1


( )

(, ,
, , ...)
( )

,
( )

, ,

, , Skype, Messinger

,
,


(LAN)


Ethernet



( )

( )

( )
(
)


?

(
)


10

11

? .
,
()

.
12

(
)

,

13

14

15

:
, ,
.




,



16

?


?

,



(CRC, Sumcheck)

17

( )
*
...)

(
...)

18



?
, .

--

19

--

,


?
?

20

De facto ( RFC)
De jure ( ISO)

21


22



::::::::::

1:
2:
3:
::::::::::

1:
2:
3:
::::::::::

( )
23

?

,




24




(padding)

.
25

(, ,
, ,
)
LAN


(,
,
).

26

,
,

Token-ring
FDDI

27

--
Frame relay

28

29

 (.)

B ursty ()
symmetric ()
D elicate ()





30

 (.)




31

(
)
(
)

32



()




()



33

1
2
3

(router)

34




Buffering (queues)

35

:



A

36

4
= 9600 bps
= 5000
bits

, Tp = 1 ms


Tcs= 1 s

= 1024 bits
. = 24 bits

,



= +
+
Tc = 1 + 5000/9600 + 4 .
0.001 = 1.53 s

= 5000/(1024 .
24) = 5
=
+

+
Tp = 5 .
(1024/9600) + (4 .
1)(1024/9600) + 4 .
0.01 = 0.857

37

ISO OSI
TCP/IP

(NIC)
(hub)
(switch)
(router)

( )?



()
TCP/IP
( )?

() ()
?
? ?
4

 (router) (workstation)

(server) (mobile)
5

(,
, , , ....)

()

()
( )
( )

1:

2:

3:
::::::::::

::::::::::

1:

2:

3:
::::::::::

1:

2:

3:

1969
ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency
Network)

,

1970
,

*
)

 (.)

1984
TCP/IP
,
,

1989

1993

1995

(
)


?
, ,

10

IAB
Internet rchitecture Board
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
IRTF-Internet Research Task Force
ISOC
Internet society
IANA
Internet Asigned Number Authority
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers
IGF
Internet Governence Forum
11


Internet Service Providers (ISP)



na
Internet
POP (Point-ofpresence)
ISP

NAP (Network Access Point)

O (router switch)
ISP
)
12

1987 .



NAP




13

,


RFC (Request For Comments)
FYI (For Your Informaion)
RFC


14

Best effort

(QoS, Quality of Service)

15


16

....

17

18

19

SNA (System
Network Architecture) IBM, DecNet Digital


OSI (Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP

20

 OSI

TCP/IP
TCP/IP


TCP/IP

21

 SI
End
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
Data Link
Physical
Intermediate System
System
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
R

 SI
23
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical


(FTP, WWW,
, e-, ....).
,
.


( ,
)

,




,
.





,

SI
23
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical


(FTP, WWW,
, e-, ....).
,
.


( ,
)

,

,
.





,

peer-to-peer

peer-to-peer







24










25


DATA
5
4
3
2
BITS
DATA UNIT
H4 DATA UNIT
H5 DATA
H3

5
4
3
2

H2 DATA UNIT T2
26

frame

packet

27

 TCP/IP

de facto

OSI


28

TCP/IP
OSI

Transport
Network
Application
Physical
SMTP FTP
TELNET DNS
HTTP Application
Presentation
Session
Transport TCP UDP
Network
IGMP ICMP
IP
DHCPARP
Data Link
Physical
Protocols defined by the
underlying networks


30




(Repeater)

(Hub)
(MAC )
(Bridge)

(Switch)

(Router)

Gateway
31

 (NIC)

()
6 (48
)


(11-2-34-0-23-47)

32

33

,






34

 (Bridge)

Bridge
ABC
DEF

35

 (Switch)

Switch

36

( )
?



37



B1
B2
B1
B2a node in the graph


B1
B2
B1
B2a node in the graph


Spanning tree protocol
38

Cut-through

store-and-forward

store-and-forward

cutthrough

39

 (router)

( plug-and-play)

40



Devices
Properties
hubs Bridges Routers Ethernet
switches
Traffic isolation no yes yes yes
Plug-and-play yes yes no yes
Optimal routing no no yes no
Cut-through yes no no yes
41

 (e )
:
(bridges)
(switches) .

IP .

42

3000
1000 Hz.

( )

43



IP

, ,

VLSM


CIDR

(? ?)
( )

( ?)

(interface)
IPv4
4 (32 )

10001111 10000000 10001001 10010000
1st 2nd 3rd
4th
Byte Byte Byte
Byte
= 128 = 143 = 137 = 144
128.143.137.144

 IP ?

IP


R1
R3
R2
H1
H5H4
H2 H3 H7H6
Network1 (Ethernet) Network3 (Ethernet)
Network2(FDDI)
Network4 (point-to-point)

6

 (.)
Application layer protocol
Transport layer protocol
IP
protocol
Ethernet
protocol
App.
Transp.
Network
Eth.
IP
protocol
FDDI
protocol
IP
Eth. FDDI
IP
FDDI PPP
IP
PPP Eth.
IP
protocol
App.
Transp.
Network
Eth.
PPP
protocol
Ethernet
protocol
IP
protocol
H1 H6
R1 R2 R3
Network1(Ethernet)
Network2(FDDI) Network4(point-to-point)
Network3 (Ethernet)

7

 IP

32
232 = 4.292.967.296
IP

IP
()
IP






1

2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 2
7 3
8 3



( )


1.1
2
1
1.1
3.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
3.2
2.2
3.3
Destination Next hop
1.2
1.3
2.*
3.*
1.2
1.3
2.1
3.1

3
1.2
Destination Next hop
* 1.1

 IP

IP
( , ,
)
( , , )

Network ID Host ID
0 31

( )

 IP

IP

Multihomed host (
)

( ),

 IP

IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority)
ICANN (The Internet Coorporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
RIPE -
ARIN

( )




32
,

IP 193.5.1.5
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
24 8 .
24

193.5.1.5/24
0
24 31
Network ID = 193.5.1 Host ID = 5

( 1980.)
5
( 8 , 255.0.0.0)
( 16 ,
255.255.0.0)
( 24 ,
255.255.255.0)
,
D ( )
( )

1980


(
)

,
,

,

: IP 0
B: IP 10
C: IP 110
D: IP 1110
E: IP 11110



0 1 2 3 4 8 16 24
A
B
C
D
E
0
1
1
1
1

Net ID Host ID
0 Net ID Host ID
1 0 Net ID Host ID
1 1 0
1 1 1 0

,
(193.4.5.0)
,

(0.0.0.3)

,
(193.4.5.255)
,



20

(loopback)
127.0.0.0

127.255.255.255 ( )

127.0.0.1

255.255.255.255


0 0

0 netId
0 hostId

1

netId 1

127

22


192.16.4.3
192.16.4.2 192.16.4.1
192.16.4.0
192.16.4.255
192.16.3.0
192.16.5.3
192.16.3.255
192.16.3.1 192.16.3.2 192.16.3.3 192.16.3.4 192.16.3.5
192.16.5.0
192.16.5.1



23


IP

RFC 1918
(
()
10.0.0.0. -10.255.255.255 ( A )
172.16.0.0
192.168.0.0

172.31.255.255 (16 B )
192.168.255.255 (256 C )

24

 A
A: 0
7-
127 (0111111)
( )
: 27

2 = 126

,
125
: 224
2 =
16.777.214
0
1


25

 B C

B: , 10
128-191
: 214 = 16.384 214
16 =16.368

: 216

2 = 65.534

C: , 110
192-223
: 221 = 2.097.152 or 221 256 =
2.096.896
: 28
2= 254

1980- 1990-





(
)
1990-
( )





C


B
,

( )


28


IP
IP 5
IP 6





(DHCP, NAT)


30

ISP

B



2

1


31

, ,


C

 B
B:
1 0
B

Network ID
Host ID
B :
1 0
B

Network ID
Subnet ID
Host ID


C:
C 11 0
Network prefix
Host suffix
:
C
11 0
Host
Network prefix
Subnet
suffix
Extended Network Prefix

( )

35

130.194.1.5
R1 R2
130.194.1.0
130.194.2.0
Global
Internet
All traffic to
130.194.0.0
I have only
130.194.0.0
130.194.2.5


(N)
(b), N = 2b
n,



216-b-2 ako
28-b-2


(.)

16+b
24+b

,

5
B, 138.10.0.0

3 23 = 8 < 5

, 16-3 = 13.
213 2
= 8190 .

 138.10.0.0
Subnet ID First host Last host Broadcast address
32.0 32.1 63.254 63.255
64.0 64.1 95.254 95.255
96.0 96.1 127.254 127.255
128.0 128.1 159.254 159.255
160.0 160.1 191.254 191.255
192.0 192.1 223.254 223.255
Subnet 0.0 and 224.0 are avoided. The mask for all subnets is 255.255.224.0

40

 140.25.0.0 510
Subnet ID First host Last host Broadcast address
0.64 0.65 0.126 0.127
0.128 0.129 0.190 0.191
0.192 0.193 0.254 0.255
1.0 1.1 1.62 1.64
255.128 255.129 255.190 255.191
The subnet mask for all subnets is 255.255.255.192

41

VLSM (Variable Length

Subnet Mask)

, b ( )

 VLSM
0 255

()


192 168 64 0/24
Class C
24-bit prefix
11000000 10101000 01000000 00000000
192 168 65 0/24
Class C next
24-bit prefix
Common
prefix: 23 bits
11000000 10101000 01000001 00000000
11111111 11111111 111111100 00000000
64 0/23
192 168
Classless
23-bit prefix
11000000 10101000 010000000 00000000
Prefix Host part

 8
201 10 0 0
1100 1001 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000
201 10 7 255
1100 1001 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0111 . 1111 1111
21 11
47
201.10.6.0 201.10.6.255
201.10.7.0 201.10.7.255
256 addresses = 1 class C network
addresses
201.10.0.0 / 21 =
Eight
Class C
Networks
= 256 X 8
= 2048
2048
addresses
201.10.0.0
201.10.1.0
201.10.2.0
201.10.3.0
201.10.4.0
201.10.5.0

201.10.0.255
201.10.1.255
201.10.2.255
201.10.3.255
201.10.4.255
201.10.5.255

Multiregional 192.0.0.0 -193.255.255.255

Europe 194.0.0.0 -195.255.255.255
Others 196.0.0.0 -197.255.255.255
North America 198.0.0.0 -199.255.255.255
Central & South America 200.0.0.0 -201.255.255.255
Pacific Rim 202.0.0.0 -203.255.255.255
Reserved 204.0.0.0 -207.255.255.255

ICCAN

49

Classless Inter Domain Routing

(pronounced cider )

CIDR

( )

 CIDR

(ISP)

( )

 ( )

,
,

.
52
192.16.128.0/17
192.16.64.0/18
192.16.0.0/16
192.16.0.0/18

 CIDR

198.32.1.0
198.32.2.0
198.32.3.0
Internet Service Provider 1
(198.0.0.0 -198.255.255.0)
Internet Service
Provider 2
(198.32.0.0198.32.255.0)
198.32.1.0
198.32.2.0
198.32.3.0198.32.1.0
198.32.1.0
198.32.2.0
198.32.3.0
198.33.1.0
198.33.1.0
Internet Service
Provider 3
(198.33.0.0 198.33.255.0)
NAP


198.0.0.0/8
198.33.0.0/16
198.32.0.0/16
Internet Service
Provider 3
(198.33.0.0/16)
Internet Service Provider 1
(198.0.0.0/8)
198.33.1.0 198.33.1.0
198.32.3.0
198.32.2.0
198.32.1.0

Internet Service
Provider 2
(198.32.0.0/16)

53



Prefix Mask Prefix Mask
/1 128.0.0.0 /17 255.255.128.0
/2 192.0.0.0 /18 255.255.192.0
/3 224.0.0.0 /19 255.255.224.0
/4 240.0.0.0 /20 255.255.240.0
/5 248.0.0.0 /21 255.255.248.0
/6 252.0.0.0 /22 255.255.252.0
/7 254.0.0.0 /23 255.255.254.0
/8 255.0.0.0 /24 255.255.255.0
/9 255.128.0.0 /25 255.255.255.128
/10 255.192.0.0 /26 255.255.255.192
/11 255.224.0.0 /27 255.255.255.224
/12 255.240.0.0 /28 255.255.255.240
/13 255.248.0.0 /29 255.255.255.248
/14 255.252.0.0 /30 255.255.255.252
/15 255.254.0.0 /31 255.255.255.254
/16 255.255.0.0 /32 255.255.255.255
Decimal Binary
128 1000 0000
192 1100 0000
224 1110 0000
240 1111 0000
248 1111 1000
252 1111 1100
254 1111 1110
255 1111 1111

54


( )


B11
B15
B14
B16
B12
B13

56

:
?

( )
?
?


57


20-
, 172.16.0.0/20
.
400 , 10
100 , 12 45
6 2 .
-- .
.

?
2(32-20) = 212= 4096

58



.
400
. 400 2
512. 512

9 29 = 512. 20
ID na
3 (20+3+9=32).
400 .
2 3 4 5 6 7 81
-

-



.
100 . 100
2 128 (27 = 128).
7 .
512
4 128 .
25 (25+7=32).
512 12 128.
10.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

 128

.
45
6 26=64.
512 ,
5
.

 512
8 64 .
26 , 3
.
12
6
5. ,
5
, 6.
.

2 3 4 6 71 5 8 2 3 4 6 71 5 8
WAN
.

30 .
26 ,
16 .

63

Subnet Mask First host Last host

172.16.2.0 255.255.254.0 172.16.2.1 172.16.3.254
172.16.4.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.4.1 172.16.4.126
172.16.4.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.4.129 172.16.4.254
172.16.5.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.5.1 172.16.5.126
172.16.5.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.5.129 172.16.5.254
172.16.6.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.6.1 172.16.6.126
172.16.6.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.6.129 172.16.6.254
172.16.7.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.7.1 172.16.7.126
172.16.7.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.7.129 172.16.7.254
172.16.8.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.8.1 172.16.8.126
172.16.8.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.8.129 172.16.8.254
Subnet Mask First host Last host
172.16.2.0 255.255.254.0 172.16.2.1 172.16.3.254
172.16.4.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.4.1 172.16.4.126
172.16.4.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.4.129 172.16.4.254
172.16.5.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.5.1 172.16.5.126
172.16.5.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.5.129 172.16.5.254
172.16.6.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.6.1 172.16.6.126
172.16.6.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.6.129 172.16.6.254
172.16.7.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.7.1 172.16.7.126
172.16.7.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.7.129 172.16.7.254
172.16.8.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.8.1 172.16.8.126
172.16.8.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.8.129 172.16.8.254

64

Subnet Mask First host Last host

172.16.10.0 255.255.255.192 172.16.10.1 172.16.10.62
172.16.10.64 255.255.255.192 172.16.10.65 172.16.10.126
172.16.10.128 255.255.255.192 172.16.10.129 172.16.10.190
172.16.10.192 255.255.255.192 172.16.10.193 172.16.10.252
172.16.11.0 255.255.255.192 172.16.11.1 172.16.11.62
172.16.11.64 255.255.255.192 172.16.11.65 172.16.11.126
172.16.11.128 255.255.255.192 172.16.11.129 172.16.11.190
172.16.11.192 255.255.255.192 172.16.11.193 172.16.11.252
172.16.12.0 255.255.255.192 172.16.12.1 172.16.12.62
172.16.12.64 255.255.255.192 172.16.12.65 172.16.12.126
172.16.12.128 255.255.255.192 172.16.12.129 172.16.12.190
172.16.12.191 255.255.255.192 172.16.12.193 172.16.12.254
Subnet Mask First host Last host
172.16.10.0 255.255.255.192 172.16.10.1 172.16.10.62
172.16.10.64 255.255.255.192 172.16.10.65 172.16.10.126
172.16.10.128 255.255.255.192 172.16.10.129 172.16.10.190
172.16.10.192 255.255.255.192 172.16.10.193 172.16.10.252
172.16.11.0 255.255.255.192 172.16.11.1 172.16.11.62
172.16.11.64 255.255.255.192 172.16.11.65 172.16.11.126
172.16.11.128 255.255.255.192 172.16.11.129 172.16.11.190
172.16.11.192 255.255.255.192 172.16.11.193 172.16.11.252
172.16.12.0 255.255.255.192 172.16.12.1 172.16.12.62
172.16.12.64 255.255.255.192 172.16.12.65 172.16.12.126
172.16.12.128 255.255.255.192 172.16.12.129 172.16.12.190
172.16.12.191 255.255.255.192 172.16.12.193 172.16.12.254

65

Subnet number Mask First host Last host

172.16.14.0 255.255.255.254 172.16.14.1 172.16.14.2
172.16.14.4 255.255.255.254 172.16.14.5 172.16.14.6
172.16.14.8 255.255.255.254 172.16.14.9 172.16.14.10
172.16.14.12 255.255.255.254 172.16.14.13 172.16.14.14
172.16.14.16 255.255.255.254 172.16.14.17 172.16.11.18
172.16.14.20 255.255.255.254 172.16.14.21 172.16.11.22

66



202.12.28.0/22.
7
, 2
254 , 126
62 .





.


202.12.28.0/25128 hosts202.12.28.128/2664 hosts202.12.28.192/2664 hosts202.12.28
.128/25128 hosts202.12.28.0/24256 hosts202.12.29.0/24256 hosts202.12.28.0/23512
hosts202.12.30.0/24256 hosts202.12.31.0/25128 hosts202.12.31.128/25128 hosts202.
12.31.0/24256 hosts202.12.28.30/23512 hosts202.12.28.0/221024 hosts


67

 4
(IPv4),
ICMP, IGMP
IP, ICMP, IGMP

TTL (Time To Live)

ICMP
IGMP
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 4 (IPv4)
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP
(.)

( )
Connectionless
Best effort






IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP

IP
IP connectionless data delivery
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
(Transmission Control Protocol)
connection-oriented data delivery
IP, ICMP, IGMP

IP
()

IP







IP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP , 4

(4 )
4 4
(4 )
32-
5 (
20 )
15 (
60 )
(8 )
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP (.)

(16 )


(16 )

(3 )
(13 )

L (Time To Live) (8 )
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP (.)

(8 )

(1=ICMP, 2=IGMP, 6=TCP, 17=UDP)
(16 )
IP (32 )
IP (32 )

IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IPv4
0 15 16 31
version h -length type of service length
Identification flags Fragmentation offset
time to live protocol checksum
Source IP address
Destination IP address
options padding
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP
IP, ICMP, IGMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Precedence Definition
0 routine (normal)
1 priority
2 immediate
3 flash
4 flash override
5 critical
6 internetwork control
7 network control
IP, ICMP, IGMP


Value Service Description AP using the suggested value
0 normal normal datagram ICMP error messages, DNS TCP
1 minimize delay the packet must go through a
net with a low latency
NNTP
2 maximize throughput the packet must go over a net
that maximizes throughput
SNMP
4 maximize reliability the packet must be routed
over the most reliable net
SMTP data, DNS zone transfer,
8 minimize cost the packet must be routed
over the least expensive
route
Telnet, FTP control, SMTP
commands, DNS UDP
15 maximize security the packet must be taken
over the most secure net
15
IP, ICMP, IGMP



IP ( + )
16
IP
65 535

IP, ICMP, IGMP

,

IP

( 0)




IP, ICMP, IGMP

TTL ( )

,


1
, TTL = 0
TTL = 0,
IP, ICMP, IGMP

,






( NAT
)
IP, ICMP, IGMP

( )

( 4)
n
(16)




Sender T Receiver-T
IP, ICMP, IGMP

()
:
( 5)

0,
0,
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 -
Sender
Receiver
n bits
n bits
all 0s
n bits
n bits
n bits
n bits
Section 1
Complement
Packet Sum
Section 2
Checksum
Section k
If the result is 0, preserve
the packet otherwise
throw it away
Checksum
Checksum
n bits
n bits
n bits
n bits
n bits
n bits
Section 1
Complement
Sum
Section 2
Checksum
Section k
Result
IP, ICMP, IGMP

IP :
01 00 F2 03 F4 F5 F6 F7 00 00 (00 00 e
).

16-
0100 F203 F4F5 F6F7

IP, ICMP, IGMP


0000 0001 0000 0000
1111 0010 0000 0011
1111 0100 1111 0101
+ 1111 0110 1111 0111
1101 1110 1110 1111
+ 10
1101 1110 1111 0001

1-

0010 0001 0000 1110

:
01 00 F2 03 F4 F5 F6 F7 21 0
IP, ICMP, IGMP


IP, ICMP, IGMP

MTU (Maximum Transmission
Unit)
(IP)
( ),



27
IP, ICMP, IGMP

MTU (aximum Transmission Unit)

Topology MTU (in bytes)
Hyper channel 65 535
16 MB/s Token Ring 17 914
802.4 Token Bus 8166
4 MB/s Token Ring 4464
FDDI 4352
DIX Ethernet 1500
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) 1500
802.3 Ethernet 1492
Serial Line IP (SLIP) 1006
X.25 and ISDN 576
ARCnet 508
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 -
4KB Datagram for 192.168.20.60
Happy
192.168.10.10
Sneezy
192.168.10.40
Queen
192.168.10.3
192.168.20.3
6
4 2
1
5 3
6 packets for 192.168.20.60
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 -
Sneezy
192.168.10.10
modem
modem
modem
modem
Datagram for 192.168.30.10
192.168.10.3
192.168.100.1
192.168.30.1
172.16.110.1
192.168.100.100
172.16.100.1
192.168.110.100
172.16.100.2
Carrier
network
30
IP, ICMP, IGMP

+

U

U,



IP, ICMP, IGMP

(16 )


(13 )

()
IP
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 (3 )
.
.

.
Flag number Bit value Interpretation
1 0 always set to zero, and preserved for future
use
2 0 fragmentation allowed
1 no fragmentation
3 0 last fragment
1 more fragments to come
IP, ICMP, IGMP

Input
an IP packet
Determine the size of the datagram
If (size >MTU) then
If (do not fragment =1)
Discard the datagram
Send ICMP message
Go back
Else
Calculate the max size
Fragment the datagram
Add header to each datagram
Send the datagram
Go back
Else
Send the datagram
End
IP, ICMP, IGMP


.

Input-datagram from processing
If (offset = 0 and LF=0) then
Put the datagram into a queue
Go back
Search through the reassembly table
If (failure) then create a new entry
Insert the fragment into the LL
If (all fragments in) then
Reassemble
Push the datagram to transport
Go back
Else
If (time-out expired) then discard everything and send ICMP message
Go back
35
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 /
IP HEADER Original datagram data area
IP Hdr Data IP Hdr Data IP Hdr Data 3
36
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 -
TCP 4444 (
TCP ). Rainy MTU
= 1492 bytes
TCP . TCP IP
20 .

Sunny Network B MTU = 508
bytes.
Network C MTU = 572 bytes.

Cloudy
Sunny.
.
IP, ICMP, IGMP

The size of the segment

delivered to IP from TCP is
MTU = 508
4444 bytes
Network B
Cloudy Sunny
MTU = 1492
Rainy MTU = 572
Network C
Network A
IP, ICMP, IGMP

20 bytes 4444 bytes

header
data
1492 bytes
20 bytes
header
20 bytes
header
20 bytes
header
20 bytes
header
1472 bytes
data
1472 bytes
data
1472 bytes
data
28 bytes
data
First fragment
Second fragment
Third fragment
Last fragment
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 Rainy
IP ( + 20 IP )
fragment fragment
ID
reserved
flag
may
fragment
more
fragments
fragment
offset
packet
length
1 321 0 0 0 0 4464
IP
fragment fragment
ID
reserved
flag
may
fragment
more
fragments
fragment
offset
packet
length
1 321 0 0 1 0 1492
2 321 0 0 1 184 1492
3 321 0 0 1 368 1492
4 321 0 0 0 552 48
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 Network B
fragment fragment
ID
reserved
flag
may
fragment
more
fragments
fragment
offset
packet
length
1 321 0 0 1 0 508
2 321 0 0 1 61 508
3 321 0 0 1 122 508
4 321 0 0 1 183 28
fragment fragment
ID
reserved
flag
may
fragment
more
fragments
fragment
offset
packet
length
1 321 0 0 1 184 508
2 321 0 0 1 245 508
3 321 0 0 1 306 508
4 321 0 0 1 367 28
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 Network C
fragment fragment
ID
reserved
flag
may
fragment
more
fragments
fragment
offset
packet
length
1 321 0 0 1 368 572
2 321 0 0 1 437 572
3 321 0 0 1 506 388
fragment fragment
ID
reserved
flag
may
fragment
more
fragments
fragment
offset
packet
length
1 321 0 0 0 552 48
42
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP
Transport Transport
Header-addition
Forwarding
Reassembly
Fragmentation
Processing module
MTU table
Reassembly
table
Forwarding
table
Data and DA
IP
IP
Data
IP NH
IP
IP
IP NH
IP
DLL DLL
IP, ICMP, IGMP

ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol)
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 ICMP?

IP

best effort

:





ICMP
45
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 ICMP

IP



TTL 0
ICMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

ICMP -

,

ICMP IP


( )
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 ICMP

ICMP


Destination unreachable
Time Exceeded
Source Quench

Ping
Ridirect
Traceroute
IP, ICMP, IGMP


Type Name
--------------------------0
Echo Reply
1 Unassigned
2 Unassigned
3 Destination Unreachable
4 Source Quench
5 Redirect
6 Alternate Host Address
7 Unassigned
8 Echo
9 Router Advertisement
10 Router Solicitation
Type
11
12
13
14
15
16
Name
Time Exceeded
Parameter Problem
Timestamp
Timestamp Reply
Information Request
Information Reply
IP, ICMP, IGMP

Destination unreachable

ICMP

ICMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

 -
Happy
192.168.10.10
Doc
192.168.10.60
Queen
192.168.10.3
192.168.20.3
Error:network unreachable
Packet for 192.168.30.10
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 -
Packet for UDP port 69 1
Happy Doc
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.60
Error: Port unreachable 2
IP, ICMP, IGMP


192.168.10.10
192.168.10.3
192.168.30.3
1.5KB MTU
Error: fragmentation required
1
192.168.30.20
16 KB packet for 192.168.10.10
Do not fragment
2
IP, ICMP, IGMP

Source Quench

( )







IP, ICMP, IGMP

Redirect -

R1 redirect
192.16.1.1


10.1.1.1
R2
55
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 Redirect
192.168.10.10
192.168.30.10
192.168.30.1
192.168.10.1
Doc
1 192.168.20.60
King
192.168.20.3
192.168.10.3
Queen
Happy
Packet for 192.168.30.10
2
3
IP, ICMP, IGMP

IP L


L=0,
ICMP Time exceeded
TTL


IP, ICMP, IGMP

IP Parameter problem

IP



, IP

IP Parameter problem

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Time stamp and Time stamp reply

IP, ICMP, IGMP

ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply

Ping



ICMP Echo

Traceroute


ICMP Echo 1 TTL.
TTL=1, TTL=2
.
Time exceeds

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Echo request, Echo reply

Echo request 1
Query messages
Happy Duck
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.40
Echo reply 2
IP, ICMP, IGMP

Echo request cho reply

192.168.30.10
1
2 fragments containing Echo reply
192.168.30.3
192.168.10.3
Queen
Happy
2KB Echo request for 192.168.20.10
4
Doc
3
2
IP, ICMP, IGMP

Solicitation
advertisement

default
gateway ,

(route discovery)
ICMP router solicitation
(224.0.0.2
)

advertisement ICMP

Advertisement

63
IP, ICMP, IGMP

Router discovery -
advertisement preference 10 2
King
Happy
192.168.10.1
192.168.30.10 192.168.30.1
2
1
router solicitation
192.168.30.10
Sleepy
advertisement preference
192.168.10.1
192.168.10.1
Queen
192.168.20.60
IP, ICMP, IGMP

Router discovery -
192.168.30.10
192.168.30.10
192.168.20.60
192.168.30.1
192.168.10.1
192.168.10.1
192.168.10.1
King
Sleepy
Happy
4
32
packet for 192.168.30.10 1
Queen
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 ICMP

ICMP IP
,

IP, ICMP, IGMP

ICMP

ICMP

ype

Code

Checksum


IP, ICMP, IGMP

 ICMP ?
?

?

ICMP




IP, ICMP, IGMP

 ICMP

ICMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

 MTU ICMP

.
MTU ,
ICMP

ICMP
MTU.
MTU.
,
MTU.

IP, ICMP, IGMP

 MTU -
192.168.10.10
192.168.100.10
modem modem
192.168.100.100
172.16.100.1
Carrier
network
192.168.100.70
172.16.60.70
1500 byte
MTU
1500 byte
MTU
512 byte
MTU
1500 byte
MTU
1500 bytes packet
for 192.168.100.10
1
2
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 ICMP
(firewalls)
ICMP

MTU
ICMP


Echo

IP, ICMP, IGMP

IGMP
(Internet Group Management Protocol)
IP, ICMP, IGMP

,



IP, ICMP, IGMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP 76

PIO TCP/IP Networking 76

Unicast
Source
Router
Router
Source
Multicast
Destination
Destination
Destination
Destination
Destination
Destination
IP, ICMP, IGMP 76

PIO TCP/IP Networking 76

Unicast
Source
Router
Router
Source
Multicast
Destination
Destination
Destination
Destination
Destination
Destination

D (224.0.0.0

239.255.255.255

224.0.0.0 224.0.0.25
224.0.0.1



IP, ICMP, IGMP

IGMP e

.
IP, ICMP, IGMP


Happy
192.168.10.10
Sleepy
192.168.20.60
Queen
192.168.10.3
192.168.20.3
224.1.2.3
Sneezy
192.168.10.40
224.1.2.3
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 ?









IP, ICMP, IGMP


IGMP Membership-Report
R
Network A
DR
R: Receiver
DR: Designated Router
R

224.2.0.1
DR za
pripadnost na grupata
DR


DR


81
IP, ICMP, IGMP


IGMP Leave-Group
Data to 224.2.0.1
R
R
R: Receiver
DR: Designated Router
Network A
R e

,

DR

IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IGMP
Ethernet HeaderIP headerIGMPMessage8 bytes20 bytes14 bytesVersion(= 0)
Type(=1-2)
(unused)
32-bit Class D addressChecksum
IGMP 8
(query report)
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IGMP

Happy
Merlin Doc
Queen
192.168.10.3
joining 224.0.1.1 sent to 224.0.1.1
Sneezy
192.168.10.40
192.168.10.30 192.168.10.5 192.168.10.10
192.168.20.3
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 5
NAT, DHCP, ARP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

IPv4

(NAT)
(DHCP)
() IP
RP (Address Resolution
Protocol)
NAT, DHCP, ARP


IPv4
NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT (Network
Address Translation)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
NAT, DHCP, ARP

IP





NAT (Network Address Translation)


NAT, DHCP, ARP

,


,

NAT, DHCP, ARP

 NAT
Remote
host
193.1.1.1.
Src. Add.
14.38.1.1
Dest. Add.
193.1.1.1
After NAT
Outbound packet
Dest. Add.
14.38.1.1
Src. Add.
193.1.1.1
Before NAT
Return packet
Internet
Src. Add.
10.1.1.1
Dest. Add.
193.1.1.1
Before NAT
Outbound packet
Local
host
10.1.1.1
NAT
Dest. Add.
10.1.1.1
Src. Add.
193.1.1.1
After NAT
Return packet
NAT IP
7
NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT -

(Inside local address)
Internal IP header

(Inside global
address)

Inside local address Outside local address
Source Address
10. 1. 1. 1
Destination
Address
193. 1. 1. 1

NAT
(Outside local
address)
External IP header

(Outside global
address)
Source Address
14. 38. 1. 1
Destination
Address
193. 1. 1. 1
Inside global address Outside global address

8
NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT

(

)
NAT

, .
PAT (Port Address Translation) Dynamic
NAT with overload Masquerading



NAT, DHCP, ARP

 NAT
NAT
PAT
Inside local Inside global
Address Address
172.18.3.1 25.8.3.2
172.18.3.2 25.8.3.2
... ...
Inside local
address
Inside local
Port
Inside global
address
Outside
Port
Transport
Protocol
172.18.3.1 1400 25.8.3.2 80 TCP
172.18.3.2 1401 25.8.3.2 80 TCP
... ... ... ... ...
10
NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT -

ISP

,
NAT



NAT
round-robin
NAT, DHCP, ARP


NAT

12
NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT -

checksum IP

checksum

,

nd-to-end


13
NAT, DHCP, ARP


,



IP

NAT, DHCP, ARP

IP
(subnet mask)
(default
gateway)
(DNS
)
NAT, DHCP, ARP

, ,






NAT, DHCP, ARP

Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol (DHCP)

DHCP



RARP
BOOTP

RP

DHCP BOOTP
UDP
17
NAT, DHCP, ARP

RARP (Reverse ARP)

RARP ARP
IP RARP
request
IP
0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255. MAC
,

RARP IP
IP

default gateway DNS

1985 .
NAT, DHCP, ARP

BOOTP (BOOTstrap Protocol)

IP
( 1995.)


IP , , IP default
gateway, IP DNS
BOOTP DHCP


IP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

 DHCP

(
)
(
)

BOOTP
DHCP ,
DHCP

NAT, DHCP, ARP

 DHCP?

DHCP

,
.

DHCP ,
IP


DHCP
21
NAT, DHCP, ARP

DHCP

DHCP DHCP
IP Lease Selection
IP Lease Request
IP Lease Offer
IP Lease
Acknowledgment
NAT, DHCP, ARP

 DHCP

DHCPDISCOVER DHCP
DHCPOFFER
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPDECLINE
DHCPACK
DHCPNAK
DHCPRELEASE
DHCPINFORM
23
NAT, DHCP, ARP

DHCP

DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
DHCP Discover
DHCP Offer
DHCPDISCOVER
Sent to 255.255.255.255
DHCP Server
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
DHCP Server
DHCPOFFER
DHCPOFFER
24
NAT, DHCP, ARP

DHCP 1 (.)
DHCPDISCOVER
Source IP Address = 0.0.0.0
Dest. IP Address = 255.255.255.255
Hardware Address = 08004....


DHCP
NAT, DHCP, ARP 25
DHCP Server DHCP Client
IP Router
DHCPOFFER
Source IP Address = 131.107.3.24
Dest. IP Address = 255.255.255.255
Offered IP Address = 131.107.8.13
Client Hardware Address = 08004...
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Length of Lease = 72 hours
Server Identifier = 131.107.3.24

DHCP
2
DHCP Request with ACK

.
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
DHCP Server
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPACK
NAT, DHCP, ARP

DHCP 2 (.)
DHCPREQUEST
Source IP Address = 0.0.0.0
Dest. IP Address = 255.255.255.255
Hardware Address = 08004....
Requested IP Address = 131.107.8.13
Server Identifier = 131.107.3.24
NAT, DHCP, ARP 27
DHCP Server DHCP Client
IP Router
DHCPACK
Source IP Address = 131.107.3.24
Dest. IP Address = 255.255.255.255
Offered IP Address = 131.107.8.13
Client Hardware Address = 08004...
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Length of Lease = 72 hours
Server Identifier = 131.107.3.24
DHCP Option: Router = 131.107.8.1

DHCP

DHCP Request with ACK

( 50%

)
(ipconfig/renew)
DHCP
DHCPNACK,
.
DCHP Release
DHCP
IP
(ipconfig/release)
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
DHCP Server
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPACK
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
DHCPRELEASE
DHCP Server
28
NAT, DHCP, ARP

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

NAT, DHCP, ARP

MAC

( )
MAC

NAT, DHCP, ARP

48
( )

3 (IEEE).
3 .
Vendor code or OUI Vendors assigned. Vendors
(Organizationaly Unique are responsible for the
Identifier), assigned by IEEE uniquenss
01 12
23 34 a3
b4
31
NAT, DHCP, ARP

, ( )





,

,

NAT, DHCP, ARP

IP
MAC

IP



IP .
MAC



IP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP


ARP

,

ARP
IP
34
NAT, DHCP, ARP

ARP RARP

ARP RARP (Reverse ARP)

IP MAC

Ethernet MAC
address
(48 bit)
ARPIP address
(32 bit)
RARP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

 ARP?

IP

IP (ARP request).


IP



NAT, DHCP, ARP

ARP

IP
ARP




ARP


ARP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT, DHCP, ARP 38 NAT, DHCP, ARP 38

 ARP

IP ( )
ARP 9
Hardware type
Protocol type
Hardware address length
Protocol address length
Message type
Source hardware address
Source IP address
Destination hardware address
Destination IP address
NAT, DHCP, ARP

 ARP
Destinationaddress6ARP Request or ARP Reply28Sourceaddress62CRC4Type0x8060Paddin
g10Ethernet II header
Hardware type (2 bytes)
Hardware addresslength (1 byte)
Protocol addresslength (1 byte)
Operation code (2 bytes)
Target hardware address*
Protocol type (2 bytes)
Source hardware address*
Source protocol address*
Target protocol address*
* Note: The length of the address fields is determined by the corresponding addr
ess length fields
NAT, DHCP, ARP

 RP TCP/IP
NAT, DHCP, ARP
Transport
Network
Application
Physical
SMTP FTP
TELNET DNS
HTTP Application
Presentation
Session
Transport TCP UDP
Network
IGMPICMP
IP
DHCPARP
Data Link
Physical
Protocols defined by the
underlying networks


172.16.5.3 172.16.5.2 172.16.5.1
Domain
itm.se
Happy Sneezy
DNS server
for itm.se
Sleepy
R
172.16.5.4

172.16.5.3 172.16.5.2 172.16.5.1
Domain
itm.se
Happy Sneezy
DNS server
for itm.se
Sleepy
R
172.16.5.4
Happy ( ARP ),
sleepy (ping sleepy).
IP IP
sneezy DNS IP R

NAT, DHCP, ARP

1.
Happy ARP request
Sneezy
2.
Sneezy ARP response
3.
Happy DNS neezy
IP Sleepy
4.
Sneezy IP Sleepy
5.
IP Sleepy, Happy
Sleepy

6.
Happy
ARP request
Sleepy
7.
Sleepy ARP response
8.
Happy leepy
43
NAT, DHCP, ARP

H0 H1 H4
E1I1I0 E0 E4I4 E5I5 E8I8 E9I9
I7I6
E3
I11
E2
I10 LAN 2 LAN 3 LAN 1
R1 R2

H0 H1 H4
E1I1I0 E0 E4I4 E5I5 E8I8 E9I9
I7I6
E3
I11
E2
I10 LAN 2 LAN 3 LAN 1
R1 R2

IP
? 4 : ping H9.
?
44
NAT, DHCP, ARP

 ARP

?
ARP

. .
ARP
IP ?

ARP (request)


NAT, DHCP, ARP

Proxy ARP
( )

access router
H0 H1 H4H5
I0E0 I1E1 I4E4 I5E5
H0 asks R1 for
E3I11
R1
MAC address LAN1 LAN2
I10
of H4
E2
R1 can provide an answer since it
has this MAC address in its cache
46
NAT, DHCP, ARP

Gratuitous ARP

ARP
IP
IP
Gratuitous ARP


DHCP


NAT, DHCP, ARP

 6
IPv6,


IPv6

IPv4
IPv6,

IP 6

 IPv4

(CIDR, NAT, DHCP

, )

( Best effort )


IPv6,

 IPv6

128-



40

IPSec

IPv6,

6
(40 )

IPv6,


0 4 1216 24 31
version traffic class flow label
payload length next header hop limit
source address
destination address
IPv6,


(4 )
(8 )
(20 )
(16 )
(8 )
(8 )
(128 )
(128 )
IPv6,

6 IPv6






IPv6,

(
)
IPv6,

65535 (16
)
64

. 0
IPv6,



()
IP e (TCP,
UDP)


( TTL IPv4)
IPv6,

 ()

6 ,



Hop by hop
Routing
Fragment
Authentication
Encrypted security
Destination options
IPv6,

 ( )

IPv6,


g
g
s
g

s d

Anycast

a
a
s
a
IPv6,


Link local

Site local

Global Link local Site local

IPv6,


0 32 64 96
0 82 4 6 10 12 14
TLA NLA Interface identifier SLA
NLA
1
NLA
2
NLA
3
TLA Top Level Aggregator
assigned for 8K major providers(13+3bits)
NLA Next Level Aggregator
assigned for smaller providers
SLA Site Level Aggregator
subnet numbers within organizations (16bits)
*
IPv6,



()
IPv4,

( IPv4)
IGMP IPv6

ICMP (
IGMP IPv4)
IPv6,

 IPv6

( IPv4)
:





:
IPv6,

 IPv6
3ffe:0501:0008:0000:0260:97ff:fe40:efab
3ffe:501:8:0:260:97ff:fe40:efab
3ffe:501:8::260:97ff:fe40:efab
ff02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
ff02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
ff02::1
IPv6,


::

::1
loopback ( 127.0.0.1 IPv4)
ping ::1

IP

IPv6,




Stateless

( 3
) Local Link (
)
Stateful

DHCP kaj IPv4
IPv6,

 IPv4 IPv6

IPv6




6
4
4
IPv6,

6
(dual
stack)
4
IPv6,

 dual stack

6
4
TCP
IPv4 IPv6
TCP
IPv4
IPv4-only
IPv6-only
TCP
IPv6
IPv6,

IPv4,

IPv6 IPv4

IPv4 IPv6

IPv6,

 IPv6

IPv6

IPv4
IPv6 packet
IPv4 header IPv6 packet
IPv6,


source
destination
IPv6 only
IPv6
Data
IPv6 only
IPv6 /IPv4 IPv4/IPv6
Queen router King-router
Happy Funny
IPv4
Network
IPv6
Data
IPv4 King
IPv6 Happy
Data
IPv6,








(Classless inter-domain routing CIDR)
IPv6,

 IP

IPv6,

 IP IP

IP

IPv6,

(forwarding)
(routing)

TTL

ICMP
....
IPv6,


Input Ports + Processing
Switching fabric
Output Ports
Forwarding
Table
Forwarding
Decision
Forwarding
Table
Forwarding
Decision
Forwarding
Table
Forwarding
Decision
IPv6,

IP


(

)
Next hop
()
( ). IP
,

IPv6,

,


()


.

IPv6,


R1

direct/(conn.)
R1
IP
,

IP


,

.
Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.0.0/16
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

Next Hop Interface

R3 Eth0/0
direct /(conn.) Eth0/2
direct /(conn.) Eth0/0
R3 Eth0/0
R2 serial0
R2 serial0

IPv6,


IPv6, 38
to:
20.2.1.2
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1. 0/28
direct
R3
R3
R3
R3
R3
H1
R1 R2
R3 R4
H2
10.2.1.0/24
10.1.2.0/24 20.1.0.0/16
10.1.0.0/24 10.3.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28
20.2.1.2/28
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28
direct
direct
R4
direct
R4
R4
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2. 1.0/28
R3
R3
R2
direct
direct
R2
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.2.0.0/16
30.1.1.0/28

R3
direct
direct
R3
R2
R2
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20. 2.1.0/28
R1
R1
direct
R4
direct
direct
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
direct



IPv6, 39
to:
20.2.1.2
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1. 0/28
direct
R3
R3
R3
R3
R3
H1
R1 R2
R3 R4
H2
10.2.1.0/24
10.1.2.0/24 20.1.0.0/16
10.1.0.0/24 10.3.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28
20.2.1.2/28
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28
direct
direct
R4
direct
R4
R4
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2. 1.0/28
R3
R3
R2
direct
direct
R3
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.2.0.0/16

30.1.1.0/28
R3
direct
direct
R3
R2
R2
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20. 2.1.0/28
R1
R1
direct
R4
direct
direct
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
direct




R4 R3

Network route
IP ( 10.0.2.0/24)

Host route
IP ( 10.0.1.2/32)
Default route

( default gateway gateway
of last resort)
Loopback address
( )
IPv6,

 Default route?

(

)






IPv6,

,

IPv6,


ICMP

ICMP
(1) IP datagram
(2) IP datagram
(3) ICMP redirectDestination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
R2
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24
R1
Ethernet
R1 R2
ICMP



H1
IPv6,

 Windows

IPv6,

 Cisco

IPv6,

 (Forwarding)
(Routing)

:
1.
:
?


2.
:
?

IPv6,

 IP
(, )
IP


,

IP ,


,
IPv6,

 IP
UDP TCP
Input
queue
Lookup next
hop
Routing
Protocol
Destination
address local?
Static
routing
Yes
Send
datagram
IP forwarding
enabled?
No
Discard
Yes No
Demultiplex
forwarding
(routing)
table
IP module
Data Link Layer
IPv6,

 IP

IP
1.
IP (
0)
2.
IP
3.
IP
4.

5.
TTL
6.
( )
7.

8.

9.
ICMP ( )
IPv6,



IP






IPv6,

IP




IP
( )

IPv6,

51

, ,
,






( )

Next hop

, default route

default route
default route
No route to host ICMP
IPv6,


(CIDR)

(Longest prefix match)
Host route 32
Default router 0

IPv6,



.
32
: ,

.
24
128.9.176.0/24
128.9.16.0/21 128.9.172.0/21
142.12.0.0/19
128.9.0.0/16
65.0.0.0/8
8
Prefixes
128.9.16.14

128.9.16.14 128.9.16.0/21 21

128.9.16.14 128.9.0.0/16 16
128.9.16/21
Prefix Length
IPv6,


Root
A
C01 0
D0 1
Route Prefixes
A 0*
B 01000*
10
C
D
E
F

011*
1*
100*
1100*

G 1101*
H 1110*
I 1111*
E
0
0
0
0 0
1
1
1 1
F G H I
B
IPv6,

 CIDR

ISP X 16 C
200.23.16.0 200.23.31.0 ( 200.23.16/20)
Adjacent
ISP
router
1
Destination Interface
200.23.16/20 1
Large
company
200.23.16.
0/21
200.23.16.0/24,
200.23.18.0/24,
200.23.20.0/24,
200.23.22.0/24,
Destination1
200.23.16/21
200.23.24/22
2
5 200.23.28/23
34
200.23.30/24
0.0.0.0
Medium
company
200.23.24.0/
22
Small
company
200.23.28.
0/23
ISP X
200.23.28.0/24
200.23.24.0/24
200.23.29.0/24
200.23.25.0/24
200.23.26.0/24
200.23.27.0/24
Interface

200.200.17.0/24
200.200.19.0/24
200.200.21.0/24
200.200.23.0/24

2
3
4
5
1
Tiny
company
200.23.30.
0/24
IPv6,

 ( )

.


Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24 R3
10.1.2.0/24 direct
10.2.1.0/24 direct
10.3.1.0/24 R3
20.2.0.0/16 R2
20.1.1.0/28 R2
Destination Next Hop
10.1.0.0/24 R3
10.1.2.0/24 direct
10.2.1.0/24 direct
10.3.1.0/24 R3
20.0.0.0/8 R2
IPv6,

 ?

/

?
?
?
.
IPv6,

 7
,

Default route
A

 , ,

IP




IP ,

()

,

(
)

( )
,

( )


,

,

(
)


R1 s routing table
-
R1-R2,

A
R2
R3 R4
Destin
ation
B
A
R1
Next hop
R2
R3
direct
(connected)
B
C
8
,

8

stub network

Default Route

stub networks


default route


Default route

,


( )

,







,

Routing versus Routed Protocols

Routing protocols ( )


Routed protocols ( )

IP (kaj Internet), IPX (kaj Novell)

,

(
)

,


,

Ka

(
)
,

Ka
(.)
/





,

Ka
(.)




,

(flooding)
(random routing)
(hot-potato routing)



(Shortest path routing, Least cost routing)
,

 (flooding)





,






ABCDEFABCDEFABCDEF
ABCDEFABCDEFABCDEF
ABCDEFABCDEFABCDEF (flooding)





,






ABCDEFABCDEFABCDEF
ABCDEFABCDEFABCDEF
ABCDEFABCDEFABCDEF
,

19



AAA
BC
D
E
F
AA
BC
D
E
F
BC
D
E
FA

,


,

()
()



( -)


()

,


D
5
2
3
3
5C
A
E F
B
1
1
2
1
C
A
B
D
2
2
1
1
2
1
E F

Destin
ation
Next
hop
Distn
ce
B B 2
C E 3
D E 4
E E 1
F E 2
,

22

(,
)

()

6
5
2
3
3
53
1
4 5
2
1
1
2
1
,

( backup)



,

(distance vector
protocols)


(
)
-

,


minimum (185 175, 210) = 175
Destination Next hop Distance
175

140
km away

180
km

140
km


:
140+45=185
140+35=175
180+30=210
, .
, ,
.
,

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

koj e GGP







,

()


,

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

RIP

OSPF IPv6
,

IP (
)



(Autonomous
Systems, AS)
,

A ()

(
)

16

(Exterior gateways)

,

,

 (Three Autonomous
Systems)
EGP
IGP
IGP
Autonomous
System 1
Autonomous
System 2
IGP
Autonomous
System 3
EGP-Exterior Gateway Protocols
IGP Interior Gateway Protocols
,

Intra-AS and Inter-AS Routing

Inter-AS routing
Host
h2
a
b
b
a
aC
A
B
d
c
A.a
A.c
C.b
B.a
c
b
Host
h1
between A and B
Intra-AS routing
within AS B
Intra-AS routing
within AS A
,

IGP versus EGP

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) Intra-domain

Protocols (
)
.
() .


Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP) Inter-domain
protocols (
)

(
)


(.)






( )

()
,


(.)

,

,

(AS).


(.)

TCP

 8
RIP, OSPF



RIP

OSPF

RIP, OSPF

( )
(
)



, .
a ()
.
RIP, OSPF

3
0
0
R4
R3 R4
R1 R2
1
1
22
5
5
33
0
0
R3
R1
1
2
5



R2
RIP, OSPF

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

/


(
)
RIP, OSPF

()

0
a
()
RIP, OSPF

RIP

1
( )
(
)
RIP, OSPF

0
RIP, OSPF

( )


,

9
RIP, OSPF

9

RIP, OSPF

Dest. NH Cost
C loc. 0

,

Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
Dest.=destination
NH = Next Hop

1
B
A A = 0
Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
C
D
E
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
Dest. NH Cost
E loc. 0
Loc.=
Cost =
RIP, OSPF

Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B B 1
D D 1
Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
A A 1
C C 1
E E 1
D
A = 0, B=1, D=1
E
C
B
A
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
E E 1
RIP, OSPF

Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B B 1
D D 1
C B 2
E B 2
Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
A A 1
D D 2
C C 1
E E 1
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B A 2
E E 1
C E 2
-
Dest. NH Cost
C loc. 0
B B 1
A B 2
E E 1
D E 2
A
B
C
D
Dest. NH Cost
E loc. 0
B B 1
A B 2
D D 1
C C 1
E
a
RIP, OSPF

Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
A A inf
D A inf
C C 1
E E 1
D
inf. =

Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B B inf.
D D 1
C B inf.
E B inf.
A
A= 0, B = inf., D = 1 , C = inf., E = inf. BB = 0, A = inf., D = inf. , C = 1, E
= 1
RIP, OSPF

Dest.
NH Cost
A loc. 0
B B inf.
D D 1
C B inf.
E B inf.
Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
A A inf
D A inf
C C 1
E A 1
- a
Dest. NH Cost
C loc. 0
B B 1
A B inf
E E 1
D E 2
C
AB
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B A inf.
E E 1
C E 2
D
Dest. NH Cost
E loc. 0
B B 1
A B inf
D E 1
C C 1
E
D=0, A=1, B=inf., E=1, C=2
E=0, B=1, A=inf., D=1, C=1
C=0, B=1, A=inf. , E=1, D=2
RIP, OSPF

 - a
Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B B inf.
D D 1
C D 3
E D 2
Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
A A inf
D E 2
C C 1
E E 1
Dest. NH Cost
C loc. 0
B B 1
A B inf
E E 1
D E 2
RIP, OSPF 16
A B
C
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B E 2
E E 1
C E 2
D
Dest. NH Cost
E loc. 0
B B 1
A D 2
D D 1
C C 1
E
D=0, A=1, B=2., E=1, C=2
E=0, B=1, A=2., D=1, C=1

- a
Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B D 3
D D 1
C D 3
E D 2
Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
A E 3
D E 2
C C 1
E E 1
Dest. NH Cost
C loc. 0
B B 1
A E 3
E E 1
D E 2
RIP, OSPF 17
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B E 2
E E 1
C E 2
Dest. NH Cost
E loc. 0
B B 1
A D 2
D D 1
C C 1

().
Counting-to-infinity problem (
)
Bouncing effect ( )
RIP, OSPF

Counting to Infinity
A B
C
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B E inf.
E E inf.
E inf.
Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B D 3
D D 1
C D 3
E D 2
f

D
E
:
D
A
A
D
o
A
.
A
o D -

counting to infinity.
D
RIP, OSPF

Counting to Infinity (.)

Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B A 4
E A 3
C A 4
Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B D 3
D D 1
C D 3
E D 2
A
D

()
B,
C E
A, D
D A TTL=0.
c





A D .
RIP, OSPF

Counting to Infinity (.)

Dest. Link Cost
A loc. 0
B D 5
D D 1
C D 5
E D 4
Dest. Link Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B A 4
E A 3
C A 4
A
D

A D

.

1.



.


.
RIP, OSPF

(
)
Dest. Link Cost
A loc. 0
B D Inf.
D D 1
C D Inf.
E D Inf.


,

Dest. Link Cost

D loc. 0
A A 1
B E Inf.
E E Inf.
C E Inf.

A

D ,

D
.
.
RIP, OSPF

Dest. NH Cost
Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
C loc. 0
A A 1
B B 1inf
D A 2
A B inf.
C C inf.
E B inf.
E E 1
D B inf.
Bouncing Effect

e 10 1.
.
b .

B


, A


Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B B 1
D D 1
C B 2
E B 2
B
B.
RIP, OSPF
A
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B A 2
E E 1
C A 3
D
C Dest. NH Cost
E loc. 0
B B 1
A B 2
D D 1
C B 2
E

Bouncing Effect (.)

B A E.
A E .


C
A
B

Dest. NH Cost
Dest. NH Cost Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B loc. 0 C loc. 0
B B 1
A A 1 B B inf
D D 1
D A 2 A B inf
C B 4
C A 3 E B inf
E B 2
E E 1 D B inf
RIP, OSPF
a
c
d
e (10)
f
A B
Dest. NH Cost
D loc. 0
A A 1
B A 2
E E 1
C A 3
D
Dest. NH Cost
E loc. 0
B B 1
A B 2
D D 1
C B 4
E

C 10 .
E 1 11 > 4
( )

A E
B D,
C
5.
E
C 11.

C
e, .
RIP, OSPF

Count to Infinity




( )

ouncing effect

() 1
RIP, OSPF


-Split Horizon

( )

:

.
Split horizon

Split horizon
: ,

( )
: ,
(split horizon with poison reverse)
RIP, OSPF

Split Horizon -
A=0 C=0
B=0, C=1 B=0, A=1
A
C
B
Dest. NH Cost
A loc. 0
B B 1
C B 2
Dest. NH Cost
B loc. 0
A A 1
C C 1
Dest. NH Cost
C loc. 0
B B 1
A B 2
B-C ,

.

count-to-infinity.
RIP, OSPF

 Split Horizon

Split horizon

3
.

RIP, OSPF


BA
A: loc. 0
B: B 1
A: A 1
B: loc. 0
C: loc. 0
D: D 1
A: B 2
B: B 1
A:B 2
B: B 1
C
D
C: B 2 C: C 1 C: C 1
D: B 2 D: D 1 D: loc. 0
RIP, OSPF

C
D
BA
A: loc. 0
A: A inf
A=2, C=0, B=1A=2, D=0,B=1
A: B 2
B: B 1
C: loc. 0
D: D 1
C
D
BA
A: loc. 0
A: A inf
A=2, C=0, B=1A=2, D=0,B=1
A: B 2
B: B 1
C: loc. 0
D: D 1

(.)
B: loc. 0
A: C 3
C: C 1
B: B 1
D: D 1
C: C 1
D: loc. 0
,
D. D ,
updates .
RIP, OSPF

 (.)
C
D
BA
A: loc. 0
A: D 4
A=2, C=0, B=1A=2, D=0,B=1
A: B 2
B: B 1
C: loc. 0
D: D 1
B: loc. 0
A: C 3
C: C 1
B: B 1
D: D 1
C: C 1
D: loc. 0

RIP, OSPF

Hold-down Timers

, (hold
down timer)
.

.

RIP, OSPF

Triggered Updates

(
)


RIP, OSPF

 RIP

1960- :
ARPANET
1970-: XNS (Xerox Network System)
RIP
1982: routed BSD Unix
( RIP)
1988: RIPv1 (RFC 1058) -

1993: RIPv2 (RFC 1388)

1998: RIPv2 (RFC 2453)

RIP, OSPF

RIP -

(
1)
16 (
15)
point-to-point broadcast

IP

30
Hold down timer e 180 sec.
UDP 520

RIP, OSPF

RIP 1

RIP, OSPF

RIP
2
Message Format
Used when RIP is used
to support EGP (e.g.,
autonomous system
number)
Subnet mask for the
network advertised
The IP address of the next
hop for the network
advertised.
IP header UDP header RIPv2 Message
Command Version Set to 00.00
IP address
Subnet Mask
address family route tag
Next-Hop IP address
metric (1-16)
Up to 24 more routes (each 20 bytes)
2: RIPv2
one route entry
(20 bytes)

RIP, OSPF
32 bits

RIP -
10.0.2.0/24 10.0.3.0/24 10.0.4.0/24
10.0.5.0/24 10.0.1.0/24
.1.2.2.2.2 .1.1.1
Router A Router B Router C Router D
cost
Net
NH
cost
cost
cost
Net
NH
Net
NH
Net
NH
t=0s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
t=30s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0

10.0.2.2
t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.2.2
10.0.4.0
10.0.2.2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
t=0s:
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
t=30s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
-

10.0.2.1
10.0.3.2
10.0.2.1
10.0.3.2
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
t=0s:
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
t=30s:
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.3.1
-

10.0.4.2
10.0.3.1
10.0.3.1
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
t=0s:
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
t=30s:
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
t=60s:
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

-0
-0
10.0.4.1 1
-0
-0
10.0.4.1 2
10.0.4.1 1
-0
-0

10.0.5.0
10.0.3.2
2
10.0.5.0
10.0.4.2
1
RIP, OSPF

RIP - (.)
10.0.2.0/24 10.0.3.0/24 10.0.4.0/24 10.0.5.0/24 10.0.1.0/24
.1.2.2.2.2 .1.1.1
Router A Router B Router C Router D
cost
cost
cost
cost
Net
NH
Net
NH
Net
NH
Net
NH
t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
t=90s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
-

10.0.2.2
10.0.2.2
10.0.2.2
10.0.2.2
10.0.2.2
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
2
3
t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
t=90s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
10.0.2.1
10.0.3.2
10.0.3.2
10.0.2.1
10.0.3.2
10.0.3.2

1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
1
2
t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
t=90s.
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
10.0.3.1
10.0.3.1
10.0.4.2
10.0.3.1
10.0.3.1
10.0.4.2
2
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
1

t=60s
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
t=90s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

10.0.4.1 2
10.0.4.1 1
-0
-0
10.0.4.1 3
10.0.4.1 2
10.0.4.1 1
0
0

RIP, OSPF

RIP

o


UNIX )

(Bouncing effect, counting-to-infinity problem)
( >15)


RIP, OSPF

IGRP
Internet Gateway Routing Protocol
Propriatory distance vector protocol (Cisco Systems)
(delay, bandwidth,
reliability and load).


default
RIP, OSPF


(Link state) -OSPF
,

()

Dijkstra
RIP, OSPF

 Dijkstra

, N, P Q
N

N, N

P, N
Q P.
N

s
source node ( )
i j
dij
D(i)

s i

p (i) i
RIP, OSPF

s N,
s
P
Q.
P Q
j P
(.
j.
P)
Dj = dsj

w P D(w)

w N
P Q
j P (.
j.
P)
:
Dj=min [Dj, Dw + dwj)]
N
RIP, OSPF


A
E
CB
D
F
5
2
3
1
2 3
1
1
5
2
DC= 4
DA= 0
A
E
CB
F
5
2
1
DD = 2
DD = .
D
= 1 DF = .
DE

DB = 2
p (B) = A
DD = 2
DC = 4
DC = 4
AECB
F2
3
D
DA= 0
DA= 0
A

E
CB
F21
13.
D
DD = .
p (A) =
.
p (A) = 1
DD = .
1
DE = 1
DE= 1 DF= 2
DF= 2 p (E) = A
p (E) = A
RIP, OSPF

 (.)
A
E
CB
D
F
5
2
3
1
2 3
1
1
5
2
DB= 2
p (B) = A
DA= 0
A
E
CB
DF21DE= 1
DC= 31
DF= 221.
DD = 4
p (A) =
Example
p (E) = A p (F) = E
DB= 2 DC= 3
p (B) = A p (C) = F DB= 2 DC= 3
p (B) = A p (C) = F
2
DA= 0
1
AE
CB
DF.
2 DD= 4
p (A) = 1
1
DA= 0A
E
CB

DF21. 1
21
DD= 4p (C) = F
p (A) =
= 1
DE DF= 2 = 1
p (E) = A DE = 2
p (F) = E DF
p (E) = A
p (F) = E
RIP, OSPF

 (.)
A
E
CB
D
F
5
2
3
1
2 3
1
1
5
2
O (NlogN)
N-

N DB, p (B) DC, p (C) DD, p (D) DE, p (E) DF, p (F)
{A} 2, A 5, A ., . 1, A ., .
{A,E} 2, A 4, E ., . 1, A 2, E
{A,E,B} 2, A 4, E ., . 1, A 2, E
{A,E,B,F} 2, A 3, F 4, F 1, A 2, E
{A,E,B,F,C} 2, A 3, F 4, F 1, A 2, E
{A,E,B,F,C,D} 2, A 3, F 4, F 1, A 2, E
RIP, OSPF



. (
)




.




RIP, OSPF

49

Cold Start -
network
Neighbors
Neighbors
5
7
Cost from router A to B
Cost from
router B to A
Directly
attached

)




--

()

RIP, OSPF

--

(Ethernet)
,



hello
. LS
establishing adjacencies bringing-up adjacencies .
RIP, OSPF


Link ()

Link state
(interface)
IP ()
Link State Advertisement (LSA)


RIP, OSPF

Link State Database

(LSA)



(LSA)



Link State Database.
RIP, OSPF

 Link State
Advertisement (LSA)?

RIP
LSA :
,
()

.
LSA (sequence
number)
32
LSA
RIP, OSPF

 LSA

(LSA)
IP
? (

)

(LSA)

.
(
)?
RIP, OSPF

Sequence Numbers ( )

(LSA)


:
,
LSA


(Age)

60

RIP, OSPF

Link State Database:

AB
a
1
b
e
C
3
c
1d
2
f
1
D
2
E
Link State Announcement (LSA) from A
From A to B, Link a, Cost = 1, Seq. Num. = 2
From A to D, Link c, Cost 1, Seq. Num. = 1
From To
Num
A B a 1
A D c 1
B A a 1
B C b 3
B E e 2
C B b 3
C E f 1
D A c 1
D E e 2
E B d 2
E C d 2
E D e 2

Link Cost AgeSeq.

2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1

22
23
15
14
17
45
47
10
12
34
38
31

RIP, OSPF


A
Is entry in
link-state
database?
LSA
No
Run SPF to calculate
new routing table
Add to database
Flood LSA
Send LSA ack
to source
LSA
Yes
Yes
Go
to
A
No
Send LSA
with newer
information to
source
Is seq. #
higher?
No
Is seq. #
the same?
Yes
Ignore LSA
End End
RIP, OSPF

(Age Field)

LSA

LSA
0 (3600 .)

OSPF 0
, IS-IS
0
()

Age > 0 ( IS-IS) age <maximum ( OSPF),
LSAs

Age=0 ( IS-IS) Age=maximum ( OSPF),
LSA

RIP, OSPF

 OSPF

Bringing up adjacencies (
LS )

LSAs
(checksums, acknowledgements, passwords).
backup
multi-point
.
.

.
RIP, OSPF

a bd
fe
3122

A B C
A B

a.
1

1


DE

.

LS.
.
( LS
).
RIP, OSPF

Bringing-up Adjacencies

b b

A
BC
3

c
1
d
2
, A D
f1
LSA


D
E



B, C E.

.
bringing up
, A D
adjacencies

.
RIP, OSPF

Bringing-up Adjacency (.)

.

(sequence numbers).


.

, .

.
RIP, OSPF

 LSAs
LSA
.



,

RIP, OSPF


DR BDR
N

N(N-1)/2 LSA


designated
router .

backup designated router .
RIP, OSPF

Designated Router (DR)

P=0
P=3
DR
P=2
BDR
Hello
P=1
P=1

DR.
DR

N N(N-1)/2
RIP, OSPF

 DR BDR
DR
hello




IP
BDR DR
RIP, OSPF

 ()

LS

(
)




RIP, OSPF


ARPANET

:
()

RIP, OSPF



,
,
.

.
A
Net X Net Y B
RIP, OSPF

(
SPF)
LSA



100
(
)
RIP, OSPF

RIP, OSPF

( )
:

SPF ( )

( )

LSA
RIP, OSPF


My routing table is too big,
I am running low on memory.
The SPF is running too
often for me to route.
I am only receiving
LSAs, no data.
RIP, OSPF
74

Area 1
Area 2Backbone
area
RIP, OSPF

(
)

SPF
CPU .

RIP, OSPF

DV (Distance Vector),
LS (Link State)

DV

LS


LS, DV
RIP, OSPF


(.)

LS: ,
DV: ,
triggered updates.

LS ,
DV ,

LS LSA
DV
RIP, OSPF


(.)

LS SPF,
DV ,

. LS
. DV
.

DV
LS
:
. DV
,
LS
RIP, OSPF

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

OSPF Working Group ETF
(O Open ,
)
TCP/IP (Internet)

1989: RFC 1131 OSPF Version 1
1991: RFC1247 OSPF Version 2
1998: RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 (current version)
MOSPF

Multicast OSPF

OSPF version 3
RIP, OSPF

Designed for IPv6

OSPF
Autonomous System
Cost = 10
Cost = 1785 Cost = 6
Neighbors
TokenRing
Interfaces
Area 1
Area 0
Area 0 is always the backbone area
RIP, OSPF
81

OSPF ( )
Broadcast
Multiaccess (Ethernet)
Point-to-Point
NBMA
X.25
Frame Relay
RIP, OSPF
82


1
4
2
.
ID
32
31



5
RIP, OSPF

 LSA
4
32

1: Link ID
= 10.1.1.1, Metric = 4
2: Link ID
= 10.1.2.1, Metric = 3
3: Link ID
= 10.10.10.1, Metric = 0
LSA 10.10.10.1 :
Link State ID: 10.10.10.1 = Router ID
Advertising Router: 10.10.10.1 = Router ID
Number of links: 3 = 2 links plus router itself
RIP, OSPF

 Link State Database

LSA

 OSPF
By default

Cost=100000000/bandwidth in bps


RIP, OSPF

OSPF /
IP header OSPF Message
Body of OSPF Message OSPF Message
Header
Message Type
Specific Data
LSALSA
... ...
OSPF
!
LSA
Header
LSA
Data
LSA
OSPF

IP
RIP, OSPF

OSPF Header
Body of OSPF Message OSPF Message
Header
Message types:
1: Hello (tests reachability)
2: Database description
3: Link Status request
4: Link state advertisement
5: Link state acknowledgement
Standard IP checksum taken
over entire packet
32 bits
source router IP address
authentication
authentication
version type message length
Area ID
checksum authentication type
ID of the Area
from which the
packet originated
0: no authentication
1: Cleartext
password
2: MD5 checksum
(added to end
packet)
RIP, OSPF

RIP, OSPF 89
LSA Format
Link State IDlink sequence numberadvertising routerLink AgeLink Typechecksumleng
th
Link IDLink DataLink TypeMetric#TOS metrics
Link IDLink DataLink TypeMetric#TOS metricsLSA
Header
Link 1
Link 2
LSA
LSA
Header
LSA
Data
RIP, OSPF 89
LSA Format
Link State IDlink sequence numberadvertising routerLink AgeLink Typechecksumleng
th
Link IDLink DataLink TypeMetric#TOS metrics
Link IDLink DataLink TypeMetric#TOS metricsLSA
Header
Link 1
Link 2
LSA
LSA
Header
LSA
Data

Neighbors ()
Hello
Hello

hello
IP
DR (designated router)
BDR (backup designated router)

bringing up adjecency
RIP, OSPF
90

 OSPF
LS

Backbone
Area #0
Area #2Area #1 Area #3
RIP, OSPF

91

External
AS
Internal
Routers
Backbone/
Internal
Routers
ABR and
Backbone
Router
Internal
Routers
External
AS
Internal
Routers
Backbone/
Internal
Routers
ABR and
Backbone
Router
Internal
Routers
OSPF
Area 1
Backbone Area 0
ABR and
Backbone
Router
ASBR and
Backbone
Router
Area 2
RIP, OSPF
92

Multi path Routing:

Load Balancing by Multiple Path
N1
N2
R2
R1 R3
R4
path 1
path 2
OSPF



(
)
RIP, OSPF
93

OSPF RIP

RIP.




?



RIP, OSPF

OSPF
IETF
O OSPF Open.
OSPF

IS-IS ISO OSI

OSPF.

RIP, OSPF