Hy lm ch my tnh ca chnh bn!

Trng Mnh An DHBK HN; E-Mail: antm75@yahoo.com Ti khng c tham vng rng bi vit ny s b xung nhiu kin thc cho cc bn bi v y l nhng kin thc c bn, ti hc c nhng kin thc ny qua bn b, sch bo, Website ph bin kin thc ca anh L Hon... m tng hp li. Vi mong mun ai cha bit th b xung thm, ai bit ri th c th gp cho hon thin ri ph bin cho cc bn khc cha bit. Bn c th hi: Ti sao li son mt bc th ln nh vy, nhm mc ch g, c li g. Ti xin tha rng: tn ch ca ti ging nh cc anh L Hon, Phm Hng Phc v nhiu ngi khc, nu nh ngi ta cho ti l m rm nng bng th ti cng xin nhn vy. Bi vit ny rt thch hp cho nhng ai va mi ring mt ci my tnh v m kin thc li nh anh Phc tha ban u, ti xin c gng vit hi mt cht mi ngi mi trnh c th khng thy nhm chn - di dng nhng thc mc thng gp. khi nhm , ti s dng thut ng sau: CPU (central processing unit) hoc thng gi tt l chip hay vxl phn bit vi chipset l vi mch tng hp gn trc tip trn mainboard. Nhiu ngi c thi quen gi c thng my (case) ca mnh l CPU, y l mt thi quen kh sa v c th gy hiu nhm khi c nhiu ti liu ny cng nh sch khc. Mt cht kin thc v phn cng My tnh l g? Mt cu hi v ng ngn, c th ng vi bn, tuy nhin nhiu ngi ch bit rng my tnh gm mn hnh, phm, chut v cc gi l CPU. V th l bn s dng nghe nhc, g Word v lm nhng vic khc ngon cm m khng phi suy ngh g. n mt ngy kia, bn thy thc mc nhiu vn v ci cc cng ca mnh. My ca bn l my g ? C th chia thnh hai nhm chnh (v ti chc rng bn ang dng my vi tnh (microcomputer) nm trong h PC (Personal computer) nn chng quan tm n cc loi trc n l mainframe computer v minicomputer lm g): my ng Nam (DNA) v my hiu. Hai khi nim ny thc ra khng c ranh gii r rng (Acer l hiu my ni ting - ca i Loan - thuc hng hiu). C th hiu nm na nh sau: my DNA l cc my c hiu khng ni ting lm trn th gii - lp DNA, trong c Vit Nam ca chng ta. Acer, HP, IBM...cung cp sang cho ta cng u lp rp DNA nhng li xp sang hng hiu. V gi c th c mt khong cch: t vi trm n vi nghn USD. Cn bn, hay ng c thn sinh ra bn sang M, Nht...xch tay v mt chic th chc l xn ri. Cn my bn t rp th sao, Nu khng phi hiu th bn c xp vo my DNA, bi ch yu linh kin ca bn c sn xut ti i Loan, Trung Quc, Malaysiangoi tr CPU xn P!!!, 4 chng hn. , Trung Quc. Bn thc mc: Linh kin Trung Quc c tt khng ?, nhiu bn giy ny ln khi mua phi Tu. Tht oan gia, Nhn cng TQ r nn cc hng sx phn cng thng t nh my ca h y vi ton b cng ngh ca hng, bn yn tm i ( cng Seagate sx ti TQ vn bo hnh 2 nm), mt khc khi i Loan xut hng sang mt s nc vn phi Made in China. M mt Mouse Misumi (made in Malaysia) thy mch bn trong c linh kin made in China. (Mc cm vi hng TQ km l do hng tiu dng ca my tnh bn h gn bin gii ta sx hng gi r cnh tranh vi cht lng trung bnh sang ta t, nu ng hng Thng Hi, Bc Kinh... xem). V gi my tnh l vn nhiu bn thc mc. Ti sao cng linh kin nh nhau m my ti t rp li r hn nhiu so vi my ca cc hng ta rp (Mekong Green, T&H... chng hn). Th nht: Cc hng phi mt nhn lc tm ti nghin cu tnh tng thch ca cc linh kin vi nhau, vi phn mm. Th hai:

Cc my lp rp trn dy truyn cng ngh chng tnh in v c th nghim ph hp vi iu kin kh hu (gi l nhit i ho, c hng cn phi a cc my rp vo phng c nhit cao, m ln trong mt thi gian nht nh th kh nng chu ng ca my nghe kh tin nhng tu bn). Bn li hi: Ti sao my hiu li t hn my Vit Nam lp trong khi cu hnh li c v ging nhau ? iu ny cng c nhiu nguyn nhn: Trc ht bn phi tr tin cho s ni ting ca n v chu thm thu nhp khu vo Vit Nam; Th hai l do linh kin th xn lun khng phi lo ngi g (c sn xut ti M nh); Th ba l do bn c hng mt ch bo hnh lu di (thng l ba nm n t ch bo hnh ca ta); V th t l bn li phi dng mt H iu hnh km theo c bn quyn thng dng nht l Win98SE, sau l Win2000, sau na l WinMe (iu ny c v ti khng thch lm J n l phn quan trng nng gi ln cao). Vy bn c th t lp rp mt my tnh c khng ?. C th, nu bn c mt cht kin thc v phn cng v mt cht may mn. Hc hi bn b mt cht, hc hi sch mt t, v cui cng l khi ra hiu my, bn s c c vn thm (i khi nhng c vn ny lm bn ri tr, mong bn kin thc nghe h ni v chp nhn thay i s a ra phi l ca bn, chng hn ti mun Pen4 xn vi mainboard 440BX ny cho r, quan trng l CPU m...h, h). Tt nht bn chn cu hnh chun, tng thch nhau, ph hp ti tin, sau h s c trch nhim gp , lp rp cho bn (iu ny kh khn cho vic mua CPU y t, ti ra kia mua mouse ch n r hn, main mua ch khc r hn). Bn c th thc mc: ti sao li cn may mn: Th nht l do chnh s l c trong vic la chn linh kin m c th phn cng khng tng thch nhau (d theo l thuyt l phi tng thch); Th hai l cc linh kin nhp ngoi theo con ng khc nhau (chnh thc, nhp lu, hng xch tay v...), t ngun gc khc nhau (chnh thc, gi mo, nhi) m cht lng ca n c th khng m bo hm nay n tt, vi hm sau c khi n khng chu c kh hu nhit i m ln quay ra. Ti ang dng my tnh c qu, chy my chng trnh mi khng c, c nng cp c khng, nng cp th no (?) l mt cu hi hay thng gp nht ( tr li cu hi ny cn b tr mt lng kin thc kh ln, vy ti xin lng vo vic tr li cc cu hi khc). Cng ng thi, theo c tnh: trn 60% my tnh hin nay nc ta ci Win95 vi Office97. Nu cu hnh my ca bn thp qu, cc chuyn gia thng khuyn bn nng cp ny n v thng gp nht l: thay main i, mua chip mi, tng RAM ln gi ang r m, nhng th khc c th dng li c. Cng ng thi, nhng xt k ra th vic ny khng n gin l mun gi th gi v cn nhiu vn m ti s lit k ra sau. Ti thy nh th ny: Bn thay main th hp l (vi nhng my qu c, nhng nu bn c mt my c Socket 7 chy chp Cyrix th nn thay chip bng PenMMX 233 vn cn bn kh nhiu, chy kh tt, ch cn cn tng Ram), thay chip ng b vi thay main l ng, vy ta cn li: ngun+case, mn hnh, phm, chut, cng, Ram, Cache, CDRoom... * Ngun: Thng thng bn s cn mt b ngun AT (AT l mt chun c ca IBM cho my PC -AT (Advanced Technology) ra i nm 1984), phn bit vi ngun hin nay ATX l ngun AT c hai cm t ngun vo mainboard, m khi bn cm nhm th c th gy ra chy main (vi ngun ATX ch c mt cm ngun 20 chn duy nht nn trnh c s nguy him ny). Main mi bn mua c th khng h tr loi cm ny (AT), mt s mainboard h tr c hai cm (AT&ATX) l iu may mn cho bn. Vi ngun AT bn s khng c mt s tnh nng qun l in nng thng minh (hn gi bt tt my trong Bios, khi ng my t xa (mng), Hibernate tuyt vi ca Win2000/Me). Khng sao, bn khng nht thit phi s dng cc chc nng y. Vy bn c th gi li ngun vi iu kin cng sut ngun cho php vi nhng g bn s nng cp. * Case khng quan trng vi bn, bn l ngi khng a hnh thc m (quan trng l trong n c g !). Tuy nhin bn c th gp rc ri trong vn c hai CD (thm mt CD-R hoc CD-RW) khi bn khng c 2 khoang trng (gii php: b CD c i, khng cn sao chp CD lm g). Hoc mainboard m bn s mua li ATX Form Factor c ci Board Size: 305X202mm chng hn th bn s chng nht va case c u, lc ny bn nn mua mt Case mi v ko theo l n km mt b ngun mi m bn phi tr tin c hai. * Mn hnh m bn cn tht l hay nu bn mi mua n gn y v c th t phn gii 800*600(SVGA) (cn ph thuc Card mn hnh). Nu thp hn 640*480(VGA) th chc s dng qu

5-6 nm ri, lp photpho trn b mt km i, hnh m nht. Tuy nhin mn hnh c th gi li c m khng s vn tng thch. * Bn phm v chut l nhng thit b thng hay hng hc nht (cc ca hng thng ch bo hnh 3 6 thng cho thit b ny bn ra) nhng ho ra li trung thnh vi bn cho n lc ny (nu khng bn thay ci khc J). V bn gp may mn vi phm chut cng cng COM cho d mainboard mi ca bn u c hai cng PS/2 cho phm, chut - bn c cm n vo COM v n li mm ci vi bn. * cng trung thnh nht ca bn d dung lng qu nh vn dng vi bn ci Win95/98, nu dung lng ln hn 2Gb th thm tr bn c th ci c Win2000. Bn lng nghe nhp th ca n trong m, nu to qu, bn Scan thy bad lung tung v ngy cng bad nhiu thm th bn nn mua mt cng mi v dng n cha nhc mp3 hay lm mt lu ng trao i d liu vi bn b. Tht tt khi n khng ph lng ta. * RAM (& CACHE) ca bn l 8, 16, hay 32 ?, my thanh ?, SIM hay DIMM, nu l SIM th c nhiu kh nng bn nn ct i v gi ca n t y, m li kh kim na. Nu l DIMM th cng cha chc mainboard mi ca bn dng c. Khng sao, gi Ram by gi qu r, bn c th mua mt thanh 64M vi gi di 18USD. Nhng thanh Cache c by gi cc nh sx chip li giu lun vo trong chip nn bn li c thm mt mn c cho nhng ngi sn lng n vi mc ch nh bn vy. * CDRoom l th chc chn bn dng li c nu n cn tt. Ti c ci CDRoom 40X m ti ch mun i thnh 32X hay 24X cho n ku go mi khi bt n lm vic. Bn s hiu rng tc cao ch nhanh vo thi im n tm ci file no n cn nm u n c, khi n thy ri th n c vi tc 824X cho mt ch chuyn d liu nhanh qu th anh a cng ghi khng kp, anh CPU cng khng s l kp. * Card mn hnh l th nh hng n kh nng chi game v xem VCD trn my tnh ca bn. Nu bn thit k ho, v ACAD 3D, chi Tomb 5 th bn cn mt card d ho mnh (khi mua mainboard nn tm loi c khe AGP h tr 4X). Nu khng th bn tm hi lng vi bc tin bi PCI chi c vi tin bi Monitor ca bn nhng mainboard phi c khe AGP khi bn giu ln s nng cp. * Soundcard ISA ca bn vn nghe mp3 hay vi mt b loa Microlab 2.1 (y l loi loa trung bnh km, gi t 18-40 USD tu cng sut, mua loa xn vi sound ISA l khp khing) v khng cn nng cp nu bn khng xem phim DVD vi 6 ng ting. Nu l card PCI th kh hn. ... V sau khi tnh ton mi kh nng, bn n mt ca hng bn thit b PC, xin mt danh sch thit b v gi bn ca n ri mang v nh ngm cu, tra sch, hi bn b. Bn ng nng vi m chn mua ngay khi cha hiu r v n. Xem danh sch, c th bn hoa mt trc hng lot mainboard, hng lot chp m c th bn hiu c n hoc khng, ta s phn tch sau. S b nh sau: CPU C qu nhiu loi cho bn chn la: Ring Pentium ca Intel c 7 -8 loi khc nhau (Tuy nhin Pen, PenPro, Pen2bus66 c th bin mt trn th trng) Celeron cng c n 3 loi (c th loi khng cache bin mt, loi bus100 c th cha n VN v mi ra ?), AMD th phong ph, Cyrix th t hn. MAINBOARD cng c nhiu loi khc nhau, hiu hoc khng hiu, tuy nhin vic phn tch n khng vt v bng CPU. Mainboard ch yu phn tch qua vi mch tng hp ca n theo: 430, 440, 450, 810, 815...850 (i ch, nhiu pht).

i chao. n y ti rt hoang mang khng bit trnh by nhng g v ni n vi mch, chipset, bus,... l ng n mt khi kin thc khng l. Trnh by iu g trc, sau v c khng khi m hp th ch cho php gi ti a 100K, nu kt ni chm m bn ti th v li thy l nhng th v vn bit ri th bn ra ti cht. Thi, vit th vit cho cht, nu khu hiu V s pht trin v tin hc ca nc nh snh vai cng n , Singapo... trn hp th Kin thc m c tr li tht chi tit (c s ngi ta khng hiu) ngi khc nhng g mnh bit, khng bit th c trm th hi p ca ngi khc cho bit nng kin thc ca mnh ln. Ri thy c nhiu ngi hi nhau nhng kin thc c bn m l ra cn phi bit - nh mnh vy, nn quyt vt c, tham kho ti liu m vit nn nhng dng ny. Main v CPU c lin quan cht ch vi nhau m bn cn phi bit mt s khi nim, trong phn ny s lng vo mt s kin thc v mainboard cng nh chip. Xin trnh by di dng cu hi nh sau: Bus l g ? khi nhc du v nhng t chuyn mn, bn ch cn bit mt cch n gin l ng dn tn hiu, d liu ni b truyn trong my tnh t b phn ny n b phn kia hoc n thit b ngoi vi. Vy n c c trng l tn s lm vic tnh theo MHz, nu c mainboard no ni Bus66/100/133 l n c th lm vic vi cc tn s 66/100 hoc 133 MHz. Ram l g ? Chng ta qu quen vi t ny, v vy thit ngh khng cn gii thch nhiu. Tuy nhin ta i khi cn nhiu thc mc, ti sao RAM ln th cc chng trnh li chy nhanh hn, t th sao ? ni mt cch d hiu c th coi H iu hnh dng Ram nh ta dng mt bng xo (nh bng con vit phn ca tr em mu gio, lp mt) nhp khi ta gii mt bi tp Ton hc ba, nu cng kh th cng phi xo, nhp nhiu, nu bng c kch thc nh, phi xo vit nhiu ln, nu bng ln hn xo vit t hn, v bng v cng ln th ta chng cn dng ht m tnh ton th nhanh hn v khng cn vit nhp xong phi mt cng xo. Khng n gin nh vy, khi khi ng HDH lun phi gi mt lng Ram nht nh cho ring mnh (clock memory) m trong v d bng xo trn ta thm: phi c vi cng thc trn bng xa m khng th xo n c, nn mi c chuyn lng Ram ti thiu cho HDH. Cache l g ? Hiu n gin cache l mt loi Ram c bit, c tc v v tr khc Ram. Cache trc y cn t trn mainboard vi khe cm ring, hin nay cache c tch hp vo b x l. Cache c hai mc l L1 (bn trong b vxl) v L2 (trong hoc ngoi chip, nu ngoi th rt gn chip, thng chy vi mt na xung nhp b vxl). Vy cache gn CPU hn Ram nn n hiu qu hn ram. hiu thm v c cu lm vic ca CPU vi Ram, cache, ta xem c cu tm kim d liu nh th no: Khi cn tm kim d liu, CPU tm d liu trc ht cache L1, nu khng thy n quay ra tm cache L2, li khng thy na th tm trn Ram, v vn khng thy, tht vng qu n nh tm trn a cng. Nh vy cache cng ln, Ram cng ln th d liu c chuyn vo dn bn trong gn CPU hn v th nn CPU khng phi ch mi khi cn tm kim mt d liu mi nn x l lin tc khi chng trnh ca ta chy nhanh hn. Tuy nhin khng phi chip no cng c cache, v chng c kch thc, tn s lm vic khc nhau theo tng loi chip. (V phn s dng Ram ca Win, file hon i SWP... xin trnh by trong phn 2) Th th bn li thc mc rng khng hiu my bn c cache khng, dung lng bao nhiu. Vi cu hi ny, xin bn xem cc phn di y y v CPU, v t tra ra. ISA, PCI, AGP... l g ? Bn thng nghe ni mainboard ny 5 PCI, 2 ISA, AGP 4X m bn li khng hiu chng. Khi bn m thng my ca bn ra, thy cc thanh ngang mu en, trng, xm... nm song song nhau c khe gia nh c th cm mt th g mng vo y, th chnh l n y y l h thng bus m rng ca my tnh, n gip cho my tnh c nhn pht trin mnh hn. Bn hnh dung ra ci radio c l ca mnh, trn mch ca n chi cht linh kin v chc l khng th nng cp n chy c a CD hay VCD c ri, nhng vi PC th lm c iu ny chnh nh cc khe cm y. Nu ai c ci my hiu Compaq th s chng thy cardsound, card mn hnh ca mnh u, chnh l hng Compaq tch hp chng trn mainboard, iu ny c ci hay v c ci khng hay. Hay l ch cc linh kin ca chnh hng, c tch hp v hon ton tng thch nhau, nn chy n nh v bn (ch khng c v: Ti nng cp Card mn hnh, c thy trc trc hn card c, c phi do Driver khng). Khng hay l ch n khng nng cp c, mun chi games 3D m khng lm sao c v n c i mnh phi c AGP 4X. Tch hp sn, ngi ta thng gi l onboard, vy nu mainboard c sound onboard l bn mua mainboard c sn soundcard tch hp trn main, cng c th main ghi: MSI 5191 Ali

Sound&Graphics ATX S7 th c nghi l tch hp sn c sound ln card mn hnh (cc thng s khc trong v d trn ti s gii thch sau). Tr li vn chnh, Bus ISA l bus c nht (theo quy nh chun PC99 th bus ny phi bin mt khi cu nam), chm nht v c tn s lm vic l 8MHz rng 16 bit, thng thy dng cho soundcard hoc modem lp trong, ngy nay ISA khng p ng c tc ca vxl v cc thit b ngoi vi nn b xo b. PCI (peripheral component interconnect) l chun mi hn, c tn s bus l 33 MHz v sau l 66 Mhz, rng 32 hoc 64 bit, h tr plug-and-play (cm l chy, cho php my tnh t ng ci t v hiu chnh cc th cm mi t HDH Win95 tr i). AGP (accelerated graphics port) l mt khe cm dnh ring cho card hin th ho cc nhanh nn PC ch c duy nht mt khe cm ny, AGP khng thc s l mt bus m rng, vxl ca card mn hnh c cm vo c th truy cp b nh h thng (Ram) trc tip, bus AGP bnh thng lm vic vi tn s 66MHz. Slot, Socket l g ? y l cc tn gi ca cc loi cm chip khc nhau (chnh v c s khc nhau y m cn tr vic nng cp ca bn). Socket l loi cm nm hnh hp ch nht mng (thng mu trng), bn nhn vo socket s thy chi cht l nh nhiu hng xung quanh thnh mt hnh vung. Slot th c dng khe (ging nh khe cm PCI, AGP vy nhng thng nm vung gc vi n) . Socket th c nhiu loi, my i c thng l Socket 7 (S7) m cc loi chip cm trn n l: Cyrix, PenMMX...chy vi bus66 (c loi super S7 chy bus100). Socket 8 ch dnh ring cho PenPro (ra i 95, bus66, 150 200MHz) m t gp trn th trng. Socket 370 (do c 370 chn) thit k cho: Celeron, Pen!!!. Socket A dnh ring cho AMD th h sau. Slot th c Slot 1 dnh cho PenII (bus66 cho PenII i u 233 -333MHz, bus100 cho i sau 350-450HZ) v Pen!!! (m Katmai) 450 tr ln. Slot 2 dng cho cc loi Pentium Xeon (II, !!!) l loi dnh ring cho th trng my ch v my cht lng cao, a x l. MMX l g ? MMX (MultiMedia eXtensiens) khng phi l mt ci g thuc phn cng, c th coi y l mt khi nim chng ?. Pentium MMX ra i nm 87 l vxl c thm 57 lnh mi dnh ring cho s l video, m thanh v d liu ho (Multi). Nh vy MMX l cng ngh ring ca Intel, c tha k cho PenII v Pen !!! (Celeron nhng phin bn u khng c nhng lnh ny). Nhn ni v lnh ti xin gii thch theo ring v P!!! - Thc ra P!!! (m Katmai) khng c thay i cu trc g so vi PII m ch thm 70 lnh mi (50 trong s ci tin cc php ton s thc du chm trt, 15 cho iu hnh a mi trng v 8 lnh cn li cho iu khin cache, nh vy P!!! khng c s t ph trong cng ngh nhiu lm nn c l Intel khng dm t tn l PIII m li l Pentium v 3 du chm than. Sau ny Intel t ph cng ngh thay dy dn nhm bng ng (m Coppermine), tch hp L2 vo chip va chy cng tn s vxl (cache L2 ca PII nm trn th SEC ca Slot nn vn nm ngoi v chy vi tn s bng mt na chip) nhng vn l P!!! cho d cng ngh ny lm tng tc ti a ca chip c th n trn 1G. BIOS l mt vi mch ROM nh nhng v cng quan trng v khng th thiu trong mainboard. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) cha chng trnh ca h iu hnh I/O, nhng ct ny cn thit khi ng my v ci t ch lm vic c s cho cc thit b ngoi vi. BIOS gm nhiu hm v ct, phn u ca ct kim tra h thng my tnh POST (Power On Self Test), giai on ny cng truy cp thng s cc th Plug-and-Play. Vy nu c mt li no trong phn cng c th lm cho my khng hot ng c th sau qu trnh kim tra s thng bo v BIOS c cho php khi ng my hay khng. BIOS cng cho php ta thit t, iu chnh cc tham s cho thit b ngoi vi. iu ny phi thn trng v s thit t khng ng c th gy hng phn cng hay gy xung t phn cng (v d: t in p cho chip qu cao gy nng v rp chip, t IRQ, DMA sai gy xung t). Mo vi BIOS: - Khi main c cc cng COM, USB, Serial Port m bn khng c thit b ngoi vi cm vo th c th Disable n tng ti nguyn cho my, gim xung t khi cc thit b phi dng chung IRQ hay DMA. Enable chc nng: Virus Boot (khi bt k ct hay virus no ghi vo boot, BIOS s thng bo v bn c quyn cho php hay khng). Mt s BIOS cho php qun l in nng tin tin (cho php bt ngun bng Password, hn gi bt ngun kt hp vi Scheduled Tasks ca Windows t ng qut virus hay Defrag vo thi gian rnh ri m chng hn). Bn thng hay nghe ni n Update BIOS , vic ny c th lm tng kh nng cho BIOS nh nhn bit c cc CPU, Ram mi, sa li c... (Ti cng Update BIOS ca mnh v ci c Win2k vi y tnh nng v qun l in nng). Khi update, bn phi vo ng Website ca hng sx main ca mnh, tm ng chng loi k hiu main, download file update cng ton b hng dn ca n, v c k cch tin hnh ri mn ai mt UPS cho chc n ri tin hnh. Nu bn chy n nh vi HDH th c l chng nn lm vic mo him ny lm g (ang update m mt in th rc ri to, c th phi thay main nu th cng chu).

PC95, PC97, PC99, PC2001... cng khng l phn cng, tuy nhin n c cht t lin quan n phn cng nn ti mun ni thm. Bt u t nm 95, Intel v Microsoft cng hp tc a ra nh hng thit k cu hnh my tnh c nhn v a ra cc nh hng trn, nhng nh hng ny c cc hng sx phn cng tun theo v coi nh tiu chun thit k my tnh c nhn. Mc ch ca cc nh hng l: - Ti u ho cht lng thit b phn cng, firmware v phn mm; - Tng thch Win98 v WinNT; Cho php cc nh sx phn cng sng to cc sn phm mi v tin tin. (PC99 loi b ISA, thay dn cc giao din tun t, song song bng giao din nhanh v thng minh hn nh USB, IEEE 1934, my in l thit b duy nht cn c th dng giao din song song v tun t c in). PCxx (xx=95/97/99/2001...) cn quy nh c th cho my dnh cho ngi tiu dng, vn phng, xch tay, trm lm vic v my gii tr. Vi mch tng hp (chipset) c th lm gim kch thc cho main v cc linh kin gn trn main. T vic kt hp vi Microsoft a ra chun cu hnh PCxx , Intel dng li th ca ca nh sx vi s l y IBM ra khi v tr hng nh hng cng ngh my tnh c nhn. Vi li th ny Intel lin tc a ra cc th h chipset cng vi vxl ca h. Chipset cha ng ton b cc thit b logic v iu khin ca my vi tnh c nhn v tn dng ti a kh nng ca vxl cng nh giao din PCI. Cc chipset i mi (i c c u 4, i mi c u 8, chp i mi u tin l 810) nh 810, 815, 820, 840...tun theo PC99, thit k cho my vi tnh c nhn tng lai: Ram tng thch vi tn s 100, PCI ver 2.2, xo b giao din ISA khi cu pha nam, IDE b xung ATA/66 tr ln. Nhn y ti mun ni thm v chipset 440 BX AGPset, ZX, BX/ZX AGPset (tt l BX, ZX) m sau khi ti vit mt bi ngn trn hp th kin thc, nhn c rt nhiu phn hi: cc chipset ny u c thit k vo thi im cha xut hin P!!! Coppermine, maxbus=100, khng thit k cho bus133, tuy nhin Intel bao gi cng thit k bt k mt chip hay chipset no cng ra mt phn d (nn mi c chuyn cc bn Overlock my c vi chip, chipset ca Intel - Vi cc hng khc thng khng thnh cng v gy rp IC), li dng iu ny m mt s nh sn xut main (thng khng ni ting lm) ca i loan thit k main c chipset 440 chy vi bus133, gii nhit cho chipset do b y bus ln nn qu nng, h lp thm mt qut gi tn nht cho chipset. Vic ny c v mo him, mong rng h test ri, nhng kh hu tng vng khc nhau m bn khng nn dung nhng main nh vy nhng vng nng hn. Cn nu bus trn l do ngi bn my hay chnh bn y ln dng P!!! Th c l bus PCI (1/3 bus h thng) v AGP (chy vi 2/3 tn s h thng) s tr ln qu cao, l p lc mnh ln cc card PCI, AGP ca bn (nu khng chu ng c tn s ny rt c th n s rt nng v hng trong mt tng lai gn. Cn ti sao li c chipset 440BX/ZX (hay cng c th gi cng tn vi ZX) th thc ra chip ny ch yu c cu trc ca ZX, nhng li ci tin theo BX (BX kh hn ZX theo so snh cp sau: a x l: 2-khng; Ram max: 1GB-256MB; loi b nh: 8-4 hng;) nn BX/ZX c AGP, Ram max: 512. kim tra phn cng, hy dng tin ch min ph SiSoft Sandra ca Sisoftware (ti phin bn SiSoft Sandra 2001 Ver2001.3.7.50 ti a ch http://www.sisoftware.co.uk/sandra hoc http://www.sisoftware.demon.co.uk/sandra hay cc a sotfware ca anh L Hon, Phm Hng Phc nhng thng gn y (1 trong b 3 a ca anh Phc, 3 a ca anh Hon) y l phn mm kim tra rt mnh, v a ra nhiu cnh bo cho my ca bn, iu th v trong chng trnh ny l nu qut lm mt cho CPU ca bn c 3 dy cm trn main th c th n s cho bn bit tc qut, hay main c sensors th bn cn bit nhit main, chip, in p chip.... CPU hin nay trn th trng c nhiu chng loi thuc nhiu hng sx khc nhau mi hng c th c mt cng ngh ring gip cho PC hot ng vi tc xung nhp ngy cng cao hn. Tuy nhin do hin nay ngi khng l Intel chi phi cng ngh v nh hng pht trin my tnh c nhn nn cc hng khc mun bn c chip th bt buc phi thit k tng thch vi chip ca Intel. Bn bit rng mt chip c th hot ng ng kh nng ca n hay khng th phn mm vit ra phi ti u ho cho n, s dng cc tp lnh ca chip. P4 hin nay tuy tc cao nhng c t phn mm vit ring nn vi cc ng dng bnh thng khng my ni tri so vi P!!!, nu chy vi DOS v cc ng dng ca DOS hoc Win95 (l h iu hnh nhiu ng dung 16bit) th P4 vi RDRam cng ch nh PII m thi, thm ch cn thua Petium (v cc th h sau ca Pentium ch ti u ho cho cc h iu hnh 32bit). Khi chn mua CPU bn tu thuc vo mc ch s dng my tnh ca mnh. Nu bn ch dng hc tp, khng chi game, khng thit k ho hay bn tp hnh nh, m thanh th bn khng cn phi mua chip tc nhanh, ch Celeron l (Nh l chon loi Celeron i sau c 128 Kb cache L2), nu kh nng ti chnh ca bn gii hn th bn c th chn chip ca cc hng Cyrix, AMD, tuy nhin Cyrix

nhng i c thng khng c cache trong chip nn khng hiu qu trong x l multi. AMD hin nay ang l i th cnh tranh ca Intel v c cc cng ngh ring hp dn ngi tiu dng (3D Now c th x l ho mnh hn MMX ca Intel Tuy nhin cc phn mm vn tng thch Intel hn), vic AMD tng dung lng cache trong chip ca mnh cng l mt bc tin quan trng ca hng ny. Mt iu quan trng na l bn ng ngh rng tc vxl cao l tt c, bi cc l do sau: - Xung nhp cao m khng cache hay cache nh th chip s ngh v ch trong mt thi gian cho n khi d liu c chuyn trc tip t Ram ti (m khng c ch sn trong cache) sau khi n x l xong cng vic trc ; Hai l: xung nhp ng h chip ca cc hng khc khi quy chuyn sang xung nhp ng h ca Intel th gim i rt nhiu (v d: Cyrix MII 333 khng th bng PenMMX 233; Cyrix MIII 500 thua xa PII400 trong mi ng dng), vy th bn quan tm n hiu qu hn hay ci tc o ca n hn ?. Khi m Intel ua ra chp ng, tng bus ln 133, L2 lm vic vi tn s vxl (thng k hiu EB, vd: P!!!933EB) th bn nn quan tm n P!!! M gi ca n ngy cng r i. (Nu bn c main c cm l Slot1, bn c th dng mt card chuyn i Slot1 sang Socket 370 tng thch vi nhng chp P!!! i mi ny). Nu bn c mt chip xn m li khng c mt main tng thch th tht ung ph. Chipset trn main quyt nh kh nhiu cho cc tnh nng m bn c th c, nu bn dng dng chipset 440 ca Intel th bn s khng s dng cc a cng c giao din ATA/66 tr ln c. Cng nh chip, chipset ca cc hng cng phi tng thch vi Intel tuy vic sx chipset khng i hi cng ngh mnh nh chip (v c cng khai trong cm nang tra kho cho cc nh sx phn cng). VIA l mt i th nng k v kh chu ca Intel khng c Intel cp php cho sx chipset h tr P4, iu ny lm chng ta cng thy tic khi m cc chipset mi ca Intel cn kh t. Nu bn c kh nng ti chnh th hy mua mainboard c chipset ca Intel t i 815 tr ln, hoc mua hn mt mainboard ca chnh hng Intel, cn nu khng bn c th dng ca cc hng khc, bi v d sao bn cng c th lp mt b my Honda xn ca xe Dream vo mt b khung ca mt chic xe ging nh Dream ca TQ n cng vn chy ngon lnh c m. Ti khng c cao Intel, nu nh AMD (hng ny c y ha hn) t ph cng ngh v c cc phng php tip th, kinh doanh tt c th y Intel ra khi th trng th c l Intel li phi thit k kiu chip tng thch AMD, v bit u cn lm nhi chip AMD tn ti. Lch s pht trin ca my tnh c nhn Lch s my c nhn gn lin vi chng ng pht trin ca IBM-PC. My IBM-PC c khi u t mt phng th nghim ti Atlanta (Georrgia, USA), mc ch ca cng trnh th nghim l thit k mt sn phm vi tnh u thp. iu ny c ngha l IBM khng s dng cc vxl ca chn h hng m dng cc vxl r hn ca hng khc nh: Intel, Motorola, Zilog. 1979-1980: IBM cho ra i my Datamaster dng vxl 16 bit 8086 ca Intel. 1980: a ra khi nim: Personal Computer (PC). Chic IBM-PC u tin dng vxl 8bit 8085 ca Intel. 1981-1982: D Intel c vxl 16bit nhng gi thnh cn cao, p ng th trng my r tin, Intel a ra vxl 8 bit 8088 m trong n l vi mch 16bit 8086. IBM dng vxl ny thit k PC th h th hai: PC XT (extended technology) 8088 c 8 bit bus d liu v 20bit bus a ch, c kh nng qun l ti a 1MB b nh vt l, chy vi tn s ng h 4,77 MHz. Bn trong n c 8 khe cm m rng (khe cm 8bit XT hay XT-Slots), khe ny c 62 chn. My PC-XT trang b hai a mm 360KB, 256 KB Ram (cm trong 1 trong 8 khe cm trn). PC-XT dng HDH CP/M v ct BASIC 80 ca Micrrosoft. 1984: Khi vxl 16bit quen thuc th trng, Intel a ra vxl 80286, l vxl 16bit hon thin, c thm 4bit bus a ch, qun l 16MB b nh. IBM tung ra th trng my PC -AT (advanced technllogy) vi b vxl 80286, vi n PC hot ng trong ch bo v cho php chia b nh ra nhiu on di linh ng v u tin cho cc ct ng dng do trnh c va chm khi nhiu ct chy mt lc y l nn tng ca ch a nhim trn 80286. PC-AT lm vic vi tn s 6-8 MHz, do phi thm 8bit bus d liu, 4bit bus a ch, 8bit yu cu ngt cng v mt s bit iu khin mi, do vy PC -AT cn b xung thm khe cm.

m bo tng thch vi my XT, khe cm XT c vn gi nguyn, thm mt on khe cm ni di b xung thm 36 chn, loi khe cm mi ny c gi l ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) sau khi n c ci tin thm mt cht v ch thnh chun ISA. 1987: Th h PC mi ra i vi vxl 80386. Bt u t y IBM cng khai cu to my v ni dung ct HDH vo ra c s (BIOS), iu ny gip cc hng khc c th sx cc my tnh tng thch v cc bn mch cm tng thch khin cu truc IBM-PC tr thnh mt cu trc chun cng nghip. iu ny khin cho kiu thit k kn PS/2 (cng thi) tht bi trn th trng vi tnh c nhn trong khi cu trc IBM-PC ngy cng chim lnh th trng my tnh c nhn. B vxl 80386DX l mt vxl 32bit hon thin vi 32bit bus d liu, 32bit bus a ch vi b nh ti a 4GB. p ng tc ca 80386 v yc cao ca nhng bn mch iu khin mn hnh phn gii cao, chun khe cm EISA (extended industry standard architecture) c a ra. y chnh l chun khe cm 32 bit vi tc truyn l 33Mbit/s. 1990: 80486 ra i vi nhiu chc nng hn, c th l 8 Kbyte b nh m m lnh (code cache) v mt b ng x l ton hc. Tn s lm vic c trng ca my vi tnh trong thi k ny l 66MHz. 1993: Vxl Pentium u tin ra i m ra mt k nguyn mi vi 64bit bus d liu, 32bit bus a ch, 8KB b m d liu, 8KB b m m lnh. B ng x l ton hc ca Pentium lm vic nhanh gp 10 ln so vi 80486. Khi ny cc sx phn cng ln tho thun mt chun khe cm mi PCI -bus (Peripheral Components Interconnect), v do bn mch chnh my vi tnh c nhn ch cn li vi vi mch, tt c cc vi mch ngoi vi ca cu trc IBM-PC cng nh vi mch iu khin PCI c tch hp vo mt vi mch duy nht, c tn l PCI-chipset. 1995: Kh nng a mi trng (multimedia) ca my vi tnh c nhn cng ngy cng hon thin khi Pentium MMX , PenPro, Pen II ln lt ra i. Tn s ng h cao nht 300 MHz. Mt chun giao din ngoi vi mi ra i t s tho thun t nhiu hng ln l bus tun t a dng (Universal Serial Bus). 1999 P!!! Ra i, chun PC99 xo b bus ISA. Bus PCI, giao din ho tin tin AGP, giao din ngoi vi USB v IEEE 1934 l nhng c im ni bt. T nm 2000: Mt cu trc vxl 64bit ra i. Intel cho ra i nhiu vi mch tng hp thch hp vi vxl ca chnh hng. Chipset m nhim hu ht cc chc nng iu khin trn my v c b iu khin hin th cy bn trong . Th trng my tnh c nhn cng nh th trng vxl v vi mch tng hp c chia thnh nhiu phn p ng nhu cu a dng trong x hi. Trn y c th l nhng kin thc c bn, c th gip bn tham kho, lp rp, nng cp my tnh. y ch l mt lng kin thc rt nh trong v vn kin thc v phn cng. Hi vng qua vi nhng bn mi tip xc vi tin hc c th c thm mt cht khi nim c nhng ti liu cao hn, hay ch t khi c nhng bi vit cha ton nhng thut ng tin hc, bn khng phi b ng nhiu. Hn gp li phn 2 vi ta : Windows Me sau mt nm s dng. Trng Mnh An - i hc Bch Khoa H ni. ---------------------------------------------------(C th s dng bi vit cho mi mc ch v hc tp, ch c php sa i, b xung bi vit cho ng thm hoc c th ct i nhng ni dung rm r - nn gii thng bo cho tc gi, khng c gy nhim virus vo file cha bi vit truyn b xin gi li dng ny khi truyn b file)