(1)

(2)
371.2
691

.

/ .
: 2544.
220 . .
ISBN 974-241-292-8
1. 2.
3. 4.

.
1

129/2544
2544
2,000

10300
. 0-2668-7123
. 0-2669-7736
Web Site : http://www.onec.go.th

208/5
10200

(3)

3
.. 2542
.. 2542
..2542
.. 2540

.. 2542

(4)

.. 2542
5

(5)
.

( )

(6)

2540





..
2542
.. 2542

1 2

3
:

(7)


(1)
(2) (3)
(4)
:
.. 2542 37

(8)

.. 2542

2540
.. 2542

5

(9)



97

.. 2542

50

(10)

(School District)

40 50
10

(School Advisory Council

(11)
SAC) (Site-Based
Decision-Making - SBDM School-Based Management SBM)

()

()

(12)

(Local Education Authorities - LEA)
(Education and Library Boards)
(Scottish Local Authorities)
(Country)
(Municipality)


(Chief
Education Officer Director of Education)




(Education Committee)

(
) ( )

(13)

(core)
(governing

(14)
body)

(The Office for Standard in Education : OFSTED)


OFSTED

4
(inspection
team)

(15)

.. 2531 (School
Governing Body)

(Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture- MESSC)

(16)
(local boards of education)

1997
47
( 3,421 )

(17)

50

50
- 55





()
(
)

3 (Office)

(18)
4 (bureau)




7
9 181

7 15

10
(Superintendent)

15 4

.. 1997

(19)
4.8

50.6

83 - 84

2

(Korean Education Development Institute-KEDI)

(20)

(National School)

.. 2542

(21)




.. 2542

(.)


75

(Unified School District)

(.)

(22)

(23)

.. 2542

(3)
(6)
1
10
11
14
16
33
48
74
86
96
96
104

(24)

116
4
129

129
:
149

164

167

169

(25)

31
2

32
3

37
4 38
5

50
6
1998
65
7
1997 69
8 /
/
78
9

81
10

108

(26)
11

109
12

122
13

128
14

152

.. 2517

.. 2535

.. 2540
.. 2542
.. 2542

.. 2540
.. 2540

43 3
43

5
81
81









289
.. 2540

43 81

.. 2542

.. 2540 81
.. 2542
20 .. 2542



8 9
8 (2)

9 (2)



5
1
31

32

37, 38, 39 40

37

... 38

....
39

40

2 5

41 - 42


( 41)

( 42)

.. 2542

2 16, 17
18
16


(1) ... (5)
... (9) ... (31)
17 16

(1)

... (6) ... (29)

18

16 17

.. 2542

30 (1) (2)

5
7,953 1,129
(.) 75
(.) 6,747 1
1
(7,822 98.35)
. .

.. 2542

131

10

1.

2.

1.

()

11

1.1


1.2

1.3

2.

3.




5 (

)

12

.. 2542

.. 2542

13

1.
(internet)

2.

3.

4.

/

/

.. 2542

14

2000

(Board
of Education)

15

1992 Conseils de Zone






Conseil d
administration 30 1985
(Local Education Authorities-LEAs)

LEAs
LEAs
Board of Governors


/

16

50
( )
Federal Government
State Government
Local Government
(Country Parish Borough )

17

(Department of
Health, Education and Welfare)

Department of Education
Secretary of Education








Department of Education
(State Board of Education)
(Commissioner State Superintendent)

18

50



(Sacramento)
(Denver)

(Albany)

(Springfield)

(Tallahassee)

Local Government
County, Parish
Borough
(County)

:

19

(Education, Americans say, is a national concern, a state

responsibility, and a local function-- Stevenson 1987:47)

(School Districts)





School
District (Knezevich, 1962)
:

(A school district is created for the purpose of providing educational opportunities to its residents. It is a vehicle
created to help fulfill the states responsibility for public
education .)

20

(In the eyes of the law, a
school district is a quasi-municipal corporation; a special kind
of corporation.)

(The rise of the district was significant because it

marked the separation of school administration and general
municipality administration, a separation which in most states
continues up to the present time.)


230.01
(county)
(School District)
...

21

3


(Department of Education)


( 1)

(Department
of Education)
(State Board of Education)
(Commissioner State Superintendent)

22

(School districts)

(District
Board of Education District Board/School
Board) (Superintendent) 2

Country City

23

1931-1932 (..24742475) 127,531
232,750 26,409
15,600

/


/

(States) (Local Government)
50 40
(Federal Government)
10

24

3 56
40
4

(., 2541
: 91-96) 2
1
(States and School Districts)
2
(


)
/

4 100,000

25

Goals
2000 : Educate America Act

60 90

26

(Standards and benchmarks)
(cycle)

(curriculum department)

27

(School Advisory Council - SAC)

2
(National Education
Goals Panel)

(National Education
Standards and Improvement Council)

28

29

30

31

(School District) /

/
(Charter Schools) /

32

()

District Superintendent )

(District Board of Education

or School Board - )

: /
(School
Advisory Council - SAC)
(SITE)
- (PTO)

1*
/

2*
3*

* LEON

33

(United Kingdom)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland

(Department for Education and
Employment - DEE) (Welsh
Office) (Department
of Education Northern Ireland - DENI)

(The Scottish Office Education
and Industry Department - SOEID)

34

(Local
Education Authorities - LEAs)
(Education and Library Boards)

(Scottish Local Authorities)
(County)
(Municipality)


(Director of education)
(Education committee)

35

(
)

(
3
)

(Local Government)

36

500

4
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

37

(Dept. for
Education
and Employment
- DfEE)

(Welsh
Office)

(Department
of
Education)

(Nothern
Ireland
Office)

(Education
Department
of Education
Northern
Ireland DENI)

(The Scottish
Office)

(The Scottish Office

Education and
Industry
Department SOEID)

38

(Local Authority - LA)

(Local Education Authority - LEA)

39

(Council tax)

3

1. Capitation formula
(number of student per
capita)

40

2. Pupil - driven formula

(pupil - teacher ratio)
20

3. Curricula - led formula

(LEA)
5 - 10
Tomas
7
1)
2)

41

3)

4)
5)
()
6)

7)

.. 2531
(Governing body)

42

.. 2539

1. (core)
(foundation subjects)

1.1

attainment targets

43

1.2

program of study
1.3

assessment arrangements
2.

3.
3.1
3.2 1 2 3

3.3 3 4

3.4

4. 4
4.1 The first key stage
7

44

4.2 The second key stage

8 11
4.3 The third key stage
12 14
4.4 The fourth key stage
15

5.

10 - 15
5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5
(auditing body)

45

5.6

5.7

5.8

(The
Office for Standard in Education - OFSTED)

OFSTED



4
(inspection team)

46

( )
( )
( )

(Director of Education Officer)

47

.. 2531
(School Governing Body)

48

(Centralization)
(Dependence on the
general public administration)
(Bureaucratic Control)
2

92

10
(The Fundamental Law of Education)

49

(School Education Law)

(The Law Concerning Organization and Functions of Local Educational Administration)

(The Local Autonomy Law)
(The Local Finance Law) (The
Local Allocation Tax Law)
(The Local Taxation Law)

2

1.

2.
(Prefecture)
(Municipality) (City)
(Town) (Village)

50

7 1

5
/

51

(The Law of the Establishment of

the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture)



1.

2.

3.



(Course of Study)

52

()

4.

5.


6.

53

The Central Council
for Education, The Council for Curriculum, The Council for
Teacher Training, The Council for Social Education, The Lifelong Learning Council, The University Council, The National
Council for Education Reform

1999
137,999

1,555

23

(Prefecture) (Municipality)

54

(The Law Concerning Organization

and Operation of the Local Educational Administration)

3
1. (Assembly)

2. (Governor and
Municipal Mayor)

2.1
2.2

2.3
2.4

2.5

55

3. (Board of Education)
3.1
3.2

56

The Law concerning the Organization and Operation of Local Educational Administration)
(
)

57

1. (

)

(
Citizens Public Hall

)
2. Course
of Study

3.

4.

5.
(Prefectural Board of Education)

1.

58

2.

3.

()

4.
5.

5
3 5
(
)

/
.

3-5
.

59

.. 1991
47
3,471
65 40.3
60-64 28.4 80

27.9 19.4
34.4

60

.
. .

.
(Superintendent)
1. (Board of
Education)

61

2.


3.

1 1,000
1 2,000
1
3,000-4,000
5-10
10-50 50-100

62

1.
(Board of Education)


(Layman Control)
2. (Independence of the
general public administration)
3.
(Democratic
Administration)
4.
(Superintendent) (Professional
Leadership)

(Vertical Connection)

()

63

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

1.
2.
3.
4.

64

5.

10

1998 5,790.9
7.5%
13%


52.2
26.5

7.5 5.1
3.0
1.3 1.7
0.7 2.0

65

6
1998

7.5%
2.0%

26.5%

1.7%
0.7%

1.3%
. 5.1%
3.0%

52.2%

The School Education Law

66

30
(Local Allocation Tax Grant)

3

1.

2.

3. (Local Allocation Tax
Grant)

(Direct Taxes) (Income Tax)
(Corporation Tax) (Inheritance Tax)
(Fixed Asset Tax) (Business
Tax) (Indirect Taxes)
(Consumption Tax) (Liquor Tax)
(Tobacco Tax)

67

(National
Subsidies) (Local Allocation Tax
Grant)

(Citizen's Public Halls)

()

68

1
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/3
2/3
2/3
1/3
1
1/2
1/4
1/4

55:45

1997
297,694,215,000 27

69

53.2
25.6
1.8 10.8
8.6
7 1997

1.8%

10.8%
8.6%

25.6%

53.23%

1.
(School Education
Law)
(Course of Study)
(Curriculum Council)

70

2.

71

(
)

72

73

74

The
Law Governing Special Measures for Securing of Capable
Education Personnel in Compulsory Education Schools for
Maintenance and Enhancement of School Education Standards

16
7 9

75

9



3
(office) 4 (bureau)

76

(Education Autonomy Law
1991)

.. 1998
7 9 181

5 4

77

4


7 - 15 (
)
10

78

8 /
/
/

:
:
:

:
:
:

, 2543

79

5
(GNP)
(Lump-Sum)

.. 1997
4.8

50.6

83 - 84

1997 16
84.2
6.4

9.4

80

9.8 10.9
17.9 60.8
0.6

83 - 84




2

81

9
1.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

- .

2.

-
-
- -
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
- -

-
- -

- -

3.

:
, 2543

82

2


(Korean Education Development
Institute-KEDI)
/

Lee In - Hyo 1996

(Test-centered)

83

1.


2. (Consumer oriented school)

3. (Education welfare)

4.

5.

84

(National School)
(Public School)

85

86

-

-
- (professional)

- (

)
-
(accountability)
-

87

: 2

92

16 7 9

88

40%
:

89

:



:

90

(professional)

(Superintendent)

91

:
(Federal
Government)


(State Board of Education)

(School Districts)
(District Board)
(Superintendent) /
(School Advisory
Councils) / (Site-Based Management SBM)
:

92

()

(Local Education Authorities - LEA)

(Chief
Education Officers)

:


(Prefecture) (Municipalities)
(Superintendent)

:


( Education Autonomy Law)
(Board of Education) (Superintendent)

93

94

:

(The Office for Standard in Education :
OFSTED) OFSTED



4
(inspection team)

95

(Consumer oriented school)
(Education welfare)

96

97

..
2464

8
.. 2523
78

... .. 2464 18

5

... .. 2464


.

98

. ()

... ..
2464 26

99

... .. 2478 (
... [ 4 2509])
31

( 32 ... )

( 27 ... .. 2464)
18 60
1 3 ( 28
... .. 2464)
27 28 ...

100

3 .. 2473
3
.. 2478



27
... .. 2464 ( 31 ...
.. 2464)

( 42 ... .. 2478
9 ... (
3) .. 2505)

... .. 2464

101

()
Managers


( 23)

( 30)





...
.. 2523
..
2523 3

102

...

..
2509

103

()

...
.. 2523

104

.. 2540
... .. 2542
...
.. 2542
1.

... .. 2542



3
1
2
3

... .. 2542

105

... .. 2542

1) ... .. 2542

2)
... ..
2534 2 .. 2535
3)
... .. 2542

106

... .. 2542

1) ...

107

2) ...
.. 2542

3) ... .. 2542

108

10
-

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-

.
12 2543

(....)

(...)

(..)

(...)

11

109

110

2.
... .. 2542

... .. 2542

(School-based Management)
(Budgeting entity) (Financial entity)

111

1)

2)

112

(Financial Audit) (Performance Audit)

1-2

3.
... .. 2542

113

...
.. 2542

1)
(...)

...

...
3 2
2)
(....)

114

....


....


3
2

...

4.
... .. 2542

115

1



...
.. 2542

:

116

...

3 2543

..
2535 8
8

.. 2540
.. 2542

.. 2542

117

1. .. 2540

289


43 81

43

81

... ...
.. 2542 19 2542
2. .. 2542
9 (2)

118

40 - 41

3.
.. 2542

16 (9) 17 (6) 18

30 (1) (2)

119

10

.. 2543
8


1)
2)

3)

4)


5)
6)

120

1)

2) 1)

121

...
.. 2542 ...

5
7,953
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1,129
(.) 75
(.) 6,747
1
1

7,953 130 1.65

122

1.


431
2

(1)

12
12

()

: 2542

123

(2)
(..)
... .. 2528

(3)

(4)

124

(5)

2
2542
65.75
34.25
2.
1,129
129

485

(1)

.. 2534
12

125

(
)



1.

2.

(2)

.. 2542
3 1)
(..)

2)

3)

126

(3)

(4)
3

3.

10
9

127

2534

128

13

: , 2541.

129

2540





.. 2542
.. 2542

8 9

130

8 (2)

9 (2)


5
1
2
3




:
.. 2542






(1)

131

(2) (3)
(4)

:
.. 2542 37

132

.. 2542 39

.. 2542



41 - 42

133

2540
.. 2542


16 (9) 17 (6) 18


30 (1) (2)

5
7,953
97

134

.. 2542

.. 2540
.. 2542

.. 2542

135

50

(School District)

City County

136

40 50
10


/

(School Advisory Council
SAC) (Site-Based
Decision-Making - SBDM School - Based
Management - SBM)

137

()

()

(Local Education Authorities - LEAs)

138

(Education and Library

Boards)
(Scottish Local Authorities)
(County)
(Municipality)


(Chief
Education Officer Director of Education)





(Education Committee)

( ) (
)

139

4 (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

140

.. 2531
(School governing body)

(The Office for Standard in Education :
OFSTED)

OFSTED

141

4
(inspection team)

(
) ( )
( )

142

..
2531 (School governing body)

(Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture - MESSC)

143

(local boards of education)

1997 - 47
( 3,421 )

144

50%
50%
5055%




()
(
)

145

(Office)
4
(bureau)

7
9 181

7 15

10
(Superintendent)

15

146

.. 1997
4.8

50.6

9.8
10.9
17.9 60.8
0.6
83-84

2

(Korean Education Development Institute-KEDI)

147

(National School)

148

3
()



()

(local education area)

(local education authority)
(managers governors
board )

149

( ,
2542)

.. 2542

150

1.

.. 2542

1.1

151

()
14

(Media Center)

1.2
(.)

152

14

()

153

1.3

154

.. 2540
.. 2542

.. 2542

.. 2542

155

.. 2542
4

156

1.4






/

(Supporting Agency)

157

(Areas)

(.)


(Unified School District)

(.)

158

.



. 75

(.)
.
.

()

1.5

.. 2542

159

(.)
.

2.

160

3.

161

(mentor)

4.

162

163

(School-Based Management Site-Based
Management) (Development Paradigm)

164

, .
2540
.
.
, .
2540
.

. ,
. 2542.
.
.
,
2543.
(). 2543
.

. ,
. ..
2542

165

, .
.. 2542

.


, .
(). 2543
.
.
, .
.. 2542
.

.
, .
2543

.
.
, .
.. 2542

166

.
.
,.
.. 2542

Branson,Robert K. Teaching-Centered Schooling Has

Reached Its Upper Limit: It Doesnt Get Any Better
Than This. Current Directions in Psychological
Science, Volume 7, Number 4, August 1998.
Florida State Department of Education. 1996 Edition of Florida
School Law. Photography of the text as provided by
the Division of Statutory Revision. Room 1702, The
Capitol Tallahassee, FL 32399-0400
Knezevich, Stephen J. Administration of Public Education.
New York: Harper & Row, Publishers 1962
Wood, Charles L. et al. The Secondary School Principal.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1979b