‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ‪ GIS‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ‬

‫‪safianian@barghebakhtar.org‬‬ ‫‪Am_122001@yahoo.com‬‬

‫ﭼﮑﻴﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻳﮏ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ‪ GIS‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﺴﺖ ‪،‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻭ ‪...‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ GIS‬ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺒﮑﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﮊﮔﺎﻥ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪‐GIS :‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ – ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‐ ﺟﺎﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‐ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻂ‬

‫‪‐۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺰﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻳﺎﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮑﺴﻮ ﻭ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺎﮔﺰﻳﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺰﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺗﻨﮕﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪.‬ﺩﺭﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﮏ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ GIS‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ GIS‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ GIS‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‐۲‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ GIS‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ GIS‬ﻳﮏ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ GIS ۱۹۸۰‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻭﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ GIS‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﻲ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ‪ GIS‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺯﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‪ GIS Ready‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ )ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ( ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭ‪ ١‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺭﺳﺘﺮﻱ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ‪،‬ﻫﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ‪ GIS‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۸۰‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ‪ GIS‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪vector 1‬‬
‫‪raster 2‬‬
 ‫‪ ‐۳‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﮏ ﺭﻭﻳﮑـﺮﺩ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺧﻄـﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑـﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻤﻨـﺪﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ ‪ ،GIS‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﻳﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﺍ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺣﺪ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻳﮏ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺒﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺭﺯﻳﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺯﻣـﻴﻦ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻳﮏ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ‪،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻳﮏ ﺧﻂ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺧـﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻭ ﻣـﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓـﻲ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﻧـﻊ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧـﺶ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﺪﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺷﮑﺎﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺮﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﺭﺳﺘﺮﻱ ‪،‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻔﮑﻴـﮏ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﻴﮑـﻪ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‪ ١‬ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (۱‐۳‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ) ﺷﻴﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺎﮎ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴـﺎﻳﻲ ‪،‬ﻣﻮﺍﻧـﻊ ﻭ ‪( ...‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺩﻫﺎﻭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭼﻮﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻳﮏ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ" ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺭﺳﺘﺮﻱ ‪ ( GIS‬ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷـﺒﮑﻪ ﻣـﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ‪ .‬ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺭﺳـﺘﺮﻱ ‪ GIS‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳـﺎ" ﻳـﮏ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﺎﻳﻴﮑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﮏ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺳـﺎﺯﺩ ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻳﮏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﻴﮑﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ )ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﮎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ( ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻫـﺮ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ)ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﻭ ‪ ( ..‬ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺭﺳﺘﺮﻱ ‪ ، GIS‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪Interest 1‬‬
‫‪ (۱‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﻤﻢ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ‪ GIS‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۲‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪ :‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺧـﺎﮎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺿـﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪،‬ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ‪،‬ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻴﺖ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻫـﺮ ﮐـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۳‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪:‬ﮔﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﮏ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺝ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮﻭﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺑـﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﮕﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‐۴‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺩ ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻳﮏ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ ﺑﺮﺟﻬـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻧﺪﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‐۵‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲ ﮐﻮﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻﺕ ﻳـﺦ‬
‫ﺯﺩﮔﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪ ‐۶‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻪ ﮐﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣـﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﺟﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﻲ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ )ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺭﺳﺘﺮﻱ ( ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺮﺟﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣـﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳـﮏ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﮏ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺟﻬﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (۲‐۳‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿ ﻴﺢ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫـﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﮏ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﺘﺮﻱ ‪ GIS‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻭﺍﮊﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺳﺘﺮﻱ ‪ GIS‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻳـﮏ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﺍﺯﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻨﮑﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺭﻛﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﮏ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﺯﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺁﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﺮﺩﺩﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﻳـﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﮑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :۱‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﻜﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ‪ Bellman‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮﺯﻳـﺮ ﺭﻭﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ)ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ( ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﮕﺮﺩﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﺎ" ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ)ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ( ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺳـﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﮊﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣـﻪ ﺭﻳـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻟﻴﻨﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﻧـﻴﻤﻢ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﻤﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣـﺴﻴﺮ ﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻠﮑـﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣـﺴﻴﺮ ﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻣـﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ‬
‫‪ GIS‬ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :۲‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ) ﻫﻢ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ( ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣـﺪﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ GIS‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫‪.‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪(۳‐۳‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﺮﻳﺪﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻂ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﮐﺮﻳﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﮏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴـﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﺘﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻞ ﺑـﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ‪.‬ﮐﺮﻳﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻂ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻳﮏ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫـﺪ ‪.‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣـﺴﻴﺮ ﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﮐﺮﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ )‪ (۳‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺕ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A,B‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :۳‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬

‫‪ (۱‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ‪ A‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺷﮑﻞ )‪ (۳‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺧﻂ "‪ " back‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪ C ) C‬ﻳﮏ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ( ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ‪ A‬ﻟﻴﻨﮏ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﮏ ﺧﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻂ "‪ "back‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ B‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ‪ A‬ﻟﻴﻨـﮏ ﻣ ﻲ ﮐﻨـﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺲ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺗﺮ‪،‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺮ ﺗﺒﻂ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﮐﻤﺘـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ) ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﮑﻞ )‪ ( (۳‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ‪ B‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ‪A‬‬
‫‪ ( h‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ‪) B‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪min‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺧﻂ"‪ "back‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪ ) A‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ( ﻟﻴﻨﮏ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻂ "‪ " back‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ) ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ (۱‬ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪) B‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪ ( h min‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ‪) A‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ( ﻟﻴﻨﮏ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۳‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ ) ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ (۳‬ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﻲ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ‪ C‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨــﻪ ﻫــﺎﻱ ﮐﻤﺘــﺮ ﻳــﺎ ﻣــﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ h max‬ﻛﺮﻳــﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳــﻒ ﻣــﻲ ﮐﻨــﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻬــﺎﻱ ﺳــﻠﻮﻝ ﺑــﺎ ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ h min‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ ‐۴‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﺴﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ 1‬ﻳﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﻭﺩﺍﻣﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ٢SLF.‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ‪،‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭽﻴﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ SLF.‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻠﮑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ‪ SLF .‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ"‪ ،‬ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ‪.‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ‪ SLF‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﻳﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺩﺭ ‪ SLF‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪‐۱‐۴‬ﮔﺮﺩ ﺁﻭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻳﺰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻣـﺴﮑﻮﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﮎ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺳﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ‪‐۱‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪:‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺳـﻌﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ‪ – ۲‬ﺍﻧﺪﮐﺲ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺷﻬﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ‪ ‐۳‬ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺠـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ )ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ(‬

‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ‪‐۱ :‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺩﻳﻤﺎﻧﺪ ‪ ‐۲‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫‪distribution system planning 1‬‬

‫‪spatial load forecastinng 2‬‬
 ‫‪‐۲‐۴‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺴﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ‪ ،SLF‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻌﻼﻭ ﻩ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲ ﮐﻨـﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﮑﻮﭖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﮑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻝ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺴﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﻳﮑﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪ .‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ ﻲ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯﺷﺎﺭﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻣـﺴﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘـﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nsf‬‬ ‫‪nsu‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪min z = ∑ (hfi * Xi + hvi * fi ) + ∑ (hvk * fk ) + r ∑∑ wj * dij‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬ ‫‪k =1‬‬ ‫‪i =1 j∈i‬‬

‫‪s.t ∑ ≤ S ie( S i) cos ϕ‬‬

‫‪j∈I‬‬

‫‪f k≤ x k *c k * cos ϕ‬‬ ‫‪k = 1,2,.....NSF‬‬ ‫‪f k≤c k * cos ϕ k = 1,2,.....NSu‬‬

‫‪f k≥ 0‬‬ ‫‪k = 1,2,.....N‬‬
‫‪x k = 0or1‬‬ ‫‪k = 1,2,.....NSF‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :nsu‬ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ -nsf‬ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫‪n=nsf+nsu‬‬
‫‪ fi‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﺭ ﭘﺴﺖ ‪I‬‬
‫‪ C k‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪k‬‬
‫‪ Xi‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ۱‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺴﺖ ‪ i‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ‪۰‬‬
‫‪ wi‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ‪j‬‬
‫‪ ji‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﭘﺴﺖ ‪i‬‬
‫‪ dij‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺖ ‪ i‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ‪j‬‬
‫‪ Si‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪i‬‬
‫)‪ e(Si‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪i‬‬
‫‪ r‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
 ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪ r ∑∑ wj * dij‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ" ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻭﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫‪i =1 j∈i‬‬

‫ﺑﻠﻮﮎ‪ ١‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ" ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻠﻮﮎ ﺗﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘـﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﮑﻞ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ hF‬ﻭ‪hV‬ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﺮﻳـﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﻠـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ : (۴‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺏ‪:‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺪﻑ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣ ﻲ ﮐﻨ ﻴﻢ ﻳـﮏ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻠﻮﮎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﮑﺜﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﮐﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪c=c1+c2‬‬ ‫)‪(۱‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪c 2 = ∑∑ wj d‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫‪i =1 j∈i‬‬ ‫‪ij‬‬

‫⎡‬ ‫⎤‬
‫⎥ ‪⎢ r (1 + r ) m‬‬
‫‪c = ∑{ f i ( s ) ⎢ o‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫) ‪⎥ + u(si‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ – ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ‪:‬‬
‫⎢ ‪i‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫⎥ ‪(1 + r o ) + 1‬‬
‫⎣⎢‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪min c = ∑ f 2( s1) + r ∑∑ w j d ij‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬ ‫‪i =1 j∈I‬‬

‫)‪s.t ∑ ≤ S I e( S i) cos ϕ (۲‬‬

‫‪j∈I‬‬

‫)‪ e(Si‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (۲‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ" ﻫﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻩ‪ ٢‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺳـﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪districts 1‬‬
‫‪multi-midposition 2‬‬
 ‫‪ ‐۶‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑـﺮﻕ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻳـﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻳـﮏ ﺧـﻂ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧـﺎﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﻂ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻳﮏ ﺧﻂ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻳـﮏ ﮐﺮﻳـﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‐۵‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1-ZHOU Quan , SUN Caixin , CHEN Guoqing , DENG Qun , LIAO Ruijin , "GIS Based Distribution‬‬
‫‪System Spatial and the Optimal Planning of Substation Location and Capacity " , 2002 IEEE‬‬
‫‪2-Zhenyuan Wang, Danny E. Julian, Martin Bass, William Peterson , "Interpreting GIS Data for‬‬
‫‪Operation and Control of Distribution Networks ",2004 IEEE‬‬
‫‪3-Cláudio Monteiro, Ignacio J. Ramírez-Rosado, Vladimiro Miranda, Pedro J. Zorzano-Santamaría,‬‬
‫‪García-Garrido , L. Alfredo Fernández-Jiménez, "GIS Spatial Analysis Applied to Electric Line‬‬
‫‪Routing Optimization" , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL‬‬
‫‪2005‬‬
‫‪4-Biljiana Stojkovska , Vlastimir Glamocanin ,Robert Golob ,Toward effective geographic‬‬
‫‪information system for the liberalized markets " , 2002 IEEE‬‬
‫‪5-" Powerful Planning " IEEE march/april 2005‬‬