Bai 2 PDF

H iu hnh
H IU HNH
Phm ng Hi haipd-fit@mail.hut.edu.vn
B mn Khoa hc My tnh Vin Cng ngh Thng tin & Truyn Thng
Ngy 22 thng 2 nm 2011

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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh
Chng 2 Qun l tin trnh
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Gii thiu Chng trnh ang thc hin

c cung cp ti nguyn (CPU, b nh, thit b vo/ra. . .) hon thnh cng vic
Ti nguyn c cp khi khi to tin trnh hay khi tin trnh ang thc hin
Gi l tin trnh (process )
H thng l tp cc tin trnh thc hin ng thi Tin trnh h iu hnh Thc hin m lnh h thng Tin trnh ngi dng Thc hin m lnh ngi dng Tin trnh c th cha mt hoc nhiu lung iu khin Trch nhim ca H iu hnh: m bo hat ng ca tin trnh v tiu trnh (lung )
To/xa tin trnh (ngi dng, h thng) iu phi tin trnh Cung cp c ch ng b, truyn thng v ngn nga tnh trng b tc gia cc tin trnh
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Ni dung chnh
Tin trnh Lung (Thread) iu phi CPU Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh V d v ng b tin trnh B tc v x l b tc
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh
Ni dung chnh
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.1 Khi nim tin trnh
Tin trnh Khi nim tin trnh iu phi tin trnh Thao tc trn tin trnh Hp tc tin trnh Truyn thng lin tin trnh
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nh ngha tin trnh

1
L mt dy thay i trng thi ca h thng

Chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc c thc hin theo yu cu nm trong chng trnh ca ngi s dng Xut pht t mt trng thi ban u
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nh ngha tin trnh

1
L mt dy thay i trng thi ca h thng

Chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc c thc hin theo yu cu nm trong chng trnh ca ngi s dng Xut pht t mt trng thi ban u
L chng trnh ang thc hin

Ti nguyn ti thiu cn c
B nh cho m chng trnh v d liu Cc thanh ghi ca processor phc v cho qu trnh thc hin chng trnh
Tin trnh >< chng trnh

Chng trnh: thc th th ng (ni dung file trn a) Tin trnh: thc th ch ng (b m lnh, tp ti nguyn) Mt chng trnh c th c thc hin bi cc tin trnh khc nhau,vi cc b d liu khc nhau (mt chng trnh, nhiu tin trnh) Gi ti nhiu tin trnh
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nh ngha tin trnh Chng trnh gm

M chng trnh: Lnh my (CD2190EA...) D liu: Bin c lu tr v s dng trong b nh
Bin ton cc Bin c cung cp ng (malloc, new,..) Bin stack (tham s hm, bin cc b )
Th vin lin kt ng: khng c dch & lin kt cng vi chng trnh (DLL)
Qu trnh dch mt chng trnh
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nh ngha tin trnh Thc hin mt chng trnh
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H iu hnh to mt tin trnh v phn phi vng nh cho n B thc hin (loader/exec )
c v dch (interprets ) file thc thi Thit lp khng gian a ch cho tin trnh cha m lnh v d liu t file thc thi t cc tham s dng lnh, mi trng (argc, argv, envp ) vo stack Thit lp cc thanh ghi ca VXL thch hp v gi hm "_start()" (h iu hnh)
Chng trnh bt u thc hin ti "_start()". Hm ny gi ti hm main()(chng trnh) "Tin trnh" ang thc hin, khng cn ti "chng trnh" na Khi hm main() kt thc, OS gi ti hm "_exit()" hy b tin trnh v thu hi ti nguyn
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H iu hnh to mt tin trnh v phn phi vng nh cho n B thc hin (loader/exec )
c v dch (interprets ) file thc thi Thit lp khng gian a ch cho tin trnh cha m lnh v d liu t file thc thi t cc tham s dng lnh, mi trng (argc, argv, envp ) vo stack Thit lp cc thanh ghi ca VXL thch hp v gi hm "_start()" (h iu hnh)
Chng trnh bt u thc hin ti "_start()". Hm ny gi ti hm main()(chng trnh) "Tin trnh" ang thc hin, khng cn ti "chng trnh" na Khi hm main() kt thc, OS gi ti hm "_exit()" hy b tin trnh v thu hi ti nguyn
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Tin trnh l chng trnh ang thc thi
Trng thi tin trnh I Khi thc hin, tin trnh thay i trng thi Trng thi ca tin trnh l mt phn trong hot ng hin ti ca tin trnh: Khi to (New) Tin trnh ang c khi to Sn sng (Ready) Tin trnh ang i s dng processor vt l Thc hin (Running) Cc cu lnh ca tin trnh ang c thc hin Ch i (Waiting) Tin trnh ang ch i mt s kin no xut hin (s hon thnh thao tc vo/ra) Kt thc (Terminated) Tin trnh thc hin xong H thng c mt processor
C duy nht mt tin trnh trng thi thc hin C th c nhiu tin trnh trng thi ch i hoc sn sng
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Trng thi tin trnh II
Lu thay i trng thi tin trnh (Silberschatz 2002)
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Khi iu khin tin trnh (PCB: Process Control Block) Mi tin trnh c th hin trong h thng bi mt khi iu khin tin trnh PCB: cu trc thng tin cho php xc nh duy nht mt tt
Trng thi tin trnh B m lnh Cc thanh ghi ca CPU Thng tin dng iu phi tin trnh Thng tin qun l b nh Thng tin ti nguyn c th s dng Thng tin thng k ... Con tr ti mt PCB khc
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Tin trnh v Lung
Tin trnh n lung: L mt chng trnh thc hin ch mt lung thc thi C mt lung cu lnh thc thi Cho php thc hin ch mt nhim v ti mt thi im
Tin trnh a lung: C nhiu lung thc thi Cho php thc hin nhiu hn mt nhim v ti mt thi im
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.2 iu phi tin trnh
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Gii thiu
Mc ch S dng ti a thi gian ca CPU Cn c nhiu tin trnh trong h thng Vn Lun chuyn CPU gia cc tin trnh Phi c hng i cho cc tin trnh H thng mt processor Mt tin trnh thc hin Cc tin trnh khc phi i ti khi CPU t do
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Cc hng i tin trnh I H thng c nhiu hng i dnh cho tin trnh
Job-queue Tp cc tin trnh trong h thng Ready-Queue Tp cc tin trnh tn ti trong b nh, ang sn sng v ch i c thc hin Device queues Tp cc tin trnh ang ch i mt thit b vo ra. Phn bit hng i cho tng thit b
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Cc hng i tin trnh II Cc tin trnh di chuyn gia hng i khc nhau
Tin trnh mi to, c t trong hng i sn sng, v i cho ti khi c la chn thc hin
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Cc hng i tin trnh III
Tin trnh c chn v ang thc hin

1 2 3
a ra mt yu cu vo ra: i trong mt hng i thit b To mt tin trnh con v i tin trnh con kt thc Ht thi gian s dng CPU, phi quay li hng i sn sng Tin trnh s chuyn t trng thi i sang trng thi sn sng Tin trnh quay li hng i sn sng
Trng hp (1&2) sau khi s kin ch i hon thnh,
Tin trnh tip tc chu k (sn sng, thc hin, ch i ) cho ti khi kt thc
Xa khi tt c cc hng i PCB v ti nguyn cp c gii phng
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B iu phi (Scheduler) I La chn tin trnh trong cc hng i

iu phi cng vic (Job scheduler; Long-term scheduler ) iu phi CPU (CPU scheduler; short-term scheduler )
iu phi cng vic :

Chn cc tin trnh t hng i tin trnh c lu trong cc vng m (a t ) v a vo b nh thc hin Thc hin khng thng xuyn (n v giy/pht ) iu khin mc a chng trnh (s t/trnh trong b nh ) Khi mc a chng trnh n nh, iu phi cng vic c gi ch khi c tin trnh ri khi h thng Vn la chon cng vic
Tin trnh thin v vo/ra: s dng t thi gian CPU Tin trnh thin v tnh ton: s dng nhiu thi gian CPU Cn la chn ln c 2 loi tin tnh tt vo ra: hng i sn sng rng, lng ph CPU tt tnh ton: hng i thit b rng, lng ph thit b
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B iu phi (Scheduler) II iu phi CPU :

La chn mt tin trnh t hng i cc tin trnh ang sn sng thc hin v phn phi CPU cho n c thc hin thng xuyn (VD: 100ms/ln)
Tin trnh thc hin vi ms ri thc hin vo ra La chn tin trnh mi, ang sn sng
Phi thc hin nhanh

10ms quyt nh 10/(110)=9% thi gian CPU lng ph
Vn lun chuyn CPU t tin trnh ny ti tin trnh khc

Phi lu trng thi ca tin trnh c (PCB ) v khi phc trng thi cho tin trnh mi Thi gian lun chuyn l lng ph C th c h tr bi phn cng
Vn la chn tin trnh (iu phi tin trnh)
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Swapping tin trnh (medium-term scheduler)
Nhim v
a t/trnh ra khi b nh (lm gim mc a chng trnh) Sau a tin trnh quay tr li (c th v tr khc ) v tip tc thc hin
Mc ch: Gii phng vng nh, to vng nh t do rng hn

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Chuyn ng cnh (context switch) Chuyn CPU t tin trnh ny sang tin trnh khc (hon i tin trnh thc hin) Thc hin khi xut hin tn hiu ngt (ngt thi gian) hoc tin trnh a ra li gi h thng (thc hin v ra) Lu ca chuyn CPU gia cc t/trnh(Silberschatz 2002)
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.3 Thao tc trn tin trnh
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Thao tc trn tin trnh
To tin trnh Kt thc tin trnh
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To tin trnh Tin trnh c th to nhiu tin trnh mi cng hot ng (CreateProcess(), fork())
Tin trnh to: tin trnh cha Tin trnh c to: tin trnh con
Tin trnh con c th to tin trnh con khc Cy tin trnh Vn phn phi ti nguyn
Tin trnh con ly ti nguyn t h iu hnh Tin trnh con ly ti nguyn t tin trnh cha
Tt c cc ti nguyn Mt phn ti nguyn ca tin trnh cha (ngn nga vic to qu nhiu tin trnh con)
Vn thc hin
Tin trnh cha tip tc thc hin ng thi vi tin trnh con Tin trnh cha i tin trnh con kt thc
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Kt thc tin trnh
Hon thnh cu lnh cui v yu cu HH xa n (exit )

Gi tr d liu ti tin trnh cha Cc ti nguyn cung cp c tr li h thng
Tin trnh cha c th kt thc s thc hin ca tin trnh con

Tin trnh cha phi bit nh danh tin trnh con tin trnh con phi gi nh danh cho tin trnh cha khi c khi to S dng li gi h thng (abort )
Tin trnh cha kt thc tin trnh con khi

Tin trnh con s dng vt qu mc ti nguyn c cp Nhim v cung cp cho tin trnh con khng cn cn thit na Tin trnh cha kt thc v h iu hnh khng cho php tin trnh con tn ti khi tin trnh cha kt thc Cascading termination. VD, kt thc h thng
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Mt s hm vi tin trnh trong WIN32 API CreateProcess(. . .)

LPCTSTR Tn ca chng trnh c thc hin LPTSTR Tham s dng lnh LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES Thuc tnh an ninh t/trnh LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES Thuc tnh an ninh lung BOOL Cho php k tha cc th thit b (TRUE/FALSE ) DWORD C to tin trnh (VD CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE ) LPVOID Tr ti khi mi trng LPCTSTR ng dn y n chng trnh LPSTARTUPINFO Cu trc thng tin cho tin trnh mi LPPROCESS_INFORMATION Thng tin v tin trnh mi
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TerminateProcess(HANDLE hProcess, UINT uExitCode) hProcess Th tin trnh b kt thc ng uExitCode M kt thc tin trnh WaitForSingleObject(HANDLE hHandle, DWORD dwMs) hHandle Th i tng dwMs Thi gian ch i (INFINITE ) 105
V d
#include <windows.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(){ STARTUPINFO si; PROCESS_INFORMATION pi; ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si)); si.cb = sizeof(si); CreateProcess("Child.exe",NULL,NULL,NULL,FALSE, CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE,NULL,NULL,&si,&pi); WaitForSingleObject(pi.hProcess,10000);//INFINITE TerminateProcess(pi.hProcess, 0); CloseHandle(pi.hProcess); CloseHandle(pi.hThread); return 0; }
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.4 Hp tc tin trnh
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Phn loi tin trnh Cc tin trnh tun t

im bt u ca tin trnh ny nm sau im kt thc ca tin trnh kia
Cc tin trnh song song

im bt u ca tin trnh ny nm gia im bt u v kt thc ca tin trnh kia c lp: Khng nh hng ti hoc b nh hng bi tin trnh khc ang thc hin trong h thng C hp tc: nh hng ti hoc chu nh hng bi tin trnh khc ang thc hin trong h thng Hp tc tin trnh nhm
Chia s thng tin Tng tc tnh ton: Module ha Tin dng
Hp tc tin trnh i hi c ch cho php

Truyn thng gia cc tin trnh ng b ha hot ng ca cc tin trnh
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Bi ton ngi sn xut (producer)-ngi tiu th(consumer) I
H thng gm 2 tin trnh

Producer sn xut ra cc sn phm Consumer tiu th cc sn phm c sn xut ra
V d ng dng
Chng trnh in (producer ) sn xut ra cc k t c tiu th bi b iu khin my in (consumer) Trnh dch (producer ) sn xut ra m hp ng, trnh hp ng (consumer/producer ) tiu th m hp ng ri sn xut ra module i tng c b thc hin (consumer ) tiu th
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Bi ton ngi sn xut (producer)-ngi tiu th(consumer) II Producer v Consumer hot ng ng thi S dng vng m dng chung (Buffer) cha sn phm c in vo bi producer v c ly ra bi consumer IN V tr trng k tip trong vng m; OUT V tr y u tin trong vng m. Counter S sn phm trong vng m Producer v Consumer phi ng b
Consumer khng c gng tiu th mt sn phm cha c sn xut
Vng m dung lng v hn

Khi Buffer rng, Consumer phi i Producer khng phi i khi t sn phm vo buffer
Vng m dung lng hu hn

Khi Buffer rng, Consumer phi i Producer phi i nu vng m y
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Bi ton ngi sn xut (producer)-ngi tiu th(consumer) III

Producer while(1){ /*produce an item in nextProduced*/ while (Counter == BUFFER_SIZE) ; /*do nothing*/ Buffer[IN] = nextProduced; IN = (IN + 1) % BUFFER_SIZE; Counter++; } Consumer while(1){ while(Counter == 0) ; /*do nothing*/ nextConsumed = Buffer[OUT]; OUT =(OUT + 1) % BUFFER_SIZE; Counter--; /*consume the item in nextConsumed*/ }
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.5 Truyn thng lin tin trnh
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Trao i gia cc tin trnh
Dng m hnh b nh phn chia

Cc tin trnh chia s vng nh ching M ci t c vit tng minh bi ngi lp trnh ng dng V d: Bi ton Producer-Consumer
Dng m hnh truyn thng lin tin trnh (Interprocess communication)

L c ch cho php cc tin trnh truyn thng v ng b cc hot ng Thng c s dng trong cc h phn tn khi cc tin trnh truyn thng nm trn cc my khc nhau (chat ) m bo bi h thng truyn thng bo
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H thng truyn thng bo Cho php cc tin trnh trao i vi nhau khng qua s dng cc bin phn chia Yu cu 2 thao tc c bn
Send (msg) Cc msg c kch thc c nh hoc thay i
C nh : d ci t mc h thng, nhim v lp trnh kh Thay i: ci t mc h thng phc tp, lp trnh n gin
Receive (msg)
Nu 2 tin trnh P v Q mun trao i, chng cn

Thit lp mt lin kt truyn thng (vt l/logic ) gia chng Trao i cc messages nh cc thao tc send/receive
Cc vn ci t
Cc lin kt c thit lp nh th no? Mt lin kt c th dng cho nhiu hn 2 tin trnh? Bao nhiu lin kt c th tn ti gia mi cp tin trnh? Kch thc thng bo m lin kt chp nhn c nh/thay i? Lin kt mt hay hai chiu?
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Truyn thng trc tip
Cc tin trnh phi gi tn tin trnh nhn/gi mt cch tng minh

send (P, message) - gi mt thng bo ti tin trnh P receive(Q, message) - Nhn mt thng bo t tin trnh Q
Tnh cht ca lin kt truyn thng

Cc lin kt c thit lp t ng Mt lin kt gn ch vi cp tin trnh truyn thng Ch tn ti mt lin kt gia cp tin trnh lin kt c th l mt chiu, nhng thng hai chiu
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Truyn thng gin tip Cc thng bo c gi/nhn ti/t cc hm th (mailboxes ), cng (ports )
Mi hm th c nh danh duy nht Cc tin trnh c th trao i nu chng dng chung hm th
Tnh cht cc lin kt

Cc lin kt c thit lp ch khi cc tin trnh dng chung hm th Mt lin kt c th c gn vi nhiu tin trnh Mi cp tin trnh c th dng chung nhiu lin kt truyn thng Lin kt c th mt hay hai chiu
Cc thao tc
To hm th Gi/nhn thng bo qua hm th
send(A, msg): Gi mt msg ti hm th A receive(A, msg): Nhn mt msg t hm th A
Hy b hm th
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Vn ng b ha Truyn thng bo c th phi ch i (blocking ), hoc khng ch i (non blocking ) blocking Truyn thng ng b Non-blocking Truyn thng khng ng b Cc th tc send v receive c th b ch i hoc khng ch i
Blocking send Tin trnh gi thng bo v i cho ti khi msg c nhn bi tin trnh nhn hoc bi hm th Non blockking send Tin trnh gi thng bo v tip tc lm vic Blocking receive Tin trnh nhn phi i cho ti khi c thng bo Non-blocking receive Tin trnh nhn tr v hoc mt thng bo c gi tr, hoc mt gi tr null
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Vng m
Cc thng bo trao i c lu trong hng i tm thi Hng i c th c ci t theo

Kh nng cha 0: sender phi i cho ti khi thng bo c nhn Kh nng cha c gii hn sender phi i nu hng i y Kh nng cha khng gii hn : sender khng bao gi phi i
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Truyn thng trong h thng Client-Server
Socket Rng buc vi a ch IP v cng
RPC (Remote Procedure Calls)
RMI (Remote Method Invocation) C ch ca Java
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Bi tp
Tm hiu cc phng php truyn thng Client-Server Vit chng trnh gii quyt bi ton Producer-Consumer
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 2. Lung (Thread)
Ni dung chnh
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 2. Lung (Thread) 2.1 Gii thiu
Lung (Thread) Gii thiu M hnh a lung Ci t lung
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V d: Vector Tnh ton trn vector kch thc ln
for(k = 0; k < n; k + +){ a[k ] = b[k ] c [k ]; }
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V d: Vector Tnh ton trn vector kch thc ln
for(k = 0; k < n; k + +){ a[k ] = b[k ] c [k ]; }
Vi h thng nhiu vi x l
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V d: Chat
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V d: Chat
Process Q while(1){ Receive(P,Msg); PrintLine(Msg); ReadLine(Msg); Send(P,Msg); }

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V d: Chat

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Process P while(1){ ReadLine(Msg); Send(Q,Msg); Receive(Q,Msg); PrintLine(Msg); }
V d: Chat

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Vn nhn Msg
Blocking Receive Non-blocking Receive
V d: Chat

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Vn nhn Msg
Blocking Receive Non-blocking Receive
Gii quyt
Thc hin song song Receive & Send
Tin trnh n lung v a lung H iu hnh truyn thng

Tin trnh c mt lung iu khin (heavyweight process)
H iu hnh hin nay

Tin trnh c th gm nhiu lung C th thc hin nhiu nhim v ti mt thi im
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V d: Word processor (Tanenbaum 2001)
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Khi nim lung L n v s dng CPU c bn, gm

nh danh lung (ID Thread ) B m chng trnh (Program Computer ) Tp cc thanh ghi (Rigisters ) Khng gian stack
Phn chia cng cc lung khc trong cng mt tin trnh

on m lnh on d liu (i tng ton cc ) Cc ti nguyn h iu hnh khc (file ang m )
Cc lung c th thc hin cng on m vi ng cnh (Tp thanh ghi, B m chng trnh, stack ) khc nhau Cn c gi l tn trnh nh (LWP: Lightweight Process ) Mt tin trnh c t nht l mt lung
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Li ch ca lp trnh a lung Tng tnh p ng vi ngi dng

Cho php chng trnh vn thc hin ngay khi mt phn ang ch i (block ) hoc ang thc hin tnh ton tng cng V d trnh duyt Web (Web browser ) a lung
Mt lung tng tc vi ngi dng Mt lung thc hin nhim v ti d liu
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Chia s ti nguyn
Cc lung chia s b nh v ti nguyn ca tin trnh cha n
Tt cho cc thut ton song song (s dng chung cc CTDL) Trao i gia cc lung thng qua b nh phn chia
Cho php mt ng dng cha nhiu lung hot ng trong cng khng gian a ch
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Chia s ti nguyn
Tnh kinh t
Cc thao tc khi to, hy b v lun chuyn lung t tn km
Minh ha c tnh song song trn b n VXL do thi gian lun chuyn CPU nhanh (Thc t ch mt lung thc hin)
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Chia s ti nguyn
Tnh kinh t
Cc thao tc khi to, hy b v lun chuyn lung t tn km
Minh ha c tnh song song trn b n VXL do thi gian lun chuyn CPU nhanh (Thc t ch mt lung thc hin)
S dng kin trc nhiu vi x l

Cc lung chy song song thc s trn cc b VXL khc nhau.
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Tin trnh >< Lung Tin trnh

Tin trnh c on m/d liu/heap & cc on khc
Lung
Lung khng c on d liu hay heap ring
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Tin trnh c on m/d liu/heap & cc on khc Phi c t nht mt lung trong mi tin trnh
Lung
Lung khng c on d liu hay heap ring Lung khng ng ring m nm trong mt tin trnh
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Tin trnh c on m/d liu/heap & cc on khc Phi c t nht mt lung trong mi tin trnh Cc lung trong phm vi mt tin trnh chia s m/d liu/heap, vo/ra nhng c stack v tp thanh ghi ring
Lung
Lung khng c on d liu hay heap ring Lung khng ng ring m nm trong mt tin trnh C th tn ti nhiu lung trong mt tin trnh. Lung u l lung chnh v s hu khng gian stack ca tin trnh
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Tin trnh c on m/d liu/heap & cc on khc Phi c t nht mt lung trong mi tin trnh Cc lung trong phm vi mt tin trnh chia s m/d liu/heap, vo/ra nhng c stack v tp thanh ghi ring Thao tc khi to, lun chuyn tin trnh tn km
Lung
Lung khng c on d liu hay heap ring Lung khng ng ring m nm trong mt tin trnh C th tn ti nhiu lung trong mt tin trnh. Lung u l lung chnh v s hu khng gian stack ca tin trnh Thao tc khi to v lun chuyn lung khng tn km
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Tin trnh c on m/d liu/heap & cc on khc Phi c t nht mt lung trong mi tin trnh Cc lung trong phm vi mt tin trnh chia s m/d liu/heap, vo/ra nhng c stack v tp thanh ghi ring Thao tc khi to, lun chuyn tin trnh tn km Bo v tt do c khng gian i ch ring
Lung
Lung khng c on d liu hay heap ring Lung khng ng ring m nm trong mt tin trnh C th tn ti nhiu lung trong mt tin trnh. Lung u l lung chnh v s hu khng gian stack ca tin trnh Thao tc khi to v lun chuyn lung khng tn km Khng gian i ch chung, cn phi bo v
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Tin trnh c on m/d liu/heap & cc on khc Phi c t nht mt lung trong mi tin trnh Cc lung trong phm vi mt tin trnh chia s m/d liu/heap, vo/ra nhng c stack v tp thanh ghi ring Thao tc khi to, lun chuyn tin trnh tn km Bo v tt do c khng gian i ch ring Khi tin trnh kt thc, cc ti nguyn c i li v cc lung phi kt thc theo
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Lung
Lung khng c on d liu hay heap ring Lung khng ng ring m nm trong mt tin trnh C th tn ti nhiu lung trong mt tin trnh. Lung u l lung chnh v s hu khng gian stack ca tin trnh Thao tc khi to v lun chuyn lung khng tn km Khng gian i ch chung, cn phi bo v Lung kt thc, stack ca n c thu hi
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 2. Lung (Thread) 2.2 M hnh a lung
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Lung ngi dng v lung nhn
Lung mc ngi dng (User threads)

c ci t bi th vin mc ngi dng, khng c tr gip t nhn To v qun l nhanh chng (do nhn khng can thip vo ) Lung ang phi ch i vo ra c th lm cho c h thng phi i theo (m hnh nhiu mt )
Lung mc h thng (Kernel threads)

c h tr trc tip bi HH
Nhn h tr to, lp lch, qun l trong khng gian nhn
Chm trong to v qun l lung Mt lung ch i vo ra, khng nh hng ti lung khc Trong mi trng a VXL , nhn c th iu phi cc lung cho cc VXL khc nhau
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M hnh nhiu-mt
nh x nhiu lung mc ngi dng ti mt lung mc h thng Qun l lung hiu qu do c thc hin trong khng gian ngi dng Cho php to nhiu lung ty (nhng nhn ch lp lch mt lung ) Ton b tin trnh s b kha nu mt lung b kha (Thc hin vo ra) Ch mt lung c th truy nhp nhn ti mt thi im khng th chy song song trn cc my nhiu vi x l
55 / 105
M hnh mt-mt
nh x mi lung mc ngi dng ti mt lung mc h thng Cho php lung khc c thc hin khi mt lung b kha C th b gii hn s lung c to ra trong mt ng dng Cho php chy song song a lung trn my nhiu vi x l To lung mc ngi dng i hi to mt lung mc h thng tng ng (chi ph cao ) nh hng ti hiu nng ca ng dng
56 / 105
M hnh nhiu-nhiu
Nhiu lung mc ngi dng nh x ti mt s nh lung mc h thng S lng lung nhn c th c xc nh c th cho my hoc ng dng
ng dng c cp nhiu lung nhn hn trn h thng nhiu VXL
Cho php to nhiu lung mc ng dng theo yu cu, v cc lung nhn tng ng c th chy song song trn h nhiu VXL
57 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 2. Lung (Thread) 2.3 Ci t lung
58 / 105
Mt s hm vi lung trong WIN32 API HANDLE CreateThread(. . .);

LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTESlpThreadAttributes, Tr ti cu trc an ninh: th tr v c th c k tha? DWORD dwStackSize, Kch thc ban u ca stack cho lung mi LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE lpStartAddress, Tr ti hm c thc hin bi lung mi LPVOID lpParameter, Tr ti cc bin c gi ti lung mi (tham s ca hm) DWORD dwCreationFlags, Phng php to lung
CREATE_SUSPENDED : Lung trng thi tm ngng 0: Lung c thc hin ngay lp tc
LPDWORD lpThreadId Bin ghi nhn nh danh lung mi
Kt qu tr v: Th ca lung mi hoc gi tr NULL nu khng to c lung mi

59 / 105
V d
#include <windows.h> #include <stdio.h> void Routine(int n){ printf("My argument is %d\n", n); } int main(){ int i, P[5]; HANDLE hHandles[5]; DWORD Id; for (i=0;i < 5;i++) { P[i] = i; hHandles[i] = CreateThread(NULL,0,Routine,P[i],0,&Id); printf("Thread \%d was created\n",Id); } for (i=0;i < 5;i++) WaitForSingleObject(hHandles[i],INFINITE); return 0; }
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Java Threads c ci t bi
M rng lp Thread (Thread class ) Ci t giao din c th thc thi c (Runnable interface )
c qun l bi my o Java (Java Virtual Machine ) Cc trng thi c th
Tn ti mt phng thc run(), s c thc hin trn JVM Lung c thc hin bi gi phng thc start()
Cung cp vng nh v khi to lung mi trong my o Java Gi ti phng thc run()
61 / 105
V d
class Sum extends Thread{ int low, up, S; public Sum(int a, int b){ low = a; up = b; S= 0; System.out.println("This is Thread "+this.getId()); } public void run(){ for(int i= low; i < up; i ++) S+= i; System.out.println(this.getId()+ " : " + S); } } public class Tester { public static void main(String[] args) { Sum T1 = new Sum(1,100); T1.start(); Sum T2 = new Sum(10,200); T2.start(); System.out.println("Main process terminated"); } }
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 3. iu phi CPU
Ni dung chnh
63 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 3. iu phi CPU 3.1 Cc khi nim c bn
iu phi CPU Cc khi nim c bn Tiu chun iu Cc thut ton iu iu a x l
64 / 105
Gii thiu
iu phi CPU quan trong vi h iu hnh a nhim Nh lun chuyn CPU gia cc tin trnh, h iu hnh lm cho my tnh hu ch hn tng c bn
Tin trnh c thc hin cho ti khi phi ch i mt thao tc vo ra
H n chng trnh: CPU khng c s dng Lng ph Vi h a chng trnh: c gng s dng CPU cho cc tin trnh khc Cn nhiu tin trnh sn sng trong b nh ti mt thi im
Khi mt tin trnh phi ch, h iu hnh ly CPU cho tin trnh khc
65 / 105
Chu k thc hin CPU - I/O Thc hin tin trnh l chu k lun chuyn gia tnh ton/vo ra
Bt u bi giai on tnh ton Tip theo giai on vo ra Tnh ton vo/ra tnh ton vo/ra . . . Kt thc: Yu cu h thng kt thc thc hin
Xem xt s phn b thi gian cho cc giai on CPU & vo/ra chn gii thut iu phi thch hp
Tin trnh tnh ton (CPU-bound process ) c vi chu k CPU di Tin trnh vo ra (I/0-bound process ) c nhiu chu k CPU ngn
66 / 105
B iu phi CPU I La chn mt trong s cc tin trnh ang sn sng trong b nh v cung cp CPU cho n
Cc tin trnh phi sp hng trong hng i
Hng i FIFO, Hng i u tin, DSLK n gin . . .
Quyt nh iu phi CPU xy ra khi tin trnh

1
Chuyn t trng thi thc hin sang trng thi ch i (y/c vo/ra) Chuyn t trng thi thc hin sang trng thi sn sng (ngt thi gian) Chuyn t trng thi ch i sang trng thi sn sng (hon thnh vo/ra) Tin trnh kt thc
Trng hp 1&4 iu phi khng trng dng (non-preemptive ) Trng hp khc iu phi trng dng (preemptive )
67 / 105
iu phi trng dng v khng trng dng iu phi khng trng dng
Tin trnh chim CPU cho ti khi gii phng bi
Kt thc nhim v Chuyn sang trng thi ch i
Khng i hi phn cng c bit (ng h ) V d: DOS, Win 3.1, Macintosh
iu phi trng dng

Tin trnh ch c php thc hin trong khong thi gian Kt thc khong thi gian c nh ngha trc, ngt thi gian xut hin, b iu vn (dispatcher ) c kch hot quyt nh hi phc li tin trnh hay la chn tin trnh khc Bo v CPU khi cc tin trnh "i-CPU " Vn d liu dng chung
Tin trnh 1 ang cp nht DL th b mt CPU Tin trnh 2, c giao CPU v c DL ang cp nht
V d: H iu hnh a nhim WinNT, UNIX

68 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 3. iu phi CPU 3.2 Tiu chun iu
69 / 105
Tiu chun iu I S dng CPU (Ln nht )

Mc ch ca iu l lm CPU hot ng nhiu nht c th s dng CPU thay i t 40% (h thng ti nh ) n 90% (h thng ti nng ).
Thng lng (throughput) (Ln nht )

S lng tin trnh hon thnh trong mt n v thi gian
Cc tin trnh di: 1 tin trnh/gi Cc tin trnh ngn: 10 tin trnh/giy
Thi gian hon thnh (Nh nht )

Khong thi gian t thi im gi n h thng ti khi qu trnh hon thnh
Thi Thi Thi Thi
70 / 105
gian gian gian gian
ch i a tin trnh vo b nh ch i trong hng i sn sng ch i trong hng i thit b thc hin thc t
Tiu chun iu II Thi gian ch i (Nh nht )

Tng thi gian ch trong hng i sn sng (Gii thut iu CPU khng nh hng ti cc tin trnh ang thc hin hay ang i thit b vo ra)
Thi gian p ng (Nh nht )

T lc gi cu hi cho ti khi cu tr li u tin c to ra
Tin trnh c th to kt qu ra tng phn Tin trnh vn tip tc tnh ton kt qu mi trong hi kt qu c c gi ti ngi dng
Gi thit: Cc tin trnh ch c mt chu k tnh ton (ms) o ac: Thi gian ch i trung bnh
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Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 3. iu phi CPU 3.3 Cc thut ton iu
72 / 105
n trc phc v trc (FCFS: First Come, First Served)
Ni dung V d Nhn xt
73 / 105
Cng vic ngn trc (SJF: Shortest Job First)
Ni dung V d Nhn xt
74 / 105
iu c u tin
Ni dung V d Nhn xt
75 / 105
Vng trn (RR: Round Robin)
Ni dung V d Nhn xt
76 / 105
iu hng i a mc
77 / 105
iu hng i a mc c phn hi
78 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 3. iu phi CPU 3.4 iu a x l
79 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 3. iu phi CPU
Kt lun
80 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 4. Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh
81 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 4. Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh 4.1 Khi nim ti nguyn gng
Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh Khi nim ti nguyn gng

Khi nim Yu cu cha chng trnh iu Phn loi phng php Gi thit
Phng php kha trong Phng php kim tra v xc lp K thut n bo Cng c iu cp cao
82 / 105
V d
83 / 105
nh ngha
84 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 4. Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh 4.2 Phng php kha trong

85 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 4. Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh 4.2 Phng php kim tra v xc lp

86 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 4. Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh 4.3 K thut n bo

87 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 4. Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh 4.4 Cng c iu cp cao

88 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 5. V d v ng b tin trnh
V d v ng b tin trnh
89 / 105
Vn sn xut-tiu th
90 / 105
Vn trit gia n ti
91 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc
92 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc 6.1 Khi nim b tc
B tc v x l b tc Khi nim b tc iu kin xy ra b tc Cc phng php x l b tc Phng nga b tc Phng trnh b tc Nhn bit v khc phc
93 / 105
V d
94 / 105
nh ngha
95 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc 6.1 iu kin xy ra b tc
96 / 105
iu kin cn
97 / 105
th cung cp ti nguyn
98 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc 6.3 Cc phng php x l b tc
99 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc 6.3 Cc phng php x l b tc
Phng php
Phng nga Phng trnh Nhn bit v khc phc
100 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc 6.4 Phng nga b tc
101 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc 6.5 Phng trnh b tc
102 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc 6.6 Nhn bit v khc phc
103 / 105
Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 6. B tc v x l b tc
Tm tt
104 / 105
Kt lun
Tin trnh Khi nim tin trnh iu phi tin trnh Thao tc trn tin trnh Hp tc tin trnh Truyn thng lin tin trnh 2 Lung (Thread) Gii thiu M hnh a lung Ci t lung 3 iu phi CPU Cc khi nim c bn Tiu chun iu Cc thut ton iu iu a x l 4 Ti nguyn gng v iu tin trnh 105Khi / 105 nim ti nguyn gng
1
5 6
V d v ng b tin trnh B tc v x l b tc Khi nim b tc iu kin xy ra b tc Cc phng php x l b tc Phng nga b tc Phng trnh b tc Nhn bit v khc phc

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H iu hnh

Ngy 22 thng 2 nm 2011

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh

Chng 2 Qun l tin trnh

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh

Gii thiu Chng trnh ang thc hin

Gi l tin trnh (process )

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh

nh ngha tin trnh

L mt dy thay i trng thi ca h thng

nh ngha tin trnh

L mt dy thay i trng thi ca h thng

L chng trnh ang thc hin

Tin trnh >< chng trnh

nh ngha tin trnh Chng trnh gm

Qu trnh dch mt chng trnh

nh ngha tin trnh Thc hin mt chng trnh

nh ngha tin trnh Thc hin mt chng trnh

nh ngha tin trnh Thc hin mt chng trnh

Tin trnh l chng trnh ang thc thi

Trng thi tin trnh II

Lu thay i trng thi tin trnh (Silberschatz 2002)

Tin trnh v Lung

Cc hng i tin trnh III

Tin trnh c chn v ang thc hin

Trng hp (1&2) sau khi s kin ch i hon thnh,

B iu phi (Scheduler) I La chn tin trnh trong cc hng i

iu phi cng vic :

B iu phi (Scheduler) II iu phi CPU :

Phi thc hin nhanh

Vn lun chuyn CPU t tin trnh ny ti tin trnh khc

Vn la chn tin trnh (iu phi tin trnh)

Swapping tin trnh (medium-term scheduler)

Mc ch: Gii phng vng nh, to vng nh t do rng hn

Thao tc trn tin trnh

To tin trnh Kt thc tin trnh

Kt thc tin trnh

Hon thnh cu lnh cui v yu cu HH xa n (exit )

Tin trnh cha c th kt thc s thc hin ca tin trnh con

Tin trnh cha kt thc tin trnh con khi

Mt s hm vi tin trnh trong WIN32 API CreateProcess(. . .)

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.4 Hp tc tin trnh

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.4 Hp tc tin trnh

Phn loi tin trnh Cc tin trnh tun t

Cc tin trnh song song

Hp tc tin trnh i hi c ch cho php

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.4 Hp tc tin trnh

Bi ton ngi sn xut (producer)-ngi tiu th(consumer) I

H thng gm 2 tin trnh

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.4 Hp tc tin trnh

Vng m dung lng v hn

Vng m dung lng hu hn

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 1. Tin trnh 1.4 Hp tc tin trnh

Bi ton ngi sn xut (producer)-ngi tiu th(consumer) III

Trao i gia cc tin trnh

Dng m hnh b nh phn chia

Dng m hnh truyn thng lin tin trnh (Interprocess communication)

Nu 2 tin trnh P v Q mun trao i, chng cn

Truyn thng trc tip

Cc tin trnh phi gi tn tin trnh nhn/gi mt cch tng minh

Tnh cht ca lin kt truyn thng

Tnh cht cc lin kt