6.

002x

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

6.002x is Exciting!

Whats behind this?

and this

Chip photo of Intels 22nm multicore processor codenamed Ivy Bridge

Photograph courtesy of Intel Corp.

ADMINISTRIVIA
n Prerequisites n AP level course on electricity and magnetism; e.g., MITs 8.02 (check it out on MIT OpenCourseware) n It is also useful to have a basic knowledge of solving simple differential equations n Textbook Agarwal and Lang (A&L) Underlined readings (in course-at-a-glance handout) are very important as they stress intuition n Weekly homeworks and labs must be completed by the deadline indicated on the assignment n Assessments Homeworks 15% Labs 15% 1 Midterm 30% Final exam 40%
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What is engineering? Purposeful use of science

What is 6.002x about? Gainful employment of Maxwells equations From electrons to digital gates and op-amps
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Nature as observed in experiments

Physics laws or abstractions l Maxwells abstraction for l Ohms tables of data V=RI Lumped circuit abstraction
+ "

6.002x
+" Filters
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Simple amplifier abstraction Operational amplifier abstr. Digital abstraction Combinational logic

f Clocked digital abstraction

Instruction set abstraction Analog subsystems Pentium, MIPS 6.004, 6.846 Programming languages Java, C++, Matlab, Python 6.00

Modulators, oscillators, RF amps, power supplies

Software systems Operatin 6.033 6.061 systems, Browsers

Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, angry birds, space shuttle, iPAD 6.455 6.172,6.173

Lumped Element Abstraction

Consider The Big Jump from physics to EECS

Suppose we wish to answer this question: What is the current through the bulb?
Reading: Skim through Chapter 1 of A&L
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We could do it the Hard Way Apply Maxwells

Differential form Faradays Continuity Others

I?

Integral form

B E = t J = t

E = 0
l l l

B E dl = t q J dS = t q E dS =

l l l

Instead, there is an Easy Way

First, let us build some insight: Analogy I ask you: What is the acceleration? You quickly ask me: What is the mass? I tell you: You respond: Done ! ! !
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Instead, there is an Easy Way

F
In doing so, you ignored l the objects shape l its temperature l its color l point of force application l Point-mass discretization
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a?

The Easy Way

A B

Consider the filament of the light bulb.

We do not care about l how current flows inside the filament l its temperature, shape, orientation, etc. We can replace the bulb with a discrete resistor for the purpose of calculating the current.

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The Easy Way

Replace the bulb with a B discrete resistor for the purpose of calculating the current.

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The Easy Way

A B

A + V B

I R

V I= R

In EECS, we do things the easy way

R represents the only property of interest! Like with point-mass:

F replace objects with their mass m to find a = m

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V-I Relationship
A + V I R and

I=

V R

B R represents the only property of interest! R relates element V and I

I=

V R

called element v-i relationship

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R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.

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Lumped Elements
Lumped circuit element described by its vi relation Power consumed by element = vi Resistor + i v - i Voltage source i " v + V " - + i

v
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Demo
only for the sorts of questions we as EEs would like to ask!

Lumped element examples whose behavior is completely captured by their VI relationship.

Demo

Exploding resistor demo cant predict that! Pickle demo cant predict light, smell
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Not so fast, though

A
Bulb filament

Although we will take the easy way using lumped abstractions for the rest of this course, we must make sure (at least for the first time) that our abstraction is reasonable. In this case, ensuring that V I
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are defined for the element

must be defined.

V B

black box

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must be defined. True when =

IA

SA

I out of S B q True only when = 0 in the filament! t I into S A

IB

SB

I A = IB

q =0 only if t

So, are we stuck?

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Were engineers! So, lets make it true!

Must also be defined.

VAB defined when

So

VAB = AB E dl

B B =0 t outside elements

.1 A x e i se end p p A So lets assume this too! A&L

Also, signal speeds of interest should be way lower than speed of light

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Welcome to the EECS Playground

The world

The EECS playground

Our self imposed constraints in this playground

B =0 t q =0 t

Outside Inside elements Bulb, wire, battery

Where good things happen

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Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD) Or self imposed constraints:

More in Chapter 1 of A & L

B = 0 outside t q = 0 inside elements t bulb, wire, battery

Connecting using ideal wires lumped elements that obey LMD to form an assembly results in the lumped circuit abstraction

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So, what does LMD buy us?

Replace the differential equations with simple algebra using lumped circuit abstraction (LCA). a For example: " V+ "

R1

R3

R4

d
R5

R2
c

What can we say about voltages in a loop under the lumped matter discipline? Reading: Chapter 2.1 2.2.2 of A&L
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What can we say about voltages in a loop under LMD?

a
R1

" V+ "

R3

R4

d
R5

R2
c

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.

Remember, this is not true everywhere, only in our EECS playground

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What can we say about currents?

" V+ "

R1

R3

R4

d
R5

R2
c

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What can we say about currents?

I ca

S a

I da I ba

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL): The sum of the currents into a node is 0. simply conservation of charge
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KVL and KCL Summary

KVL:

KCL:

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Summary

Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:

B =0 t q =0 t

Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify our analysis

Outside elements Inside elements

wires resistors sources

Also, signals speeds of interest should be way lower than speed of light Allows us to create the lumped circuit abstraction
Remember, our EECS playground
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Summary
i

+ v -

Lumped circuit element

power consumed by element = vi

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Summary Review

Maxwells equations simplify to algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD. KVL:

j j = 0
loop KCL:

This is amazing!

jij = 0
node
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