26 1.5.

HOA HOC NC

Chng 1 HOA HOC

e giai quyet cac van e lien quan en chat lng nc va x ly nc thai, can phai biet nhng c s ve hoa nc. Chung bao gom nhng van e c ban sau ay: Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua nc; Cac trang thai ton tai cua cac chat ban trong dung dch nc; Cac n v hoa hoc; Cac phan ng hoa hoc; Cac dung dch em; o kiem; Cac he so hoat o; Cac ong lc phan ng. Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua nc

1.5.1.

Cac tnh chat ly hoc c ban cua nc co lien quan en viec x ly nc la ty trong va o nht. Ty trong la mot ai lng dung e o mc o tap trung cua vat chat va c bieu th theo 3 cach: 1. Ty trong khoi lng (). Ty trong khoi lng la khoi lng tren mot n v the tch va c o bang n v thong dung la kg/m 3. Trong Phu luc A, Bang A-1 a ch ra s thay oi ty trong theo nhiet o oi vi nc tinh khiet khong co khong kh. Cac chat ban hoa tan trong nc lam thay oi ty trong cua nc t le thuan vi nong o cua chung va ty trong cua ban than chat ban. Trong nhng ng dung cua ky thuat moi trng, ngi ta thng khong e y en s gia tang ty trong do s hien dien cua cac chat ban trong nc. Tuy nhien, cac ky s moi trng khong nen bo qua ty trong cua vat chat khi oi pho vi nhng nong o cao, chang han nh bun a c nen hoac cac hoa chat long thng mai. 2. Trong lng rieng (). Trong lng rieng la trong lc (lc) tren mot n v the tch, c o bang n v thong dung la kN/m3. Trong lng rieng cua mot

27

Chng 1 HOA HOC

chat long co lien quan vi ty trong cua no bi gia toc trong trng g (g = 9,81 m/s2): =g (1-14)

3. Trong lc rieng (S). Trong lc rieng c cho bi he thc: S = /0 = /0 (1-15)

Trong o ch so 0 am ch ty trong cua nc 3,98oC bang 1000 kg/m3 va trong lng rieng cua nc bang 9,81 kha nang/m 3. Trong nhng phep tnh gan ung, ty trong cua nc nhiet o bnh thng c lay bang 1000 kg/m 3 (hay 1 kg/L) vi mot trong lc rieng bang 1. Tat ca cac chat, ke ca chat long, eu bieu hien mot sc can s chuyen ong, goi la ma sat noi. Ma sat cang cao, th viec bm chat long cang kho khan. o nht la mot ai lng dung e o ma sat. o nht c bieu th bang mot trong hai cach: 1. o nht ong lc (dynamic), hoac o nht tuyet oi, , co th nguyen la khoi lng tren mot n v chieu dai tren mot n v thi gian, vi n v o thong dung la Pa.s; 2. o nht ong, , c xac nh bi: = / (1-16)

va co th nguyen la chieu dai bnh phng tren thi gian vi n v o thong dung la m 2/s. 1.5.2. Cac trang thai ton tai cua cac chat ban trong dung dch nc

Theo quan iem ky thuat moi trng, vat chat co the ton tai trong nc mot trong ba dang: dang l lng, dang keo hoac dang hoa tan.

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28

Chat b hoa tan la chat ma no thc s nam trong dung dch. Chat tan c phan tan ong eu trong chat long. Cac chat b hoa tan co the la cac nguyen t n gian hoac cac hp chat phan t phc tap. Cac chat b hoa tan nam trong chat long, co ngha la, ch co mot pha hien dien. Chat tan khong the c loai bo khoi chat long neu nh khong thc hien mot s chuyen oi pha nh chng cat, ket tua, hap phu, hoac trch ly. Trong qua trnh chng cat, hoac la chat long hoac la chat tan t no b chuyen oi t pha long sang pha kh e at c s phan ly. Trong qua trnh ket tua, chat tan trong pha long ket hp vi mot hoa chat khac e tao thanh mot pha ran, nh vay at c s tach loai ra khoi nc. Hap phu cung bao gom mot s chuyen oi pha, ma trong o chat b hoa tan phan ng vi mot phan t ran e tao thanh mot phc he phan t ran-chat tan. Trch ly chat long co the tach loai chat tan ra khoi nc bang cach cho chiet no vao trong chat long khac, do o cung co mot s chuyen oi pha t nc thanh mot chat long khac. Nhng hoan toan khong the ap dung cac phng phap vat ly nh loc, lang, hoac ly tam e loai bo cac chat hoa tan ra khoi nc. Cac chat l lng th thng co kch thc u ln e lang xuong ay dung dch nc hoac c loai bo khoi nc bang cach loc. Trong trng hp nay, co 2 pha hien dien, pha long la nc va pha ran la cac phan t l lng. Khoang kch thc nho hn cua nhom nay la 0,1 en 1,0 m, vao khoang kch thc cua vi khuan. Trong ky thuat moi trng, chat ran l lng c nh ngha nh la cac chat ran ma chung co the c loc bang giay loc thuy tinh va thng c goi la cac chat ran co the loc c. Cac chat ran l lng co the c loai bo khoi nc bang cac phng phap vat ly nh lang, loc va ly tam. Cac phan t keo co kch thc nam trong khoang gia cac chat hoa tan va cac hat l lng. Chung nam mot trang thai ran va co the c loai bo khoi chat long bang cac bien phap vat ly nh ly tam trong lc cao hoac loc qua cac mang loc co kch thc cac lo

29

Chng 1 HOA HOC

rat nho. Tuy nhien, cac hat keo th lai qua nho e co the c loai bo bang cac qua trnh lang hoac loc thong thng. Cac hat keo bieu hien hieu ng Tyndall; o la khi anh sang i xuyen qua mot chat long co cha cac hat keo, anh sang b phan xa lai bi cac hat. Mc o ma o mot the van keo phan xa anh sang mot goc 90o so vi tia ti c o bang o uc. o uc la mot phep o tng oi va co nhieu tieu chuan ma da vao o mot mau c so sanh. Cac tieu chuan khac nhau c dung nh nhau, mac du khong giong nhau chnh xac. oi vi cac muc tieu cua chung ta, chung ta se da vao viec o o uc nh mot n v o uc (TU). oi vi mot kch thc hat a biet, o uc cang cao th nong o cua cac hat keo cang ln. Mot thong so hu ch khac c s dung trong ky thuat moi trng e mo ta mot trang thai dung dch la o mau. o mau khong co s khac biet so vi 3 loai tren, nhng ung hn la mot s ket hp cua cac chat hoa tan va cac chat keo. o mau c s dung pho bien trong ky thuat moi trng bi v t ban than no co the o c. Tuy nhien, rat kho phan biet gia o mau hoa tan va o mau keo. Mot so sac mau c gay nen bi cac phc chat keo cua sat hoac mangan, mac du phan ln sac mau c gay nen bi cac phc chat hu c co nguon goc t s phan huy vat chat hu c. Mot nguon pho bien cua o mau la s phan giai at mun kem theo viec hnh thanh cac axt humic. S co mat cua cac axt humic trong moi trng nc lam cho nc co mau nau o. Cac axt humic co trong lng phan t trong khoang t 800 en 50.000, cac axt humic co trong lng phan t thap hn th ton tai dang hoa tan, con ln hn th ton tai dang keo. Phan ln cac phan t mau co kch thc nam gia 3,5 va 10m, ma chung la cac hat keo. o mau c o bang kha nang hap thu anh sang cua dung dch. o mau co the c kh bang cac phng phap a c ap dung e loai bo cac phan t hoa tan va cac phan t keo tuy thuoc vao trang thai cua sac mau. Trong ky thuat x ly nc va nc thai, o mau thng c kh bang cach ap dung mot to

Phan th nhat NHNG VAN E CHUNG

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hp cac phng phap keo tu tao bong lang can ong thi vi viec lam trong va loai bo cac hat l lng mn ra khoi nc va nc thai. Hnh 1-5 the hien mot cach khai quat kch thc cua cac phan t thng gap trong ky thuat x ly nc va nc thai. 1.5.3. Cac phan ng hoa hoc

Trong ky thuat moi trng, bon dang phan ng quan trong can c quan tam la: phan ng ket tua, phan ng axt/baz, phan ng ket hp va phan ng oxy hoa kh. Cac ion hoa tan co the phan ng vi nhau va tao thanh mot hp chat ran. Phan ng chuyen oi pha t trang thai hoa tan sang trang thai ran nay c goi phan ng ket tua. Mot v du ien hnh cua phan ng ket tua la s tao thanh canxi carbonate khi mot dung dch co cha ion Ca2+ c hoa tron vi mot dung dch co cha ion CO32: Ca2+ + CO32 CaCO3(r) (1-17)

Ky hieu (r) trong phan ng tren la e am ch rang CaCO3 trong trang thai ran. Khi khong s dung en ky hieu nay th co ngha la no trang thai hoa tan. Cac mui ten trong phan ng ngu y muon noi rang phan ng la thuan nghch va co the chuyen dch sang phai (tc la, cac ion ket hp vi nhau tao thanh chat ran) hoac sang trai (tc la, chat rac b phan ly thanh cac ion).
Tao Vi khuan Virus Nam Cac bao t Giardia Cac bao Cryptosporidium Cac hat keo t

31
Cac hat l lng Cac axt humic

Chng 1 HOA HOC

Cac phan t tao mau the keo Cac hat co the loc c de dang Cac hat a c ket bong

0,01

0,1

1,0

10

20

30

40

100

Kch thc, micromet (m)

Hnh 1-5. Cac phan t trong nc

Nguon: Davis. Cornwell., Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 1998.

e tien li, chung ta thng noi en cac hp chat, nhng tren thc te mot hp chat khong ton tai trong nc. V du nc co cha natri clorua va canxi sulfat. Chung ta co the noi rang nc co cha NaCl va CaSO 4 trong o, nhng khong quan tam en s hoa hp cua Na va Cl hoac Ca va SO4. Cac phan ng dien ra di ay: (1-18) CaSO4(r) Ca2+ + SO42 va NaCl(r) Na+ + Cl (1-19)

chng to rang, nc co cha 4 ion khong c hoa hp vi nhau, o la: Na +, Ca2+, Cl, va SO42. ng ngh rang natri va clorua luon gan vi nhau. Cac phan ng axt/baz la mot dang ac biet cua s ion hoa khi mot ion hydro c a them vao hoac c loai ra khoi dung dch. Axt co the c a vao nc e tao ra ion hydro, chang han nh viec cho them axt clohydric vao nc se tao ra ion hydro theo phan ng: HCl H+ + Cl (1-20)

Phan ng tren la phan ng a c n gian hoa. Chnh xac hn th phan ng o phai c viet nh sau: HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl (1-21) (1-22)

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32

Mot ion hydro cung co the c kh khoi nc bang cach cho them mot baz: NaOH + H3O+ 2H2O + Na+

Trong mot so trng hp, cac ion hien dien trong nc co the c hoa hp vi cac ion khac. S tao thanh cac phc chat hoa tan la cac phan ng ket hp ion. Trong trng hp nay, cac ion b troi buoc (lien ket) vi nhau trong dung dch. Phc chat co the la mot hp chat trung tnh, chang han nh thuy ngan clorua hoa tan: (1-23) Hg2+ + 2Cl HgCl2 Thong thng hn, phc tan co mot ien tch va ban than no la mot ion. Cac phc chat ion kim loai la nhng v du tieu bieu: Al3+ + OH AlOH2+ (1-24)

Cac phan ng oxy hoa kh co lien quan en nhng thay oi ve hoa tr va chuyen dch ien t. Khi sat kim loai b an mon, no phong thch ra cac electron: Fe0 Fe2+ + 2e (1-25) Neu mot nguyen to phong thch ra cac electron th phai co mot nguyen to khac nhan cac electron o. Trong qua trnh an mon ong sat, kh hydro thng c sinh ra do phan ng: (1-26) 2H+ + 2e H2 (k) ay, ky hieu (k) am ch hydro pha kh. Cac phan ng ket tua Tat ca cac phc chat eu co the hoa tan trong nc en mot mc o nhat nh nao o. Cung nh vay, tat ca cac phc chat eu b han che bi so lng co the b hoa tan trong trong nc. Mot vai hp chat, chang han nh NaCl th rat de tan; cac hp chat khac, v du nh AgCl th rat kho tan ch co mot lng rat nho i vao dung dch. Chung ta hay hnh dung co mot chat ran c at vao trong nc cat. Mot vai hp chat se i vao dung dch. Tai thi iem ma o hp chat (1-27)

33

Chng 1 HOA HOC

khong the tan them c na th se at c s can bang. Thi gian e at c can bang co the la vai giay hoac phai mat hang the ky. Phan ng hoa tan c viet dang tong quat nh sau: AaBb (r) V du: Ca3(PO4)2 (r) 3Ca2+ + 2PO43 (1-28) aAb+ + bBa

Mot ieu ly thu la, tch so cua o hoat ong cua cac ion (mot cach gan ung la nong o mol) luon luon la mot hang so oi vi mot hp chat a biet mot o cho trc. Hang so nay c goi la tch so tan va ky hieu la Ks. Cong thc tong quat cua no (1-29) c viet nh sau: Ks = [A]a [B]b Trong o: dau [ ] bieu th nong o mol. Khong s dung mg/L! Mot vai hang so c dan ra trong Bang 19 va Bang Tch so tan cua mot so hp chat thong dung c dan ra trong Phu luc A. Cac gia tr cua K s (1-30) thng c bieu dien qua pKs nh sau: pKs = log Ks Cac phan ng axt/baz Trong phan nay, axt c nh ngha la cac hp chat cho proton va baz la cac hp chat nhan proton. Phan ng n gian cho proton: HA H + + A (1-31)

Bang 1-9. Mot va hang so hoa tan 25oC

Chat Nhom hydroxyt Nhom phosphat Phng trnh can bang Al(OH)3(r) 3OH AlPO4(r) PO43 Al
3+

pKs 32,9 22,0

ng dung Keo tu Kh phosphat

Al 3+ +

Phan th nhat NHNG VAN E CHUNG

34
8,305 38,57 21,9 11,25 Lam mem Keo tu, kh sat Kh phosphat Lam mem

Canxi carbonat Sat hydroxyt Sat phosphat Magie hydroxyt

CaCO3(r) CO32 Fe(OH)3(r) 3OH FePO4(r) PO43 Mg(OH)2(r) 2OH

Ca 2+ + Fe3+ + Fe 3+ + Mg2+ +

Nguon: Davis. Cornwell., Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 1998.

Theo qui c khi HA cho proton th phai co mot chat nao o nhan proton. Thong thng chat o la nc: H+ + H2O H3O+ (1-32)

Co the bieu th hai phan ng tren bang phan ng gop nh sau: (1-33) HA + H2O H3O+ + A ieu nay c ngam hieu la thng co s hien dien cua nc. V vay Phng trnh 1-31 c s dung thay the cho Phng trnh 1-33. Trong Phng trnh 1-33, nc phan ng nh mot baz; co ngha la no la chat nhan proton. Neu mot baz c cho vao nc, nc co the (1-34) phan ng nh mot axt. B + H2O HB + OH

Trong phan ng tren baz (B) nhan proton cua nc. Neu mot hp chat co tnh axt manh hn nc th nc phan ng nh mot baz va ngc lai. Chung ta co the de dang nhan thay hoa hoc ve axt/baz tap trung nghien cu ve nc hay biet nc co tnh axt manh nh the nao la rat quan trong. Ban than nc b ion hoa trong nc theo phng trnh: H 2O H+ + OH (1-35)

Mc o ion hoa nc rat nho va co the c o bi hang so phan ly Kw cua nc:

35 Kw = [OH][H+]

Chng 1 HOA HOC

(1-36)

Kw co gia tr bang 1014 (pKw = 14) 25oC. Dung dch c coi la co tnh axt neu [H +] ln hn [OH], trung tnh neu bang nhau va co tnh baz neu [H +] nho hn [OH]. Khi dung dch trung tnh [H +] = [OH] = 107 M. Neu dung dch co tnh axt, [H+] ln hn 107M. Mot cach bieu th rat tien li cho nong o ion hydro la pH, c nh ngha nh sau: pH = log[H+] (1-37)

T o, mot dung dch trung tnh co pH bang 7 (viet la pH 7), dung dch axt co pH < 7 va dung dch baz co pH > 7. Cac axt c phan loai thanh axt manh hay axt yeu. Cac axt manh phan ly hoan toan trong nc. V du: HCl H+ + Cl hay phan ng hoan chnh: HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl (1-39) (1-38)

Bang 1-10 gii thieu mot vai axt manh quan trong, cac mui ten cho thay phan ng dch chuyen hoan toan ve ben phai.
Th du 1-1. Neu 100 mg H2SO4 (M = 98) c cho vao mot lt nc, pH cuoi cung la bao nhieu? Giai. S dung khoi lng phan t cua axt sulfuric chung ta tm c: (100 mg/1L nc) (1/98 g/mol) (1/103 mg/g) = 1,02 103 mol/L Phng trnh phan ng: H2SO4 2H+ + SO42 Va nh vay co 2 (1,02 103) mol H+ c tao thanh. pH bang: pH = log (2,04 103) = 2,69

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Axt yeu la cac axt khong phan ly hoan toan trong nc. Can bang c thiet lap gia cac ion phan ly va cac hp chat khong phan ly. Phan ng cua axt yeu nh sau: Bang 1-10. Mot vai axt manh quan trong
Chat Axt chlohydric Axt nitric Axt sulfuric Phan bang ng can Y ngha Bien oi pH Ky thuat hoa phan tch Bien oi pH, keo tu

HCl H+ + Cl HNO3 H+ + NO3 H2SO4 2H+ + SO42

HW

H + + W

(1-40)

Hang so can bang lien quan en o phan ly:

Ka = [H + ][W ] [HW]

(1-41)

hay mot cach bieu th khac: pKa = log Ka (1-42)

Danh muc cac axt yeu quan trong c cho trong bang 111. Biet pH cua mot dung dch (de dang xac nh vi mot pH ke) co the co khai niem tong quat ve mc o phan ly cua axt. V du, neu pH bang pK a (co ngha la [H+] = Ka), th t phng trnh 1-42, HW = W va axt b phan ly 50%. Neu [H+] nho hn hn Ka rat nhieu (100 lan), ta co 100[H+] = Ka (hay pH pKa): Bang 1-11. Hang so can bang cua mot so axt yeu chon loc 25 oC
Chat Axt axetic Axt carbonic Phan ng can bang CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 pKa Y ngha

4,75 Phan huy k kh 6,35 R set, keo tu,

37
HCO3 Sulfur hydro Axt hypocloric Axt phosphoric H2S HS HOCl H3PO4 H2PO4 HPO42 H+ + CO32 H+ + HS H+ + OCl H+ + OCl H+ + H2PO4 H+ + HPO42 H+ + PO43

Chng 1 HOA HOC

10,33 lam mem, kiem soat pH 7,2 Lam thoang, kiem 11,89 soat mui, r set 7,54 Kh trung 2,12 Kh phosphat 7,20 Chat dinh dng 12,32 thc vat, Phan tch

100 [H + ] =

[H + ][W ] [HW]

hay 100 HW = W. Chung ta co the ket luan la tat ca axt b phan ly (W HW). Tng t nh vay, neu pH pK a th HW W va axt khong b phan ly.
V du 1-2. Neu 15 mg/L HOCl c cho vao trong nc cap e kh trung va pH cuoi o c la 7,0 th co bao nhieu phan tram cua HOCl khong b phan ly? Gia s rang nhiet o la 25oC. Giai. Phng trnh phan ng HOCl H+ + OCl T Bang 1-11 chung ta tm c pKa la 7,54 va Ka = 107,54 = 2,88 108

Ka =

[H + ][OCl ] [HOCl] [107 ][OCl ] [HOCl]

2,88 108 =

Giai ra ta c: [HOCl] = 3,47 [OCl] T o [OCl] + [HOCl] = 100% [OCl] + 3,47[OCl] = 100% 4,47 [OCl] = 100%

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[OCl] = 22,37%

Cac dung dch em Mot dung dch co pH khong thay oi trong mot khoang rong khi cho them axt, baz vao hay khi khi dung dch b pha loang c goi la dung dch em. Mot dung dch cha mot axt yeu va muoi cua no la mot v du ve dung dch em. Kh carbonic cua kh quyen (CO 2) tao nen dung dch em t nhien thong qua cac phan ng sau: (1-43) CO2(k) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 2H+ + CO32
Trong o: H2CO3 = axt carbonic HCO3 = ion bicarbonat CO32 = ion carbonat

ay la he em quan trong nhat trong nc va nc thai. Nh a viet trong phng trnh 1-43, CO 2 trong dung dch trang thai can bang vi CO 2(k) trong kh quyen. Bat ky s thay oi nao cung dan en s giai phong CO2 t dung dch hay hoa tan no. Chung ta co the xem xet ac trng cua he em khong thay oi pH khi cho axt hay baz vao va ap dung nh luat bao toan khoi lng. V du, khi mot axt c cho vao he, no se lam mat can bang cua he do nong o ion hydro tang len. Do vay, cacbonat tac dung vi no e tao thanh bicarbonat. Bicarbonat phan ng e tao thanh dang axt carbonic, b phan ly thanh CO 2 va nc. Lng CO2 d co the phat tan vao khong kh trong he can bang ong h. Tng t, khi them mot baz vao se tieu thu ion hydro va he chuyen dch ve ben phai vi CO2 c cung cap t khong kh. Phan ng khong phai la tc thi nhng qua trnh dien ra trong mot thi gian tng oi dai trong moi trng t nhien. Trong mot he thong x ly chung ta co the thay oi phan ng nhanh hn rat nhieu so vi vi viec hoa tan CO2 t khong kh.

39

Chng 1 HOA HOC

Trong nc thien nhien can bang vi CO 2 cua khong kh, lng CO32 trong dung dch rat nho so vi HCO - trong dung dch. S hien dien cua Ca 2+ di dang a voi hay cac dang t nhien khac tao thanh nguon calxi e hnh thanh carbonat calxi (CaCO3) co o hoa tan rat nho. Ket qua la no se b lang ong. Phan ng cua Ca 2+ vi CO32 e tao thanh ket tua la mot trong nhng phan ng can ban c s dung e lam mem nc. o kiem o kiem la mot ch tieu quan trong e anh gia ham lng cac chat axt hay baz hien dien trong nc. o kiem c nh ngha bang tong cua tat ca cac baz xac nh c bang nh phan ti pH 4,5. Trong a so cac moi trng nc thien nhien, nhan to duy nhat gay ra o kiem la cac carbonat, H+ va OH t do. Tong H+ co the c a vao trong cong thc tnh o kiem oi vi nc co cha cac carbonat. (1-44) o kiem = [HCO3] + 2[CO32] + [OH] [H+] Trong o [ ] bieu th nong o tnh bang mol/L. Trong phan ln cac moi trng nc thien nhien (pH t 6 en 8), OH va H+ co the bo qua, khi o: (1-45) o kiem = [HCO3] + 2[CO32] Lu y rang [CO32] co tr so 2 bi v no co the nhan hai proton. Phan ng axt/baz cua chung la: H2CO3 HCO3 H+ + HCO3 H+ + CO32 pKa1 = 6,35 pKa2 = 10,33 (1-46) (1-47)

Mot so moi tng quan hu dung co the suy ra t cac gia tr pK. Quan trong nhat trong so chung la: 1. Khi pH di 4,5, tat ca carbonat la H 2CO3 va o kiem khong co (do nong o H+ ln); 2. Khi pH trong khoang t 7,5 en 8,3, tat ca carbonat la HCO3 va o kiem bang HCO3;

(1-48)

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3. Khi pH ln hn 11,5, tat ca carbonat la CO 32 va o kiem bang 2[CO32] + [OH]. Gia tr [OH] co y ngha tai cac pH cao. Theo qui c, o kiem khong bieu dien bang nong o mol nh trong cac phng trnh tren ma thng bieu dien bang mg CaCO3/L. Khoi lng phan t cua CaCO3 la 100,09 va Ca co hoa tr 2 do vay khoi lng ng lng (equivalent weight EW) la 50,04. e chuyen oi thanh nong o mg CaCO3/L, nhan nong o mg/L vi ty so khoi lng ng lng cua CaCO 3 tren khoi lng ng lng cua chat o:

EWCaCO3 mgCaCO ) 3/L = (mg/L EW chat

o kiem sau o c tnh bang tong tat ca cac carbonat va hydroxit tr i nong o ion hydro. Khi s dung n v la mg CaCO 3/L th ham lng CO32 khong can phai nhan oi.
V du 1-3. Mot mau nc co cha 100,0 mg/L CO32 va 75,0 mg/L HCO3 tai pH 10. Tnh o kiem chnh xac va o kiem khi bo qua [OH] va [H+]. Giai. au tien chung ta oi nong o cua CO32, HCO3, OH va H+ ra n v mg CaCO3/L Chat CO32 HCO3 H+ OH Phan t lng 60 61 1 17 Hoa tr 2 1 1 1 Khoi lng ng lng 30 61 1 17

Nong o cua H+ va OH tnh c t pH: pH = 10, do vay [H+] = 1010 M = (1010 mol/L) (1 g/mol) (103 mg/g) = 107 mg/L [OH] = Kw/[H+] = 1014/1010 = 104 M = (104 mol/L) (17 g/mol) (103 mg/g) = 1,7 mg/L Nong o qui oi ra mg CaCO3/L tnh nh sau: [CO32] = 100,0 (50/30) = 167

41
[HCO3] = 75,0 (50/61) = 61 [H+] = 107 (50/1) = 5 106 [OH] = 1,7 (50/17) = 5.0 o kiem chnh xac bang:

Chng 1 HOA HOC

o kiem = 61 + 167 + 5,0 (5 106) = 233 mg CaCO3/L. Neu bo qua [OH] va [H+] th ta co: o kiem = 61 + 167 mg CaCO3/L vi sai so 2,2%.

o cng o cng la mot khai niem thng c s dung e neu tnh chat cua mot mau nc va hu dung trong cac tnh toan lam mem nc. Noi theo ky thuat th o cng la tong cua tat ca cac cation a hoa tr (thng c tnh bang mg CaCO3/L). Trong thc te no thng c tnh bang tong cua ion calxi va magie, la nhng cation chiem a so trong nc thien nhien. n v tnh cua o cng tng t nh o kiem va ca calxi lan magie eu co hoa tr 2 khi oi ra n v tnh theo mg CaCO3/L. Tong cua calxi va magie la o cng tong cong (total hardness - TH), bao gom o cng carbonat va o cng khong carbonat. o cng carbonat thng goi la o cng tam thi do chung b kh khi un nong nc. Khi nc b un nong, carbonat khong tan se ket tua va tao thanh can lang ay thiet b un. Neu o cng kiem nho hn o cng tong cong th khi o no bang o cng carbonat. o cng khong carbonat hay con goi la o cng vnh cu do chung khong b kh khi un nong nc. o cng khong carbonat bang o cng tong cong tr i o kiem. Neu o kiem bang hay ln hn o cng tong cong th o cng khong carbonat se bang khong.
V du 1-4. Mot mau nc co o kiem la 200 mg CaCO 3/L. Nong o Ca2+ la 160 mg/L va Mg 2+ la 40 mg/L. Tnh o cng tong cong, o cng cxarbonat va o cng khong carbonat cua mau nc noi tren?

Phan th nhat NHNG VAN E CHUNG

42

Giai. Khoi lng phan t cua Ca va Mg tng ng la 40 va 24. Vay khoi lng ng lng cua chung se la 20 va 12. o cng tong cong la: TH = 160 (50/20) + 40 (50/12) = 567 mg CaCO3/L o kiem nho hn TH nen no bang o cng carbonat va bang 200 mg CaCO3/L. o cng khong carbonat bang so con lai va bang : 567 200 = 367 mg CaCO3/L.

Cac ong hoc phan ng Rat nhieu cac phan ng xay ra trong moi trng khong at trang thai can bang mot cach nhanh chong. V du nh kh trung nc, hoa tan kh hay kh kh hoa tan, kh cac chat hu c trong nc, phan huy phong xa. Nghien cu ve cac qua trnh xay ra phan ng c goi la ong hoc phan ng. Van toc cua phan ng r c s dung e bieu th van toc hnh thanh hay phan huy cua mot hp chat. Cac phan ng xay ra trong mot pha (ran, long hay kh) goi la phan ng ong nhat (homogeneous). Cac phan ng xay ra tren be mat phan chia pha goi la phan ng khong ong nhat (heterogeneous). oi vi moi loai phan ng, van toc co the nh ngha nh sau: oi vi cac phan ng ong nhat:
r= molhoac miligram (n v the tch) (n v thi gian)

(1-49)

oi vi cac phan ng khong ong nhat:

r= molhoac miligram (n vbe mat) (n v thi gian)

(1-50)

Neu mot chat c tao thanh th van toc phan ng bieu th bang ky hieu dng (+r), va khi chung b tieu thu th r bieu th bang ky hieu am (r). Van toc phan ng la mot ham so cu nhiet o, ap suat va nong o cac chat phan ng. oi vi phng trnh phan ng dang tong quat:

(1-50)

43 aA + bB cC

Chng 1 HOA HOC

Trong o a, b va c la cac he so tng ng cua cac chat phan ng A, B va C. S thay oi nong o cua hp chat A bang phng trnh van toc phan ng oi vi hp chat A:
dA = rA = k [A ] [B] = k [C] dt

Trong o [A], [B] va [C] la nong o cua cac chat phan ng; , va la cac so mu xac nh bang thc nghiem. He so k goi la hang so van toc phan ng. Thong thng th no khong han la mot hang so va phu thuoc vao nhiet o va ap suat. Do A va B b tieu thu cho nen r co ky hieu am. C c tao thanh nen r co ky hieu dng. Bac cua phan ng c nh ngha la tong cua cac so mu trong ph6ng trnh van toc phan ng. Bac cua phan ng co the la so nguyen hay phan so. Mot so bac cua phan ng cho trong Bang 1-12. Bang 1-12. Mot so v du ve bac phan ng
Bac ng phan Phng toc rA rA rA rA = = = = trnh van

Khong Bac mot Bac hai Bac ba

k k[A] k[A]2 k[A][B]