Nhng bin th

Th tn dng c th l th tn dng hy ngang hoc khng hy ngang. Loi th nht l th tn dng m bt c ch th no cng c th hy b. Tuy nhin, hnh thc th tn dng ny b xem l tri ngc vi tnh an ton ca phng thc tn dng chng t bi n khng em li bt k bo m thanh ton no. V l do , hin nay phn ln th tn dng trn th gii l khng hy ngang. UCP 600 c hiu lc vo ngy 1 thng 7 nm 2007 loi tr khi nim th tn dng hy ngang. i vi th tn dng khng hy ngang, ngn hng pht hnh khng th hy b cam kt thanh ton dnh cho ngi th hng. y l cam kt hon ton c lp vi quan h gia ngn hng pht hnh v ngi yu cu m th tn dng.
Th tn dng thng bo: L Th tin dng c pht hnh bi ngn hng v chuyn n ngi th hng thng qua ngn hng th hai khu vc ca ngi hng li. Ngn hng th hai s xc nhn tnh hp l ca ch k v chng thc s hp php ca ngn hng th nht Sa i: L mt s thay i th tn dng gc. Dng ng t l amend Th tn dng gip lng: l Hai th tn dng c nhng yu cu v chng t ging ht nhau, ngoi tr s khc nhau v gi trong ha n v thng phiu. Chp phiu ngn hng: L hi phiu k hn k pht bi ngn hng v c ng du chp nhn trn mt t hi phiu, chng minh ngha v thanh ton ca ngn hng. Chp phiu ngn hng c s dng thanh ton nhng giao dch ngn hn v t ng hon tr, bao gm c thng mi quc t. S linh hot l mt trong nhng li th ln nht ca th tn dng. Th tn dng tr ngay c th c xc nh theo mt s cch ph hp vi nhu cu ca khch hng. Th tn dng c th va tr ngang hoc khng tr ngang, nhng th tn dng khng tr ngang c s dng nhiu hn. Th tn dng tr ngang mang li ri ro cho ngi bn. Th tn dng tr ngang c th thay i hoc hy b bt k lc no m khng cn thng bo trc cho ngi hng li
Th tn dng d phng (Standby letter of Credit SBLC) L/C d phng l mt tn dng chng t hay l dn xp tng t, th hin ngha v ca ngn hng pht hnh ti ngi th hng trong vic: - Thanh ton li khon tin m ngi yu cu m L/C d phng vay hoc c ng trc. - Thanh ton khon n ca ngi m L/C d phng. - Bi thng nhng thit hi do ngi m L/C d phng khng thc hin ngha v ca mnh. - Do L/C d phng c xem nh l phng tin thanh ton th yu. S khc nhau v L/C thng mi v L/C d phng l L/C thng mi hot ng trn c s thc hin hp ng ca ngi bn. Ngc li, L/C d phng m bo cho ngi th hng trong trng hp ngha v khng c thc hin.

Trong L/C d phng, ngn hng m ghi r L/C ny ch c gi tr thc hin khi c s vi phm ngha v ca ngi xin m L/C ngc li nu khng c s vi phm y, L/C d phng s khng c thc hin.L/C d phng c s dng nh mt hnh thc bo lnh trong mt phm vi rt rng bao gm cc hat ng thong mi , ti chnh. Th tn dng tun hon (Revolving Letter of Credit)

Th tn dng tun hon l mt cam kt t pha ngn hng pht hnh phc hi li gi tr ban u ca th tn dng sau khi n c s dng. S ln phc hi v khong thi gian cn hiu lc phi c quy nh trong L/C. - Tn dng tun hon c th c tch ly hoc khng. - Trng hp L/C tun hon tch ly, s tin s dng c th c thm vo cho ln giao hng k tip. - Trng hp tn dng tun hon khng tch ly, nhng khon tin tng phn khng c s dng sau khi ht thi hn hiu lc. - Tn dng tun hon thng c s dng trong cc trng hp ngi mua mun hng ha c giao tng phn ti nhng thi im quy nh (hp ng giao hng nhiu ln). L/C c th tun han theo 3 cch : . T ng (automatic) : Sau khi x dng xong L/C li t ng c gi tr nh c, khng cn thng bo ca NH m. Trong L/C ghi we open irrevocable L/C revolving monthly.The full amount again becomes available under the same terms and conditions, on the first day of each calendar month, . Bn t ng (part automatic) : Sau khi s dng L/C, trong mt thi hn nht nh, nu khng c thng bo g t pha ngn hng m L/C th mt L/C mi vi cc iu kin tng t li tip tc c hiu lc. Trong L/C ghi this will be operative for the second & third shipment unless otherwise notice by us. . Hn ch (restrictive) phi c thng bo ca ngn hng m v hiu lc ca mt L/C mi c ti lp th L/C mi c gi tr. L/C ghi reinstatement by us by way of amendment. L/c c th tun han theo s tin hoc thi gian, khi tun han theo thi gian , L/C phi ghi r ngy ht hiu lc ca mi ln tun han, ng thi phi quy nh r L/C l tun han tch ly hay khng tch ly. L/C chuyn nhng (Transferable Letter of Credit) Ngi th hng trong L/C chuyn nhng c quyn yu cu ngn hng ca mnh chuyn nhng mt phn hoc ton b tn dng cho ngi th hng khc. - Cc chng t trong L/C chuyn nhng nn c yu cu c th c s dng theo nh L/C gc. - Ngi th hng trung gian c quyn thay th ha n ca L/C chuyn nhng bng ha n ca mnh. - S tin bo him cho vic chuyn nhng nn lp bng vi s tin bo him trong L/C gc. - Th tn dng ch c th c chuyn nhng ging nh cc iu khon quy nh trong L/C gc. Vi L/C ny ngi hng li u tin (1st beneficiary) c quyn chuyn nhng tan b hay tng phn L/C cho 1 hay nhiu ngi hng li th 2 (second ben. ) Tr khi L/C c quy nh khc (v d: transferable without restritive), mt L/C chuyn nhng ch c th chuyn nhng 1 ln t ngi hng li u tin ti 1 hay nhiu ngi hng th 2.Tuy nhin ngi hng th 2 ti chuyn nhng cho ngi hng u li khng b cm v ngi hng u vn c quyn tip tc chuyn nhng L/C cho 1 ngi khc. Nhng phn ca L/C chuyn nhng cho nhiu ngi khng c vt qu tng s tin ca L/C v c th chuyn nhng ring r min l trong L/C khng ngn cm giao hng v thanh tan tng phn. L/C c chuyn nhng theo cc iu khan, iu kin quy nh trong L/C, ngai tr : S tin (thng t hn) n gi ( thp hn) Thi hn hiu lc (ngn hn) Thi hn xut trnh chng t (sm hn) Thi hn gi hng (c th sm hn) Ngai ra tn ca ngi hng li th nht c th thay th cho tn ca ngi yu cu m L/C.

Th tn dng gip lng (Back-to-Back Letter of Credit) - L/C gip lng l mt tn dng mi m da trn c s mt L/C c tn dng khng chuyn nhng (tn dng gc) cho mt ngi th hng khc (do cn c tn l gip lng). L/C gip lng l 1 L/C bit lp c m trn c s ca L/C gc (cng vi iu kin ca L/C gc) cn gi l L/C th 2 trn c s 1 L/C th nht. L/C gip lng cng c dung trong mua bn qua trung gian nh L/C chuyn nhng. iu khc nhau gia L/C chuyn nhng v gip lng l NH pht hnh L/C gip lng han tan chu trch nhim thanh tan b chng t hp l theo L/C m mnh m khng rang buc bi L/C gc . Ngha v ca hai ngn hng pht hnh L/C gc v L/C gip lng l han tan c lp vi nhau. Ngi hng L/C gc tr thnh ngui m L/C gip lng nn h phi thc hin nghim ngt ngha v ca ngi m L/C. Trong nghip v L/C gip lng ngi cung cp hng ha han tan yn tm v thanh tan v h ch c ngha v thc hin L/C th 2 do ngi trung gian m - Red clause L/C (anticipatory) - L/C c iu khan : L lai L/C c iu kin cho php ngi hng c nhn mt khan tin trc khi giao hng trn c s hi phiu trn hay hi phiu km chng t chng minh rng c hng giao nh bin lai kho hng (warrant hay warehouse receipt) bin lai ca ngi giao nhn (forwarder s receipt ) thng thng khi nhn khan tin ng trc ny , ngi hng li c th vit cam kt cho ngn hng l s xut trnh mt b chng t theo quy nh ca L/C sau . Khan ng trc s c khu tr vo tin thanh tan b chng t. - Reciprocal L/C L/C i ng L lai L/C ch c hiu lc khi c 1 L/C khc i ng vi n c pht hnh. L/C ny c s dng trong giao dch hng i hng v gia cng hng xut khu. C 2 bn u l ngi mua , ngi bn ca nhau. c im ni bt ca L/C ny l iu khan thanh tan. Trong quy nh vic chp nhn v/hoc thanh tan ca L/C ny ch c hiu lc sau khi ngn hng pht hnh nhn s tin theo L/C s ngy..do ngn hng..pht hnh (the acceptance and or payment under this L/C is valid only after our receipt of full proceeds under L/C Nodated issued by) n gin hn c th trong 2 L/C ny u ghi ch c thanh tan khi 1 L/C khc i ng vi n c m ra. L/C i ng xt v bn cht ch l mt na L/C do s cam kt c iu kin ca ngn hng. cc nc khac, t lu khng cn s dng L/C ny , song Vit Nam lai L/C ny vn cn c s dng, c bit trong quan h gia cng ti xut, v n gip cc nh kinh doanh VN c th gia cng hng xut khu m khng cn vn.

L /C i ng (Reciprocal L/C) thng c s dng trong giao dch gia cng hng xut khu, theo c hai bn u ng vai tr l nh nhp khu v xut khu. L/C i ng c pht hnh hoc ch c hiu lc khi c mt L/C khc i ng vi n c pht hnh. Khc vi nhng L/C thng thng c thanh ton/chp nhn thanh ton khi chng t xut trnh ph hp, L/C i ng l L/C thanh ton c iu kin, theo Ngn hng Pht hnh (NHPH) L/C i ng cam kt thanh ton ch sau khi nhn c y tin hng theo L/C khc i vi L/C do NHPH pht hnh. iu kin thanh ton in hnh ca L/C i ng thng c NHPH quy nh tng t nh sau: y l L/C i ng vi L/C s ngy . c pht hnh bi Ngn hng.. Khi nhn c chng t ph hp, chng ti (NHPH) s chp nhn hi phiu/chng t v s thc hin thanh ton hi phiu/chng t o hn ch sau khi nhn c y tin hng theo L/C s .. ngy do Ngn hng . pht hnh. V d sau y c th gip bn hiu r hn v L/C i ng: Shingbang Ltd., Co (Hn Quc) k mt hp ng gia cng hng may mc vi Garment Company No. 5 (Vit Nam), theo Shingbang Ltd., Co m L/C nhp thnh phm (Master L/C)

cho ngi hng l Garment Company No. 5 v L/C Garment Company No. 5 m L/C nhp nguyn liu tr chm 90 ngy cho ngi hng l Shingbang Ltd., Co. Khi nhn c L/C, v d, L/C No. 123 dated 20/2/2008 c pht hng bi Korex Bank Seoul, Garment Company No. 5 yu cu ngn hng ca mnh (Vietcombank Da Nang) pht hnh L/C tr chm (deferred payment L/C) 90 ngy i ng vi L/C trn cho ngi hng l Shingbang. L/C i ng do Vietcombank Da Nang pht hnh c th quy nh v iu kin thanh ton nh sau: This L/C is reciprocal to L/C No. 123 dated 20/4/2008 issued by Korex Bank, Seoul . Upon receipt of the documents complying with the L/C terms, we shall incur a deferred payment undertaking but the payment hen due shall be effected only after our full receipt of the proceeds under L/C No. 123 dated 20/4/2008. L/C i ng ph bin ch yu mt s nc Chu . Vit Nam loi L/C ny c pht hnh ph bin nhng nm 90 khi cc cng ty dt may Vit Nam gia cng hng may mc cho cc cng ty Hn Quc. Hin nay loi L/C hu nh khng cn c s dng rng ri. ngun trch dn t Blog Nguyn Hu c
- Defered L/C -L/C tr dn: L/C trong quy nh vic tr tin lm nhiu ln cho ngi bn s c thc hin sau 1 thi gian nht nh k t ngy giao hng (date of B/L) hoc ngy xut trnh chng t (presentation date) Theo L/C ny, ngi bn giao hng v xut trnh chng t nh L/C quy nh.Khi b chng t c NH xc nh l hp l, NH s chp nhn thanh tan v thc hin vic tr tin vo ngy o hn nh quy nh, c th tr 1 ln hoc nhiu ln theo tha thun. - Confirm L/C -L/C c xc nhn : L lai L/C khng hy ngang do 1 NH m v c NH khch xc nhn, tc l m bo tr tin theo yu cu hoc theo s y nhim ca NH m. S xc nhn ca NH ny l 1 cam kt chc chn cng thm vo cam kt chc chn ca NH m. Vic xc nhn L/C thng do ngi hng li ngh khi h khng tin tng vo kh nng ti chnh ca NH m L/C hoc khng chp nhn nhng ri ro chnh tr tn ti hay tim n nc ca NH m. Vic xc nhn L/C c th hin ngay trn L/C hay bng 1 vn th ring. NH xc nhn c ngha v tr tin, chp nhn hoc chit khu khng bo lu khi ngi hng xut trnh b chng t hp l . Trch nhim ca NH xc nhn cng tng t nh trch nhim ca NH pht hnh.NH xc nhn c th xc nhn 1 L/C nhng khng xc nhn mi tu chnh sau (v d tng tin,gia hn hiu lc..) nu h thy c th pht sinh ri ro trong thanh tan. Trong trng hp ny trch nhim ca NH xc nhn ch gii hn trong phm vi m h xc nhn. Ph xc nhn thng cao hn c ph m L/C v nguyn tc do ngi mua tr nhng cng c th tha thun phn chia chi ph u cho c 2