Chng 2: Chuyn ch HH XNK bng ng bin

Cng c quc t thng nht mt s quy tc v vn n ng bin (International Convention for the unification of certain rules relating to Bills of lading)Cng c Brussel 1924/ Quy tc Hague Ngh nh th sa i Cng c quc t thng nht mt s quy tc v vn n ng bin- Quy tc Hague Visby 1968 Ngh nh th SDR 1979

Cng c ca Lin hip quc v chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin (United Nation Convention on the carriage of goods by sea)- Cng c/ Quy tc Hamburg 1978
B lut hng hi Vit nam 2005 Hp ng mu GENCON

1.3. c trng k thut ca tu bun: - Tn tu (ships name) - Cng ng k ca tu (Port of registry) - C tu (Flag of ship): l quc tch ca tu + C thng (Conventional flag) + C phng tin (Flag of convenience) - Ch tu (Shipowner) - Kch thc ca tu (Dimension of ship) + Chiu di (Length overall), chiu di theo mn nc (Length between perpendiculars) + Chiu rng (Breadth extreme)

1.4. Mn nc ca tu (Draught/draft): l chiu cao thng gc t y tu ln mt nc. Khong cch gia 2 vch mn nc thng l 1dm hoc 6 inches (~ 15.6cm) - Mn nc cu to / mn nc ti thiu (Light draught) - Mn nc ti a (Loaded draught)
-

TF: Tropical Fresh Water

W: Winter

F: Fresh Water
S: Summer

T: Tropical
WNA: Winter North Atlantic

1.5. Trng lng ca tu (Displacement Tonnage): l trng lng ca khi nc m tu chim ch tnh bng tn di (Long ton = 2.240 Lbs. = 1.016 kg)

D=

D: Trng lng ca tu M: Th tch khi nc tu chim ch - Trng lng tu khng hng (Light Displacement LD) - Trng lng tu y hng (Heavy Displacement HD) - HD = LD + Vt phm + Hng Ha

1.6. Trng ti ca tu (Deadweight Tonnage - DWT): l sc ch ca tu c tnh bng tn di mn nc ti a v ma ng, ma h hoc vng bin c lin quan, ty trng hp - Trng ti ton phn ca tu (Deadweight Capacity DWC) DWC = HD LD = HH + vt phm - Trng ti tnh ca tu (Deadweight Cargo Capacity DWCC) DWCC = DWC vt phm = HH

1.7. Dung tch ng k ca tu (Register Tonnage - RT): l th tch cc khoang trng khp kn trn tu, v c o bng m3 , cubic feet (c.ft), tn dung tch ng k (~ 100 c.ft hoc 2,83 m3) - Dung tch ng k ton phn (Gross Register Tonnage GRT) - Dung tch tnh ca tu (Net Register Tonnage NRT) 1.8. Dung tch cha hng ca tu (Cargo Space - CS): l tng dung tch cc khoang cha hng ca tu - Dung tch cha hng ri (Grain Capacity) - Dung tch cha hng bao kin (Bale Capacity) Dung tch cha hng ri bao gi cng ln hn dung tch cha hng bao kin t 5-10%

III. Cc phng thc thu tu chuyn ch HH bng ng bin

1. Phng thc thu tu ch 1.1. Khi nim v c im * Khi nim: * c im: + Tu chy gia cc cng theo mt lch trnh nh trc + Chng t iu chnh cc mi quan h trong thu tu ch l vn n ng bin + Khi thu tu ch, ch hng phi mc nhin chp nhn cc iu kin, iu khon do hng tu t ra + Gi cc tu ch do cc hng tu quy nh v c cng b sn trn biu cc

1.2. Phng thc thu tu ch * Khi nim: * Trnh t cc bc thu tu: - Ch hng yu cu ngi mi gii tm tu vn chuyn hng ha cho mnh - Ngi mi gii cho tu, hi tu (gi booking note cho ngi chuyn ch) - Ngi mi gii v ngi chuyn ch m phn vi nhau mt s iu kin v iu khon: tn hng, s lng hng ha, cng xp, cng d, chng t cung cp - Ngi mi gii thng bo cho ngi thu tu bit v kt qu thu tu - Ch hng vn chuyn hng ha ra cng giao cho ngi chuyn ch - Ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vn n/ chng t vn ti cho ngi gi hng

2. Nghip v thu tu ch

Shipper
6

Carrier (shipowner)

1 4

2 3

Shipbroker

3. Vn n ng bin (Bill of Lading - B/L) Bill of lading, Ocean bill of lading, marine bill of lading * Khi nim: L chng t VT m ngi chuyn ch cp cho ngi gi hng khi nhn hng xp hoc xp hng ln tu * c im: - Ngi cp B/L: ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ca h - Thi im cp pht B/L: - Ai l ngi c cp B/L:

* Cch pht hnh BL: Pht hng thnh bn gc v bn copy (bn sao) Mt b B/L thng gm 3 bn gc ging nhau v nhiu bn sao thanh ton tin hng qua ngn hng (LC) thng yu cu xut trnh trn b B/L (full set) - S bn copy c cp theo yu cu

* Chc nng ca B/L: - Vn n ng bin l bng chng xc nhn mt hp ng chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin c k kt

- Vn n ng bin l bin lai nhn hng ca ngi chuyn ch pht hnh cho ngi nhn hng

- Vn n ng bin l chng t xc nhn quyn s hu HH ghi trn vn n

* Tc dng ca B/L - i vi ngi gi hng: + dng B/L lm bng chng giao hng cho ngi mua thng qua ngi chuyn ch + dng B/L chng minh vi ngi mua v tnh trng hng ho + B/L cng cc chng t khc lp thnh b chng t thanh ton tin hng - i vi ngi vn chuyn: + dng B/L pht hnh cho ngi gi hng khi nhn hng ch + dng B/L giao hng cng n - i vi ngi nhn hng: + dng B/L xut trnh nhn hng + dng B/L X lng hng ho ng bn giao cho mnh + dng B/L lm chng t cm c th chp chuyn nhng + dng B/L lm chng t trong b h s khiu ni + dng B/L lm chng t hon tt th tc XNK

4. Phn loi B/L

1. Cn c vo kh nng lu thng ca vn n + Vn n ch danh (Straight B/L): l loi vn n trn ngi ta ghi r tn v a ch ngi nhn hng + Vn n theo lnh (To order B/L): l loi B/L trn khng ghi tn v a ch ngi nhn hng m ch ghi theo lnh (to order) hoc c ghi tn ca ngi nhn hng nhng ng thi ghi thm hoc theo lnh (or to order) Ti mc ngi nhn hng (Consignee) c th ghi: - To order of shipper - theo lnh ca ngi gi hng - To order of consignee - theo lnh ca ngi nhn hng - To order of bank - theo lnh ca ngn hng thanh ton Vn n theo lnh c dng rt ph bin trong bun bn v vn ti quc t, c th chuyn nhng c bng cch k hu.

+ Vn n v danh (to bearer B/L): l loi B/L trn khng ghi tn ngi nhn hng, hoc ghi r l v danh, hoc pht hnh theo lnh nhng khng ghi r l theo lnh ca ai, hoc pht hnh theo lnh cho mt ngi hng li nhng ngi k hu vn n v khng ch nh mt ngi hng li khc

2. Cn c vo vic xp hng Theo quan im ca ESCAP (Economic and Socical Commission for Asia and Pacific) + Vn n xp hng (shipped on board B/L): Trn B/L thng th hin: Shipped On Board On Board Shipped + Vn n nhn hng xp (Received for shipment B/L):

3.Cn c vo nhn xt, ghi ch trn B/L + Vn n sch/ hon ho (Clean B/L): Cch th hin: - ng du ch Clean ln phn nhn xt v hng ha hoc bao b - Khng c ph ch g ln B/L - C ph ch nhng khng lm mt tnh hon ho ca B/L + Vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L): Nu khng c quy nh g khc th ngi mua v ngn hng thanh ton khng chp nhn tr tin hng i vi B/L khng hon ho. Cch khc phc ly c Clean B/L: - Thay th, sa cha, b sung - Lp th m bo (Letter of Indemnity)

4. Cn c vo hnh trnh chuyn ch + Vn n i thng (Direct B/L): l loi B/L c cp khi hng ha c chuyn ch thng t cng xp hng n cng d hng m khng c chuyn ti dc ng + Vn n ch sut (Through B/L): l loi B/L c cp khi hng ha c chuyn ch qua nhiu chng (bng hai hay nhiu con tu ca hai hay nhiu ngi chuyn ch) nhng do mt ngi pht hnh v chu trch nhim v hng ha t im u n im cui ca hnh trnh chuyn ch - C iu khon cho php chuyn ti - Phi ghi r cng n, cng i, cng chuyn ti - Ngi cp phi chu trch nhim v HH trong sut hnh trnh + Vn n vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal Transport B/L): l loi B/L c cp khi hng ha c chuyn ch t ni ny n ni khc bng hai hay nhiu phng thc vn ti khc nhau

5. Cn c vo phng thc thu tu + Vn n tu ch: l loi B/L c cp khi hng ha c chuyn ch bng tu ch
+ Vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter party B/L): l loi B/L c cp khi hng ha c chuyn ch bng mt hp ng thu tu (tu chuyn, tu nh hn) Trn B/L thng c ghi: ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu hoc s dng vi hp ng thu tu (to be used with charter party)

6. Mt s loi vn n khc - Vn n in t (Bolero Bill of Lading) - Giy gi hng ng bin (Sea Waybill) - Vn n xut trnh ti cng gi (B/L surrendered)

5. Ni dung ca B/L
1. Mt trc Shipper- ngi gi hng Consignee- ngi nhn hng Notify party/ notify address- a ch thng bo Vessel- tu Port of loading- cng xp hng Port of discharge- cng d hng Goods- Hng ha Freight and Charge- thng tin v cc ph Number of Original- s bn vn n gc Date and Place of issue- Ngy v ni pht hnh Signature- ch k 2. Mt sau: Cc iu khon in sn ca hng tu - Cc khi nim chung - iu khon ngun lut p dng - iu khon gii quyt tranh chp, thng bo tn tht, khiu ni - Cc iu khon min trch - iu khon v cc ph v cc chi ph khc

6. Ngun lut iu chnh B/L

+ Cng c Bruxelles 1924 Quy tc Hague 1924 (International convention for the Unification of Certain rules relating to Bills of Lading)
+ Quy tc Hague-Visby 1968 (NT Visby) (Protocol to Amend the International convention for the U nification of certain rules relating to Bills of Lading) + SDR Protocol 1979 + Quy tc Hamburg 1978 (United Nations Convention on the carriage of goods by sea) + B lut Hng hi Vit Nam

 Quy tc Hague 1924: k kt ti Burssels 25/08/1924, c hiu lc nm 1931, hin nay c khong 90 quc gia k kt v tham gia. C ny p dng cho mi vn n pht hnh mt quc gia tham gia C ny Quy tc Hague Visby 1968: 23/2/1968, Hi nghi qte v lut bin ln th 12 k kt v ph chun quy tc ny, c hiu lc 23/6/1977 Quy tc ny p dng cho mi vn n lin quan n chuyn ch HH gia 2 cng, nu: - B/L pht hnh 1 QG tham gia quy tc ny - Chuyn ch HH t 1 QG tham gia quy tc ny - B/L quy nh rng ly quy tc ny lm ngun lut iu chnh

 Quy tc Hamburg 1978: k kt vo thng 3/1978 ti Hamburg, Quy tc ny c hiu lc ngy 1/11/1992 Quy tc ny p dng cho tt c cc H chuyn ch HH bng ng bin gia 2 nc, nu: - Cng xp hng hoc cng d hng quy nh trong H nm 1 nc tham gia C - Mt trong cc cng d hng la chn quy nh trong H l cng d thc t v cng nm 1 QG tham gia C - B/L hoc chng t khc c pht hnh ti 1 QG tham gia C - B/L hoc chng t khc chng minh cho 1 H VT ng bin chn quy tc ny lm ngun lut iu chnh H

7. Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin

Cc Khi nim chung: - Thi hn trch nhim (Period of Responsibility): l mt khong thi gian v khng gian m ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v nhng mt mt, h hng ca hng ha
- C s trch nhim (basis of liability): trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch v nhng mt mt, h hng ca hng ha - Gii hn trch nhim (Limit of Liability): l s tin ti a m ngi chuyn ch phi bi thng cho mt n v hng ha b tn tht trong trng hp gi tr hng ha khng c k khai trn B/L hay chng t vn ti

Thi hn trch nhim

+ Theo Cng c Brussel 1924 v NT Visby 1968: Ngi chuyn ch chu trch nhim i vi hng ha k t khi hng ha c xp ln tu ti cng i cho n khi hng ha c d ra khi tu ti cng n Thi hn trch nhim t mc cu n mc cu (from tackle to tackle) + Theo Cng c Hamburg 1978: Ngi chuyn ch chu trch nhim i vi hng ha k t khi nhn hng ch cng xp hng cho n khi giao xong hng cng d hng Thi hn trch nhim t khi nhn n khi giao

C s trch nhim
+ Theo Cng c Brussel 1924: ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi do mt mt, h hng ca HH khi hng ha cn thuc trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch + Theo NT Visby 1968: ging C 1924, qnh thm v vic chuyn nhng B/L + Theo Cng c Hamburg 1978: ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v thit hi do mt mt, h hng ca hng ha v chm giao hng khi HH cn thuc trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch

* Nhng TN chnh ca ngi chuyn ch: 1. Theo Cng c Brussel 1924 v NT Visby 1968: TN ca ngi chuyn ch trc v lc bt u hnh trnh l cn mn v hp l 3 trch nhim chnh: + Cung cp tu c kh nng i bin: (3, khon1) - tu kn, hm tu chc chn - tu phi thch ng v an ton cho vic chuyn ch v bo qun HH + TN ca ngi cc vi hng: ngi chuyn ch phi tin hnh mt cch thch hp v cn thn vic xp, dch chuyn, sp xp, chuyn ch, coi gi, chm sc v d nhng hng ha c chuyn ch (3, khon 2) + Trch nhim cung cp B/L 2. Theo Cng c Hamburg 1978: quy nh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch da trn nguyn tc li hay s sut suy on- Presumed Fault or Neglect

* Min trch cho ngi chuyn ch: 1. Theo Cng c Brussel 1924 v NT Visby 1968: Min trch ca ngi cc (iu 4) 17 trng hp min trch: - Hnh vi s sut hay khuyt im ca thuyn trng, thy th, hoa tiu hay ngi gip vic cho ngi cc trong thut i bin (Navigation) hay qun tr tu (Management of ship) Thut i bin l nhng li lin quan n vic iu khin tu chy hoc Qun tr tu l hnh ng lin quan n vic qun l v chm sc tu trong hnh trnh

- Chy, tr khi do li lm thc s hay hnh ng c ca ngi cc gy nn ngi cc c min trch do nhng nguyn nhn khch quan - Nhng tai ha, nguy him hoc tai nn ca bin gy nn (peril, danger and accident of the sea): bo, sng m, ngm, - Thin tai (Act of God): ng t, ni la, st nh, - Chin tranh (Act of war): ni chin, xung t v trang,v nhng hnh ng ca v trang: tu v hng b gi do chnh ph cc QG tham chin hoc b bom, mn, n, - Hnh ng th ch (Act of public enemies) - Tu v HH b cm gi theo lnh ca chnh quyn a phng, ta n: tu vi phm lut hng hi, hng ang tranh chp b bt,..

- Hn ch v kim dch: khi vo cng tu phi kim dch nu tu ko c cp php s dn n ko c vo cng v nm ch - nh cng, cm xng - Hnh vi hay thiu xt ca ch hng, i l ca ch hng - Bo ng hay ni lon - Cu hay c cu sinh mng, ti sn trn bin - Hao ht v trng lng hoc bt k thit hi no do n t, ni t hay bn cht ca HH - Bao b khng y : bao b xu, khng ph hp vi HH v qu trnh chuyn ch - K m hiu khng y hoc b sai: c th dn ti vic giao nhm hng, ln ln, k c TH HH khi giao th y r nt nhng b phai nht do thi tit - n t ca tu khng pht hin c, mc d cn mn hp l

Ngoi 17 min trch ny, ngi cc ko phi chu TN trong nhng TH sau: - Mi s i chch ng cu sinh mnh hoc ti sn trn bin - Trong mi TH, ngi cc s khng phi chu TN nu vic khiu nai, kin tng khng c a ra trong thi gian quy nh - Trong mi TH, ngi cc s khng phi chu TN nu ngi gi hng c tnh khai sai tnh cht, gi tr HH trn vn n

2. Theo Cng c Hamburg 1978: khng lit k cc trng hp min trch cho ngi chuyn ch m da trn nguyn tc suy on li=> ngi chuyn ch c min trch nu chng minh c mnh p dng mi bin php cn thit hp l nhm ngn nga tn tht v tn tht khng do li lm hay s sut ca mnh gy nn. => Trch nhim chng minh li thuc v ngi chuyn ch

Gii hn trch nhim

+ Cng c Brussel 1924: - C k khai trn B/L - 100GBP/ kin hay n v hng ha b mt mt, h hng Kin l nhng HH c bao b n v HH l n v tnh cc khng c bao b, ko b thnh cun. V d: ci, chic,.. + NT Visby 1968: - C k khai trn B/L - 10 000Franc vng /kin, n v hng ha hoc 30 Franc vng/ kg hng ha c b Franc vng l ng tin c cha 65.5 mg vng vi nguyn cht l 900/1000 - i vi hng ha chuyn ch trong Cont + NT SDR 1979: 666.67 SDR/kin, n v hng ha, hoc 2SDR/kg hng ha c b b mt mt h hng ty theo cch tnh no c li ch hng la chn V HH vn chuyn bng Cont ging vi Hague-Visby

+ Cng c Hamburg 1978: - C k khai gi tr trn B/L - 835 SDR/kin, n v hoc 2.5SDR/kg hng ha c b ty theo cch tnh no c li ch hng la chn. - i vi cc nc khng phi l thnh vin ca IMF hoc nhng nc lut l khng cho php s dng ng SDR th c th tuyn b gii hn trch nhim theo n v tin t (mu- monetary unit): 12.500mu/kin, n v hoc 37.5 mu/kg hng ha - i vi hng chuyn ch trong Container: ging Quy tc Hague-Visby 1968, b sung thm - Chm giao hng: 2.5 ln tin cc ca s hng chm giao Ch : Trong mi TH, tng s tin bi thng ca ngi cc khng c vt qu s tin GHTN quy nh trn.

B LUT HNG HI VIT NAM 2005

+ Thi hn trch nhim: Khon 2 iu 67, ging cc C, quy tc ngun lut quc t + C s trch nhim: ngi chuyn ch chu trch nhim v nhng mt mt, h hng ca hng ha v chm giao hng. - Quy nh 3 trch nhim chnh ca ngi chuyn ch - Quy nh 17 trng hp min trch cho ngi chuyn ch, nhng ngi chuyn ch mun c min trch th phi chng minh mnh khng c li. + Gii hn trch nhim: - Ging NT SDR 1979 - i vi hng ha chuyn ch trong Container v cc cng c vn ti tng t: quy nh ging NT Visby 1968 - Chm giao hng: quy nh ging Hamburg

8. Thng bo tn tht v khiu ni ngi chuyn ch

* Thng bo tn tht: l thng bo bng vn bn ca ngi nhn hng, ni r tnh trng tn tht ca hng ha, gi cho ngi chuyn ch trong mt thi gian quy nh bo lu quyn khiu ni vi ngi chuyn ch. + Nu tn tht r rt: l nhng tn tht c th nhn thy c bng mt thng - Thng bo tn tht c th hin bng COR (bin bn hng v h hng) (Cargo outturn report) - Theo Cng c Brussel v NT Visby: COR phi c lp trc hoc vo lc giao hng - Theo Cng c Hamburg: COR phi c lp khng mun hn ngy lm vic sau ngy giao hng cho ngi nhn + Nu tn tht khng r rt: l nhng tn tht kh c th pht hin c bng mt thng hay l nhng nghi ng c tn tht. - Thng bo tn tht c th hin bng LOR (Letter of Reservation- th d khng) cho ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ca h. - Theo Cng c Brussel v NT Visby: phi thng bo trong vng 3 ngy sau khi nhn c hng - Theo Cng c Hamburg: phi thng bo trong vng 15 ngy lin tc sau khi nhn c hng + Chm giao hng (C Hamburg): ngi nhn hng phi thng bo bng vn bn cho ngi chuyn ch trong vng 60 ngy lin tc sau ngy hng ha c giao cho ngi nhn.

* Khiu ni ngi chuyn ch - Nhng ngi c th khiu ni ngi chuyn ch: - H s khiu ni: + Nhm mc ch: C/m cho li ch ca ngi khiu ni i vi hng ha C/m thit hi xy ra l do li ca ngi chuyn ch + Gm cc giy t, chng t: B/L; Commercial Invoice; Packing list Bin bn hng v h hng (COR) Bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu (ROROC) report on received of cargo Giy chng nhn hng thiu (Certificate of Shortlanded Cargo) Th d khng (LOR) Bin bn gim nh (Survey Report) Cc giy t, chng t chng minh li ca ngi chuyn ch - Thi hn khiu ni + Quy tc Hague: 1 nm + NT Visby: 1 nm nhng c th tha thun thm 3 thng + C Hamburg: 2 nm v cng c th tha thun ko di thm

9. Phng thc thu tu chuyn

1. Khi nim v c im ca tu chuyn
* Khi nim - Tu chuyn l tu chuyn ch hng ha gia hai hoc nhiu cng theo yu cu ca ch hng trn c s mt H thu tu. * c im - i tng chuyn ch: - Tu vn chuyn - iu kin chuyn ch

2. Phng thc thu tu chuyn * Khi nim - Thu tu chuyn l vic ch tu dnh cho ngi thu thu ton b hay mt phn con tu chuyn ch hng ha t mt cng ny n mt cng khc. Voyage charter party C/P
* Cc hnh thc thu tu chuyn - Thu chuyn mt (single trip) - Thu chuyn mt kh hi (round trip) - Thu chuyn lin tc (Consecutive voyage) - Thu nh hn + Thu nh hn trn + Thu nh hn khng trn (thue bao)

3. Trnh t cc bc thu tu chuyn - Bc 1: ngi thu tu nh ngi mi gii tm tu, hi tu - Bc 2: ngi mi gii cho tu, hi tu - Bc 3: ngi mi gii v ngi chuyn ch m phn vi nhau tt c cc iu kin, iu khon ca hp ng thu tu - Bc 4: ngi mi gii thng bo kt qu thu tu cho ngi thu - Bc 5: ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch k hp ng thu tu - Bc 6: thc hin hp ng thu tu: + Ngi thu tu vn chuyn hng ha ra cng giao cho ngi chuyn ch + Ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca ngi chuyn ch pht hnh b vn n cho ngi gi hng

10. Hp ng thu tu chuyn (Charter Party C/P)

1. Khi nim - C/P l loi H chuyn ch HH bng ng bin, trong ngi chuyn ch cam kt chuyn ch HH t mt hay nhiu cng ny v giao cho mt ngi nhn mt hay nhiu cng khc, cn ngi i thu tu cam kt tr tin cc thu tu ng nh hai bn tha thun trong H

2. Cc mu hp ng thu tu chuyn thng gp - Mu H thu tu mang tnh cht tng hp: + Mu GENCON 1994 + Mu NUVOY 1964 + Mu SCANCON 1956 - Mu H thu tu mang tnh cht chuyn dng + Mu NORGRAIN 89 ca hip hi mi gii v i l M chuyn ch ng cc + Mu CEMENCO ca M pht hnh nm 1922 chuyn ch xi mng + Mu CUBASUGAR ca Cuba chuyn ch ng + Mu EXONVOY, MOBILVOY, SHELLVOY ca M chuyn ch du + Mu RUSSWOOD ca Nga dng chuyn ch g + Mu SOVCOAL 1962 ca Lin X, POLCOAL 1971

11. Ni dung H thu tu chuyn

- iu khon v ch th hp ng + Ch th ca hp ng: ngi chuyn ch, ngi thu tu + Cn ghi r tn, a ch, s in thoi, s Fax ca cc bn + Nu k hp ng thng qua i l hoc cng ty mi gii cn ghi r as agent only cui hp ng - iu khon v con tu (ship term): quy nh mt cch c th cc c trng c bn ca con tu: + Tn tu + Quc tch tu + Cht lng tu + ng c tu + Cp hng tu + Trng ti + Dung tch + Mn nc + V tr ca tu iu khon con tu thay th

- iu khon thi gian tu n cng xp hng (laydays term): l thi gian tu phi n cng xp hng nhn hng ch theo quy nh ca H + Cc cch quy nh: Quy nh ngy c th Quy nh mt khong thi gian: * Lu : nu con tu c thu ang mt khu vc ln cn hoc gn cng xp hng th c th tha thun theo cc iu khon: - Prompt: - Promptisimo: - Spot prompt: D quy nh theo cch no th ngi chuyn ch cng phi thng bo cho ngi thu tu thi gian d kin tu n cng xp hng quy nh (ETA- Estimated Time of Arrival)

+ Mt con tu c coi nh n cng v sn sng xp hng hoc d hng khi: Tu n c vng thng mi ca cng Tu sn sng xp d v mi mt: Lm xong cc th tc vo cng (hi quan, bin phng, v sinh y t) Sn sng cc iu kin k thut cho vic xp hng Tu trao thng bo sn sng xp d (NORNotice of Readiness) cho ngi thu tu hoc ngi nhn hng mt cch thch hp.

+ iu khon v hng ha (Cargo term) Tn hng: ghi r tn hng ha chuyn ch -Tn thng mi ca hng ha + Tn thng thng + Tn khoa hc - Tn hng + Tn a phng sn xut - Tn hng + Tn nh sn xut - Tn hng + Nhn hiu - Tn hng + Quy cch chnh ca hng ha - Tn hng + Cng dng

 Nu ch hng mun chuyn ch hai loi hng ha trn cng mt chuyn tu th phi ghi v/ hoc tn hng ha thay th: 1000 MT of rice and/or maize Nu vo lc k hp ng thu tu cha xc nh c tn hng th c th quy nh chung giao mt mt hng hp php: rubber and/or any lawful goods Bao b hng ha: quy nh loi bao b c th, ghi r k m hiu S lng hng ha: ty theo tng mt hng c th quy nh ch theo trng lng hoc th tch, nn quy nh km theo mt t l dung sai: Khong (about) S lng ti a, ti thiu (max, min) Ghi chnh xc s lng + dung sai: 10 000 MT more or less 5% at Masters option

+ iu khon cng xp, cng d hng (Loading/Discharging Port term) 2 cch quy nh: - C th cng no, cu cng s my => Nu xp d ti nhiu cng, cu th phi quy nh th t xp d v chi ph chuyn cu (shifting expense) - Chung chung: one safe berth, Haiphong Port Cng xp d phi an ton: - V hng hi - V chnh tr

+ iu khon cc ph thu tu: l s tin m ngi thu tu phi tr cho vic vn chuyn hng ha hoc nhng dch v c lin quan n vic vn chuyn Mc cc: l s tin cc tnh trn mt n v hng ha n v tnh cc: Hng nng: MT, long ton, short ton Hng nh, cng knh: m3, cubic feet, tn th tch (measurement ton) = 40c.ft S lng hng ha tnh cc: Theo s lng hng ha thc xp ln tu ti cng i (On taken quantity) Theo s lng hng thc giao ti cng n (Delivery Quantity)

+ Thi gian thanh ton: - Tin cc tr trc: Freight Prepaid/ Freight payable at Loading port - Tin cc tr sau: Freight to Collect Tr khi bt u d hng (Freight payable on commencement of discharge) Tr ng thi vi vic d hng (Freight payable concurrent with discharge) Tr khi d hng xong (Freight payable on completion of discharge) Tr khi hng ha c giao thc s v ng n (freight payable on actual and proper completion of discharge) - 1 phn thanh ton trc, 1 phn thanh ton sau

+ iu khon chi ph xp d - iu kin tu ch (Liner terms/Gross terms/Berth terms) - iu kin min chi ph xp d cho ngi chuyn ch (FIO- Free In and Out, FIOS, FIOT, FIOST) - iu kin min chi ph xp hng cho ngi chuyn ch (FI- Free In, FIS, FIT, FIST) - iu kin min chi ph d hng cho ngi chuyn ch (FO- Free Out, FOS, FOT, FOST) FIOst (free in and out, stowed and trimmed) Cc thut ng trn phi i km vi gi cc trong hp ng Phi la chn iu kin chi ph xp d ph hp : Trnh tr hai ln chi ph xp d hai ln cho ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi bn To iu kin thun li cho vic xp d hng Tit kim ngoi t

+ iu khon v thi gian xp d (Laytime): l mt khong thi gian do hai bn tha thun trong hp ng thu tu thc hin cng vic xp d hng ha ln xung tu, cn gi l thi gian cho php (allowed time) - n v tnh thi gian xp d: Ngy (days) Ngy lin tc (running days) Ngy lm vic (Working Days) Ngy lm vic 24h (Working Days of 24hours) Ngy lm vic 24h lin tc (Working days of 24 consecutive hours) Ngy lm vic thi tit tt (Weather Working Days) WWD Ch nht (Sundays) Ngy l (holidays) Ngy l v ch nht c tnh vo thi gian xp d hay khng phi quy nh c th trong hp ng thu tu

- Cc cch quy nh: + Quy nh mt s ngy c th: 7 WWD, S.H. EX (Cargo to be loaded in 7 weather working days of 24 consecutive hours, Sundays and holidays excepted) 7 WWD, S.H. EX, E.U (Cargo to be loaded in 7 weather working days of 24 consecutive hours, Sundays and holidays excepted, even if used) + Quy nh mc xp d hng ha cho ton tu hoc cho mt mng xp d trong ngy 1500 MT per WWD, S.H. EX, E.U + Quy nh xp d theo tp qun hoc bng nhng t ng chung chung: - As fast as steamer can load or dispatch - According to Custom of port -

+ Mc tnh thi gian xp d: ph thuc vo vic ngi chuyn ch trao thng bo sn sng xp d (NOR- Notice of Readiness) v ngi thu tu chp nhn thng bo ny. - Trc khi chp nhn NOR, ch hng phi kim tra tnh sn sng ca tu: - Tu cp vo vng thng mi ca cng hay cha - Tu lm xong cc th tc vo cng hay cha - Cc trang thit b xp d, cc hm quy hng sn sng xp hay d hng ha cha - Trnh ngi chuyn ch ghi trn hp ng W, W, W, W - WIPON: Whether in Port or not - WIBON: Whether in Berth or not - WIFON: Whether in Free Pratique or not - WICON: Whether in Custom Cleared or not

GENCON
+ Hp ng mu GENCON quy nh: - Thi gian lm hng bt u c tnh t 13h nu NOR c trao trc hoc vo lc 12h tra - Thi gian lm hng c tnh t 6h sng hm sau nu NOR c trao vo gi lm vic sau 12h tra - Khong thi gian sau khng tnh vo thi gian lm hng: t 13h chiu th 7 hoc 13h ca ngy lm vic trc ngy ngh l n 7h sng ca ngy th 2 hoc 7h sng ca ngy lm vic k tip sau ngy ngh l

+ iu khon thng pht xp d nhanh chm - Tin thng xp d nhanh (Despatch money): l khon tin ngi chuyn ch phi tr cho ngi thu tu v vic ngi thu tu xp d hng ha nhanh hn so vi thi gian quy nh trong hp ng + Mc thng = mc pht: Thng cho ton tu trong 1 ngy Thng cho 1 n v trng ti/dung tch + Thi gian thng: Tnh cho ton b thi gian tit kim c (for all time saved) Ch thng cho thi gian lm vic tit kim c (all working time saved) + Tng tin thng = mc thng X thi gian thng

- Tin pht xp d chm (demurrage money): l khon tin m ngi thu tu phi tr cho ngi chuyn ch v vic xp d hng ha chm hn so vi thi gian quy nh ca hp ng + Mc pht = 2 mc thng Pht cho ton tu trong 1 ngy Pht cho 1 n v trng ti/dung tch + Thi gian pht: mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht (once on demurrage, always on demurrage) + Tng tin pht = mc pht X thi gian pht

+ Cch tnh thng pht: - Tnh b tr: thi gian thng thi gian pht - Tnh ring: tin thng ring, tin pht ring + xem xt vn thng pht xp d nhanh chm cn thc hin: - N/c C/P xem thi gian xp, d c quy nh l bao nhiu, mc tnh thi gian xp d t khi no, khong thi gian no khng tnh vo thi gian xp d - Tnh ton bit thc t xp, d ht bao nhiu ngy, gi cn c vo bin bn s kin (Statement of Facts- l mt chng t do i l tu lp ra trong ghi li tt c cc s kin c lin quan n con tu k t khi tu n cng cho n khi tu hon thnh vic xp d) - Trn c s bin bn s kin lp bng tnh thi gian xp d (Time Sheet) tnh xem bao nhiu ngy b pht, bao nhiu ngy c thng.

- iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li (Both to Blame Collision) If the (Carrying) ship comes into collision with another ship as a result of the negligence of the other ship and any act, neglect or default in the navigation or the management of the carrying ship, the Merchant undertakes to pay the carrier or where the Carrier is not the owner and in possession of the carrying ship to pay to the Carrier as trustee for the owner and/or demise charterer of the carrying ship, a sum sufficient to indemnify the Carrier and/or the owners and/or demise charterer of the carrying ship against all loss or liability to the other or non carrying ship or her owners, insofar as such loss or liability represents loss of or damage to or any claim whatsoever of the Merchant, paid or payable by the other or non carrying ship or her owners to the Merchant and set off recouped or recovered by the other or non carrying ship or her owners as part of their claim against the carrying ship or her owner or demise charterer or the Carrier. The foregoing provisions shall also apply where the owners, operators or those in charge of any ship or ships or objects, other than, or in addition to the colliding ship or objects, are at fault in respect to a collision; contact, stranding or other accident.

Nu tu ch hng A m va tu khng hng B do hu qu s sut ca tu B v do hnh vi s sut hoc li lm ca thuyn trng, thy th, hoa tiu hay ngi phc v trong vic chy tu v qun tr tu ch hng A, th ch hng trn tu A s bi thng cho ngi chuyn ch (Tu A) mi mt mt hoc trch nhim i vi tu khng hng B n mc mt mt hoc trch nhim ny tng ng vi mt mt hoc h hng m ch hng c tu khng hng B hoc s bi thng v n c i chiu, gim tr hoc trch gi nh lmt phn khiu ni ca tu B i vi tu A. Quy nh va c cp cng s p dng ti ni no m ch tu, ngi iu hnh hoc ngi qun l tu hay phng tin no khc m phm li lm trong mt v tu m va.

iu khon tn tht chung v New Jason (General Average and New Jason Clause)
- General Average shall be adjusted in London unless otherwise agreed in Box 22 according to York- Antwerp Rules 1994 and any subsequent modification thereof. Proprietors of cargo to pay the cargos share in the general expense even if same have been necessitated through neglect or default of the Owners servant. - If General Average is to be adjusted in accordance with the law and practice of the US of America, the following clause shall apply: In the event of accident, danger, damage or disaster before or after the commencement of the voyage, resulting from any cause whatsoever, whether due to negligence or not, for which, or for the consequence of which, the Carrier is not responsible, by statute, contract or otherwise, the goods, Shippers, Consignees or owners of the goods shall contribute with the Carrier in general average to the payment of any sacrifices, losses or expenses of a general average nature that may be made or incurred and shall pay salvage and special charges incurred in respect of the goods. If a salving ship is owned or operated by the Carrier, salvage shall be paid for as fully as if the said salving ship or ships belonged to strangers. Such deposit as the Carrier or his agents may deem sufficient to cover the estimated contribution of the goods and any salvage and special charges thereon shall, if required, be made by the goods, Shippers, Consignees or owners of the goods to the Carrier before delivery.

Ch hng hoc ngi gi, ngi nhn hng c bn phn ng gp tn tht chung bt k him ha, tai nn xy ra trc hoc sau hnh trnh ca con tu, bt k nguyn nhn xy ra tn tht chung nh th no bao gm c nguyn nhn bt cn ca tu m tu c hng min trch cn c theo lut php, hp ng hoc cch no khc. H s tr ph cu h v nhng chi ph c bit pht sinh i vi hng ha. Ph cu h s c tr ton b y cho d tu cu h thuc s hu ch tu hay s hu ca ngi ngoi. S tin k qu ng gp tn tht chung do ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ca h d kin coi nh y s c ch hng, ngi gi hoc ngi nhn hng giao np trc khi nhn hng.

- Tn tht chung l: l nhng chi ph v hy sinh c bit c tin hnh c v hp l nhm cu ri, HH khi b tai ha chung i vi chng trong mt hnh trnh chung trn bin - c trng: + TTC l hnh ng c v t nguyn ca thuyn trng v ton b thuyn vin + l hnh ng hp l, chu thit hi t nht trnh nhng thit hi ln + thit hi phi l c bit ( ko xra trong k i bin bt) + hnh ng TTC phi xra trn bin + Nguy c e da l nghim trng v thc t + phi v an ton chung

- TTC gm: + Hy sinh TCC (G/A sacrifice) + chi ph TCC (G/A Expenditure): cp ra vo cng lnh nn cp lu kho lu bi HH cng gp nn cp xp d HH ti cng lnh nn cp tng thm v nhin vt liu v thy th on cp sa cha nhng h hng