Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Burgers Equation
Burgers Equation
!!
"#$$
%
&
$"
''
() %*# + (
*
)
)
!
,
!
!( #+
&
)!
( #+
&
!
-
!
&
,
.
! )/
&
!
!) )
%
(
!
,
!
!
%!!
0 % &
12' ! & &
!
0!
&
&$ (
& ($
3 4 5
6
7
5&6 $8
6
22'
7
% 9 : % #6
%) #
+-
6 #
,96 22'
(
6 %
&
$6 &
222;'''
@ A ' '
=>
= > A
= >
=>
B
(
@
=
>
A
=>
?
A
A
A
A
A
@ A
'
=F>
=G>
=G>
!
6 !( #+
7
) !(
(
0!)
6 !
= '> A =>
=>
B
&
=G>
@
A
#
$ A )
A
@
%
0,
&
(
A
5
A & A
= '> A
=> .A
0! = >
7
) !(
,
&
= > A
= >
A
=>
= >
= H > A
= > @
@
=> )
= > A A
=I>
1
. 7
= >
B
&
!
= A '>
@ A '
=2>
=2>
)!
(
&
@ => A '
=> A
='>
7
=2> & 1
6
(
() &
)
=> A ==> >
=>
6
==> > A
==> > @
==> > =>
A @
A '
6
!
=>
()
="">
6
()
(
= >
. 1
= > &
A @ = '>
=>
1
. ?
& -
=>
1
=> )
!!
&
J %
&
J 6
= > J
!
,
&
"(
$"
#
) !
#+
&
$
&
&
(
1
! &
($ A ' C
&
"
"
!
,
9&
!)
$
1
0!
6
)
!() (
!!
,
B !!
K
B
!) (
() !
) !!
=2>
=G> )
B
(
$ &6 &
=G>
) 6
(
&
(
(
$
(
!
( #+ $
)
1
)
6
&
(
!
()
% ' (
!
!!
1
' &
(
(
'
)
&
!
!
()
5
(
!
) -
(
&
!
!!
J
/
&
&
= > &
!) @ A ' () = >
!
6 &
(
D @ => E A '
=>
=F>
1
. ?$ &
J)
(
)
(
#+ &
!)
&
$
= >
&
$
,
& =F>
= >
)
/
&
J
(
&
$
=F>6
J
&
$ *
)6 &
$
6
!(
) & &
$
!))
)
C
&
$
&$ &
)6 (
!
&
$
$ & !$
)
!) () ) &
)
)
!)
(
$%&
&
& !
&
) $&
3
!(
7
@ A '
& !
&
'
= > A
=G>
'
!
(
&
7
&
$
= > A
&
A
= @ >
=>
=I>
1
. !) $
1
F. 3
&
# !
6
!
&
)
%
0,
!
$ !
& (
(
&
&
$ =
>
7
J
) ) &
$
C
=> &
) !!
& !
=I>
,
&
$ =
>
(
!
(
)6
)
6
!
) %
&
$
'
(
'
= > A
=2>
(
!
(
)
/
=
F>
!! $
=> &
$
,
)
!
!!
() =I>
)
= > A = > = > A = @ >= >
C
6
=>
)
= > A = @ > @ = >
= > A = >
='>
=>
=>
=>
A
= > = >
D E
A
DE
=>
%
) !! & !
() => J
!)
= > = >
=F>
=G>
=>
& @ => A ' (
&
@ => A '
!)
() => !
& => (
M => A => =>
=I>
@ => A
=2>
?
&)
6 &
,
!
!) &
!
&
6
!) =2> () =>
(
=> @ M=> A =>
='>
B
&
&
(
=>
=>
=>
'
== >>
=>
== >>
=F>
M == >>
M == >>
7
)6
)
6 (
)
=
!
0)
"
,
!)
"
6 &
!)
!) )
>
=>
/
()
) => @ M=> '
&
$
J
!) 6
!)
)
= >
!)
='> 6
0
!)
!
!)
<
0
6
)
=> @ M=> '
=G>
J
&
$
)/
!)
) $&
6
(
&
!)
&
$
!)
)
= = > == >> @ = >M == >>>
=>
= '> == '>>
B
=> A '
= '> A =>
@ => A '
=I>
A "!
A !
& (
J
A @ A " @
='>
# A #
!
=# # >
=>
!
=# # >
=>
!
= = @ > = >>
=>
6 &
J
(
(
-
(
&
!
)
)
!&
=G>
=>
(
J
0
()
=I>
' = >
' ! '
=2>
) J0
'
*
+&
( = >
& &
-
-
)
J
()
!
!!0
#
-
()
= > C
6
#+ )
!!0
-
6 & &
J
-
& &
0
-
J
-
()
D= @ ! > $ == >>E
!
6
( = > A
=F'>
=F>
( = > !
%& )) ! !
=F>
%& )) ! ! !
=F>
9
!
! $
!
!&
=
> !
$
),* )
& %
) () )
!
J
-
!
#+6
!
$&
715
7
6 1
5
&)
= >
=I> ) ! =O
O>
!
)
!6
)
!
O
=O
O>
O
=O
O> A O
!
#+
1
G. 7!
,!
&
715
!
=O
O>6 !
)
J
! & =>
!()
-
=O
O>
715 )
) ()6
)
'
$%& &
&
=I>
@ A '
J
-
!
# A #
# #
=F>
=FF>
=FF>
(
& 6
6
&
$
=F>
J
&
!
A
& 3
A A ' B
$
!!
)
& !
(
&
=FF>
& =F>
(
) !
&
!
& &
&
,
(
'6 &
!
# A # * =# # # > * =* =# # # >
=FG>
* + @ , @
*
-.
'
!
6 + A ' , A '6 *
)
& (
=FG> (
# A #
!
* =# # > * =# # >
=F>
F
1
.
!
,
)
&
& # !!0
O J () =2>
# A #
!
=# > =# >
=FI>
=F2>
B
# ' " 6
"
!&"
&)
)6
)
@ => A ' &
=# >
# 6
!&
=F> &
* =
> A = >
=G'>
50,1
$
# A
!
# @ #
=# > =# >
=G>
* =# # > A
!
=# # > @ = =# > @ =# >>
=G>
G
1
I.
!
,
!&
=F>
&
&
<
0
*
<
0
<& B
0!
* =O
O> A =O
> O
=G>
* =
> =O
>
- 0 =
O
O
>
=G>
&
O
O
) B
) *
5!/
5!/
) !
!& <
0 =FI>
) J
=G> 5!,
/
!
5!/ (
& 50,
1
<
0 =G>
(
J
# A #
@
50,B -
!
=# > =# >
=GF>
!
. =# > =# > . =# > =# >
()
=G>
B
'
0 =# = >>
% )) '
) A
=GI>
0 = > A
!
=G2>
&
!
$
(
A
A
(
J
!!
%
!(
J
0 = > A
!
=> = >
='>
-
(
0 = > A
=>
=>
7 (
DE
&
$
(
,
)
!) 1
6 !(
&
!!
. B
#
J
!
&
Q = >
I
Q = >
Q = >
=>
+ (
6
=>6
Q = > #
= >6
# A #
!
* =# # > * =# # >
&
<
0
*
()
Q = >
* =# # > A
!
=F>
=G>
!
" #
2
Q
A
!
)
# # 3
!(
&
() =# # >6
<
0 =F>
* =# # > A =# # >
=>
R
(
# A #
!
=# # > =# # >
=I>
=2>
0
(
.
= > = > '
A
A
A
A
A
A
A = >
!
7
&
$
6
&
R
&
!), 3
)
!),
) 7
6
6
6 (
6 &
!!
) = > A '
&
!
/
6
!
Q = >
(
&
$
&
&
&
$
6
) (
Q = > +-
)
-
=# >
-
R
&
&
$
$
!),) &
$
Q
! DE
& R
J
!)
B
$
(
() R
)
!)
6 !
&
!),) 3
%
&
50,B
-
) )
(
&
6 )
!!0 ,
&
$
6 &
()
'
(
# = > = > &
J
&
&
$
6 &
(
!!0 ()
# = >
&
$
2 6
=I'>
&
6
0!
,
J
D' E6
()
A
= >
=I>
A
= >
(
J
()
=I>
&
&
$
!
$
& .
#
=# 2 > ' ! '
!
)!
(
6 &
J
!!!
"()" 1
!(
!)
!
! !!
)
!
6
J () ! ,
6
&
( A .
J
!
)
!
!
(
( !
( 6 &
& !
(
6
)
)
J
=G2>
=>
( . 0 = > 3++= > D E
=I>
!
0 =# > ! ! !
!
=IG>
,(
?
!!
#
()
,
& 5!/
<
06
&
!
#
=I>
=II>
%& >
=I2>
!
6
A '6
= >
'
=2'>
=I2>
) &
$
&
&
!)
=&
>
=I2>
!
= > = >
(
!)
& =(
& !() -
>6 !
!! =
= > = >
>
= > = >
= > = >
%&
=2>
#
=2>
) A # . #
=2>
=2>
=2F>
=2>
+
%
!!
)
!),) &
$
,
&. &
$
&
6 &
=> =>
=2I>
=22>
# A $ =# H " >
!!
) .
0 #
"
A
0 #
"
=''>
$ =# H " > ' %& )) " #
#
='>
4
(
&
J
&6 &
&
)
"
"
,
!!
&
6 )
(
)
!
,
6 (
)
!
(
)
(
52
/
R
()
!
!
&
!
()
!
6 ) !
&
3
R
(
&
&
! =
)!) !
&)>
"#$
F
& ?
&
0) & (
Q = >
& 7!
( #
/
!
6 &
!
?
! ()
6
$
0!
!
&
='>
0 =Q
= >> 0 =# >
='>
,
56
4 A
5 5%=# # # # >
&
J
()
/
/ '
/
/
/ '
5 5%= /> A
' / '
='>
='F>
='G>
G
1
2. S=> !
&
!!0
<
0 (
() ,
!
B
(
!
6 &
J
!
&
S=> ()
!
=# =# >> 2 B
&
J
S = > ()
&
='>
S A
='>
S= > A
S= = >S
>
= >S
4
A # @
=>
1
'.
!
&
&
& &
!
&
<
0
S=>
1)6
='2>6 &
!
<
0 ='I> (
* =# H " > A
=# > @
= >S
4
!
A =# > @
S
S 4
=>
@ => A
=> A '
'
=>
I
D E
()
=F>
=>6 =>
6
0
= => >
D E
A
= >N @ 6 =N>
&
6
= > A
= > = >
@ 6 =N>
N
=>
= > = >
= >
= >
=N>
= > = >
@
= >
=N>
== >> @ == >>
A
@ 6=N>
N
=G>
#
=>
% !
&
/
=> ()
& -
(
2
#
A #
@ N
=2>
1
=2>
@
N
='>
'
=>
0!
&
!!
) )!
(
&
&
= > 6 $
1
.
1
.
!
A 'F
1
.
!
A
=> A
'F
' 'F
=>
0!
&
!
3
!(
J
-
=FF> !
!! &
& !
!&
=FI> !
!!0
1
.
=FF>
!
J
-
1
F.
=FI>
!
!&
=> A
'F
' 'F
=>
4 = O > & !
4 A
"
6
)!
(
& (
Q = >
N
1) &
,
( # A Q = > *
DE
!
50,B
-
7
50,B
-
!!
!
&
7 !
!
&
& G=>
Q = >
B
&
!J
!
7
6 &
&
0
!
& (
6 &
7 &
& &
!
!
6
& &
!
!!
(
& (
!
)
(
!
& !
)
!)
6
&
)
!
7
C
1
G. => R
#
Q = > =(> %
&
&
#
6
!
&
!
& (
1
.
1
I.
F
!
!&
=FI>
!
50,1
=G'>
G
1
2.
1
'.
!
R
!
5),B
-
=G>
1
.
!
9 3
, ?!
I
' 'F
'F 'F
'F 'F
'F 'F
=>
1
.
R
2
'
=> A
'
' )
=F>
1
.
R
=> A
' 'F
'F
=G>
1
. 3
&
!
& R
1
F. 3
&
!
& 50,B
-
1
G. 3
&
!
&
, !
=> A
'F
' 'F
=>
1
. ?
& -
!
!
"#
$%&'()*
%%
)
%'+++)
,
!
!
-
.
++ . !
.
F
.% .
+
+
+
+
+
+
%35% * +
>
>
!>
!% @!
>+> +!
!
A>
> +!
+
++ .7 .
++ . .
++ .
# .
++ .
.
++ .
# .
++ .
.
++
%35% ..
%%
@&
@)
> A
A A
G
> A @ A> A
A>
> > A @ > > A
%35% .
.
%
%
@&
%)
%&
A
%35% ..
%
%
@&
%&
%)
A
%35% ..
%
%
@&
@)
%)'
A A
%)' > > A+ %)'@ A> A
A)
%35% .
.
%%
@&
@)
%
A A
A)
++ . ! .
.%
.. .
..
.#.
+
I
%35% %
%
> > A>
> A A A
%/3% <
)
>
%35% <
$
)$
>)
>>)
%
%
%35%
%35% )
%35% $
%35% &
%35% '
%35% <
%35% *
!
)
>
++>>
)
>
+ %'+++)> %'+>++)
)>
%'+> A A >
!
2
>
%23% %6/% A %23%
%:3% %6/% A %:3%
%23% %6/% A %:3%
? A>@A>
%23% %6/% A %:3%
? A>@A>
%:,% %6/% A %2,%
A
%6/% ?
%2,%
%6/% ?
%:,%
A
)>
>
+
>
>
!
)>
%'+A>
%'+AA
A
+ +A>)+A>@ > ?
?
>
? >>
)>
> %'+
+ A > > A %'+
++)+ ?
? %'+AA + A > > ?
? %'+A> + >>
)>
A>
)>>
%:,%
) %6/% +) %2,%
) %:,%
%6/% +) %2,% )
+) %:3%
F'
DE 3 4 5
6
7
5&6 $8
6
22'
DE 7
% 9 : % #6
%) #
+-
6 #
,96 22'
DE 3 4 5
6
7
5& 1
%!) 1
1&6 ?,1
%
7
5
6 ?!
,
6 22I