Tutorial MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems

Spatial Multiplexing
Markku Juntti & Juha Ylitalo

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction to spatial multiplexing Layered architectures Spatial multiplexing in 3G systems: PARC Summary and Conclusions References

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 1

1. Introduction to Spatial Multiplexing

The basic concept of multiplexing: divide (multiplex) transmit a data stream several branches and transmit via several (independent) channels in
time timedivision multiplexing (TDM) frequency frequencydivision multiplexing (FDM) typical example: orthogonal FDM (OFDM) space spacedivision multiplexing (SDM) or spatial

multiplexing

different bits from different antennae requires independent channels code codedivision multiplexing (CDM) applied in 3G systems.
MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing
M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 2

Spatial Multiplexing Idea

Several different data bits are transmitted via several independent (spatial) channels.

s1
s(n)

zF1s z* F1 zFNs

S/P
s2

Rx

Output

Signal to be transmitted

z* FN

Feedback: zF1 , ... , zFN

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing
M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 3

Characteristics
No bandwidth expansion. Spacetime equalization needed in the receiver.
Conventionally: no. Rx antennae no. Tx antennae.

The data streams can be separated by the equalizer, if fading processes of the spatial channels are (nearly) independent. Actual multipleinput multipleoutput channel with capacity linearly increasing the number of antennae or more precisely independent spatial channels. Alternative to spatial diversity: multiplexingdiversity tradeoff is under intensive study.
MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing
M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 4

Linear Dispersion Coding

Linear dispersion coding (LDC) offers a framework to combine spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity. Code design consists of finding optimum dispersion matrices.

sn

Serial to parallel

M1 MN

Codeword calculation
MT

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 5

2. Layered SpaceTime Architectures

Bell Labs Layered SpaceTime (BLAST) architecture was one of the first spatial multiplexing systems.
Called also layered spacetime (LST).

Detection originally based on linear and decision feedback equalization, i.e., nulling and cancellation.
Layer 1
(mod/code)

S/P

Layer 2
(mod/code)

Modulo-M shift of layerantenna

ANT 1 ANT 2

M data streams

Layer M

(mod/code)
MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

ANT M
M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 6

Vertical LST (VLST)

Basic scheme with no coding involved.

Layer 1
Mod

ANT 1 ANT 2

S/P

Layer 2
Mod

Layer M
Mod

ANT M

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 7

Horizontal LST (HLST)

Layer 1

Coding included. S/P

Enc & mod

ANT 1 ANT 2

Layer 2
Enc & mod

Layer 1
Mod

Layer M ANT 1 ANT 2

Enc & mod

ANT M

Encoder

S/P

Layer 2
Mod

Layer M
Mod
MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

ANT M
M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 8

Diagonal LST (DLST)

Coding and spatial interleaving included. Spatial interleaving to improve performance via spatial diversity.
Layer 1 S/P Layer 2

Enc & mod

Spatial interleaving

ANT 1 ANT 2

Enc & mod

Layer M

Enc & mod

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

ANT M
M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 9

Nulling and Cancellation

MMSE detection for remaining antenna with highest SINR

Despread 1 Despread 10

Collect and mux substreams

Demap, deinterleave, decode

Detect and reconstruct signals for cancellation

VBLAST

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 10

Nulling and Cancellation Order in DLST

Detect later
Layer 1 (mod/code) Layer 2 (mod/code) Layer 4 (mod/code)

Modulo-M shift of layerantenna

ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3

Detect now

nulled

d c b a
ANT 4

a d c b

b a d c

c b a d

d c b a

a d c b

b a d c

c b a d

0 t 2t 8t Already detected cancelled

a
= N x 4-element vectors

3t

4t

5t

6t

7t

Diagonal layer a (e.g one coding block)

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 11

SpaceTime Equalization
The optimum receiver for LST transmissions is maximum a posteriori (MAP) equalizer similarly to the intersymbol interference (ISI) or multipleaccess interference (MAI) channels. Suboptimal receivers include:
linear equalizers interference cancellation (IC) iterative (turbo) receivers sphere detectors.

Spacetime equalization is under intensive study.

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 12

3. Spatial Multiplexing in 3G Systems: PARC

Current MIMO proposals (e.g., code reuse, code reuse with STTD (DSTTD)):
Node B transmits with the same rate on each antenna (or antenna pair) depending on UE feedback and spatial channel realization

If the transmitter can adjust the antenna rates independently, a layered receiver architecture (MMSE with successive cancellation) can approach Shannon capacity. [Varanasi, Guess 1998] [Chung, Huang, Lozano 2001] Per-antenna rate control (PARC) for HSDPA MIMO:
Node B adjusts antenna rates independently depending on UE feedback and spatial channel realization. Receiver consists of MMSE linear transformation followed by interference cancellation based on decoded bits.
MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing
M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 13

PARC: Transmission technique

PARC MIMO transmission example:
Spreading Code 1

Spreading Code 2

Scrambling Code

High speed data stream

Ant 1 16QAM rate 1/2

...

D E M U X

...

... ...
Ant 4 QPSK rate 3/4
Spreading Code 10

Scrambling Code

...

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 14

PARC: Receiver technique

Proposed MIMO receiver for PARC transmission
MMSE linear transformation followed by interference cancellation based on decoded bits. Coding gain results in performance improvement over pre-decoding interference cancellation receiver. This architecture can also be applied to conventional code reuse transmission.
MMSE detection for remaining antenna with highest SINR

Despread 1

Mux

Despread 10

Detect, demap, deinterleave, decode

Collect and mux

Reconstruct signals for cancellation

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

PARC

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 15

4. Summary and Conclusions

MIMO techniques allow high user data rates Advanced receivers have to be applied for MIMO systems Additional receiver diversity beneficial Feedback of CSI may lead to complex systems MIMO performance has to be evaluated at system level

MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 16

References
1. 2. G. J. Foschini, Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas, Bell Labs Tech. J, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 4159, 1996. G. J. Foschini, G. D. Golden, R. A. Valenzuela, and P. W. Wolniansky, Simplified processing for high spectral efficiency wireless communication employing multi-element arrays, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 18411852, Nov. 1999. G. D. Golden, C. J. Foschini, R. A. Valenzuela, and P. W. Wolniansky, Detection algorithm and initial laboratory results using V-BLAST space-time communication architecture, Electronics Letters, vol. 35, -no. 1, pp. 1416, Jan. 1999. B. M. Hochwald and S. ten Brink, Achieving near-capacity on a multiple-antenna channel, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 389399, Mar. 2003. B. Vucetic & J. Yuan, SpaceTime Coding. John Wiley and Sons, 2003. ISBN 0-470-84757-3 P. W. Wolniansky, G. J. Foschini, G. D. Golden, and R. A. Valenzuela, V-BLAST: An architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel, in International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics (ISSSE), 1998, pp. 295300. L. Zheng and D. N. C. Tse, Diversity and multiplexing: A fundamental tradeoff in multiple-antenna channels, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 10731096, May 2003.

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MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Spatial Multiplexing

M. Juntti et al., University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 17