Hethongcongthucsinhhoc10 11 12

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H THNG TON B KIN THC SINH HC PH THNG
*********************
C S VT CHT V C CH DI TRUYN CP PHN T (ADN ARN PRTIN )
PHN I . CU TRC ADN
I . Tnh s nucltit ca ADN hoc ca gen
1. i vi mi mch ca gen :
- Trong ADN , 2 mch b sung nhau , nn s nu v chiu di ca 2 mch bng nhau .
A
1
+ T
1
+ G
1
+ X
1
= T
2
+ A
2
+ X
2
+ G
2
=
2
N

- Trong cng mt mch , A v T cng nh G v X , khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi bng
nhau . S b sung ch c gia 2 mch : A ca mch ny b sung vi T ca mch kia , G ca mch ny b sung
vi X ca mch kia . V vy , s nu mi loi mch 1 bng s nu loi b sung mch 2 . A
1
= T
2 ;
T
1
=
A
2
; G
1
= X
2
; X
1
= G
2
2. i vi c 2 mch :
- S nu mi loi ca ADN l s nu loi c 2 mch :
A = T = A
1
+ A
2
= T
1
+ T
2
= A
1
+ T
1
= A
2
+ T
2
G = X = G
1
+ G
2
= X
1
+ X
2
= G
1
+ X
1
= G
2
+ X
2
Ch :khi tnh t l %
%A = % T = =
+
2
2 % 1 % A A
2
2 % 1 % T T +
= ..
%G = % X = =
+
2
2 % 1 % G G
2
2 % 1 % X X +
=.
Ghi nh : Tng 2 loi nu khc nhm b sung lun lun bng na s nu ca ADN hoc bng 50% s nu ca
ADN : Ngc li nu bit :
+ Tng 2 loi nu = N / 2 hoc bng 50% th 2 loi nu phi khc nhm b sung
+ Tng 2 loi nu khc N/ 2 hoc khc 50% th 2 loi nu phi cng nhm b sung
3. Tng s nu ca ADN (N)
Tng s nu ca ADN l tng s ca 4 loi nu A + T + G+ X . Nhng theo nguyn tc b sung (NTBS) A= T ,
G=X . V vy , tng s nu ca ADN c tnh l :
N = 2A + 2G = 2T + 2X hay N = 2( A+ G)
Do A + G =
2
N
hoc %A + %G = 50%
4. Tnh s chu k xon ( C )
Mt chu k xon gm 10 cp nu = 20 nu . khi bit tng s nu ( N) ca ADN :
N = C x 20 => C =
20
N

5. Tnh khi lng phn t ADN (M ) :
Mt nu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc . khi bit tng s nu suy ra
M = N x 300 vc
6. Tnh chiu di ca phn t ADN ( L ) :
Phn t ADN l 1 chui gm 2 mch n chy song song v xon u n quanh 1 trc . v vy chiu di ca
ADN l chiu di ca 1 mch v bng chiu di trc ca n . Mi mch c
2
N
nucltit, di ca 1 nu l
3,4 A
0

L =
2
N
. 3,4A
0

n v thng dng :
- 1 micrmet = 10
4
angstron ( A
0
)
- 1 micrmet = 10
3
nanmet ( nm)
- 1 mm = 10
3
micrmet = 10
6
nm = 10
7
A
0

II. Tnh s lin kt Hir v lin kt Ha Tr P
1. S lin kt Hir ( H )
+ A ca mch ny ni vi T mch kia bng 2 lin kt hir
+ G ca mch ny ni vi X mch kia bng 3 lin kt hir
Labthpt.blogspot.com
Vy s lin kt hir ca gen l : H = 2A + 3 G hoc H = 2T + 3X

2. S lin kt ho tr ( HT )
a) S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 1 mch gen :
2
N
- 1
Trong mi mch n ca gen , 2 nu ni vi nhau bng 1 lk ho tr , 3 nu ni nhau bng 2 lk ho tr
2
N
nu ni
nhau bng
2
N
- 1
b) S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 2 mch gen : 2(
2
N
- 1 )
Do s lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trn 2 mch ca ADN : 2(
2
N
- 1 )
c) S lin kt ho tr ng photpht trong gen ( HT
-P
)
Ngoi cc lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trong gen th trong mi nu c 1 lk ho tr gn thnh phn ca H
3
PO
4

vo thnh phn ng . Do s lin kt ho tr P trong c ADN l :
HT
-P
= 2(
2
N
- 1 ) + N = 2 (N 1)
_____________________________________________________________________________
PHN II. C CH T NHN I CADN
I . TNH S NUCLTIT T DO CN DNG
1.Qua 1 ln t nhn i ( t sao , ti sinh , ti bn )
+ Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton 2 mch u lin kt cc nu t do theo NTBS : A
ADN
ni vi T
T do
v ngc
li ; G
ADN
ni vi X
T do
v ngc li . V vy s nu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu m loi n b sung
A
td
=T
td
= A = T ; G
td
= X
td
= G = X
+ S nu t do cn dng bng s nu ca ADN N
td
= N
2. Qua nhiu t t nhn i ( x t )
+ Tnh s ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua 1 t t nhn i to 2 = 2
1
ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua 2 t t nhn i to 4 = 2
2
ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua3 t t nhn i to 8 = 2
3
ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua x t t nhn i to 2
x
ADN con
Vy : Tng s ADN con = 2
x

- D t t nhn i no , trong s ADN con to ra t 1 ADN ban u , vn c 2 ADN con m mi ADN con
ny c cha 1 mch c ca ADN m . V vy s ADN con cn li l c c 2 mch cu thnh hon ton t nu
mi ca mi trng ni bo .
S ADN con c 2 mch u mi = 2
x
2
+ Tnh s nu t do cn dng :
- S nu t do cn dng th ADN tri qua x t t nhn i bng tng s nu sau cng coup trong cc
ADN con tr s nu ban u ca ADN m
- Tng s nu sau cng trong trong cc ADN con : N.2
x

- S nu ban u ca ADN m : N
V vy tng s nu t do cn dng cho 1 ADN qua x t t nhn i :

N
td
= N .2
x
N = N( 2
X
-1)
S nu t do mi loi cn dng l:

A
td
=
T
td
= A( 2
X
-1)

G
td
=
X
td
= G( 2
X
-1)
Nu tnh s nu t do ca ADN con m c 2 mch hon tan mi :

N
td hon ton mi
= N( 2
X
- 2)

A
td

hon ton

mi
=
T
td
= A( 2
X
-2)

G
td hon ton mi
=
X
td
= G( 2
X
2)

II .TNH S LIN KT HIR ; HO TR - P C HNH THNH HOC B PH V
1. Qua 1 t t nhn i
a, Tnh s lin kt hirb ph v v s lin kt hir c hnh thnh
Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton :
- 2 mch ADN tch ra , cc lin kt hir gia 2 mch u b ph v nn s lin kt hir b ph v bng s
lin kt hir ca ADN H b t = H
ADN
-
Mi mch ADN u ni cc nu t do theo NTBS bng cc lin kt hir nn s lin kt hir c hnh thnh
l tng s lin kt hir ca 2 ADN con H hnh thnh = 2 . H
ADN
b, S lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh :
Trong qu trnh t nhn i ca ADN , lin kt ho tr P ni cc nu trong mi mch ca ADN khng b ph
v . Nhng cc nu t do n b sung th dc ni vi nhau bng lk ho tr hnh thnh 2 mch mi
V vy s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh bng s lin kt ho tr ni cc nu vi nhau trong 2 mch ca ADN
HT c hnh thnh = 2 (
2
N
- 1 ) = N- 2
2 .Qua nhiu t t nhn i ( x t )
a. Tnh tng s lin kt hidr b ph v v tng s lin kt hidr hnh thnh :
-Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v :
H b ph v = H (2
x
1)
- Tng s lin kt hidr c hnh thnh :
H hnh thnh = H 2
x
b,Tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh :
Lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh l nhng lin kt ho tr ni cc nu t do li thnh chui mch polinucltit
mi
S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trong mi mch n :
2
N
- 1
- Trong tng s mch n ca cc ADN con cn c 2 mch c ca ADN m c gi li
- Do s mch mi trong cc ADN con l 2.2
x
- 2 , v vy tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh l
HT hnh thnh = (
2
N
- 1) (2.2
x
2) = (N-2) (2
x
1)
III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M
C th quan nim s lin kt cc nu t do vo 2 mch ca ADN l ng thi , khi mch ny tip nhn v ng
gp dc bao nhiu nu th mch kia cng lin kt c bay nhiu nu
Tc t sao : S nu dc tip nhn v lin kt trong 1 giy
1,Tnh thi gian t nhn i (t sao )
Thi gian 2 mch ca ADN tip nhn v kin kt nu t do
- Khi bit thi gian tip nhn v l in kt trong 1 nu l dt , thi gian t sao dc tnh l :
TG t sao = dt .
2
N

- Khi bit tc t sao (mi giy lk c bao nhiu nu )th thi gian t nhn i ca ADN l :
TG t sao = N : tc t sao
________________________________________________________________________________
PHN III . CU TRC ARN
I.TNH S RIBNUCLTIT CA ARN :
- ARN thng gm 4 loi ribnu : A ,U , G , X v c tng hp t 1 mch ADN theo NTBS . V v s
ribnu ca ARN bng s nu 1 mch ca ADN rN = rA + rU + rG + rX =
2
N

- Trong ARN A v U cng nh G v X khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi bng nhau . S b sung ch c
gia A, U , G, X ca ARN ln lt vi T, A , X , G ca mch gc ADN . V vy s ribnu mi loi ca ARN bng s nu
b sung mch gc ADN . rA = T gc ; rU = A gc
rG = X gc ; rX = Ggc
* Ch : Ngc li , s lng v t l % tng loi nu ca ADN c tnh nh sau :
+ S lng : A = T = rA + rU
G = X = rR + rX
+ T l % : % A = %T =
2
% % rU rA+

%G = % X =
2
% % rX rG +

II. TNH KHI LNG PHN T ARN (M
ARN
)
Mt ribnu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc , nn:
M
ARN
= rN . 300vc =
2
N
. 300 vc
III. TNH CHIU DI V S LIN KT HO TR P CA ARN
1 Tnh chiu di :
- ARN gm c mch rN ribnu vi di 1 nu l 3,4 A
0
. V vy chiu di ARN bng chiu di ADN
tng hp nn ARN
- V vy L
ADN
=

L
ARN
= rN . 3,4A
0
=
2
N
. 3,4 A
0
2 . Tnh s lin kt ho tr P:
+ Trong chui mch ARN : 2 ribnu ni nhau bng 1 lin kt ho tr , 3 ribnu ni nhau bng 2 lin kt ho tr
Do s lin kt ho tr ni cc ribnu trong mch ARN l rN 1
+ Trong mi ribnu c 1 lin kt ho tr gn thnh phn axit H
3
PO
4
vo thnh phn ng . Do s lin kt
ha tr loi ny c trong rN ribnu l rN
Vy s lin kt ho tr P ca ARN :
HT
ARN
= rN 1 + rN = 2 .rN -1
____________________________________________________________________
PHN IV . C CH TNG HP ARN
I . TNH S RIBNUCLOTIT T DO CN DNG
1 . Qua 1 ln sao m :
Khi tng hp ARN , ch mch gc ca ADN lm khun mu lin cc ribnu t do theo NTBS :
A
ADN
ni U
ARN
; T
ADN
ni A
ARN

G
ADN
ni X
ARN
; X
ADN
ni G
ARN

V vy : + S ribnu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu loi m n b sung trn mch gc ca ADN
rA
td
= T
gc
; rU
td
= A
gc
rG
td
= X
gc ;
rX
td
= G
gc

+ S ribnu t do cc loi cn dng bng s nu ca 1 mch ADN
rN
td
=
2
N

2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( k ln )
Mi ln sao m to nn 1 phn t ARN nn s phn t ARN sinh ra t 1 gen bng s ln sao m ca gen
.
S phn t ARN = S ln sao m = K
+ S ribnu t do cn dng l s ribnu cu thnh cc phn t ARN . V vy qua K ln sao m to thnh
cc phn t ARN th tng s ribnu t do cn dng l:

rN
td
= K . rN
+ Suy lun tng t , s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng l :

rA
td
= K. rA = K . T
gc
;
rU
td
= K. rU = K . A
gc

rG
td
= K. rG = K . X
gc
;
rX
td
= K. rX = K . G
gc
* Ch : Khi bit s ribnu t do cn dng ca 1 loi :
+ Mun xc nh mch khun mu v s ln sao m th chia s ribnu cho s nu loi b sung
mch 1 v mch 2 ca ADN => S ln sao m phi l c s gia s ribbnu v s nu loi b sung mch
khun mu .
+ Trong trng hp cn c vo 1 loi ribnu t do cn dng m cha xc nh mch gc , cn c s
ribnu t do loi khc th s ln sao m phi l c s chung gia s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng vi s nu
loi b sung ca mch gc

II. TNH S LIN KT HIR V LIN KT HO TR P :
1 . Qua 1 ln sao m :
a. S lin kt hidro : H t = H
ADN

H hnh thnh = H
ADN
=> H t = H hnh thnh = H
ADN
b. S lin kt ho tr : HT hnh thnh = rN 1

2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) :
a. Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v

H ph v = K . H
b. Tng s lin kt ho tr hnh thnh :

HT hnh thnh = K ( rN 1)
III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M :
* Tc sao m : S ribnu c tip nhn v lin kt nhau trong 1 giy .
*Thi gian sao m :
- i vi mi ln sao m : l thi gian mch gc ca gen tip nhn v lin kt cc ribnu t do thnh cc
phn t ARN
+ Khi bit thi gian tip nhn 1 ribnu l dt th thi gian sao m l :
TG sao m = dt . rN
+ Khi bit tc sao m ( mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu ribnu ) th thi gian sao m l :
TG sao m = r N : tc sao m

- i vi nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) :
+ Nu tgian chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m m khng ng k thi thi gian sao m nhiu ln l :
TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln
+ Nu TG chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m lin tip ng k l At thi gian sao m nhiu ln l :
TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln + (K-1) At
__________________________________________________________________________
PHN IV . CU TRC PRTIN
I . TNH S B BA MT M - S AXIT AMIN
+ C 3 nu k tip nhau trn mch gc ca gen hp thnh 1 b ba m gc , 3 ribnu k tip ca mch ARN
thng tin ( mARN) hp thnh 1 b ba m sao . V s ribnu ca mARN bng vi s nu ca mch gc , nn s
b ba m gc trong gen bng s b ba m sao trong mARN .
S b ba mt m =
3 . 2
N
=
3
rN

+Trong mch gc ca gen cng nh trong s m sao ca mARN th c 1 b ba m kt thc khng m ho a
amin . Cc b ba cn li co m ho a.amin
S b ba c m ho a amin (a.amin chui polipeptit)=
3 . 2
N
- 1 =
3
rN
- 1
+ Ngoi m kt thc khng m ha a amin , m m u tuy c m ha a amin , nhng a amin ny b ct b
khng tham gia vo cu trc prtin
S a amin ca phn t prtin (a.amin pr hon chnh )=
3 . 2
N
- 2 =
3
rN
- 2
II. TNH S LIN KT PEPTIT
-S lin kt peptit hnh thnh = s phn t H
2
O to ra
-Hai a amin ni nhau bng 1 lin kt pptit , 3 a amin c 2 lin kt peptit ..chui polipeptit c m l a amin
th s lin kt peptit l :
S lin kt peptit = m -1
III. TNH S CCH M HA CA ARN V S CCH SP T A AMIN TRONG CHUI
POLIPEPTIT
Cc loi a amin v cc b ba m ho: C 20 loi a amin thng gp trong cc phn t prtin nh sau :
1) Glixrin : Gly 2) Alanin : Ala 3) Valin : Val 4 ) Lxin : Leu
5) Izolxin : Ile 6 ) Xerin : Ser 7 ) Treonin : Thr 8 ) Xistein : Cys
9) Metionin : Met 10) A. aspartic : Asp 11)Asparagin : Asn 12) A glutamic : Glu
13) Glutamin :Gln 14) Arginin : Arg 15) Lizin : Lys 16) Phenilalanin :Phe
17) Tirozin: Tyr 18) Histidin : His 19) Triptofan : Trp 20) Prlin : pro

Bng b ba mt m
U X A G
U
U U U
U U X phe
U U A
U U G Leu
U X U
U X X
U X A Ser
U X G
U A U Tyr
U A X
U A A **
U A G **
U G U
U G X Cys
U G A **
U G G Trp
U
X
A
G
X
X U U
X U X Leu
X U A
X U G
X X U
X X X Pro
X X A
X X G
X A U His
X A X
X A A
X A G Gln
X G U
X G X
X G A Arg
X G G
U
X
A
G

A
A U A
A U X He
A U A
A U G * Met
A X U
A X X Thr
A X A
A X G
A A U Asn
A A X
A A A
A A G Lys
A G U
A G X Ser
A G A
A G G Arg
U
X
A
G
G
G U U
G U X Val
G U A
G U G * Val
G X U
G X X
G X A Ala
G X G

G A U
G A X Asp
G A A
G A G Glu
G G U
G G X
G G A Gli
G G G
U
X
A
G
K hiu : * m m u ; ** m kt thc
_________________________________________________________________
PHN V . C CH TNG HP PRTIN
I .TNH S AXIT AMIN T DO CN DNG :
Trong qu tnh gii m , tng hp prtein, ch b ba no ca mARN c m ho a amin th mi c ARN mang
a amin n gii m .
1 ) Gii m to thnh 1 phn t prtein:
- Khi ribxm chuyn dch t u ny n u n ca mARN hnh thnh chui polipeptit th s a amin
t do cn dng c ARN vn chuyn mang n l gii m m u v cc m k tip , m cui cng khng
c gii . V vy s a amin t do cn dngh cho mi ln tng hp chui polipeptit l :
S a amin t do cn dng : S aa
td
=
3 . 2
N
- 1 =
3
rN
- 1
- Khi ri khi ribxm , trong chui polipeptit khng cn a amin tng ng vi m m u .Do , s a
amin t do cn dng cu thnh phn t prtin ( tham gia vo cu trc prtin thc hin chc nng sinh
hc ) l :
S a amin t do cn dng cu thnh prtin hon chnh :
S aa
p
=
3 . 2
N
- 2 =
3
rN
- 2
2 ) Gii m to thnh nhiu phn t prtin :
- Trong qu trnh gii m , tng hp prtin , mi lt chuyn dch ca ribxm trn mARN s to thnh
1 chui polipeptit .
- C n riboxomchuyn dch qua mARN v khng tr li l c n lt trt ca ribxm . Do s phn
t prtin ( gm 1 chui polipeptit ) = s lt trt ca ribxm .
- Mt gen sao m nhiu ln, to nhiu phn t mARN cng loi . Mi mARN u c n lt ribxm
trt qua th qu trnh gi m bi K phn t mARN s to ra s phn t prtin :

s P = tng s lt trt RB = K .n
- Tng s axit amin t do thu c hay huy ng va tham gia vo cu trc cc phn t protein va
tham gia m m u. V vy :
-Tng s axit amin t do c dng cho qu trnh gii m l s axit amin tham gia vo cu trc phn t protein
v s axit amin thjam gia vo vic gii m m u (c dng 1 ln m m thi ).

aa
td
= S P . (
3
rN
- 1) = Kn (
3
rN
- 1)
- Tng s a amin tham gia cu trc prtin thc hin chc nng sinh hc ( khng k a amin m u ) :

aaP

= S P . (
3
rN
- 2 )

II . TNH S PHN T NC V S LIN KT PEPTIT
Trong qu trnh gii mkhi chui polipeptit ang hnh thnh th c 2 axit amin k tip ni nhau bng lin kt
peptit th ng thi gii phng 1 phn t nc, 3 axit amin ni nhau bng 2 lin kt paptit, ng thi gii phng
2 phn t nc V vy :
- S phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh gii mto 1 chui polipeptit l
S phn t H
2
O gii phng =
3
rN
- 2
- Tng s phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh tng hp nhiu phn t protein (mi phn t protein
l 1 chui polipeptit ) .

H
2
O gii phng = s phn t prtin .
3
rN
- 2
- Khi chui polipeptit ri khi riboxom tham gia chc nng sinh hc th axit amin m u tch ra 1 mi
lin kt peptit vi axit amin khng cn s lin kt peptit thc s to lp c l
3
rN
-3 = s aa
P
-1 . v vy
tng s lk peptit thc s hnh thnh trong cc phn t protein l :
peptit = Tng s phn t protein . (

3
rN
- 3 ) = S P(s aa
P
- 1 )
III. TNH S ARN VN CHUYN ( tARN)
Trong qu trnh tng hp protein, tARN nang axit amin n gii m. Mi lt gii n, tARN cung cp 1 axit
amin mt phn t ARN gii m bao nhiu lt th cung cp bay nhiu axit amin .
S gii m ca tARN c th khng ging nhau : c loi gii m 3 ln, c loi 2 ln, 1 ln .
-Nu c x phn t gii m 3 ln s aado chng cung cp l 3x.
y phn t gii m 2 ln l 2 y .
z phn t gii m 1 ln l z
-Vy tng s axit amin cn dng l do cc phn t tARN vn chuyn 3 loi cung cp phng trnh.
3x + 2y + z =
aa t do cn dng

IV. S DCH CHUYN CA RIBOXOM TRN ARN THNG TIN
1.Vn tc trt ca riboxom trn mARN
- L di mARN m riboxom chuyn dch c tron 1 giy.
- C th tnh vn tc trt bng cch cia chiu di mARN cho thi gian riboxom trt t u n n u
kia. (trt ht Marn )
v =
t
l
(A
0
/s )
* Tc gii m ca RB :
- L s axit amin ca chui polipeptit ko di trong 1 giy (s b ba c gii trong 1 giy ) = S b
ba m RB trt trong 1 giy .
- C th tnh bng cch chia s b ba ca mARN cho thi gian RB trt ht mARN.

Tc gii m = s b ca mARN : t
2. Thi gian tng hp 1 phn t protein (phn t protein gm 1 chui polipeptit )
- Khi riboxom trt qua m kt thc, ri khi mARN th s tng hp phn t protein ca riboxom
c xem l hon tt. V vy thi gian hnh thnh 1 phn t protein cng l thi gian riboxom trt ht chiu
di mARN ( t u nn u kia ) .
t =
t
l

3. Thi gian mi riboxom trt qua ht mARN ( k t lc ribxm 1 bt u trt )
Gi At : khong thi gian ribxm sau trt chm hn ribxm trc
- i vi RB 1 : t
- i vi RB 2 : t + At
- i vi RB 3 : t + 2At
- Tng t i vi cc RB cn li

VI. TNH S A AMIN T DO CN DNG I VI CC RIBXM CN TIP XC VI mARN
Tng s a amin t do cn dng i vi cc riboxom c tip xc vi 1 mARN l tng ca cc dy polipepti m
mi riboxom gii m c :

aa
td
= a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
x
Trong : x = s ribxm ; a
1 ,
a
2
= s a amin ca chui polipeptit ca RB1 , RB2 .
* Nu trong cc riboxom cch u nhau th s a amin trong chui polipeptit ca mi riboxom ln lt hn
nhau l 1 hng s : s a amin ca tng riboxom hp thnh 1 dy cp s cng :
- S hng u a
1
= s 1 a amin ca RB1
- Cng sai d = s a amin RB sau km hn s a amin trc .
- S hng ca dy x = s riboxom c tip xc mARN ( ang trt trn mARN )
Tng s a amin t do cn dng l tng ca dy cp s cng :
Sx =
2
x
|2a
1
+ (x 1 ) d |
________________________________________________________________________________
B .C S VT CHT V C CH DI TRUYN CP T BO (NST)
PHN I . NHIM SC TH V C CH NGUYN PHN
I. TNH S T BO CON TO THNH
Tb ssn bng cch phn i tr thnh 2 t bo con s t bo th h sau gp i s t bo th h trc
- T 1 t bo ban u : + Qua 1 t phn bo to 2
1
t bo con
+ Qua 2 t phn bo to 2
2
t bo con
=> S t bo con to thnh t 1 t bo ban u qua x t phn bo A= 2
x
- T nhiu t bo ban u :
+ a
1
t bo qua x
1
t phn bo t bo con a
1
.2
x
1
+ a
2
t bo qua x
2
t phn bo t bo con a
2
.2
x
2
=> Tng s t bo con sinh ra
A = a
1 .
2
x
1
+ a
2
. 2
x
2
+ ..
II . TNH S NHIM SC TH TNG NG VI NGUYN LIU C CUNG CP TRONG
QU TRNH T NHN I CA NHIM SC TH
Khi t nhn i, mi na ca nhim sc th ban u to thm na mi t nguyn liu ca mi trng ni bo
tr thnh 2 nhim sc th ging ht n. (Do c th quan nim l mt nhim sc th c to thm mt nhim
sc th mi ).
Mi t nguyn phn c 1 dt t nhn i ca cc nhim sc thtrong t bo m s t t nhn i
ca nhim sc th = s t nguyn phn ca t bo .
- S NST tng ng vi nguyn liu c mi trng ni bo cung cp bng tng s NST sau cng
trong tt c t bo con tr s NST ban u t bo m
- Tng s NST sau cng trong tt c t bo con : 2n .2
x

- S NST ban u trong t bo m : 2n
Vy tng s NST tng ng vi nguyn liu c cung cp khi 1 t bo 2n phi qua x t ng phn l :

NST = 2n . 2
x
- 2n = 2n (2
x
1)
- S NST cha hon ton nguyn liu mi
D t nguyn phn no , trong s NST ca t bo con cng c 2 NST mang 1/2 NST c ca 1 NST ban u
s NST c cha 1/ 2 NST c = 2 ln s NST ban u . V vy , s NST trong t bo con m mi NST ny
u c cu thnh t nguyn liu mi do mi trng ni bo cung cp l :

NST mi = 2n . 2
x
- 2. 2n = 2n (2
x
2 )
III. TNH THI GIAN NGUYN PHN
1. Thi gian ca 1 chu k nguyn phn :
L thi gian ca 5 giai an , c th c tnh t u k trc n ht k trung gian hoc t u k trung gian
n ht k cui
2. Thi gian qua cc t nguyn phn
L tng thi gian ca cc t nguyn phn lin tip
- Tc nguyn phn khng thay i :
Khi thi gian ca t nguyn phn sau lun lun bng thi gian ca t nguyn phn trc .
TG = thi gian mi t x s t nguyn phn

- Tc nguyn phn thay i
Nhanh dn u : khi thi gian ca t phn bo sau t hn thi gian ca t phn bo trc l 1 hng s ( ngc
li , thi gian ca nguyn phn gim dn u )
V d : Thi gian ca t nguyn phn 1 : 30 pht 30 pht
Thi gian ca t nguyn phn 2 : 28 pht 32 pht
Thi gian ca t nguyn phn 3 : 36 pht 34 pht
Nhanh dn u chm dn u
Vy : Thi gian qua cc t phn bo lin tip l tng ca dy cp s cng m mi s hng l thi gian ca 1
t nguyn phn

TG =
2
x
( a
1
+ a
x
) =
2
x
[ 2a
1
+ ( x 1 ) d ]
_____________________________________________________________________
PHN 2 . C CH GIM PHN V TH TINH
I. TNH S GIAO T HNH THNH V S HP T TO RA
1.To giao t ( Kiu NST gii tnh : c XY ; ci XX)
- vng chn , mi t bo sinh dc s khai ( t bo sinh tinh ) qua gim phn cho 4 tinh trng v gm 2 loi X
v Y c t l bng nhau .
- S tinh trng hnh thnh = S t bo sinh tinh x 4
- S tinh trng X hnh thnh = S t bo Y hnh thnh
- vng chn , mi t bo sinh dc s khai ( t bo sinh trng ) qua gim phn ch cho 1 t bo trng gm 1
loi X , 3 t bo kia l th nh hng ( v sau b tiu bin )
- S trng hnh thnh = S t bo trng x 1
- S th nh hng = S t bo sinh trng x 3
2 .To hp t
-Mt tinh trng loi X kt hp vi trng to thnh 1 hp t XX, cn tinh trng loi Y kt hp vi trng to
thnh 1 hp t XY
- Tinh trng X x Trng X Hp t XX ( ci )
- Tinh trng Y x Trng X Hp t XY (c )
-Mi t bo trng ch kt hp vi mt tinh trng to thnh 1 hp t .
S hp t to thnh = S tinh trng th tinh = S trng th tinh
3 T l th tinh ( hiu sut th tinh ) :
-T l th tinh ca tinh trng = S tinh trng th tinh : Tng s tinh trng hnh thnh
-T l th tinh cua trng = S trng th tinh : Tng s trng hnh thnh
III. TNH S LOI GIAO T V HP T KHC NHAU V NGUN GC V CU TRC NST
1, S phn li v t hp ca NST trong qu trnh gim phn
a) phn bo I :
- T k sau n k cui , mi NST kp trong cp tng ng phn li v 1 t bo , c kh nng tng hp t do vi
cc NST kp ca cc cp khc theo nhiu kiu .
- Nu c trao i on trong cp NST th ch thay i dng trong s kiu , ch khng lm tng s kiu t hp
+ S kiu t hp : 2
n
( n s cp NST tng ng )
+ Cc dng t hp : dng s d phn nhnh hoc cch nhn i s
b) phn bo II
- T k sau n k cui , mi NST n trong NST kp phn li v 1 giao t v c kh nng t hp t do vi cc
NST n ca nhng cp khc to thnh nhiu kiu t hp , do pht sinh nhiu loi giao t
- Nu c trao i an xy ra ti 1 im trong cp NST th c mi cp c trao i on s lm s loi giao t
tng gp i
+ S kiu giao t : 2
n + m
( m : s cp NST c trao i on )
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+ Dng t hp : dng s phn nhnh hoc cch nhn i s
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C . CC QUY LUT DI TRUYN
PHN I . CC NH LUT CA MENDEN
A. TM TT L THUYT
I .MT S KHI NIM V THUT NG
1. Alen : l cc trng thi khc nhau ca cng mt gen . Cc alen c v tr tng ng trn 1 cp NST tng
ng (lcut) . VD: gen quy nh mu ht c 2 alen : A -> ht vng ; a -> ht xanh .
2. Cp alen : l 2 alen ging nhau hay khc nhau thuc cng mt gen nm trn 1 cp NST tng ng
v tr tng ng trong t bo lng bi . DV : AA , Aa , aa
- Nu 2 alen c cu trc ging nhau -> Cp gen ng hp . VD : AA, aa
- Nu 2 alen c cu trc khc nhau -> Cp gen d hp . VD di5Aa , Bb
3 .Th ng hp : l c th mang 2 alen ging nhau thuc cng 1 gen .
VD : aa , AA , BB, bb
4 Th d hp : l c th mang 2 alen khc nhau thuc cng 1 gen .
VD : Aa , Bb , AaBb
5 . Tnh trng tng phn : l 2 trng thi khc nhau ca cng mt tnh trng nhng biu hin tri
ngc nhau
VD : thn cao v thn thp l 2 trng thi ca tnh trng chiu cao thn , thnh cp tnh trng tng phn
6 . Kiu gen : l t hp ton b cc gen trong t bo ca c th sinh vt
VD : Aa , Bb ,
Ab
AB
,
bv
BV
,
bV
Bv

7 . Kiu hnh : L t hp ton b cc tnh trng v c tnh c th
Vd : rui dm c kiu hnh thn xm cnh di hoc thn en cnh ngn
II CC NH LUT CA MEN DEN
A. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU DI TRUYN CA MENDEN : c 2 phng php
1 . Phng php phn tch c th lai :
a. Chn dng thun : trng ring v t th phn , nu i con hon ton ging b m th th u thun
chng v tnh trng nghin cu .
b. Lai cc cp b m thun chng khc nhau v mt hoc vi cp tnh trng tng phn . VD : P
t/c
: vng
x xanh
c . S dng thng k ton hc trn s lng ln c th lai phn tch quy lut di truyn t P -> F
2. Lai phn tch : l php lai gia c th mang tnh trang tri vi c th mang tnh trng ln kim tra kiu
gen ca c th mang tnh trng tri l ng hp hay d hp
- Nu th h lai sinh ra ng tnh th c th c kiu hnh tri c kiu gen ng hp
- Nu th h lai sinh ra phn tnh th c th c kiu hnh tri c kiu gen d hp
VD : Lai phn tch u ht vng (c KG AA hoc Aa ) vi u ht xanh (KG : aa )
+ Nu F
a
ng tnh ht vng th cy u ht vng mun tm KG c KG ng hp tri (AA )
+ Nu F
a
phn tnh ( 1 vng : 1 xanh ) th cy u ht vng mun tm KG c KG d hp tri (Aa )
B . LAI MT CP TNH TRNG
1 . Khi nim : php lai trong cp b m thun chng khc nhau v 1 cp TT tng phn em lai
2 .Th nghim : Lai 2 th u H Lan thun chng khc nhau v 1 cp tn h trng tng phn l ht vng vi
ht lc , thu c F
1
ng lot ht vng . Cho F
1
t th , F
2
thu c ht vng ; ht xanh
3. Ni dung nh lut :
a. nh lut ng tnh : Khi lai b m khc nhau v 1 cp tnh trng tng phn , th F
1
c kiu hnh ng
nht biu hin tnh trng 1 bn ca b hoc m . Tnh trng biu hin F
1
l tnh trng tri , tnh trng khng
biu hin F
1
l tnh trng ln
b. nh lut phn tnh : Khi cho cc c th lai F
1
t th phn hoc giao phn th F
2
c s phn li kiu hnh theo
t l xp x 3 tri : 1 ln
4 . Gii thch nh lut :
a. Theo Menden : th h lai F
1
khng sinh giao t lai m ch sinh ra giao t thun khit
b. Theo thuyt NST ( c s t bo hc ca nh lut ng tnh v phn tnh )
5 . iu kin nghim ng ca nh lut ng tnh v phn tnh :
- B m phi thun chng v khc nhau 1 cp tnh trng tng phn em lai
- Tnh trng tri phi tri hon ton
- S c th phn tch phi ln
6. ngha :
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- nh lut ng tnh : lai cc ging thun chng to u th lai F
1
do cc cp gen d hp quy nh .
-nh lut phn tnh : khng dng F
1
lm ging v F
2
xut hin tnh trng ln khng c li
- ng dng nh lut ng tnh v phn tnh trong php lai phn tch : cho php lai xc nh c kiu gen
ca c th mang tnh trng tri l th ng hp hay d hp
C . LAI HAI V NHIU CP TNH TRNG
1. Khi nim : L php lai trong cp b m thun chng em lai phn bit nhau v 2 hay nhiu cp tnh
trng tng phn . VD : Lai gia u H Lan ht vng, trn vi ht xanh, nhn
2 Th nghim ca Menden
a. th nghim v kt qu :
- Lai gia 2 th u thun chng khc nhau 2 cp tnh trng tng phn : ht vng v trn vi ht xanh v nhn
, thu c F
1
ng lot ht vng trn .
- Cho cc cy F
1
vng trn t th phn hoc giao phn vi nhau , F
2
thu c t l xp x : 9 vng , trn ; 3 vng
,nhn ; 3 xanh trn ; 1 xanh , nhn .
b. Nhn xt :
- F
2
xut hin 2 loi kiu hnh mi khc b m l vng nhn v xanh trn c gi l bin d t hp
- Mi tnh trng xt ring tun theo nh lut ng tnh F
1
v phn tnh F
2

+ Xt ring :
* F
1
:100% ht vng F
2
:ht vng / ht xanh = 9+ 3 /3+1 = 3 / 1
* F
1 :
100% ht trn F
2
: ht trn / ht nhn = 9+3 / 3+1 = 3 /1
+ Xt chung 2 tnh trng :
F
2
= (3V :1X) ( 3T : 1N) = ( 9 V-T : 3V N : 3 X-T : 1 X-N )
Vy mi cp tnh trng di truyn khng ph thuc vo nhau
3. Ni dung nh lut phn li c lp : Khi lai 2 b m thun chng, khc nhau v 2 hay nhiu cp tnh
trng tng phn th s di truyn ca cp tnh trng ny khng ph thuc vo s di truyn ca cp tnh trng kia
, do F
2
xut hin nhng t hp tnh trng khc b m gi l bin d t hp
4 . Gii thch nh lut phn li c lp ca Menden theo thuyt NST ( c s TB hc )
-Gen tri A : ht vng ; gen ln a : ht xanh . Gen tri B : ht trn ; gen ln b : ht nhn
- Mi cp gen qui nh 1 cp tnh trng v nm trn 1 cp NST tng ng ring
- P
t/c
: vng trn x xanh nhn F
1
: 100% vng trn . F
1
x F
1
-> F
2
gm :
+ 9 kiu gen : 1AABB: 2 AaBB : 2 AABb : 4 AaBb : 1AAbb : 2 Aabb: 1aaBB :2aaBb: 1aabb.
+ 4 kiu hnh : 9 vng trn : 3 vng nhn : 3 xanh trn : 1 xanh nhn
5 . iu kin nghim ng :
- B m phi thun chng v khc nhau v cc cp tnh trng tng phn em lai
- Tnh trng tri phi tri hon ton .
- S c th phn tch phi ln .
- Cc cp gen xc nh cc cp tnh trng tng phn nm trn cc cp NST tng ng khc nhau .
- Cc cp gen phi tc ng ring r ln s hnh thnh tnh trng
6 . ngha : : S phn li c lp v t hp t do ca NST v gen trong gim phn , th tinh lm tng bin d t
hp l ngun nguyn liu cho chn ging v tin ho , gii thch s a dng ca sinh vt
D. DI TRUYN TNH TRNG TRUNG GIAN ( tri khng hon ton )
1 . Th nghim : Lai 2 th hoa D Lan thun chng : hoa d : AA vi hoa trng aa , c cc cy F
1
u c
hoa mu hng (Aa) . Cho cc cy F
1
t th phn ( hoc giao phn ) , F
2
phn li theo t l : 1 : 2 hng : 1
trng
* Nhn xt : Th ng hp v d hp c kiu hnh khc nhau
2 . Ni dung nh lut : Khi lai 2 c th b m khc nhau v 1 cp tnh trng, ,th F
1
ng lot mang tnh
trng trung gian gi b v m .
3 . Gii thch :
- Tnh trng mu hoa do mt cp gen quy nh , AA : hoa ; aa : hoa trng ; Aa : hoa hng .
- S lai : P : AA ( hoa ) x aa ( hoa trng )
G
p
: A a
F
1
: Aa ( 100% hoa hng )
F
1
x F
1
: Aa (hoa hng ) x Aa (hoa hng )
G
F1
: A , a A , a
F
2
: AA ( 1 ) : 2 Aa (2 hng ) : aa ( 1 trng )
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B. PHNG PHP GII
I . TNH S LOI V THNH PHN GEN GIAO T
1. S loi giao t :
Khng tu thuc vo kiu gen trong KG m tu thuc vo s cp gen d hp trong :
+ Trong KG c 1 cp gen d hp 2
1
loi giao t
2
loi giao t
3
loi giao t
+ Trong KG c n cp gen d hp 2
n
loi giao t
2 . Thnh phn gen (KG) ca giao t :
Trong t bo (2n) ca c th gen tn ti thnh tng cp tng ng , cn trong giao t (n) ch cn mang 1 gen
trong cp
+ i vi cp gen ng hp AA ( hoc aa) : cho 1 loi giao t A ( hoc 1 loi giao t a )
+ i vi cp gen d hp Aa:cho 2 loi giao t vi t l bng nhau giao t A v giao t a
+ Suy lun tng t i vi nhiu cp gen d hp name trn cc cp NST khc nhau , thnh phn kiu
gen ca cc loi giao t c ghi theo s phn nhnh ( s Auerbac ) hoc bng cch nhn i s
V d : Kiu gen :AaBbDd giao t : ABD, ABd , AbD, Abd
aBD, aBd , abD , abd
II . TNH S KIU T HP , KIU GEN , KIU HNH V CC T L PHN LI I CON
1. S kiu t hp :
Mi loi giao t c t hp t do vi cc loi giao t ci to thnh nhiu kiu t hp trong cc hp t . V vy
s kiu t hp gia cc loi giao t c v ci l :
S kiu t hp = s loi giao t c x s loi giao t ci
Ch : + Bit kiu t hp => bit s loi giao t c , giao t ci => bit c cp gen d hp trong kiu gen
ca cha m
+ Kiu t hp khc nhau nhng c th a n kiu gen ging nhau => s KG < s kiu t hp .
2. S loi giao t v t l phn li v kiu gen(KG) , kiu hnh (KH):
S di truyn ca cc gen l c lp vi nhau => s t hp t do gia cc cp gen cng nh gia cc cp tnh
trng .V vy , kt qa v kiu gen cng nh v kiu hnh i con c tnh nh sau :
+ T l KG chung ca nhiu cp gen = cc t l KG ring r ca mi cp gen nhn vi nhau
=> S KG tnh chung = s KG ring ca mi cp gen nhn vi nhau
+ T l KH chung ca nhiu cp tnh trng = cc t l KH ring r ca mi cp tnh trng nhn vi nhau
III. TM KIU GEN CA B M
1. Kiu gen ring ca tng loi tnh trng :
Xt ring kt qu i con lai F
1
ca tng loi tnh trng
a) F
1
ng tnh : + Nu b me (P) c KH khc nhau th F
1
nghim ng L ng tnh ca Menden => tnh
trng biu hin F
1
l tnh trng tri v th h P u thun chng : AA x aa .
+ Nu P cng kiu hnh v F
1
mang tnh trng tri th 1 trong 2P c KG ng hp tri AA, P
cn li c th l AA hoc Aa
+ Nu P khng r KH v F
1
mang tnh trng tri , th 1 trong 2 P l ng hp tri AA ,P cn li
tu : AA , Aa hoc aa .
b) F
1
phn tnh nu c t l :
- F
1
phn tnh theo t l 3:1
F
1
nghim ng nh lut phn tnh ca Menden => tnh trng
4
3
l tnh trng tri ,
4
1
l tnh trng ln v P
u d hp Aa xAa
Ch : Trong trpng hp tri khng hon ton th t l F
1
l 1:2: 1 . Trong trng hp c gen gy cheat
trng thi ng hp th t l F
1
l 2:1 .
- F
1
phn tnh theo t l 1 :1
F
1
l kqu c trng ca php lai ptch th d hp => 1bn P c KG d hp Aa , P cn li ng hp aa
- F
1
phn tnh khng r t l
Da vo c th mang TT ln F
1
l aa => P u cha gen ln a , phi hp vi KH ca P suy ra KG ca P
2. Kiu gen chung ca nhiu loi tnh trng
a) Trong php lai khng phi l php lai phn tch.
Kt hp kt qu v KG ring ca tng loi tnh trng vi nhau .
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V d : c chua A : qu ; a qu vng
B : qu trn ; b qu bu dc
Cho lai 2 cy cha r KG v KH vi nhau thu c F
1
gm : 3 cy trn ;3 bu dc ;1 vng trn ; 1 vng
bu dc . Cc cp gen nm trn cc cp NST khc nhau .Tm KG 2 cy thuc th h P
- Xt ring tng cp tnh trng :
+ F
1
gm (3+3) : ( 1 + 1) vng = 3 : 1 vng ( theo L ng tnh ) =>P : Aa x Aa
+ F
1
gm (3 +1 ) trn : (3 + 1 ) bu dc = 1 trn : 1 bu dc ( lai phn tch d hp ) => P : Bb x bb
- Xt chung : Kt hp kt qa v KG ring ca mi loi TT trn => KG ca P l : AaBb x AaBb .
b) Trong php lai phn tch .
Khng xt ring tng loi tnh trng m phi da vo kt qu ca php lai xc nh t l v thnh phn gen
ca mi loi giao t sinh ra => KG ca c th
IV CCH NHN NH QUY LUT DI TRUYN
1 ) Cn c vo php lai khng phi l php lai phn tch :
- Tm t l phn tnh v KH th h con i vi mi loi tnh trng
- Nhn t l KH ring r ca loi tnh trng ny vi vi t l KH ring ca loi tnh trng kia . Nu thy kt
qu tnh c ph hp vi kt qa php lai => 2 cp gen quy nh 2 loi tnh trng nm trn 2 cp NST
khc nhau , di truyn theo quy lut phn li c lp ca Menden ( tr t l 1:1 nhn vi nhau )
V d : Cho lai 2 th c chua : qu thn cao vi qu thn thp thu c 37,5% qu thn cao :
37,5% qu thn thp :12,5% qu vng thn cao , 12,5% qu vng thn thp . Bit rng mi tnh trng do 1
gen quy nh
Gii
+ Xt ring tng tnh trng th h con
- ( 37,5% + 37,5% ) : ( 12,5% + 12,5% ) vng = 3 : 1 vng
- ( 37,5% + 12,5% ) cao : ( 37,5 % + 12,5% ) thp = 1 cao : 1 thp
+ Nhn 2 t l ny ( 3 : 1 vng ) ( 1 cao : 1 thp ) = 3 cao : 3 thp : 1 vng cao : 1 vng thp . ph hp
vi php lai trong bi . Vy 2 cp gen quy nh 2 cp nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau
2) Cn c vo php lai phn tch :
Khng xt ring tng loi tnh trng m da vo kt qu php lai xc nh t l v loi giao t sinh ra ca cc
c th cn tm .
Nu kt qu lai chng t c th d hp kp cho ra 4 loi giao t t l bng nhau => 2cp gen nm trn
2 cp NST khc nhau .
______________________________________________________________
PHN II LIN KT GEN - HON V GEN
A . TM TT L THUYT
I . LIN KT GEN HON TON :
1. Th nghim ca Mocgan :
a. i tng nghin cu : Rui gim c nhng im thun li trong nghin cu di truyn : d nui
trong ng nghim , nhiu , vng i ngn ( 10 -14 ngy / th h ) , s lng NST t (2n = 8 ) , nhiu bin d
d thy .
b. Ni dung th nghim :
- Lai 2 dng rui gim thun chng khc nhau v 2 cp tnh trng tng phn l rui thn xm , cnh di
vi rui thn en cnh ngn . c F
1
ng lot rui thn xm cnh di .
Vy , theo nh lut ng tnh ca Menden : thn xm cnh di l tnh trng tri hon ton so vi thn
en ., cnh ngn v F
1
c kiu gen d hp 2 cp gen .
- Lai phn tch rui c F
1
thn xm , cnh di vi rui ci thn en , cnh ngn . F
2
thu c 50%
thn xm cnh di ; 50% thn en cnh ngn
c. Nhn xt :
- Nu 2 tnh trng do 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau di truyn phn li c lp th kt qu lai
phn tch thu c 4 loi kiu hnh vi t l bng nhau .
- Kt qu th nghim ch thu c 2 loi kiu hnh ging b m . Rui ci l th ng hp v 2
cp gen ln ch cho 1 loi giao t , chng t rui ci F
1
d hp 2 cp gen nhng ch cho
2 loi giao t vi t l bng nhau ch khng phi l 4 loi giao t ging nh phn li c lp ca Menden
Nh vy , c s di truyn lin kt gia 2 tnh trng mu sc thn v hnh dng cnh . Tnh trng thn
xm lun i km vi tnh trng cnh di ; tnh trng thn en lun i km vi tnh trng cnh ngn .

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2 . Gii thch c s t bo hc ( v s phn li NST)
- Quy c : B : thn xm , b : thn en ; V cnh di , v : cnh ngn
- Kt qu th nghim trn ch c th gii thch c nu tha nhn cc gen B v V cng nm trn 1 NST
( k hiu BV ) , cc gen b v v cng nm trn 1 NST ( k hiu bv ) trong cp tng ng .
- S lai : (HS t vit )
3 . Ni dung nh lut lin kt gen hon ton :
- Cc gen phn b trn NST ti nhng v tr xc nh gi l lcut .
- Trong t bo , s lng gen ln hn s lng NST nhiu nn trn mi NST phi mang nhiu gen .
- Cc gen nm trn 1 NST phn li cng nhau trong qu trnh phn bo v lm thnh 1 nhm gen ln kt
- S nhm gen lin kt mi loi l tng ng vi s NST n bi (n) ca loi .
- S nhm tnh trng di truyn lin kt tng ng vi nhm gen lin kt
4 . ngha ca di truyn lin kt :
- lin kt gen lm hn ch s xut hin ca bin d t hp , bo ton nhng tnh trng ging b m
- Lin kt gen m bo s di truyn bean vng tng nhm tnh trng qui nh bi cc gen trn 1 NST
- Trong chn ging , tin hnh lai to ra ging mi c cc gen qu ( qui nh nhm tnh trng tt ) nm
trong cng 1 nhm gen lin kt lun i km vi nhau
II . LIN KT GEN KHNG HON TON :
1 .Th nghim : Khi cho lai rui ci F
1
thn xm cnh di giao phi vi rui ci thn en cnh ngn .
Thu c F
2
: 41% thn xm cnh di ; 41% thn en cnh ngn ; 9% thn xm cnh ngn ; 9% thn en
cnh di .
* Nhn xt :
- Nu ch c hin tng lin kt gen th F
2
ch c 2 loi kiu hnh l xm, di v en, ngn .
-Thc t F
2
c 4 loi kiu hnh , trong c 2 loi kiu hnh mi l thn xm cnh ngn v thn en ,
cnh di vi t l thp l kt qu ca hin tng hon v gen gia 2 trong 4 crmatit ca cp NST kp
2 Gii thch bng c s t bo hc : ( v s phn li NST )
- Vit s lai ( HS t vit )
- Tn s hon v gen (P) =
t l % cc loi giao t c gen hon v

VD : th nghim trn th => tn s hon v = 9% Bv + 9%bV = 18 %

B PHNG PHP GII
I TNH S LOI V THNH PHN GIAO T
1) Cc gen lin kt hon ton :
a) Trn 1 cp NST ( 1 nhm gen )
- Cc gen ng hp t 1 loi giao t
V d :
Ab
Ab
1 loi giao t Aa ;
ABd
ABd
ABd
- Nu c 1 cp gen d hp tr ln 2 loi giao t t l tng ng
V d :
Ab
AB
AB = Ab ;
ab
AB
AB = ab ;
abd
ABD
ABD = abd
b) Trn nhiu cp NST ( nhiu nhm gen ) nu mi nhm cen c t nht 1 cp gen d hp
S loi giao t = 2
n
vi n = s nhm gen ( s cp NST )
* Tm thnh phn gen mi loi giao t : dng s phn nhnh hoc nhn i s l mi loi giao t ca mi
nhm gen ny phi hp kiu vi cc loi giao t ca nhm gen kia
V d : C th c KG
ab
AB
.
de
DE
4 loi giao t : AB.DE : AB.de : ab .DE : ab.de
V s nhm gen l 2 s loi giao t 2
2
= 4 loi giao t
2) Cc gen lin kt khng hon ton .
Mi nhm gen phi cha 2 cp gen d hp tr ln mi pht sinh giao t mang t hp gen cho (
giao t HVG) trong qu trnh gim phn
a) Trng hp 2 cp gen d hp :
* S loi giao t : 2
2
= 4 loi t l khng bng nhau
Thnh phn gen :
+ 2 loi giao t bnh thng mang gen lin kt t l mi loi giao t ny > 25% .
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+ 2 loi giao t HVG mang t hp gen cho nhau do 2 gen tng ng i ch , t l mi loi
giao t ny < 25% .
V d : C th c KG
ab
AB
lin kt khng hon ton to giao t :
+ 2 loi giao t bnh thng t l cao l : AB = ab > 25% .
+ 2 loi giao t HVG t l thp l: Ab = aB <25%
b) Trng hp 3 cp gen d hp
- C xy ra trao i cho 2 ch :
VD : C th c KG
abd
ABD

*S loi giao t to ra = 8 loi
*Thnh phn KG cc loi giao t :
+ Giao t bnh thng : ABD =abd
+ Giao t TC 1 ch : Abd= aBD = X
1
; ABd = abD = X
2

+ Giao t TC 2 ch : AbD = X
3

- Khng xy ra TC 2 ch :
VD : C th c KG
abd
ABD

*S loi giao t to ra = 6 loi giao t
* Thnh phn KG cc loi giao t :
+ Giao t bnh thng : ABD =abd
+ Giao t TC 1 ch : Abd= aBD = X
1
; ABd = abD = X
2

II . TN S TRAO I CHO V KHONG CCH TNG I GIA 2 GEN TRN 1 NST
1) Tn s TC (tn s HVG ) : p
Tn s TC gia 2 gen trn cng NST bng tng t l 2 giao t HVG .
Do : T l mi loi giao t bnh thng =
2
% 100 p
=
2
1 p

T l mi loi giao t HVG =
2
p

* Tn s TC th hin lc lin kt gia cc gen . Thng cc gen c xu hng ch yu l lin kt tn s
HVG < 50% .
Trong trng hp c bit , cc t bo sinh dc s khai u xy ra TC ging nhau tn s HVG p = 50%
. Do , c th d hp t kp cho 4 loi giao t t l tng ng ging vi trng hp phn li c lp .
2) Khong cch tng i gia cc gen trn cng 1 NST
+Tn s HVG th hin khong cch tng i gia 2 gen : 2 gen cng nm xa nhau th tn s HVG cng ln v
ngc li cc gen cng nm xa nhau th tn s HVG cng nh .
+ Da vo tn s HVG => khong cch gia cc gen => v tr tng i (locut) trong nhm gen lin kt .
Qui c : 1 cM ( centimorgan) = 1% HVG

III. TNH TN S HON V GEN
1) Trong php lai phn tch :
Tn s HVG p = (S c th hnh thnh do TC : Tng s c th nghin cu ) x100%
V d : Lai phn tch rui ci thn xm cnh di thuc KG i
aB
Ab
c th h lai gm 376 con xm ngn :
375 con en di : 124 con xm di : 125 con en ngn
Gii
Xm di v en ngn l 2 KH do TC to ra :
=> Tn s HVG =
125 124 375 376
125 124
+ + +
+
. 100 = 25%
2) Trong cc php lai khc . gii bng i s
+ t P : Tn s HVG => t l giao t HVG l
2
p

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t l giao t BT l
2
1 p

+ Davo loi KH m bi cho bit lp t l :
T l cc KG lm nn KH theo n s p = S c th thu c KH bit c : Tng s c th thu c

Vd :cho cy thn cao ht di c KG
aB
Ab
t th phn F
1
thu c 4000 cy , trong c 260 cy thp trn
+ t p = Tn s HVG => t l giao t HVG l
2
p

+ F
1
thu c cy thp trn (
ab
ab
) c t l
4000
160
=
100
4

T l KG lm nn cy thp trn l (
2
p
)
2
.
ab
ab

=> phng trnh (
2
p
)
2
=
100
4
c p = 40%
IV . CCH NHN NH QUY LUT DI TRUYN
1) Da vo php lai khng phi l php lai phn tch
+ Tm t l phn tnh v KH th h lai i vi mi loi tnh trng .
+ Nhn 2 t l KH ring ca 2 loi tnh trng vi nhau . Nu kt qu khng ph hp bi => 2 cp
gen quy nh 2 cp tnh trng nm trn cng 1 cp NST
2) Da vo php lai phn tch
Nu kt qu lai chng t c th d hp kp cho 2 loi giao t hoc 4 loi giao t c t l khng bng nhau => 2
cp gen nm trn cng 1 cp NST
__________________________________________________________________
PHN III. TNG TC GEN
A . TM TT L THUYT
I. TNH TRNG A GEN ( tng tc gen / Nhiu gen chi phi mt tnh trng )
1 . TC NG B TR
a. Khi nim : Tc ng b tr l kiu tc ng qua li ca 2 hay nhiu cp gen thuc nhng lcut
khc nhau ( khng alen ) lm xut hin 1 tnh trng mi
b. Ni dung nh lut :
+ Hai hoc nhiu gen khng alen c th tc ng ln s hnh thnh tnh trng
+ Cc dng tc ng khc nhau cho t l kiu hnh F
2
l bin dng ca ( 9: 3: 3: 1 )
c. Cc dng tc ng b tr : Cc t l : 9: 3: 3: 1 ; 9: 6: 1 : 9:7 . ta ch xt 1 dng t l : 9: 6: 1.
c 1 . Th nghim 1 : khi lai 2 th b qu trn thun chng vi nhau , F
2
thu c 3 loi kiu hnh vi t l : 9
dt : 6 trn : 1 di
c 2 Gii thch : F
2
c t l kiu hnh 9: 6:1 = 16 t hp = 4 loi giao t (?F
1
) x 4loi giao t (?F
1
) . Ngha l
F1 mi bn cho 4 loi giao t vi t l bng nhau .Vy F
1
mi bn u phi d hp t nht 2 cp gen , nhng ch
quy nh 1 tnh trng . Vy tnh trng dng qu do 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST tng ng khc nhau tc
ng tc ng qua li cng qui nh
- Qui c gen : gi s 2 cp gen tng tc l Aa v Bb :
+ Cc kiu gen c 2 gen tri (A-B-) tc ng b tr hnh thnh b quDE5T.
+ Cc kiu gen ch c 1 gen tri : A-bb hoc aaB- qui nh b qu trn
+ Kiu gen c 2 cp gen ln (aabb) tc ng b tr hnh thnh b qu di
- S lai :
+ P
TC
: AAbb( qu trn ) x aaBB( qu trn )
+G
P :
Ab aB
+ F
1
AaBb ( 100% qu di )
+ F
1
x F
1
: AaBb (qu di ) x AaBb ( qu di )
+G
F1
: AB , Ab , aB , ab ; AB , Ab , aB , ab
F
2
: 9 ( A- B- ) : 3 (A- bb) : 3( aaB- ) : 1 aabb
9 qu dt 6 qu trn 1 qu di
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2. TC NG T CH :
a. Khi nim : l trng hp mt gen ny kim hm hot ng ca mt gen khc , khng cng lcut.
b. Cc dng tng tc t ch : t ch gen tri ( 12:3:1; 13: 3 ) v t ch do gen ln ( 9: 4: 3: )
. Ta ch xt 1 dng t l 12 :3 :1
b1. Th nghim : Cho lai nga lng xm thun chng vi nga lng hung thun chng , dc
F
1
ton lng xm . Cho cc con nga F
1
giao phi vi nhau , F
2
c s phn li kiu hnh theo t l : 12xam : 3
en : 1 hung
b2 . Gii thch : ( tng t tc ng b tr)
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* Trng hp A t ch :
-Cc kiu gen c mt gen tri A ( A-B- ; A- bb ) t ch hot ng cp gen B, b qui nh lng
xm .
- Cc kiu gen (aaB- ) c gen tri B khng b t ch qui nh mu en
- Kiu gen c 2 cp gen ln aabb qui nh lng hung
- S lai :
+ P
TC
: AABB( xm ) x aabb( hung )
+G
P :
Ab aB
+ F
1
AaBb ( 100% xm )
+ F
1
x F
1
: AaBb (xm ) x AaBb ( xm )
+G
F1
F
2
: 9 ( A- B- ) : 3 (A- bb) : 3( aaB- ) : 1 aabb
12 xm 3 en 1 hung
* Trng hp B t ch :
-Cc kiu gen c mt gen tri B ( A-B- ; aaB- ) t ch hot ng cp gen B,b qui nh lng xm .
- Cc kiu gen (A-bb ) c gen tri A khng b t ch qui nh mu en
- Kiu gen c 2 cp gen ln aabb qui nh lng hung
- S lai :
+ P
TC
: AABB( xm ) x aabb( hung )
+G
P :
Ab aB
+ F
1
AaBb ( 100% xm )
+ F
1
x F
1
: AaBb (xm ) x AaBb ( xm )
+G
F1
F
2
: 9 ( A- B- ) : 3 (aaB-) : 3( A-bb ) : 1 aabb
12 xm 3 en 1 hung

3 TC NG CNG GP :
a. Khi nim : Tc ng cng gp l kiu tc ng c nhiu gen , trong d mi mgen ng gp 1
phn nh nhau vo s phyt trin ca cng 1 tnh trng .
b. Th nghim : Lai ging luau m ht thun chng(TC) vi ging ht trng TC , F
1
thu dc
ton ht d n F
2
c s phn li kiu hnh : 15 : 1 trng .Mu d c m nht khc nhau , t thm
n nht
c. Gii thch : Mu sc ht luau m F
2
c t l phn li kiu hnh l 15 :1 gm 16 t hp , nn mu sc
phi do 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NSt khc nhau tng tc qui nh .
- Qui c : Gi s 2 cp gen tng tc l Aa, Bb
+ Cc kiu gen c mt gen tri ( A-B- : A-bb: aaB-) u qui nh ht mu . S lng gen tri trong kiu
gen cng nhiu th mu cng m.
+ Kiu gen khng c mt gen tri no c (aabb) qui nh ht trng
- S lai :
+ P
TC
: AABB( ) x aabb( trng )
+G
P :
Ab aB
+ F
1
AaBb ( 100% )
+ F
1
x F
1
: AaBb ( ) x AaBb ( )
+G
F1
F
2
: 9 ( A- B- ) : 3 (A- bb) : 3( aaB- ) : 1 aabb
15 ( m nht ) 1 trng
II . GEN A HIU ( mt gen chi phi nhiu tnh trng )
1 . V d
Trang- 20 -
- u H Lan : Th hoa tm th ht nu , nch l c chm en ; th hoa trng th ht nht nch l khng
chm nu .
- rui Gim :Cc gen qui nh cnh ngn th t thn ngn , lng cng , hnh dng c quan sin h dc thay
i , d trng t , tui th gim u trng suy yu . Cn gen quy nh cnh di th thn t di , lng mm
trng nhiu , tui th cao , u trng mnh
2. Gii thch :Mi nhm tnh trng trn du do 1 gen qui nh .
B PHNG PHP GII
I . CC KIU TNG TC
Mi kiu tng tc c 1 t l KH tiu biu da theo bin dng ca (3:1)
2
nh sau :
1 Kiu h tr c 3 t l KH : 9: 3:3:1 ; 9:6: 1 ; 9: 7 .
a) H tr gen tri hnh thnh 4 KH : 9:3:3:1
A-B- A-bb aaB- aabb thuc t l : 9:3:3:1
b) H tr gen tri hnh thnh 3 KH : 9:6: 1
A-B- ( A-bb = aaB- ) aabb thuc t l : 9:6: 1
c) H tr gen tri hnh thnh 2 KH : 9:7
A-B- ( A-bb = aaB- = aabb ) thuc t l : 9:7
2. Kiu t ch c 3 t l KG : 12:3:1 ; 13:3 ; 9:4:3
a) t ch gen tri hnh thnh 3 KH : 12:3:1
(A-B- = A-bb) aaB- aabb thuc t l : 12:3:1
b) t ch gen tri hnh thnh 2 KH : 13: 3
(A-B- = A-bb = aabb ) aaB- thuc t l : 13:3
c) t ch gen ln hnh thnh 3 KH : 9:4:3
A-B- ( A-bb = aabb ) aaB- thuc t l : 9:4:3
3. Tc ng cng gp ( tch lu) hnh thnh 2 KH : 15 :1
A-B- ( A-bb = aabb ) aaB-
Tng qut n cp gen tc ng cng gp => t l KH theo h s mi s hng trong trin khai ca nh thc
Newton ( A+a)
n

II. XC NH S CP GEN TNG TC ( nhn nh quy lut di truyn)
- Thng da vo kt qu phn tnh th h lai => s kiu t hp giao t => s loi giao t ca b m =>
s cp gen tng tc .
- T l kiu phn tnh c th thuc 16 kiu t hp nh : 9:6:1 ; 9:7 hoc 8 kiu t hp nh 4:3:1 ; 6:
1:1 . Hoc 4 kiu t hp nh : 3: 1 ; 1:2:1 ( xem bng ghi cc kiu tng tc tng ng )
III . D ON KIU TNG TC
- Sau khi xc nh kiu tng tc , ng thi xc nh kiu gen b m => vit s lai c th c ca
php lai thy t l KG theo dng no , i chiu vi t l KH ca bi => d on kiu tng tc
____________________________________________________________________
PHN IV DI TRUYN LIN KT VI GII TNH
I . XC NH KIU NST GII TNH
1. Trong thin nhin , gp 1 s kiu NST gii tnh nh sau : XX, XY , XO ( XX l ng giao t ,
XY hoc XO l d giao t )
- c XY , ci XX : ngi , ng vt c v , rui gim
- c XX , ci XY : cc loi chim , bm tm , ch nhi , b st .
- c XO ; ci XX : b xt , chu chu , rp
- c XX ; ci XO : b nhy .
2. Nu c th c cp trong bi khng nu loi no => kiu NST gii tnh c th xc nh theo 2
cch : - Da vo c th mang tnh trng ln th h c t l phn tnh 3:1 . V tnh trng ny d xut hin c
th XY => gii tnh ca c th thuc NST gii tnh XY
- Dng cch loi suy , ln lt th tng kiu NST gii tnh => kiu no cho kt qu ph hp vi bi
th nhn
Trang- 21 -
V d : cho 1 c th mang 1 cp gen d hp quy nh cnh thng giao phi vi c th khc c F
1
gm 256
con cnh thng : 85 con cnh cong ( ch ton con c )
=> - Cp gen d hp quy nh cnh thng => cnh thng l tnh trng tri , cnh cong l tnh trng ln .
- F
1
c t l 3 cnh thng : 1 cnh cong . Nhng tnh trng ln cnh cong ch biu hin con c =>
NST gii tnh ca con c l XY , con ci XX .
II . DI TRUYN LIN KT VI GII TNH
A. Khi nim : l hin tng di tuyn cc tnh trng m c gen xc nh chng nm trn cc NST gii
tnh
B. Gen trn NST X ( Qui lut di truyn cho )
1 .Th nghim : Moocgan lai rui gim mt vi mt trng
-Lai thun :
+ P : (mt ) x ( mt trng )
+ F
1 :
100% mt
+ F
2
: 3 mt : 1 mt trng ( ton con c )
-Lai nghch :
+ P : (mt trng ) x ( mt )
+ F
1 :
1 mt : 1 mt trng
+ F
2
: 1 mt : 1 mt trng : 1 mt : 1 mt trng
2 . Gii thch :
- F
1
ng lot mt , theo nh lut ng tnh th mt tri hon ton so vi mt trng .
Qui c : W : mt ; w : mt trng .
- Nu gen nm trn NST thng th F
2
( trong php lai thun ) mt trng phn b c gii c v ci .
Thc t F
2
mu mt trng ch c con c , V vy gen qui nh mu mt rui phi nm trn NST gii
tnh X , khng c alen trn Y .
- S lai :
+ Php lai thun :
P : X
W
X
W
( mt ) x X
w
Y( mt trng )
G : X
W
,

X
W
; X
w
,

Y
F
1
: X
W
X
w
, X
W
Y ( 100% mt )
F
1
x F
1 :
X
W
X
w
x X
W
Y
G: X
W
, X
w
; X
W
, Y
F
2 :
X
W
X
W
:

X
W
X
w
:

X
W
Y : X
w
Y
3 mt : 1 mt trng
+ Php lai nghch:
P : X
w
X
w
( mt trng ) x X
W
Y( mt )
G : X
w
; X
w
,

Y
F
1
: X
W
X
w
(50% mt ) , X
w
Y ( mt trng)
F
1
x F
1 :
X
W
X
w
x X
w
Y
G :
:
X
W
, X
w
; X
w
, Y
F
2 :
X
W
X
w
:

X
w
X
w
:

X
W
Y : X
w
Y
1 mt : 1 mt trng : 1 mt : mt trng
Vy, php lai thun gen ln trn X do b truyn cho con gi v biu hin chu trai
3 . Ni dung nh lut :
- Di truyn cho : tnh trng ca b truyn cho con ci (gi) , tnh trng ca m truyn cho con c .
- Hai php lai thun nghch cho: kt qu khc nhau .
C . GEN TRN NST Y :( quy lut di truyn thng )
-NST Y a s loi hu nh khng mang gen , nn hu nh gen trn NST X him c gen tng ng
trn Y . Tuy nhin , 1 s loi ng vt , NST Y cng mang gen .
Trang- 22 -
- NST Y ngi c on mang gen tng ng vi gen trn X , nhng cng c on gen trn Y m
khng c gen tng ng trn X

V d : ngi tt dnh ngn tay s 2 v s 3 do gen ln (a) trn NST Y gy ra v ch biu hin nam gii
P : XX x XY
a
G : X ; X , Y
a
F
1
: XX ( 50% gi BT ) : XY
a
( 50% trai dnh ngn )
- Ni dung di truyn thng : tnh trng qui nh bi gen nm trn NST Y di truyn 100% cc cp
NST gii tnh XY ( 100% con trai )
D. ngha : hin tng di truyn lin kt vi gii tnh c ng dng phn bit gii c hoc gii ci
giai on sm pht trin ca c th lc hnh thi gii tnh cha th hin ra kiu hnh , nh c th chn lc
tng nng sut .
V d : ga ngi ta s dng gen tri A trn NST gii tnh X xc nh lng vn , phn bit trng ,
mi khi mi n . G trng con X
A
X
A
c lng vn u r hn so vi con mi X
A
Y .
II CCH NHN NH QUY LUT DI TRUYN :
1. Da vo kt qu ca php lai thun nghch
- Nu kt qu lai thun nghch khc nhau th gen quy nh tnh trng c xt nm trn NST gii tnh .
- Nu tnh trng cho thy xut hin ch gii c qua cc th h ( di truyn thng ) = > gen nm trn
NST Y . Ngc li th gen nm trn NST X
2. Da vo s di truyn cho hoc tnh trng biu hin khng ng u trn gii c v ci :
a. Di truyn cho : tnh trng ca con c ging tnh trng ca m v tnh trng ca ci con ging b
l c s di truyn cho => gen nm trn NST gii tnh X
b . Tnh trng khng biu hin ng u 2 gii :
Cng 1 th h nhng tnh trng no ch xut hin gii c , cn gii ci th khng hoc ngc li
=> gen nm trn NST gii tnh
Ch : thc t gen nm trn NST gii tnh cng c nhng trng hp tc ng vi gen nm trn NST
thng hnh thnh 1 tnh trng . Cng c cc gen nm trn cng 1 NST gii tnh X tc ng ring r hoc
tng tc qua li vi nhau .

*** CH CCH NHN NH CC QUY LUT DI TRUYN
1. Cc quy lut Menden : (phn li c lp )
- Hai hay nhiu cp gen nm trn 2 hay nhiu cp NST tng ng
- Hai hay nhiu cp gen quy nh 2 hay nhiu cp tnh trng
2. Cc quy lut ca Moocgan :
- Hai hay nhiu cp gen cng nm trn 1 cp NST
- Hai hay nhiu cp gen cng quy nh 2 hay nhiu tnh trng
3. Cc qui lut tng tc gen :
- Hai hay nhiu cp gen nm trn 2 hay nhiu cp NST
- Hai hay nhiu cp gen cng qui nh 1 cp tnh trng
____________________________________________________________________
PHN V . T BIN
A. T BIN GEN (BG)
I . Cc dng t bin gen v s bin i trong cu trc ca gen :
- t bin gen l nhng bin i trong cu trc gen 1 hoc 1 s cp Nu .
- cu trc ca gen b bin i v s lng hoc thnh phn hoc trnh t cc Nu trong gen
a) So snh gen bnh thng v gen t bin nhn thy :
Hai gen c s Nu khng thay i -> gen t bin c th bin i v thnh phn v trnh t cc Nu :
- t bin thay th kiu ng hon hoc d hon .
+ Thay th kiu ng hon : thay th 1 cp A-T bng 1 cp G-X hoc thay th 1 cp G-X bng 1 cp A-T
Trang- 23 -
+ Thay th kiu d hon : thay th 1 cp A-T bng 1 cp T-A hoc thay th 1 cp G-X bng 1 cp X-G
- t bin gen dng o v tr .
b) So snh gen bnh thng v gen t bin nhn thy :
Hai gen c s lng tng loi Nu ging nhau -> ( khng thay i v thnh phn v s lng Nu ) ->
Gen B c bin i v trnh t Nu :
- BG dng thay th kiu d hon .
- BG dng o v tr
c) So snh gen bnh thng v gen t bin nhn thy : Hai gen c s lng Nu ging nhau , hai gen khc
nhau v thnh phn tng loi Nu => BG dng thay th kiu ng hon
d)So snh gen bnh thng v gen t bin nhn thy :
Hai gen c s lng Nu chnh lch nhau 1 cp Nu :
- BG dng thm 1 cp Nu
- BG dng mt 1 cp Nu
II. T l gen t bin :
- Gen tin B : gen c bin i cu trc 1 mch . Gen tin B c th c enzim sa cha thnh gen
bnh thng .
- Gen B : gen c bin i 1 cp Nu trn 2 mch n .
+ Gen
<
nhn i
>
gen tin B nhn i
>
gen B
x=1 x=1
+ T l gen t bin = ( S gen B : Tng s gen to ra ) . 100
_____________________________________________________________
B. T BIN NHIM SC TH ( BNST )
I. t bin th d bi NST :
- L B xy ra ti 1 hay 1 s cp ca NST .C cc dng : th 3 nhim (2n+1 ) ; th 1 nhm ( 2n- 1) ; th
khuyt nhim (2n -2) ; th a nhim
- C ch : c th 2n gam phn 1 s t bo sinh dc s khai c 1 ho 1 s cp no ca NST khng phn li
to ra giao t B ( n+1) hoc (n-1) hoc (n-2 )
P : 2n x 2n
G
p
: (n+1) (n-1) n
F (hp t ) : 2n+1
NP
th 3 nhim
F (hp t ) : 2n-1
NP
th 1 nhim
II .Th a bi ( 3n hoc 4n )
- Th a bi l nhng bin i tronng ton b cu trc NST , ln hn bi s 2n nh : 3n , 4n , 5n , 6n
-C ch :
+ T bo sma 2n hoc t bo tin phi 2n , trong nguyn phn cc NST khng ph li to ra t bo 4n ,
cc t bo 4n nguyn phn bnh thng cho ra cc t bo con 4n
- TB sma 2n
) ( DB NP
TB sma 4n
NP
M , c quan 4n
- TB tin phi 2n
) ( DB NP
TB tin phi 4n
NP
c th 4n

+ T bo sinh dc 2n gim phn , s khng phn li cc NST trong 1 ln phn bo to ra giao t t bin 2n .
- Nu giao t 2n kt hp giao t 2n hp t 4n
P : 2n x 2n
G
p
2n 2n
F ( hp t) 4n
=>F (hp t ) 4n
NP
c th 4n
- Nu giao t 2n kt hp giao t n hp t 3n
P : 2n x 2n
G
p
2n n
Trang- 24 -
F ( hp t) 3n
=> F (hp t ) : 3n
NP
c th 3n

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Labthpt.blogspot.

peptit = Tng s phn t protein . (

TG = thi gian mi t x s t nguyn phn

t l % cc loi giao t c gen hon v

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