Hnh 25: Bn hin trng phn b ca cc thm c bin trong vnh Vn Phong.

46

Mt s thm c bin quan trng trong vnh Vn Phong c m t chi tit nh sau: - Thm c bin Tun L (x Vn Th, huyn Vn Ninh) Kt qu kho st cho thy thm c bin vng Tu n L c din tch ln nht trong vnh Vn Phong vi khong 320 ha. Thnh phn loi c bin y gm 5 loi: Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis v Thalassia hemprichii. Hai loi Enhalus acoroides v Thalassia hemprichii ph bin nht, trong loi Enhalus acoroide thng chim u th to th nh thm c rm rp, c sinh lng rt cao (hnh 26). Cc loi c bin Tun L phn b trn nn y ct b n d c theo vng triu ven b, ko di t Bi Rong n Xm Mi khong hn 3km, b ngang ca thm c c ni rng n gn 1km. Khi triu kit phn ln din tch thm c b by ra khng kh. Mt , sinh lng v ph ca mt s loi c bin ph bin thm c Tun L c trnh by bng 6. Bng 6: Mt , sinh lng v ph ca th m c bin khu vc Tun L. Tn loi Mt (cy/m2) Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hempricii Cymodocea rotundata 144 32 474 88 907 106 Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) 254,71 47,61 77,73 9,33 113,92 4,88 ph (%) 51- 75 31- 50 51- 75

- Thm c bin Hn Bp Thm c bin phn b vng nc pha ty bc ca Hn Bp vi din tch khong 20 ha. Thm c y ch gm 2 loi Enhalus acoroides v Thalassia hemprichii mc chung to thnh thm c hn hp vi ph, mt v sinh lng kh cao (bng 7, hnh 27).

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Bng 7: Mt , sinh lng v ph ca thm c bin Hn Bp. Tn loi Mt (cy/m2) Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hempricii 106 40 448 108 Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) 97,62 72,83 24,48 11,23 ph (%) 31- 50 51- 75

Hnh 26: Thm c bin khu vc Tun L (Vn Th - Vn Ninh).

Hnh 27: Thm c bin Hn Bp (vnh Vn Phong).

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- Thm c bin Xun T- Xun H (x Vn Hng, huyn Vn Ninh) Vng bin Xun T- Xun H thuc x Vn Hng c n n y ph bin l bn ct ho c ct bn nn thun li cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cc loi c bin to thnh cnh ng c bin rng ln bao ph vng nuc nng ven b vi din tch khong 106 ha. thu th p v xc nh c 6 lo i c bin phn b vng bin Xun T- Xun H, gm: Cymodocea rotundata , Halodule uninervis, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila minor, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii (hnh 28). Mc d c 6 loi c bin c tm th y phn b vng bin Xun T, tuy nhin ph bin nht y l 2 loi Enhalus acoroides v Halophila ovalis. Chng thng to thnh th m c n loi su thch hp. su 0,5- 2m loi c bin Enhalus acoroides chim u th to nn cnh ng c bin n loi, din tch ln vng nc pha trc thn H Gi, Xun T v ko di ra n gn cc tri nui Tm Hm lng. Loi c bin Halophila ovalis thy phn b ph bin t vng triu trc thn H Gi n vng di triu, cho ti su khong 6m. su t 4 n 6m hu nh ch cn gp s phn b ca thm c Halophila ovalis. Loi c bin Cymodocea rotundata thng thy phn b vng triu ni nng nht st vi ng b trc thn H Gi. Loi c bin Thalassia hemprichii phn b ri rc v th ng mc thnh m nh t vng triu thp n vng di triu. Mt , sinh lng v ph ca mt s lo i c bin Xun T - H Gi c trnh by trong bng 8.

Bng 8: Mt , sinh lng v ph trung bnh ca mt s loi c bin vng bin Xun T- Xun H. Tn loi Mt (cy/m2) Enhalus acoroides Halophila ovalis Cymodocea rotundata 56 8 613 152 1.077 112 Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) 147,80 28,57 12,04 2,34 104,33 18,01 ph (%) 31- 75 11- 30 76- 100

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Hnh 28: Thm c bin Xun H (Vn Ninh). Thm c bin Xun T - Xun H ng vai tr sinh thi rt quan trng i vi khu vc. l ni c tr, kim n, ni sinh sn v m nui con non ca mt s loi sinh vt c gi tr, trong c nhng loi hi sn c gi tr kinh t cao c ng dn thng khai thc vi sn lng kh ln nh: c Da, c Gi, c i, c M, c Nga, c Nhy, gh, Hi Sm ct, Hi Sm en, tm cc loi (thnh thong cn nh bt c tm Hm)... kha cnh mi trng thm c bin Xun T c kh nng lm gim thiu tc ng ca sng, bo v b bin, ci thin cht lng mi trng bin do chng hp th cc cht dinh dng thi ra do hot ng nui tm Hm lng trong mi trng nc v trm tch. - Thm c bin vng Hn Khi Din tch cc thm c bin vng Hn Khi khong 109 ha vi 5 loi c bin c xc nh: Halodule pinifolia, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila minor, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii. Ph bin nht l 2 loi Enhalus acoroides v Thalassia hemprichii. Trong loi Enhalus acoroides chim u th to th nh th m c c mt v sinh lng cao. Mt , sinh lng v ph ca c bin c trnh by bng 9.
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Bng 9: Mt , sinh lng v ph ca c bin vng Hn Khi. Tn loi Mt (cy/m2) Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hemprichii Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) ph (%)

112 28 320 153

129,07 39,35 239,52 194,20

51- 75 31- 50

- Thm c bin M Giang (x Ninh Phc, Ninh Ha) Kt qu kho st cho thy thm c bin phn b ch yu pha ng nam hn M Giang vi 7 loi c bin: Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila minor, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii. u th l loi Thalassia hemprichii v Enhalus acoroides (hnh 29). Tuy nhin do mc trn nn y ct bn pha vi vn san h cht nn chiu di l ca c bin thng ngn.

Hnh 29: Thm c bin vng M Giang (Ninh Phc- Ninh Ha).

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Cc thng s v cu trc ca thm c bin vng ng nam hn M Giang c trnh by bng 10. Bng 10: Mt , sinh lng v ph ca thm c bin vng ng nam hn M Giang. Tn loi Mt (cy/m2) Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hemprichii 160 149 663 461 Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) 86,97 79,96 99,18 60,70 ph (%) 31- 50 31- 50

Vng ven b trc thn M Giang v vng ty nam hn M Giang trc y l ni phn b kh phong ph ca c bin, nhng qua t kho st ln ny (2009) cho thy thm c y b suy thai nghim trng, c bin khu vc gia Hn M Giang v b u b cht, thm c bin cn li pha ng hn M Giang mc tha tht, mt , sinh lng v ph thp.

2.3.2. Thm c bin m Nha Phu Kt qu kho st cho thy cc thm c bin phn b vi din tch nh, tha tht Hn Lao v Hn Th vi tng din tch khong 31 ha (hnh 30). Thnh phn lo i c bin trong m Nha Phu kh ngho nn vi 4 loi c bin c ghi nhn: Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Ruppia maritima. Mt , sinh lng v ph ca thm c bin Hn Lao c trnh by bng 11.

Bng 11: Mt , sinh lng v ph ca c bin Hn Lao (m Nha Phu). m Nha Phu Loi c bin Mt (cy/m2) Hn Lao Enhalus acoroides 16- 32 Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) 19,28- 30,45 98,63- 127,14 11- 30 11- 30 ph

Thalassia hemprichii 314- 428

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Hnh 30: Bn hin trng phn b cc thm c bin trong m Nha Phu. 2.3.3. Thm c bin vnh Nha Trang vnh Nha Trang cc thm c bin phn b rt ri rc vi tng din tch khong 78 ha (h nh 31). Cc thm c bin phn b cc su khc nhau t vng triu ven b v cc o cho n su khong 15m. Tuy din tch thm c bin trong vnh Nha Trang khng ln nhng thnh phn lo i c bin kh a dng, thu thp v xc nh 10 loi c bin: Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila

decipiens, Halophila minor, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis, Syringodium isoetifolium v Ruppia maritima. Nhng loi c bin ph bin trong vnh Nha Trang l Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Halodule pinifolia.

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Hnh 31: Bn hin trng phn b ca cc thm c bin vnh Nha Trang. Mt , sinh lng v ph ca mt s lo i c bin ph bin trong vnh Nha Trang c trnh by bng 12. Bng 12: Mt , sinh lng v ph ca mt s loi c bin ph bin trong vnh Nha Trang. a im Loi c bin Mt (cy/m2) m Tre Halophila ovalis Halodule pinifolia m Gi Vng Me Thalassia hemprichii Halophila ovalis Halodule pinifolia Sng L Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hemprichii Hn Chng Thalassia hemprichii 117- 1.440 387- 855 364- 526 336- 640 620- 950 160-250 368-512 32- 116 Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) 2,11- 20,03 8,06- 19,85 9,37- 22,80 9,45- 16,40 71,52-105,60 66,40-167,52 ph (%) 5- 30 11- 30 11- 30 11- 30 11- 30 51- 75 31- 50 5- 10

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- Thm c Hn Chng: y l thm c n loi Thalassia hemprichii vi ph dao ng t 5- 10%, mt rt tha t 36- 116 cy/m 2. - Thm c Sng L: C din tch kh ln vi 23 ha, thnh phn loi c bin ni y gm 2 loi Enhalus acoroides v Thalassia hemprichii. y l thm c hn hp 2 loi vi mt , sinh lng v ph cao (hnh 33, bng 12 ). - Thm c bin m Gi: Trc y rt phong ph vi 8 loi c bin c xc nh: Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Halophila decipiens, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis, Cymodocea rotundata. Cc loi Enhalus acoroides , Halophila ovalis chim u th trong thm c bin. Tuy nhin, hin nay phn ln din tch thm c bin ni y b lp t xy dng khu du lch Vinperl Land, ng thi loi c bin Cymodocea rotundata cng bin mt. Kt qu kho st mi y thm c ni y ch cn gp 7 lo i Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Halophila decipiens, Halophila minor, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis phn b kh tha tht. - Thm c bin m Tre: Gm 3 loi: Halophila ovalis, Halophila decipiens, Halodule pinifolia. Loi Halophila ovalis chim u th nht v thng phong ph vng triu n su 7 m. Loi Halophila decipiens phn b su v ch gp chng su t 8- 15m (hnh 33). - Thm c bin Vng Me- Con S Tre: Gm 4 lo i: Halophila ovalis, Halophila decipiens, Halodule pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium. Loi Halophila ovalis chim u th t vng triu n su hn 10m. Loi Halophila decipiens phn b t, ch gp su ln hn 5m. - Thm c bin Bc Hn Mun (trc khu vc Cu Tu Du lch): Gm 3 lo i Halophila ovalis, Halophila decipiens, Halodule pinifolia. Thm c y phn b t su 7m- 15 vi u th l loi Halophila ovalis. Ngoi nhng thm c bin chnh n u trn cn gp nhng thm c bin rt nh (t 0,5- 1 ha) Bch m, Bi Ln, vng Ngng (Hn Tre), Ty Bc Hn Tm, Bi sn (Hn Miu). Cc loi c bin ph bin nhng ni ny l Halophila ovalis v Halodule pinifolia.

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Hnh 32: Thm c bin Enhalus acoroides v Thalassia hemprichii Sng L (Nha Trang).

Hnh 33: Thm c bin Halophila ovalis (c l xoan) m Tre (vnh Nha Trang).

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2.3.4. Thm c bin m Thy Triu Thnh phn lo i c bin trong m Thy Triu kh a dng vi 8 loi c xc nh: Enhalus acoroides, Halophila beccarii, Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Thalassia hemprichii, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis, Ruppia maritima. Trong loi Ruppia maritima ch thy mc trong cc ao, a b hoang lu ngy. Cc thm c bin phn b ch yu vng nh m v dc theo b ng ca m thuc cc x Cam Ha, Cam Hi ng, Cam Th nh bc v Cam Ngha vi tng din tch khong 547 ha (hnh 34). Cc loi c bin kch thc nh, thch nghi vi s dao ng v mn nh Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Halophila beccarii, Halodule uninervis thng phn b nhiu vng nh m (x Cam Ha) to thnh thm c mt cao (hnh 35). Mt ca loi Halophila ovalis dao ng 3.947- 4.320 cy/m 2, m t ca lo i Halodule uninervis dao ng 3.040- 5.280 cy/m2. Cng v pha nam m ni c mn t dao ng hn, bt u xut hin loi c bin kch thc ln Enhalus acoroides, nhiu ni chng chim hon ton u th to nn thm c n loi vi mt v sinh lng cao. Kt qu o c mt , sinh lng v ph ca mt s loi c bin u th m Thy Triu c trnh by bng 13.

Bng 13: Mt , sinh lng v ph ca mt s loi c bin m Thy Triu. a im Loi c bin Mt (cy/m2) Cam Ha (vng nh Halophila ovalis m Thy Triu ) Cam Hi ng 3.947- 4.320 Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) 31,20- 53,12 28,96- 48,64 123,63- 257,12 3,04- 11,36 165,68- 586,40 ph (%) 31- 75 31- 50 11- 50 11- 30 31- 75

Halodule uninervis 3.040- 5.280 Enhalus acoroides Halophila ovalis 43- 59 416-1.845 96-112

Cam Ngha

Enhalus acoroides

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Hnh 34: Bn hin trng phn b ca cc thm c bin m Thy Triu.

58

Hnh 35: Thm c bin vng Cam Ha (nh m Thy Triu) 2.3.5. Thm c bin vnh Cam Ranh Thnh phn loi c bin trong vnh Cam ranh kh phong ph vi 7 loi c xc nh : Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Thalassia hemprichii, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis, Ruppia maritima. Trong u th nht l loi Enhalus acoroides (c l Da). Cc thm c bin tp trung ch yu dc theo ng b v trn cc cn thuc cc x Cam Phc Bc, Cam Phc Nam (nam Cu M Ca), Cam Thnh ng. Cc thm c khc c din tch nh hn phn b phng Cam Thun, phng Cam Linh v x Cam Lp. Tng din tch thm c bin vnh Cam Ranh vo kho ng 604 ha (hnh 36). vnh Cam Ranh loi c l Da kch thc ln (l di t 0,6 - 1,5 m) lun chim u th, nhiu ni l thm c n loi vi ph v sinh lng rt cao (bng 14). Cc "cnh ng" c bin rm rp l ni m nui con non v l ni tr n c a nhiu loi thy sn c gi tr, c bit l Tm, Gh...

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Hnh 36: Bn hin trng phn b ca cc thm c bin vnh Cam Ranh.

60

Hnh 37: Thm c bin vng M Ca (Cam Hi ng- Vnh Cam Ranh). Bng 14: Mt , sinh lng v ph ca mt s loi c bin u th vnh Cam Ranh. a im Loi c bin Mt (cy/m2) 64- 117 32- 45 64-192 80- 128 20- 70 16- 32 Sinh lng (g.kh/m2) 122,93320,80 31,20- 47,25 77,52-286,29 31,80- 106,42 16,64- 32,64 ph (%) 31- 75 31- 50 31- 75 31- 50 51- 75 11- 30

Cam Phc Bc- Cam Enhalus acoroides Phc Nam Thalassia hemprichii Bn Thang (Cam Enhalus acoroides Thnh ng) Thalassia hemprichii Cam Lp Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hemprichii

Thm c bin m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh phn b lin tc trong mt vng nc m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh, do vy c th ni tng din tch ca cc thm c bin trong m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh ln n 1.151 ha. Nhn chung, vng bin ven b tnh Khnh Ha l ni phn b rt phong ph cc loi c bin (12 lo i), nhiu loi trong chng c kch thc ln (c l Da, c Vch, c Kiu rng ca) rt ph bin v chim u th nn to thnh cc cnh ng c bin rng ln (tng din tch 1.831 ha) vng nc nng ven b, m, vnh v cc
61

o. Chng gp phn phong ph cho tnh a dng sinh hc vng bin Khnh Ha, ng thi ng vai tr n nh mi trng bin, cung cp thc n v to sinh k kh n nh cho cng ng dn c sng ven bin thng qua cc hot ng nh bt v nui trng thy sn. Tuy nhin, do cha c quan tm qun l v khai thc hp l nn h sinh thi c bin tnh Khnh Ha ang dn b suy thoi hoc b mt i mt s din tch ng k.

2.4. Hin trng s dng v nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy suy thoi cc thm c bin Khnh Ha H sinh thi thm c bin v ang chu nhiu tc ng bi cc hot ng ca con ngi v thin nhin. nhiu ni din tch thm c bin b suy gim ng k nht l cc thm c bin vng m Thy Triu, vnh Cam Ranh, vng M Giang, Ninh Tnh (Ninh Ha), c ni thm c bin hu nh b suy thoi ho n ton (X Cam Thnh, TX. Cam Ranh). Tng din tch cc thm c bin c iu tra v thng k hin nay trong ton tnh Khnh Ha l 1.831 ha. Tuy nhin, da trn kt qu iu tra thc t v phng vn cng ng cho thy din tch thm c bin hin nay thp hn so vi 20 nm trc y. Theo Nguyn Hu i v cs (2002) din tch phn b ca cc thm c ven bin Khnh Ha suy gim nhanh chng t 1.235ha (nm 1997, 1998) xung cn khong 795 ha (nm 2002) tc l gim hn 30% so vi 5 nm trc y, din tch gim b nh qun hn 80 ha/ nm. Nh ng nguyn nhn chnh gy suy thoi th m c bin l: - o p, bao b ln bin xy dng cc ao, a nui thy sn v khu du lch Cc thm c bin thng phn b vng nc nng ven b, hoc trn cc cn trong m. Nhng nm gn y p hong tro nui tm pht trin nhanh chng khin cho ngi dn a phng ln bin, o p bao b vng phn b c bin. Vic o p, vy b lm a khin c bin b cht v lm mt i mt s ln din tch thm c bin. iu n y thy cc khu vc Hn Khi, Vn Hng, vng Cam Ha, Cam Hi ng (m Thy Triu), vng Cam Hi Ty, Cam Phc, Cam Ngha, Bn Thang (vnh Cam Ranh). Vic san lp t xy dng c s du lch m Gi (Hn Tre, Nha Trang) lm mt i khong 15 ha thm c bin ni y.
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- Khai thc qu mc Ngun li tm, gh, c v cc loi thn mm sng trong vng phn b c bin v vng nc ln cn l kh ln, em li sinh k v thu nhp thng xuyn cho cc gia nh ng dn sng chung quanh. Tuy nhin, do khai thc qu mc lm cho ngun li thy sn trong thm c bin ngy cng b suy gim. - Khai thc mang tnh hy dit Rt nhiu phng tin khai thc thy sn mang tnh hy dit ngun li v suy thoi thm c bin cn ang hot ng nh: s dng li c mt li nh, gi co, xit, xc, o, l dy... hy dit ngun ging sinh vt v lm mt i nhiu din tch c bin, c bit l trong cc m, vnh nh m Thy Triu, m Nha Phu, vnh Cam Ranh, vnh Vn Phong. Trong thi gian triu kit, hng trm ngi dn n co, xc khai thc nghu, s, D o, Don trong b i c bin m Thy Triu lm t, trc r c bin. - nhim mi trng Nh ng nm gn y, cc hot ng kinh t- x hi trong tnh Khnh Ha pht trin mnh, nhiu nh my v c s h tng c xy dng vng ven bin. Cc hot ng ny a mt lng ln trm tch vng bin ven b, trm tch lm gim trong ca nc bin khin c bin quang hp yu, pht trin km khin din tch phn b c bin b gim st. Cc thm c bin phn b trong khu vc nh my (nh my ng, sa cha tu bin...) ang b suy thoi nghim trng bi cc cht thi. Cht thi ca nh my ng Cam Ranh lm cht i mt phn din tch c bin khu vc ng B Thn, cht thi ny cng gy u dng ngun nc trong m Thy Triu khin cho rong lc (Chaetomorpha, Enteromorpha ) pht trin rt mnh to thnh thm rong dy bao ph bn trn thm c bin vng nh m. C bin b thiu nh sng quang h p v suy thoi dn. Hot ng ca nh my sa cha tu bin Hundai Vinashin gy nhiu lon mi trng v lm cht thm c bin vng ven b v ty nam hn M Giang. - Thiu s quan tm qun l v cha c ch trng, chnh sch thch hp S hiu bit ca c quan qun l v cc cp chnh quyn ti a phng v vai tr sinh thi v pht trin kinh t- x hi ca h sinh thi thm c bin cn hn ch. Do vy, h cha quan tm v cha a ra c ch trng, chnh sch thch hp nh m bo v v khai thc h p l ngun ti nguyn ny.
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3. Vai tr ca h sinh thi rng ngp mn, thm c bin i vi kinh t- x hi v mi trng Rng ngp mn thng thy phn b vng ca sng v ven b ca m, vnh to nn mi trng thun li cho s duy tr v pht trin ngun li sinh vt khng ch ti ch m cn cho c vc nc ln cn. Rng ngp mn khng nhng cung cp cho nhn dn trong vng cc lo i lm sn nh g, ci, tanin, thc n, thuc cha bnh... m cn l ni c tr, sinh sn v kim n ca nhiu lo i thy sn c gi tr, cc loi chim nc, chim di c v mt s ng vt sng trn cn. Rng ngp mn cn c nhng chc nng to ln trong vic bo v ng b ca sng, bin, chng si l, bo v iu, rung vn, nh ca, lng mc ng thi iu ha kh h u cho khu vc. Nhiu cng trnh khoa hc cho thy rng c nhng mi quan h tng h gia s phong ph ca ngun li hi sn v nng sut nh bt vng ven bin vi "tnh trng sc khe" ca rng ngp mn. iu ng quan tm l ngun ging tm, cua, c trong vng rng ngp mn rt phong ph, l ni cung cp ngun ging tm, cua, c cho ngh nui thy sn. V vy, rng ngp mn ang thc hin nhng chc nng v vai tr sinh thi to ln i vi ti nguyn, mi trng v s pht trin kinh t- x hi, c bit l chng em li em li sinh k, ngun thc n v nhng li ch lu d i khc cho i sng ca hng ngn ngi dn sng trong khu vc (Phan Nguyn Hng, 1997). tnh Khnh Ha rng ngp mn ng ngha ca n hu nh khng cn, ch l nhng di cy ngp mn nh hp ti sinh t nhin hoc nhn dn t trng phn b rt ri rc gi vai tr bo v b ao, a, knh, rch. Mt s ngun li quan trng trong vng rng ngp mn nh cua Xanh, Tm...nay khng cn nhiu. Cc thm c bin l h sinh thi c nng sut v tnh a dng sinh hc cao vng nhit i v cn nhit i. C bin vi h thng r v thn ngm lin kt cht vi nn y c vai tr quan trng trong vic n nh v chng si l b khi tc ng ca sng gi. L gi ca cc loi c bin b t ra s c phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt l ngun thc n cho cc lo i c, gip xc, thn mm hoc tham gia vo chui thc n trong cc h sinh thi ven b. Gi tr kinh t quan trng nht ca cc thm c bin l cung cp thc n, ni c tr v l vng nui dng u trng, con non ca cc loi hi sn c gi tr. V vy,
64

nhiu ngh nh bt hi sn truyn thng cung cp ngun ging cho nui trng v lm thc phm thng hot ng trong vng phn b ca thm c bin v ln cn. Poovachiranon et al., 1994; Loneragan et al., 1996). Nh ng nghin cu v mi quan h tng h ca cc thm c bin v tp on ng vt sng trong n cho thy rng: cc thm c bin c sinh lng trn m t t cao th tnh a dng lo i v m t c th ca cc loi ng vt nh c, gip xc, thn m m cao hn thm c bin c sinh lng thp, do chng c c ngun thc n di do hn v c bo v tt hn khi nhng ng vt n tht khc. V vy, chng a thch n c tr trong nhng cnh ng c bin c sinh lng cao, hn l nhng ng c c sinh lng thp hoc vng y ct (Kenyon et al., 1995; Loneragan et al., 1996). 3.1. Tnh a dng sinh hc trong thm c bin tnh Khnh Ha 3.1.1. Thnh phn loi C Kt qu thu thp v phn tch m u C thu thp c vng phn b c bin v ln cn trong m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh xc nh c 101 loi c, thuc 71 ging, 45 h, 11 b. Trong , h c Kh (Carangidae) c s lng loi nhiu nht l 9 loi, chim 8,9% tng s loi thu c; H c Sn (Apogonidae) c 8 loi, chim 7,9%; H c Bn v (Bothidae) v h c Nc (Tetraodontidae) mi h c 6 loi, chim 5,9%; H c Lit (Leiognathidae) c 5 loi, chim 5,0%; H c Ph n (Mullidae), h c Cng (Terapontidae) v h c Bng Trng (Gobiidae) mi h c 4 loi, chim 4,0%; H c n lng (Synodontidae), h c (Sciaenidae) v h c Da (Siganidae) mi h c 3 lo i, chim 3,0%. Ngoi ra, c 13 h c c s lng 2 loi, 19 h c s lng 1 loi. (Bng 15). Bng 15: Thnh ph n loi c thng gp m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh. STT 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 TN KHOA HC MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch, 1795 OPHICHTHIDAE Ophichthus erabo (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson, 1848) CONGRIDAE Ariosoma anago (Temminck & Schlegel, TN TING VIT H C LCH BIN C Lch khoang ta HC C CHNH RN C Chnh rn C Chnh n cua H C CHNH BIN C Chnh b c
65

1846) 5 4 6 5 7 8 6 9 7 10 11 12 8 13 9 14 10 15 16 11 17 12 18 13 19 14 20 21 Uroconger lepturus (Richardson, 1845) MURAENESOCIDAE Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskl, 1775) CLUPEIDAE Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) Sardinella zunasi (Bleeker, 1854) ENGRAULIDAE Stolephorus commersonii Lacepde, 1803 SYNODONTIDAE Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) Synodus variegatus (Lacepede, 1803) Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801) ANTENNARIIDAE Antennarius striatus (Shaw, 1794) MUGILIDAE Valamugil cunnesius (Valenciennes, 1836) ATHERINIDAE Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) Hypoatherina temminckii (Bleeker, 1853) HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hyporhamphus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1846) SCORPAENIDAE Minous monodactylus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) TRIGLIDAE Pterygotrigla hemisticta (Tem.&Sch., 1843) PLATYCEPHALIDAE Elates ransonnetii (Steindachner, 1876) Inegocia japonica (Tilesius, 1812) C Mao tin vn ui H C CHO MO C Cho mo mang di H C CHAI C Chai qu C Chai vn Nht Bn C Km c-su H C M LN C Chnh ui nhn H C DA C Da H C TRCH C Trch xng C Trch vy xanh H C TRNG C Cm thng H C N LNG C Mi thng C Mi vn vn C Mi u to H C L VNG C Li dong en H C I C i l H C SUT C Sut mt to C Sut H C KM

66

15 22 23 16 24 25 17 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 18 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 19 42 43

AMBASSIDAE Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lacepde, 1802) Ambassis urotaenia Bleeker, 1852 SERRANIDAE Epinephelus amblycephalus (Bleeker, 1857) Epinephelus sexfasciatus (Valenciennes, 1828) APOGONIDAE Apogon aureus (Lacepde, 1802) Apogon elioti Day, 1875 Apogon fasciatus White, 1790 Apogon melas Bleeker, 1848 Apogon poecilopterus Cuvier, 1828 Apogon semilineatus Temminck & Schlegel, 1842 Archamia fucata (Cantor, 1849) CARANGIDAE Alepes djedaba (Forsskl, 1775) Atule mate (Cuvier, 1833) Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Rppell, 1830) Carangoides equula (Tem.& Schl., 1844) Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch & Schn., 1801) Carangoides praeustus (Anonymous, 1830) Caranx para Cuvier, 1833 Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier, 1833) Uraspis helvola (Forster, 1801) LEIOGNATHIDAE Leiognathus equulus (Forsskl, 1775) Leiognathus blochii (Valenciennes, 1835)

H C SN BIN C Sn bin C Sn bin ui sc H C M C M ch m vch

C M su sc H C SN C Sn vng C Sn thin trc C Sn mi mt sc C Sn en C Sn hai gai

C Sn sc na C Sn sc H C KH C Dc C Tro

C Kh C Ho mnh cao

C Kh ma-la C Kh vy en C Ho sc C Ch vng C Hiu ming en H C LIT C Lit vy hng C Lit hai m

67

44 45 46 20 47 21 48 49 22 50 23 51 52 24 53 25 54 55 56 26 57 58 27 59 60 61 62 28 63 29 64

Leiognathus elongatus (Gnther, 1874) Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier, 1829) Secutor ruconius (Hamilton, 1822) LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus fulviflammus (Forsskl, 1775) GERREIDAE Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, 1829 Gerres oyena (Forsskl, 1775) HAEMULIDAE Pomadasys maculatus (Bloch, 1793) NEMIPTERIDAE

C Lit gai lng di C Lit xanh C Lit vn lng H C HNG C Hng nh vng H C MM C Mm gai di C Mm ch bc H C SO C So chm H C LNG

Nemipterus hexodon (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) C Lng su rng Scolopsis ciliatus (Lacepde, 1802) LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskl, 1775) SCIAENIDAE Johnius borneensis (Bleeker, 1851) Johnius dussumieri (Cuvier, 1830) Pennahia macrocephalus (Tang, 1937) SILLAGINIDAE Sillago maculata Jordan & Evermann, 1902 Sillago sihama (Forsskl, 1775) MULLIDAE Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepde, 1802) Upeneus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, 1829 Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1846 CEPOLIDAE Acanthocepola indica (Day, 1888) POMACENTRIDAE Pristotis obtusirostris (Gnther, 1862) C Di rng nh H C H C H di H C C d C Up c-su C u to H C C C c chm C c bc H C PHN C Phn rng C Phn khoai C Phn hai sc C Phn sc en H C DAO C Dao n H C THIA C R bin

68

30 65 66 67 68 31 69 32 70 71 33 72 34 73 35 74 36 75 76 77 78 37 79 38 80 81 82 39 83

TERAPONTIDAE Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790) Terapon jarbua (Forsskal, 1775) Terapon puta (Cuvier, 1829) Terapon theraps (Cuvier, 1829) POLYNEMIDAE Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) PINGUIPEDIDAE Parapercis alboguttata (Gnnther, 1872) Parapercis sexfasciata (Tem. & Schl., 1843) AMMODYTIDAE Bleekeria mitsukurii Jordan & Evermann, 1902 URANOSCOPIDAE Uranoscopus cognatus Cantor, 1849 CALLIONYMIDAE Calliurichthys japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) GOBIIDAE Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes) Oxyurichthys papuensis (Valenciennes, 1837) Valenciennea sexguttata (Valenciennes, 1837) Yongeichthys nebulosus (Forsskl, 1775) ELEOTRIDAE Butis butis (Hamilton, 1822) SIGANIDAE Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn, 1782) Siganus guttatus (Bloch, 1787) SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena jello Cuvier, 1829

H C CNG C Cng bn sc C cng ct C Cng vy nh C Cng vy to H C NH

C Nh Chm H C L C L vy mt C L ch m H C CT

C Ct H C SAO C Sao H C N LIA C n lia Nht H C BNG TRNG C Bng tro C Bng vy nh C Bng trn C Bng vn my H C BNG C Bng cu H C DA C Gi C Da trn C Da cng H C NHNG C Nhng vn

69

84 40 85 41 86 87 88 89 90 91 42 92 43 93 94 44 95 45 96 97

Sphyraena flavicauda Rppell, 1838 PARALICHTHYIDAE Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus Regan, 1905 BOTHIDAE Arnoglossus japonicus Hubbs, 1915 Arnoglossus tenuis Gnther, 1880 Bothus myriaster (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Bothus pantherinus (Rppell, 1830) Crossorhombus azureus (Alcock, 1889) Engyprosopon maldivensis (Regan, 1908) SOLEIDAE Liachirus melanospilus (Bleeker, 1854) CYNOGLOSSIDAE Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker, 1851) MONACANTHIDAE Monacanthus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) TETRAODONTIDAE Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, 1845) Takifugu oblongus (Bloch, 1786)

C Nhng ui vng H C BN HOA C Bn chm i H C BN V C Bn Nht Bn C Bn trn

C Bn ba hoa C Bn hai mt lm C Bn mt lch C Bn li H C BN SC C Bn vy trn H C BN C Bn ct vy to C Bn ct kp-si H C B GIY C B gai mc H C NC C Nc chut vn bng

C Nc chut vn mang

98 99 100 101

C Nc tro C Nc ch m trn C Nc vng C Nc vn

70

3.1.2. Thnh phn lo i ng vt Gip xc Kt qu thu thp v phn tch mu Gip xc trong vng phn b c bin v rng ngp mn m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh xc nh 49 loi, thuc 30 ging (bng 16).

Bng 16: Thnh ph n loi Gip xc trong thm c bin m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh. STT 1 2 3 H Alpheidae Calappidae Calappidae Alpheus sp. Calappa hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) Calappa philargius (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 5 6 7 8 Calappidae Dorippidae Euryplacidae Galenidae Grapsidae Calappa gallus (Herbst, 1803) Dorippe sp. Eucrate costata Yang & Sun, 1979 Galene bispinosa (Herbst, 1783) Metopograpsus latifrons (White, 1847) 9 10 Leucosidae Leucosia formosensis Sakai, 1937 Tn loi Tn Vit Nam

Macrophthalmidae Macrophthalmus (Macrophthalmus) tomentosus Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842

11

Majidae

Hyastenus diacanthus (De Haan, 1839)

12

Majidae

Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1834)

13 14

Matutidae Menippidae

Ashtoret lunaris (Forskal, 1775) Myomenippe hardwickii (Gray, 1831)

15

Ocypodidae

Uca (Gelasimus) vocans (Linnaeus, 1758)

Cng voca

16

Odontodactylidae

Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linnaeus, Tm tt, tm

71

1758) 17 Parthenopidae Patulambrus nummiferus (Rathbun, 1906) 18 Parthenopidae Parthenope longimanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 19 Penaeoidea Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 20 Penaeoidea Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896 21 Penaeoidea Metapenaeus intermedius (Kishinouye, 1900) 22 Penaeoidea Metapenaeus moyebi (Kishinouye, 1896) 23 Penaeoidea Penaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765)

bn ch i

Tm he rn

Tm gn, Tm ho Tm ui xanh Tm ro ct

Tm nng, Tm th Trung Quc

24

Pilumnidae

Benthopanope eucratoides (Stimpson, 1858)

25 26

Pilumnidae Pilumnidae

Pilumnus sp. Pilumnus vespertilio (Fabricius, 1793) Cua lng (c c) Cua Hc

27

Portunidae

Charybdis (Charybdis) anisodon (De Haan, 1850)

28

Portunidae

Charybdis (Charybdis) variegata (Fabricius, 1798)

29

Portunidae

Charybdis (Charybdis) feriatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gh la

30 31 32 33

Portunidae Portunidae Portunidae Portunidae

Charybdis sp1. Charybdis sp2. Libystes villosus Rathbun, 1924 Portunus (Monomia) argentatus argentatus (A. Milne-Edwards,
72

1861) 34 Portunidae Portunus (Portunus) pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) 35 Portunidae Portunus (Portunus) trituberculatus (Miers, 1876) 36 Portunidae Portunus (Xiphonetes) tuberculosus (A. Milne - Edwards, 1861) 37 Portunidae Portunus (Monomia) gladiator Fabricius, 1798 38 Portunidae Portunus (Portunus) sanguinolentus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) 39 40 41 42 Portunidae Portunidae Portunidae Portunidae Thalamita admete (Herbst, 1803) Thalamita crenata Ruppell, 1830 Thalamita danae Stimpson, 1858 Thalamita sima H. Milne Edwards, 1834 43 44 Portunidae Sesarmidae Thalamita sp1. Episesarma mederi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) 45 Squillidae Harpiosquilla melanoura Manning, 1968 46 Squillidae Erugosquilla hesperia (Manning, 1968) 47 48 49 Xanthidae Xanthidae Xanthidae Epixanthus dentatus (White, 1848) Leptodius sp. Ozius guttatus H. Milne Edwards, 1834 Tm tt, tm bn ch i Tm tt, tm bn ch i Gh ba chm Gh xanh, Gh hoa Gh m, Gh ct

3.1.3. Thnh phn loi ng vt Thn Mm Kt qu thu thp v phn tch m u ng vt thn mm sng trong vng phn b ca c bin v ln cn vnh Cam Ranh v Vn Phong (Khnh Ha) xc nh 39 loi, thuc 32 ging v 20 h. Trong Vnh Cam Ranh c 25 loi v Vnh Vn
73

Phong c 20 loi. Ch c 7 loi l c thy c hai khu vc iu tra: Ergalatax margariticola, Strombus urceus, Anadara antiquata, Modiolus philippinarum, Pinctada sp., Pinna bicolor v Vasticardium elongatum. Thnh ph n loi trong h Veneridae l nhiu nht (09 loi), tip theo l h Strombidae (04 loi) v h Arcidae (3 loi) (Bng 17). Nhiu loi Thn mm sng trong qun x c bin l i tng kinh t nh: c Mt trng (Turbo bruneus), Cc loi c nhy (Strombus spp.), c b n tay (Lambis lambis), S lng (Anadara antiquata, Anadara vellicata), Bn mai (Atrina vexillum, Pinna bicolor), Trai ngc mi en (Pinctada margaritifera), Cc loi S na

(Vasticardium spp.), Vp (Mactra maculata), Phi (Soletellina diphos), Don Trung Quc (Glauconome chinensis) v ht cc loi thuc h Ngao (Veneridae) (Bng 17)

Bng 17: Thnh ph n loi Thn mm trong thm c bin tnh Khnh Ha. Thnh phn loi Lp Chn bng - GASTROPODA: H TURBINIDAE: 1. Turbo bruneus Roeding, 1798* H NERITIDAE: 2. Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1798 H CERITHIIDAE: 3. Cerithium zonatum (Wood, 1828) 4. Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kosuge, 1966 H STROMBIDAE: 5. Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758* 6. Strombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758 7. Strombus urceus Linnaeus, 1758* 8. Lambis lambis (Linnaeus, 1758)* H CYPRAEIDAE: 9. Cypraea errones Linaneus, 1758 H MURICIDAE: 10. Ergalatax margariticola (Broderip, 1832) H NASSARIIDAE:
74

Cam Ranh

Vn Phong

+ +

+ .

+ +

11. Nassarius sp. Lp Hai mnh v - BIVALVIA: H ARCIDAE: 12. Anadara antiquata (Linnaeus, 1758)* 13. Anadara vellicata (Reeve, 1844)* 14. Barbatia velata (Sowerby, 1833) H MYTILIDAE: 15. Modiolus philippinarum (Hanley, 1843) 16. Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1758) H PINNIDAE: 17. Atrina vexillum (Born, 1778)* 18. Pinna bicolor (Gmelin, 1791)* H PTERIIDAE: 19. Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758)* 20. Pinctada sp. H ISOGNOMONIDAE: 21. Isognomon isognomum (Linnaeus, 1758) H MALLEIDAE: 22. Malvufundus regulus (Forsskal in Niebuhr, 1775) H SPONDYLIDAE 23. Spondylus sp. H ANOMIIDAE: 24. Placuna sella (Gmelin, 1791) H CARDIIDAE: 25. Vasticardium angulatum (Lamarck, 1819) * 26. Vasticardium elongatum (Bruguiere, 1789)* H MACTRIDAE: 27. Mactra maculata Gmelin, 1791* H PSAMMOBIIDAE 28. Soletellina diphos Linnaeus, 1771* H VENERIDAE:

+ + +

+ . .

+ +

+ .

. +

+ +

. +

+ +

. +

+ +

75

29. Anomalodiscus squamosa (Linnaeus, 1758)* 30. Anomalocardia producta Kuroda & Habe, 1951* 31. Periglypta puepera (Linnaeus, 1771)* 32. Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758)* 33. Gafrarium dispar Holten, 1802* 34. Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin, 1791)* 35. Circe scripta (Linnaeus, 1758)* 36. Tapes literata (Linnaeus, 1758)* 37. Dosinia sp. H GLAUCONOMIDAE 38. Glauconome chinensis Gray, 1828* H CORBULIDAE: 39. Corbula erythrodon Lamarck, 1818 Ghi ch: * Nhng loi c gi tr kinh t 3.1.4. Thnh phn loi ng vt Da Gai

+ + + . . + + + . + + . . . +

Kt qu iu tra, thu mu phn tch xc nh 12 loi ng vt Da gai sng trong th m c bin (bng 18). Bng 18: Thnh ph n loi ng vt da gai sng trong thm c bin Khnh Ha. STT TN KHOA H C H ARCHASTERIDAE 1 Archaster typicus Muller & Troschel Asteropsidae 2 Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck) H OREASTERIDAE 3 4 Culcita novaeguineae Muller & Troschel Protoreaster nodosus (Linnaeus) H HOLOTHURIIDAE 5 6 7 8 Holothuria impatiens (Forskal) Holothuria leucospilota (Brandt) Holothuria monacaria (Lesson) Holothuria scabra Jaeger Hi sm Hi sm Hi sm Hi sm ct
76

TN VIT NAM

Sao bin

Sao bin

Sao bin gi

Halodeima atra Jaeger H OPHIOCOMIDAE

Hi sm en

10

Ophiocoma erinaceus Muller & Troschel H TEMNOPLEURIDAE

11

Salmacis sp. H SYNAPTIDAE

Cu gai

12

Synapta maculata (Chamisso & Erysenhard)

3.2. Ngun li thy sn trong thm c bin Kt qu iu tra, phng vn cng ng cc i tng ngun li c sn lng v gi tr kinh t cao c khai thc trong vng phn b c bin v ln cn m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh cho thy sn lng khai thc hng nm rt ln. Nhng ngun li ny c khai thc hu nh quanh nm em li thu nhp v sinh k kh n nh cho mt b phn ln dn c ti a phng (h nh 38).

Hnh 38: Phng vn cng ng v khai thc ngun li thy sn trong rng ngp mn v thm c bin.
77

3.2.1. Ngun li c Cc loi c c gi tr kinh t cao khai thc c trong cc thm c bin v vng nc ln cn m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh gm: C D, c Mm, c Da, c Lit, c i l, c c, c Bng vi tng sn lng khong hn 778 tn/nm, trong c D, c Mm v c i c sn lng khai thc cao nht (bng 19, hnh 39- 44).

Bng 19: Sn lng khai thc hng nm ca c sng trong vng c bin m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh. STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i tng C D C Mm C Da C Lit C i l C c C Bng Cng c khai thc Li bn Li y Li bn Li bn Li bn Ma khai thc Thng 3-12 m lch Quanh nm Thng 3-12 m lch Quanh nm Sn lng (kg/nm) 175.018 291.090 53.550 6.240 178.350 54.200 19.800 778.248

Li bn Thng 2-12 m lch Li ch Quanh nm Li bn Bng dy Quanh nm TNG

3.2.2. Ngun li ng vt Gip xc Ngun li Gip xc khai thc c trong vng phn b c bin trong m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh khong hn 613 tn/nm. Trong Gh c sn lng cao nht (bng 20, hnh 45) c ng dn khai thc quanh nm.

Bng 20: Sn lng khai thc hng nm ca cc loi Gip xc c gi tr kinh t cao sng trong vng c bin m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh. STT i tng 1 2 3 4 Cua Cua ht Gh Cng Cng c Khai thc Li gh, Bng dy Li bn, Bng dy, Bng tay, Ln Li gh, Bng tay, Bng dy, Li bn Li gh, Ln Ma khai thc Quanh nm Quanh nm Thng 3-12 m lch Quanh nm Sn lng (kg/nm) 48.900 69.000 254.910 160.500
78

Tm t

Li y, Xit in , Ngi i soi, Bng dy TNG

Quanh nm

80.374

613.684

Hnh 39: Ngun li c Bng.

Hnh 40: Ngun li c Lit

Hnh 41: Ngun li c D

Hnh 42: ngun li c Da.

Hnh 43: Ngun li c c.

Hnh 44: Ngun li c i

79

Hnh 45: Ngun li Gh.

3.2.3. Ngun li ng vt Thn mm Ngun li ng vt Thn mm khai thc c trong vng phn b c bin trong m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh khong hn 184 tn/nm (bng 21, hnh 46). Bng 21: Sn lng khai thc hng nm ca cc lo i Thn m m c gi tr kinh t cao sng trong vng c bin m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh. STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 i tng Mc l D o S bum S lng c nhy Cc loi khc Cng c khai thc Bng mc R, li rng Ln, o Bng tay Bng tay Bng tay Bng tay Ma khai thc Thng 2-9 m lch Thng 2 - 11 m lch Thng 2 - 5 m lch Thng 2 - 5 m lch Sn lng (kg/nm) 8.050 73.375 50.000 20.000 3.000 30.000 184.425

TNG

80

Hnh 46: Ngun li Nghu, S.

Hnh 47: Ngun li c nhy.

81

3.2.4. Nhng nguy n nhn gy suy gim ngun li thy sn Cc kt qu iu tra c trnh by trn cho th y ngun li thy sn khai thc c hng nm trong vng phn b cc thm c bin v ln cn l rt ln. Tuy nhin, qua phng vn cng ng ng dn ti a phng cho thy sn lng khai thc hin nay b suy gim nhiu so vi thi gian 20- 30 nm trc y. Nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy suy gim ngun li thy sn l: - Suy gim din tch cc h sinh thi ven m Nhiu cng trnh khoa hc chng minh rng tnh a dng sinh hc v s phong ph ngun li thy sn c lin quan mt thit vi tnh trng sc khe ca rng ngp mn v thm c bin. Rng ngp mn trong m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh hu nh khng cn, lm mt i ci ni sinh sn v c tr ca cc loi tm, cua, c. Din tch ca cc thm c bin trong m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh cng b gim hn so vi trc y bi nhiu tc ng khc nhau ca con ngi. Mt rng ngp mn nn sn lng Cua xanh (Scylla serrata) khai thc c vng m Thy Triu khng cn nhiu. - Khai thc qu mc Trong nhng nm gn y, di p lc ca s gia tng dn s cng vi nhu cu thc phm lm gia tng s lng ln cc phng tin v ngi khai thc thy sn trong m, vnh ni chung v trong vng c bin ni ring. Do khai thc qu mc ngun li thy sn ngy cng b suy gim. C Nga, c M, Hi sm... vn phong ph trong th m c bin nay rt him gp. - Khai thc mang tnh hy dit ngun li Nhiu phng tin khai thc thy sn mang tnh hy dit ngun li vn cn hot ng trong m Thy Triu v vnh Cam Ranh nh: nh bt bng li c mt li nh, gi co, te, xip, xit in, l dy. Nhng phng tin khai thc ny lm m t i s lng ln ngun ging v con non nhiu loi thy sn c gi tr vng phn b ca c bin.

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3.3. Vai tr ca thm c bin i vi mi trng 3.3.1. Gi tr ca cc thng s c bn, hm lng cc cht dinh dng, kim loi nng v mt coliform trong mi trng nc Kt qu phn tch m t s thng s c bn, hm lng cc cht dinh dng, kim loi nng v mt coliform c tm tt trong bng 22 v trnh by trong cc th 1- 5. T bng v cc th ny c th th y l phm vi bin ng c a tt c cc thng s kho st l khng ln tr mt coliform. Nc bin ti trm 3 (gn khu dn c M Giang v nh my ng tu bin HVS) thng c hm lng cc ch t dinh dng N v P, vt l lng, gi tr BOD, v m t coliform cao nht. Khng c s khc bit v gi tr (hm lng) c a cc thng s ny ti trm 1, ni c thm c bin v trm 2, khu v c khng c thm c bin. V m t kim loi nng, xu th phn b c a cc kim loi ti 3 trm cng c xu th tng t nh xu th phn b ca cc cht dinh dng v cc thng s c bn: hm lng ca cc kim loi Zn, Cu, Pb v Fe cao hn ti trm 3, khng c s khc bit v hm lng cc kim loi ti trm 2 v 1. Cn c theo QCVN 10 : 2008/BTNMT i vi nc bin ven b vi mc ch nui trng thy sn v tiu chun thy sn ng Nam (p dng cho nitrite, nitrate v phosphate-P v cc thng s ny khng c qui nh trong qui chun Vit Nam) thy l ch t lng nc ti 3 v tr kho st kh tt, khng c thng s no c gi tr vut qu gii hn cho php.

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Ammonia v Phosphate trong nc

30
NH3,4-N

N hu c v P hu c trong nc
6
800 40

N hu c

20 10 0

4 2 0

400 200 0

20 10 0

Trm

Trm

NH3,4-N (g/l)

PO4-P (g/l)

N hu c (g/l)

P hu c (g/l)

th 1: Hm lng Ammonia v th 2: Hm lng N hu c v P hu Phosphate trong nc bin ti 3 trm kho c trong nc bin ti 3 trm kho st. st.
COD 16 12 8 4 0 500 0

COD v Coiform trong nc

Coliform
1500 1000

1
COD (mg/l)

Trm

Coliform (MPN/100ml)

th 3: Hm lng COD v Coliform trong nc bin ti 3 trm kho st.

Kim loi Fe v Zn trong nc Fe
100 75 50 25 0

Kim loi Cu v Pb trong nc

Zn
20 15 10 5 0

Cu 2
1

Pb

1
Fe (g/l)

3
Zn (g/l)

Trm

1
Cu (g/l)

3
Pb (g/l)

Trm

th 4: Hm lng Fe v Zn trong nc th 5: Hm lng Cu v Pb trong nc bin ti 3 trm kho st. bin ti 3 trm kho st. Bng 22 : Gi tr (hm lng) ca cc thng s trong mi trng nc. 22a. Cc mui dinh dng, cc cht hu c v mt coliform
NH3.4-N (g/l) Trung bnh Cc tiu Cc i 16 11 25 NO2-N NO3-N N h.c (g/l) 0.7 0.5 0.9 (g/l) 33 32 34 (g/l) 543 505 605 PO4-P (g/l) 3.1 1.9 5.3 P h.c (g/l) 33 30.1 37.5 SiO3-Si (g/l) 130 113 163 Coliform (MPN/100ml) 475 74 1200

22b. Cc thng s c bn v kim lo i nng

P hu c
4 3 2 1 0

PO4-P

600

30

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pH

DO (mg/l)

BOD (mg/l) 1.03 0.79 1.16

COD (mg/l) 11.8 10.5 12.5

Vt LL (mg/l) 28.2 26.7 30.0

Fe (g/l) 85 70 100

Zn (g/l) 14.1 12.8 16.5

Cu (g/l) 1.7 1.6 1.8

Pb (g/l) 2.2 1.8 3

Trung bnh Cc tiu Cc i

8.06 8.05 8.08

3.3.2. Hm lng cc cht dinh dng v kim loi nng trong mi trng trm tch Kt qu phn tch m u trm tch ti 3 trm kho st cho thy trm tch ti khu vc kho st ch yu l ct th nn phn bn st rt thp v khng c s khc bit gia 3 trm kho st. V vy, hm lng cc cht hu c v kim lo i n ng trong trm tch nhn chung cng thp. Tng t nh i vi mu nc, hm lng cc cht hu c, kim loi nng v m t coliform trong trm tch cng cao nht ti trm 3, ni gn khu dn c M Giang v nh my ng tu bin HVS. Hm lng cc cht hu c, kim loi nng v mt coliform trong trm tch ti trm 1 (tn ti thm c bin) thp h n khng ng k so vi trm vi trm 2 (khng c c bin). Gi tr ca cc thng s kho st c trnh by b ng 23, gi tr (hm lng) ca cc thng s kho st c trnh by cc th 6 - 9.

C hu c v Coliform trong trm tch C hu c

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 10 0

N hu c v Pts trong trm tch N hu c

500 375 250 125 0 100 0

Coliform
30 20

Pts
300 200

1
C hu c (%)

Trm

1
N hu c

Trm

Coliform (MPN/g)

P hu c

th 6: Hm lng C hu c v th 7: Hm lng N hu c v P hu Coliform trong trm tch ti 3 trm kho c trong trm tch ti 3 trm kho st. st.

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Kim loi Cu v Pb trong trm tch Cu

5 4 3 2 1 0

Kim loi Fe v Zn trong trm tch

Pb
8 6 4 2 0

Fe
3000 2400 1800 1200 600 0

Zn
10 8 6 4 2 0

1
Cu (g/g)

3
Pb (g/g)

Trm

1
Fe (g/g)

Trm

Zn (g/g)

th 8: Hm lng Cu v Pb trong trm th 9: Hm lng Fe v Zn trong trm tch ti 3 trm kho st. tch ti 3 trm kho st. Bng 23: Gi tr thng k ca cc thng s kho st trong mi trng trm tch
Gi tr T l BS (%) Trung bnh Cc tiu Cc i 0.78 0.48 0.99 C.hc (%) 0.16 0.13 0.18 N.hc (g/g) 362 280 429 P.ts (g/g) 223.0 166.9 268.6 Fe (g/g) 2421 2023 2821 Zn (g/g) 4.4 2.2 8.7 Cu (g/g) 2.2 0.7 4.8 Pb (g/g) 5.2 4.3 6.1 Coliform (MPN/g) 11.0 0.67 28.1

3.3.3. Hm lng cc kim loi nng trong l c bin Hm lng kim loi nng (Fe, Zn, Cu v Pb) trong l c bin ph bin ti khu vc M Giang (c Vch v L Da) c trnh by trong th 10 v 11. T th y l 2 loi c bin ny tch l y mt lng cc kim loi kh ln t mi trng nht l Fe v Zn. Cc kt qu phn tch cng cho th y hm lng cc kim loi nng trong l c Vch lun cao hn so vi c L d a.

Kim loi Fe v Zn trong l c bin Fe

80 60 40 20 0

Kim loi Cu v Pb trong l c bin

Zn
40 30 20 10 0

Cu
6 4 2 0

Pb
3 2 1 0

C Vch
Fe (g/g kh)

C L da
Zn (g/g kh)

C Vch
Cu (g/g kh)

C L da
Pb (g/g kh)

th 10: Hm lng Fe v Zn trong l th 11: Hm lng Cu v Pb trong l c bin. c bin.

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3.3.4. Bc u nh gi vai tr ca thm c bin i vi mi trng T cc kt qu phn tch trnh by trn y, bc u c th th o lun v vai tr ca thm c bin i vi mi trng khu vc M Giang nh sau: - Cung cp oxy v hp th cc cht dinh dng Vi cc d n liu c c nh nu trn, c th thy l nc bin ti trm 1 (c s hin din c a th m c bin) c gi tr BOD, COD, hm lng cc mui dinh dng ammonia, phosphate, cc cht hu c (N v P) v vt l lng khng khc bit ln so vi trm 2. iu ny gi vai tr ci thin mi trng ca th m c bin ti trm 1 v kha cnh lm gim hm lng cc mui dinh dng (ammonia, nitrate v phosphate), cc cht hu c (N v P), vt l lng v m t coliform l ch a r rng. Bn cnh , theo Touchette, trong mi trng nc, c bin hp th ch yu l nitrate, tuy nhin, khng c s khc bit v hm lng c a mu i dinh dng ny ti 3 v tr thu mu ti khu vc M Giang. Nguyn nhn c th l do thm c bin ti M Giang khng nhiu (khong 20 ha) v vng bin ven b ny c s trao i nc kh tt. Hn n a, cht lng ca vc nc kh tt nn kh nng hp th cc ch t dinh dng c th hin khng r rng. Cc nghin cu trc y ch ra rng c bin hp th cc cht dinh dng t mi trng nc xung quanh tn ti v pht trin. Johan v cng s (1996) nghin cu ng hc ca qu trnh hp thu ammonium v phosphate ca l c bin ca nhit i Thalassia hemprichii (cn c gi l c Vch) ti Indonesia trong phng th nghim. Kt qu ca cc th nghim cho thy l ca loi c n y c kh nng hp th t 32 -37mol ammoni/g l kh v t 2.2 -3.2 mol phosphate/g l kh. Carlos, 1990 thng k hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong l ca 27 loi c bin ti 30 quc gia cho thy l C t 33.6+0.31, N t 1.92+0.05 v P t 0.23+0.011 % tnh theo trong lng kh. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng hp th cc cht dinh dng t thm c bin gm cc yu t vt l nh l ch thy ng lc hc v yu t sinh hc nh l tc ca phn ng enzyme. Thomas et al. (2000) ch ra rng thm c bin hp th ammoni c mc ph thuc vo vn tc dng nc, hnh thi ca vm l. Bn cnh , cc nh khoa hc c tnh, 1 m 2 din tch bi c bin c th sn sinh ra 10 lt oxy/ngy m v nh vy thm c bin cung cp lng oxy cho mi trng. Kt qu phn tch 3 m u trm tch (bao gm c n c gian cht) bc u cho thy hm lng cc ch t N v P trong trm tch trm 1, ni c thm c bin u thp
87

hn m t cht so vi trm 2, n i khng c th m c bin v trm 3, gn khu dn c M Giang v nh my ng tu. Nh bit, hm lng cc cht hu c trong trm tch ph thuc vo cp ht bn st. Tuy nhin, kt qu phn tch ht ca 3 mu trm tch l khng khc nhau nhiu. iu ny gi thm c bin lm sch mi trng trm tch. Trong mi trng trm tch, c bin h p th cc ch t dinh d ng, nh t l ammonium trong nc gian cht (interstitial water) c a trm tch. Johan v cng s (1996) ch ra rng r ca loi c vch c kh nng hp th 22 mol ammoni/g r kh v 1.0 mol phosphate/g r kh. - Hp th v tch ly mt s cht c hi (kim loi nng) Nh trnh by trn, khng c s khc bit v hm lng cc kim loi nng trong mi trng nc v trm tch ti trm 1 (c thm c bin) v trm 2 (khng c thm c bin). Hm lng cc kim lai thng cao h n ti trm 3, nht l trong mi trng trm tch. iu ny ch yu l do nh hng ca ht NIX th i t nh my ng tu mang li. Nh vy, vai tr ca thm c bin trong vic ci thin mi trng v phng din kim loi nng cng cha r rng. Cc nguyn nhn chnh lin quan n vn ny c th vn l din tch thm c bin khng ci thin m t lng n c ln c a khu v c M Giang v kh nng trao i nc ti y kh tt. Tuy nhin, nh trnh by c Vch v L da tch l y mt lng cc kim loi nng tng i ln trong l. Mc tch l y trong l c a 2 loi c u theo xu hng nh sau:Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb trong khi hm lng cc kim loi trong nc c xu th Fe>Zn> Cu=Pb v trong trm tch hm lng cc kim loi c xu th Fe>Pb>Zn>Cu (Bng 24). Nh vy, b c u c th tm gi l 2 loi c bin ny tch l y mt lng ln Fe t mi trng nc v nc gian ch t ca trm tch, l c bin tch l y Cu ch yu t nc bin v tch l y Pb ch yu t nc gian cht c a trm tch. Bng 24: Hm lng cc kim loi trong n c, trm tch v l c bin (trm 1)
Mu Trong nc (g/l) Trong trm tch (g/g) Trong l c Vch (g/g kh) Trong l c L d a (g/g kh) Fe 85 2022.6 68.2 54.3 Zn 12.9 2.2 35.3 29.6 Cu 1.6 0.7 5.4 5.0 Pb 1.8 4.3 2.6 1.8

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So snh vi kt qu nghin cu ca L Th Vinh v cng s, 2005 c th th y l hm lng Zn v Cu trong nc ti khu v c M Giang thp h n so vi n m 2005. V vy, hm lng cc kim loi ny trong l ca 2 loi c bin cng thp h n (Bng 25). Nh vy, cc dn liu ny gi rng c mt s tng quan gia hm lng cc kim loi trong mi trng v s tch l y c a chng trong c bin.

Bng 25: Hm lng cc kim loi trong n c v l c bin vo nm 2005 v 2009

Kim loi Zn 2005 18.7 (n=32) (7.9 - 50.9) Cu 3.05 (n=32) (0.7 - 6.2) Nc 2009 14.1 (n=3) (12.8-16.5) 1.7 (n=3) (1.8-3.0) 29.59 (n=4) 5.4 (n=1) 19.41 (n=4) 5.0 (n=1) L c Vch 2005 85.33 (n=4) 2009 35.3 (n=1) L c L da 2005 53.19 (n=4) 2009 29.6 (n=1)

Nguyn nhn ca s gim hm lng cc kim loi Zn v Cu c th lin quan n vic s dng ht NIX trong qu trnh lm sch v tu c a nh my HVS. Trong thi gian 2005, m t lng ln ht NIX c s dng, tuy nhin, t u n m 2008 n nay, nh my HVS chuyn sang ng tu mi v lng ht NIX c s dng t hn, thm ch HVS khng c tip tc nhp kh u ht NIX. Cng theo L Th Vinh v cng s, 2005, hm lng Zn v Cu trong ht NIX thi t nh my HVS lm tng cao hm lng ca chng trong 2 loi l c bin ny ti khu vc M Giang so vi khu vc Cam Ranh v Xun T . Ti c, cc nghin cu v hm lng cc kim loi trong l c bin nh gi mc nhim v v tr c a ngun nhim c thc hin, v d nh Harris et al.(1979) in Ward, 1989 tm th y l c bin Zostera muelleri va Heterozostera tasmanica phn nh s phn b khng gian ca Pb v c bit l Zn ti cng vnh Western. iu ny gi hm lng cc kim loi trong l c bin ti khu v c M Giang c th dng quan trc nh hng ca nh my HVS n mi trng. Tuy nhin, vn ny cn c xem xt k h n n a. Tm li, cc dn liu trnh by trn y cho thy l vai tr ca thm c bin ti khu vc M Giang i vi mi trng ch th hin tng i r v kha cnh tch ly cc kim lo i trong c bin (phn l) v lm gim c phn no lng cht hu c trong trm tch. Tuy nhin, y mi ch l s xem xt ban u v vai tr ca c bin
89

i vi vic ci thin mi trng. nh gi c vai tr ca thm c bin i vi mi trng mt cch cn ton din phi c nhiu nghin cu chi tit, y v cc nghin cu cn c lp li m bo tin cy v mt khoa hc. Cn lu na l, mc d h sinh thi c bin c th loi b rt nhanh cc cht c hi nh ammonia, kim loi ra khi mi trng nc nhng nu tnh trng u dng ko di bn thn h c bin s suy thoi do s pht trin mnh cc loi thc vt ni, lm gim nh sng n vi c bin, s pht trin qu mc ca rong to ph sinh trn l c bin cng lm cn tr s hp th nh sng ca c bin (Touchette and Burkhholder, 2002). Hm lng cc kim loi tch ly trong c bin cao c th s lm tng hm lng ca chng trong c th mt s loi ng vt sng trong thm c bin qua con chui thc n (Ward, 1989). Bi v vo thi k cao im ca gi ma hoc khi c b in phi ra vo ma h, l ca chng c bt ra khi cy. Mt s b dng ch y em i xa, s cn li chm xung y v c phn hy. Cc lo i sinh vt n mn b x l thnh nhng mnh nh v sau c tiu th bi vi khun v nm. Nhiu ng vt khng xng sng cng n c bin thi ra. n lt chng tr thnh thc n cho cc bc dinh dng cao hn nh c v cua. iu ny c th s gy nh hng khng tt cho sc kho con ngi qua vic tiu th thc phm. Vi cc dn liu c c ti khu vc bin M Giang, c th a ra mt s nhn xt bc u nh sau: - Th m c bin c vai tr ci thin mi trng, l hp thu cc ch t dinh dng v cc cht c hi nh l kim lo i nng, cung cp oxy cho vc nc. Tuy nhin, cc vai tr ny c a chng th hin ti khu vc bin M Giang ch th hin tng i r v kh n ng tch l y ca cc kim loi trong c bin (ph n l) v lm gim cc cht hu c trong mi trng trm tch. Nguyn nhn c th l do thm c bin cha ln ci thin khi lng ln ca v c n c c kh n ng xo trn tng i mnh v ch t lng nc ti khu vc kho st tng i t t nn vai tr ca c bin th hin khng r rng. - Thm c bin c th lm gim m c u dng ha cavc nc v loi b cc cht c hi nh kim loi nng trong mi trng nhng cn lu l thm c bin s b nh hng nu tnh trng u dng ko di v s tch l y cc kim lo i trong c bin c th s nh hng n i sng ca cc loi sinh sng trong thm c bin.

90