh kh nitrate hoa (denitrification).
Qua trnh kh nitrate hoa lam giam thi gian trung bnh
ma nit con trong he thong ho. Phan ng kh nitrate
hoa dien ra nh sau:
O H CO N c hu carbon NO 2
2 2 2 3
+ + +
Mot so vi sinh vat quang hp cung co the co nh kh

nit t kh quyen bang cach chuyen no thanh nit hu
c. Trong cac ho, cac vi khuan co nh nit quan trong
nhat la vi khuan quang hp (photosynthetic bacteria), c
goi la cyanobacteria, c biet en trc ay vi ten
goi la tao luc-xanh bi v chung co cha cac sac to.
Nh kha nang co nh nit cua mnh ma cyanobacteria
230
(6-47)
co mot li the canh tranh vt troi tao xanh khi cac
nong o cua nitrate va ammonium thap nhng cac chat
dinh dng khac th kha phong phu. Vi khuan
cyanobacteria noi chung la khong mong muon do xu
hng tap hp lai thanh nhng tang noi xau x cua
chung va bi v chung gay ra nhng mui va v kho
chu oi vi nc. Cyanobacteria cung co the san sinh
ra cac oc to giet chet ca. May thay, cac sinh vat
phien toai o la khong pho bien, tr khi viec cung
cap nit co nh hoa tan b giam xuong en mc
thap.
Phospho
Phospho trong cac ho co nguon goc t ben ngoai,
c tao s dung dang phospho vo c (PO
4
3
) va c
gan ket vao cac hp chat hu c. Khi tao b phan
huy, phospho quay tr lai dang vo c. S phong thch
phospho t cac te bao tao b chet nhanh en noi ch
con mot t no sot lai tang epilimnion vi s lang ong
cac te bao tao. Tuy nhien, dan dan roi phospho cung
c chuyen vao bun lang, mot so th nam trong vat
chat hu c khong c phan huy; mot so th nam
dang ket tua vi cac cation sat, nhom, va canxi; con
mot so th nam trong cac hat at set. Trong pham vi
rong, viec di chuyen thng xuyen cua phospho t
nc vao trong bun lang phu thuoc vao lng sat,
nhom, can xi va at set i vao ho cung vi phospho.
Cac nguyen to vi lng
So lng cac nguyen to vi lng can cho s tang
trng cua tao nho en mc ma phan ln cac
nguon nc sach eu co u so lng cho mot quan
the tao ang ke.
6.4.6.S han che chat dinh dng
Vao nam 1840, Justin Liebig a a ra mot y tng rang
s tang trng cua mot thc vat phu thuoc vao
lng thc pham c cung cap cho no lng nho
nhat. Ngay nay, ieu nay a c biet en vi ten
goi la Quy luat cc tieu cua Liebig. Khi c ap dung cho
231
tao, ieu o co ngha la s tang trng cua tao se
b han che bi chat dinh dng ma no co the co the
dung c t nhat. Trong so tat ca cac chat dinh
dng, ch co phospho la khong san co t kh quyen
hoac nguon nc t nhien. V le o, phospho c xem
nh la s han che chat dinh dng trong cac ho. Lng
phospho kiem soat c lng tao tang trng va do
o kiem soat c nang suat sinh hoc cua cac ho.
ieu nay co the c nhn thay t Hnh 6-14 ma trong
o nong o cua chlorophyll a c ve theo nong o
cua phospho. Chlorophyll a, mot trong nhng diep luc to
lien quan en s quang hp, a c tm thay trong tat
ca cac loai tao, c s dung e phan biet lng tao
trong nc so vi cac chat ran hu c khac nh vi
khuan. Ngi ta a c tnh rang, nong o phospho
can phai thap hn 0,010 en 0,015 mg/L e han che s
n hoa cua tao
(*)
.
( *)
R. A. Vollenweider, Input-output Models with Special Reference to the
Phosphorus Loading Concept an Limnology, Schweiz. Z. Hydro., 37, pp. 53-
83, 1975.
232
Hnh 6-14. Moi tng quan gia cac mc chlorophyll a
mua he va nong o phospho tong cong o
c oi vi 143 ho.
Nguon: J. R. Jones and R. W. Bachman, Prediction of Phosphorus and
Chlorophyll Levels in Lake, Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, vol. 48, p. 2176, 1976.
6.4.7.Kiem soat phospho trong cac ho
V rang phospho thng han che chat dinh dng, cho
nen viec kiem soat s phu dng hoa do nong
nghiep can phai c thc hien bang cach giam bt
viec a phospho vao ho. Mot khi au vao c giam,
nong o phospho t t giam xuong do phospho b chon
vui trong bun lang hoac c san bang t ho. Cac
chien lc khac oi vi viec loai bo hoac lam cham
qua trnh phu dng hoa cung a c e xuat,
chang han nh viec ket tua phospho bang cach cho
them nhom vao, hoac loai bo cac tram tch ay giau
phospho bang cach nao vet bun ay. Tuy nhien, neu
nguon phat thai phospho khong c cat giam th qua
trnh phu dng hoa van tiep tuc xay ra. Nh vay, neu
ch ap dung moi bien phap nao vet bun lang hoac
ket tua phospho khong thoi th ch a en s cai
thien nhat thi chat lng nc. Ket hp cung vi
viec cat giam nguon phat thai phospho, cac bien
phap o co the giup tang cng hn na viec loai
bo phospho trong he thong ho. Tat nhien, s can thiet
phai tang cng qua trnh phuc hoi cac ho cha can
phai c can nhac than trong e e phong nhng
ieu bat li tiem an t viec chay tran bun va cac
chat oc hai trong bun ra cac vung ven bien.
e giam viec a phospho vao ho, can phai biet cac
nguon thai phospho va tiem nang giam thieu chung.
Nguon phospho trong t nhien la s thay oi hnh dang
a (s mai mon). Phospho phong thch ra khoi a co
the i thang vao nguon nc, nhng thong thng th
no c cac thc vat ong hoa va i vao nc
dang xac chet cua thc vat. ieu nay cc ky kho
khan cho viec giam nguon thai phospho t nhien vao
ho. Neu nguon phospho nay ln, ho thng b phu
dng t nhien. oi vi mot so ho, nguon phospho
233
chu yeu c a vao ho la do cac hoat ong cua con
ngi. Trong so o, nguon quan trong nhat la nc
thai o th va cong nghiep, nc ro r t cac be t
hoai, va s ra troi phan hoa hoc co cha phospho t
at canh tac vao nguon nc.
Nc thai o th va cong nghiep
Tat ca nc cong o th eu co cha phospho t
chat bai tiet cua con ngi. Nhieu chat thai cong
nghiep co ham lng phospho rat cao. Trong nhng
trng hp o, ch co mot cach co hieu qua cho
viec giam thai phospho la thong qua cac qua trnh x
ly chat thai tien tien ma chung se c e cap en
trong Chng x ly nc thai cua quyen sach nay.
Nc thai o th cung co cha nhng lng ln
phospho t cac chat tay ra co cha polyphosphate,
ma no la mot chuoi cac ion phosphate (thng la 3)
c lien ket chat vi nhau. Polyphosphate ket hp vi
o cng trong nc lam cho chat tay ra co hieu
qua tay sach cao. T nhng nam 1970, tai lng
phospho t cac chat tay ra xap x gap oi tai lng
cua chung t cac chat bai tiet cua con ngi. Phospho
co nguon goc t cac chat tay ra co the c loai
bo bang cac bien phap x ly chat thai phu hp,
nhng phospho cung co the c loai bo ngay trong chnh
ban than chat tay ra va nh vay no khong hien
dien trong nc thai. Vi cac cach tiep can chu ong
ve giam thieu chat thai, nhieu quoc gia a a ra cac
quy nh phap luat nghiem cam viec san xuat va s
dung chat tay ra co cha phospho nh la mot bien
phap nhanh chong e giam thieu viec phat thai
phospho vao cac ho.
Nc ro r t be t hoai
Tren lu vc cua cac ho cha nc thng xuat hien
rai rac cac ngoi nha co hoac khong co be t hoai.
Trong trng hp khong co be t hoai, viec ra troi
trc tiep cac chat thai tren b ho xuong nc la
ieu tat yeu va gop phan gay nen hien tng phu
dng hoa ho. Trong trng hp co be t hoai (kieu t
tham), khi nc thai a c x ly di chuyen qua at
234
ve pha ho, phospho trong nc thai b hap phu bi cac
hat at, ac biet la at set. Nh vay, nhng thi
ky au, khi ma cac hoat ong song tren b ho con
han che va dung lng hap phu phospho cua at con
ln, th hau nh khong co hoac ch co rat t phospho
c a vao ho. Tuy nhien, dan theo thi gian, dung
lng hap phu phospho cua at b khong con na va
khi o bat ky mot nguon thai phospho nao mi xuat
hien hoac tang them tren b ho cung eu c a
vao ho va gop phan gay nen s phu dng hoa ho.
Thi gian lam cho phospho xuyen thung qua at vao ho
phu thuoc vao dang at, khoang cach t nguon thai
en ho, lng nc thai tao ra, va nong o cua
phospho trong nc thai. e ngan nga phospho i vao
ho, can phai xay dng cac be t hoai khoang cach
u xa so vi ho e cho dung lng hap phu phospho cua
at khong b qua tai. Neu nh ieu nay khong the
thc hien c, can phai thay the cac be t hoai kieu
t tham bang cac be t hoai hp ve sinh vi viec x
ly bo sung chat dinh dng, hoac phai thu gom nc
thai a vao mang li thoat nc dan en tram x
ly e at c cac mc gii han cho phep ve nong
o chat dinh dng trc khi xa vao nguon nc.
Ra troi t at canh tac
Bi v phospho la mot chat dinh dng cho thc vat,
nen no la mot hp phan quan trong trong phan bon.
Khi nc ma ra troi cac vung at canh tac nong
nghiep, mot so phospho c loi cuon vao dong chay
va sau o i vao cac ho. Phan ln phospho khong b
ong hoa bi thc vat th c chon vui trong cac hat
at. Phospho tram tch trong at c a vao cac dong
suoi va ho thong qua s xoi mon at. Viec giam
thieu chat thai co the c ap dung e kiem soat
tai lng phospho a vao cac ho t phan bon nong
nghiep bang cach khuyen khch nong dan bon phan
thng xuyen hn vi nhng lng nho hn va khuyen
khch nhng hoat ong co hieu qua nham ngan chan
s soi mon at.
235
6.4.8.Axt hoa cac ho cha
Nc ma tinh khiet thng co tnh xt nhe. Nh chung ta
a biet, CO
2
hoa tan trong nc tao thanh xt carbonic
(H
2
CO
3
). Nong o can bang cua H
2
CO
3
dan en mot
gia tr pH cua nc ma xap x 5,6. Nh vay, ma xt
thng c xac nh nh la nhng tran ma co pH <
5,6. Cac nguyen nhan lam cho nc ma co gia tr pH
thap thng c quy cho la s phat thai cac kh SO
x
,
NO
x
t viec ot chay cac nhien lieu hoa thach.
Cac loai ca, ac biet la ca Hoi vung ai Tay Dng,
thng rat nhay cam vi cac mc pH thap. Phan ln
chung b kch ong manh me neu pH ha thap xuong
di 5,5 va mot so t co the song sot c neu pH
tut xuong di 5,0. Neu pH tut xuong di 4,0, ech
nhay va cac loai sinh vat nhay co the b chet en
tren 85%.
Nhng nong o cao cua nhom thng lam cho ca b
chet. Nhom th phong phu trong at nhng no thng
troi len trong cac khoang vat at. cac gia tr pH
thong thng, hiem khi tm thay nhom dang dung
dch. S xt hoa nc lam phong thch Al
3+
co oc hai
cao oi vi nc.
Phan ln cac ho c em bang he em carbonate.
en mot chng mc ma nang lc em cua ho khong
b vt qua, pH cua ho se khong b anh hng ang
ke bi ma axt. Neu co mot nguon carbon e thay the
cho nguon carbon b tieu thu bi ma axt, kha nang
em co the ln hn. Cac loai at cha a voi co
cha nhng lng ln canxi carbonate (CaCO
3
). Axt
carbonic phong thch bicarbonate vao trong dung dch. H
+
t
ma axt cung se phong thch bicarbonate. Nh vay, cac
ho c hnh thanh trong at cha a voi co khuynh
hng chu ng c s axt hoa.
Cac yeu to khac ma chung anh hng en tnh nhay
cam cua ho oi vi s axt hoa la tnh tham va o
sau cua at, nen a, o doc va kch thc cua lu
vc, va dang thc vat tren lu vc. Cac loai at khong
tham nc chu c s tiep xuc gia at va lng
236
ma mot vai lan. ieu nay lam giam tiem nang em
cua at oi vi ma axt. Cung nh vay, cac lu vc
nho vi nhng o doc ng lam giam thi gian cho
viec em dien ra. La thc vat rung co khuynh hng
lam giam o axt.
Kiem soat s axt hoa ho lien quan en viec kiem
soat cac s phat thai SO
x
va NO
x
vao kh quyen. Vai
tro cua s o nhiem khong kh trong s lang ong axt
se c e cap en chi tiet hn trong Chng 12 O
nhiem khong kh.
6.5. CAU HOI VA THAO LUAN
6.1. Axt glutamic (C
5
H
9
O
4
N) c s dung nh la mot trong
nhng tac nhan tieu chuan e kiem tra viec xet
nghiem BOD. Xac nh nhu cau oxy ly thuyet cua 150
mg/L axt glutamic. Gia s rang cac phan ng dien ra nh
sau:
C
5
H
9
O
4
N + 9/2O
2
5CO
2
+ 3H
2
O + NH
3
NH
3
+ 2O
2
NO
3
+ H
+
+H
2
O
6.2. Cac te bao vi khuan c ac trng bi cong thc hoa
hoc la C
5
H
7
NO
2
. Tnh nhu cau oxy ly thuyet gia s rang
cac phan ng dien ra nh sau:
C
5
H
7
NO
2
+ 5O
2
5CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + NH
3
NH
3
+ 2O
2
NO
3
+ H
+
+H
2
O
6.3. Neu BOD
5
cua mot chat thai la 220,0 mg/L va BOD hoan
toan cua chat thai o la 320,0 mg/L th hang so toc o
BOD la bao nhieu (c so 10)?
ap so: K = 0,101 ngay
1

6.4. Neu BOD cua nc thai o th cuoi 7 ngay la 60,0
mg/L va BOD hoan toan cua nc thai nay la 85,0 mg/L
th hang so toc o BOD la bao nhieu (c so 10)?
6.5. Chuyen oi hang so toc o a tm c Cau hoi 6-3
sang c so e.
ap so: k = 0,233 ngay
1

6.6. Chuyen oi hang so toc o a tm c Cau hoi 6-3
sang c so e.
237
6.7. Gia s rang cac so lieu trong Cau hoi 6-3 c xac
nh nhiet o 20
o
C. Hay tnh hang so toc o nhiet
o 15
o
C.
ap so: K = 0,0536 ngay
1
6.8. Gia s rang cac so lieu trong Cau hoi 6-4 c xac
nh nhiet o 25
o
C. Hay tnh hang so toc o nhiet
o 16
o
C.
6.9. C mau (tnh bang %) nao la can thiet cho BOD
5
= 350,0
mg/L neu oxy b tieu thu b gii han 6,00 mg/L?
6.10.Neu BOD hoan toan cua hai chat thai co cac gia tr K
= 0,0800 ngay
1
va K = 0,120 ngay
1
la 280,0 mg/L, th BOD
5
cua moi chat thai la bao nhieu?
ap so: oi vi K = 0,08 ngay
1
, BOD5 = 169 mg/L;
oi vi K = 0,12 ngay
1
, BOD5 = 210 mg/L.
6.11.Neu BOD
5
cua hai chat thai co cac gia tr K = 0,080
ngay
1
va K = 0,120 ngay
1
la 280,0 mg/L, th BOD hoan
toan cua moi chat thai la bao nhieu?
6.12.Ve cac ng cong BOD t cac ket qua trong Cau hoi
6-10. BOD hoan toan xay ra khoang thi gian nao?
Kiem tra ap so cua ban bang cach s dung Phng
trnh 6-4.
ap so: BOD hoan toan xay ra t = 34,5 ngay.
6.13.Ve cac ng cong BOD t cac ket qua trong Cau hoi
6-11. BOD hoan toan xay ra khoang thi gian nao oi
vi moi mot chat thai? Kiem tra ap so cua ban bang
cach s dung Phng trnh 6-4.
6.14.Bang cach s dung Phng phap Thomas, hay tnh hang
so toc o BOD tren c so e t cac d lieu sau ay:
Ngay 2 5 10 20 35
BOD,
mg/L
119 210 262 279 279,98
6.15.Bang cach s dung cac d lieu t Cau hoi 6-1, hay
tnh nhu cau oxy sinh hoa theo nit (N-BOD) cua axt glutamic.
6.16.Bang cach s dung cac d lieu t Cau hoi 6-2, hay
tnh nhu cau oxy sinh hoa theo nit (N-BOD) cua cac te
bao vi khuan.
238
6.17.Thiet lap mot bieu thc toan hoc bieu dien nhiet o
sau cung (T
c
) sau khi xao tron nc thai co lu lng Q
n

nhiet o T
n
vi nc song co lu lng Q
s
nhiet o T
s
.
Gia s rang ty nhiet va ty trong cua nc thai va
nc song la nh nhau.
6.18.Mot xng thuoc da xa nc thai vi lu lng 0,011
m
3
/s va BOD
5
= 590 mg/L vao song X. Song X co lu lng
thap nhat trong 7 ngay trong vong 10 nam la 1,7 m
3
/s.
Theo hng ngc vi xng thuoc da, BOD
5
cua nc
song la 0,6 mg/L. Hang so toc o BOD (k) la 0,115 ngay
1
oi vi nc thai cua xng thuoc da va 3,7 ngay
1
oi vi song X. Tnh BOD hoan toan luc au sau khi
xao tron.
6.19. mot khoang cach ngan xuoi dong t xng thuoc
da a c e cap en trong Cau hoi 6-18, mot nha
may san xuat keo dan va mot nha may x ly nc
thai o th cung thai nc thai vao song X. Lu lng
nc thai va BOD hoan toan cua 2 dong thai nay c
cho di ay. Hay xac nh BOD hoan toan luc ban au
sau khi co s xao tron gia song X va 3 dong nc thai
noi tren.
Nguon Lu lng,
m
3
/s
BOD hoan
toan, mg/L
Nha may san xuat
keo dan
Nha may x ly nc
thai o th
0,13
0,02
255
75
6.20.Tnh hang so toc o kh BOD va hang so toc o nap
khong kh (c so e) oi vi cac ieu kien nc thai va
dong chay di ay:
Nguon k
(ngay
1
)
t (
o
C) H (m) v (m/s)

Nc
thai
Dong
chay
0,20
20
20
1,0
0,5
0,4
6.21.Trong giai oan lut, cac ieu kien ve dong chay trong
Cau hoi 6-20 thay oi nh trnh bay di ay. Xac nh
cac gia tr cua k
d
va k
r
oi vi cac ieu kien lut.
239
Nguon k
(ngay
1
)
t (
o
C) H (m) v (m/s)

Nc
thai
Dong
chay
0,20
20
20
4,0
2,5
0,6
6.22.BOD hoan toan luc ban au sau khi xao tron cua song Y
la 50 mg/L. DO trong song sau khi nc thai va nc song
c xao tron la mc bao hoa. Nhiet o nc song
la 25
o
C. 25
o
C, hang so toc o kh oxy la k
d
= 0,35
ngay
1
va hang so toc o nap khong kh la k
r
= 0,30
ngay
1
. Xac nh iem ti han (t
gh
) va DO ti han.
6.23.Dong thai t mot nha may san xuat ng ma lam
cho DO iem ti han cua nguon tiep nhan tut xuong
en 4,0 mg/L. Nguon tiep nhan co BOD khong ang ke
va o thieu hut ban au sau khi nc song va nc
thai c xao tron bang zero. DO se bang bao nhieu
neu nong o chat thai (L
n
) giam i 50%? Gia s rang
lu lng van khong thay oi va mc DO bao hoa van
la 10,83 trong ca hai trng hp.
6.24.Ban hay cho biet viec xa nc thai cua khu o th A
vao song Z co lam giam DO trong song xuong di gia
tr tieu chuan cho phep la 5,0 mg/L mot v tr N cach
mieng thai 5,79 km xuoi theo chieu dong chay hay
khong, hoac bat ky mot v tr nao khac xuoi theo
dong chay? Cac d lieu can thiet c cho nh sau:
Thong so Nc thai
cua khu o
th A
Song Z
Lu lng, m
3
/s
BOD hoan toan
28
o
C, mg/L
DO, mg/L
K
d
28
o
C, ngay
1

K
r
28
o
C, ngay
1

Van toc dong chay,
m/s
Nhiet o,
o
C
0,280
6,44
1,00
28
0,877
7,00
6,00
0,199
0,370
0,650
28
Tra li: DO v tr N = 4,75 mg/L;
DO ti han = 4,72 mg/L t
gh
= 0,3149 ngay.
240
6.25.Neu nhiet o song Z trong Cau hoi 6-24 giam xuong
en 12
o
C, viec xa nc thai cua khu o th A vao song
Z co lam giam DO trong song xuong di 5,00 mg/L
khoang cach 5,79 km so vi mieng xa xuoi theo dong
chay hay khong? Lu y rang: Ban phai tnh mot nhiet
o mi sau khi nc thai c xao tron vi nc song,
sau o ch hieu chnh K
d
va K
r
cua song.
6.26.Tnh A a than phien vi cac c quan chnh phu rang
thanh pho B ang lam han che kha nang s dung con
song X cua tnh nay do viec xa nc thai cha x ly
cua thanh pho B vao song X. Tieu chuan chat lng
nc do chnh phu quy nh oi vi song X la DO 5,00
mg/L. Tnh A nam cach thanh pho B 15,55 km ve pha ha
lu. DO trong nc song tai tnh A la bao nhieu? DO ti
han la bao nhieu va iem ti han xay ra au? Kha
nang ong hoa (kha nang t lam sach) cua song X co
b han che khong? Cac d lieu di ay i oi vi lu
lng thap nhat trung bnh 10 ngay trong vong 7 nam
thanh pho B.
Thong so Nc thai
cua thanh
pho B
Song X
Lu lng, m
3
/s
BOD
5
16
o
C, mg/L
BOD
hoan toan
16
o
C,
mg/L
DO, mg/L
Nhiet o,
o
C
k 20
o
C, ngay
1

Van toc dong chay,
m/s
o sau, m
He so hoat tnh nen
0,1507
128,00
1,00
16,0
0,4375 ngay
1

1,08
11,40
7,95
16,0
0,390
2,80
0,200
6.27.e nang cao hieu qua cua viec bao ve nguon nc
bang cac quy nh phap luat, Cuc Moi trng a a ra
mot yeu cau la cac khu o th phai tien hanh x ly
nc thai am bao dong thai sau x ly co BOD
5
khong
vt qua 30 mg/L. Nc thai t thanh pho B (a c
e cap en trong cau hoi 6-26) ro rang la a vt tieu
chuan quy nh nay. Vi cac d lieu a cho trong cau
hoi 6-26 tren, hay giai lai bai toan nay vi gia s
241
rang nc thai cua thanh pho B a c x ly en
BOD
5
nho hn 30,00 mg/L.
6.28.Neu dan so va nhu cau s dung nc cua thanh pho
B (trong cac cau hoi 6-26 va 6-27 tren) tang len 5%
moi nam cung vi s gia tang lu lng nc thai tng
xng, th s tang trng nay co the duy tr c bao
nhieu nam trc khi viec x ly nc thai tr nen
khong con thch hp na (qua tai)? Gia s rang nha
may x ly nc thai cua thanh pho nay tiep tuc duy
tr BOD
5
au ra mc 30,00 mg/L.
6.29.e cho nc thai cua khu o th A (Cau hoi 6-24) khong
lam giam DO trong nc song Z xuong di 5,00 mg/L
bat ky ni nao trong song, co 3 phng an c a ra:
(1) giam BOD, (2) tang DO, va (3) ket hp giam BOD ong
thi vi lam tang DO cua nc thai trc khi thai vao
song Z. Phng an nao la co hieu qua ve mat kinh te
nhat? Biet rang chi ph cho viec giam BOD gap 3 en 5
lan chi ph cho viec lam tang DO trong nc thai au ra.
Tra li: Tang DO trong nc thai len en 2,7 mg/L
la phng an co hieu qua ve mat kinh te nhat.
6.30.Gia s rang o thieu hut oxy sau khi a c xao tron
la D
a
= 0 va BOD hoan toan cua song X pha tren
mieng xa nc thai t khu o th A la L
r
= 0, hay tnh
lng BOD hoan toan, kg/ngay, ma no co the c thai
ra song neu nh DO phai am bao gi c 4,00 mg/L
mot v tr cach mieng xa 8,05 km ve pha ha lu. Toc o
kh oxy cua song la K
d
= 1,80 ngay
1
12
o
C va toc o
nap khong kh cua song la K
r
= 2,20 ngay
1
12
o
C. Nhiet
o nc song la 12
o
C. Lu lng song la 5,59 m
3
/s vi
van toc dong chay la 0,300 m/s. Lu lng nc thai
cua khu o th A la 0,0130 m
3
/s.
Tra li: Q
n
L
n
= 1,14 10
4
kg BOD
hoan toan
/ngay.
6.31.Gia s rang nc thai cua khu o th A (Cau hoi 6-30)
con co cha 3,0 mg/L nit ammonia vi mot toc o kh
oxy cua dong chay la 0,900 ngay
1
12
o
C. Lng BOD
carbon (C-BOD) hoan toan la bao nhieu kg/ngay ma khu
o th A co the thai ra ma van duy tr c mc DO =
4,00 mg/L tai mot iem cach mieng xa 8,05 km ve pha
ha lu? Gia s rang lng oxy ly thuyet se b tieu thu
en cung trong qua trnh nitrate hoa.
242
Cac cau hoi thao luan
6.1. Cac sinh vien trong mot phong th nghiem ky thuat moi
trng ang x ly cac mau nc thai au vao va au
ra cua mot nha may x ly nc thai o th. Ho a
s dung cac mau nay e xac nh hang so toc o
BOD (k). Ban cho rang cac hang so toc o la giong nhau
hay khac nhau? Tai sao?
6.2. Neu ban c giao nhiem vu thiet lap cac tieu chuan
cho mot nguon nc va ban co mot s chon la hoac
la BOD
5
hoac la BOD hoan toan, ban se chon thong so
nao va tai sao?
6.3. Neu iem ti han trong ng cong dien tien DO c tm
thay khoang cach 18 km ve pha ha lu so vi iem
xa nc thai cha c x ly, ban cho rang iem ti
han se dch chuyen ngc len tren, xuong di hoac
gi nguyen v tr cu neu nh nc thai a c x
ly?
6.4. Ban c giao nhiem vu ieu khien mot cong viec
nghien cu ve moi trng cua mot ho heo lanh nam
trong lu vc song ong Nai. Cac anh ve tinh va ban o
a hnh mat at cho thay khong co nguon chat thai
co nguon goc t con ngi c a vao ho. Khi ban
khao sat thc a tai ho, ban phat hien thay ho co o
uc cao va co rat nhieu tang tao noi vi tr so DO
tang hypolimnion la 1,0 mg/L. Ban se xep ho nay vao
loai nao? Hay giai thch ve cac ly do xep loai cua ban.
6.5. Cac ho Bang Illinois, An o, Tay Kentucky, ban ao
thap cua Michigan va Ohio khong bieu hien van e axt
hoa mac du pH cua nc ma la 4,4. Da vao nhng
hieu biet cua ban (hoac ieu ma ban co the phat
hien ra bang nghien cu) ve a hnh, thc vat, va nen
a, hay giai thch tai sao cac ho trong nhng vung nay
khong b axt hoa.
243

Qly Chat Luong Nuoc Dai Hoc Bach Khoa

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Qly Chat Luong Nuoc Dai Hoc Bach Khoa

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6

QUAN LY CHAT LNG NC

o th bieu dien (t/BOD

He so goc cua ng thang c xac nh bi:

The vao cac Phng trnh 6-14 va 6-15, ta c:

Bay gi ta co the s dung moi lien he a c phat

Lu y rang, chung ta a s dung ch so 5 ngay trong

oi vi nhiet o, chung ta nen xem xet can bang

o thieu hut Oxy

Hang so toc o k c goi la hang so toc o kh

= He so hoat tnh nen

so vi mieng xa nc thai theo chieu dong chay. (Lu y

Bay gi chung ta co the tnh BOD a c xao tron bang

T Bang A-2 Phu luc A, chung ta tm c gia tr DO bao

(Lu y: Tha so 2,3 trong phng trnh k

tieu thu nhng lng

Mot so vi sinh vat quang hp cung co the co nh kh

You might also like